Computational Fluid Dynamics I

Multiphase Flow Modeling

Grtar Tryggvason
Worcester Polytechnic Institute,
Spring 2009
http://users.wpi.edu/~gretar/me612.html
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Spray drying
Pollution control
Pneumatic transport
Slurry transport
Fluidized beds
Spray forming
Plasma spray coating
Abrasive water jet cutting
Pulverized coal red furnaces
Solid propellant rockets
Fire suppression and control
Examples:
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Single component Multicomponent
Single water ow air ow
phase Nitrogen ow emulsions
Multiphase Steam-water ow air-water ow
Freon-Freon slurry ow
vapor ow
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Disperse ow
Solid-liquid: Slurries, quicksand, sediment transport
Solid-air: dust, uidized bed, erosion
Liquid-air: sprays, rain
Air-liquid: bubbly ows
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Mixed
Stratied
Dispersed
Slugs
Flow in pipes
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
This gure shows schematically one
of several di!erent congurations of a
circulating uidized bed loop used in
engineering practice. The particles
ow downward through the aerated
standpipe, and enter the bottom of a
fast uidized bed riser. The particles
are centrifugally separated from the
gas in a train of cyclones. In this
diagram, the particles separated in the
primary cyclone are returned to the
standpipe while the fate of the
particles removed from the secondary
cyclone is not shown.
From: Computational Methods for
Multiphase Flow, Edited by
A.Prosperetti and G.Tryggvason
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Need model equations to predict ow rates, pressure
drop, slip velocities, and void fraction
Mixture models: one averaged phase
Two-uid models: two interpenetrating continuum
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Euler/Euler approach
All phases are treated as interpenetrating continuum
The dispersed phase is averaged over each control volume
Each phase is governed by similar conservation equations
Modeling is needed for
interaction between the phases
turbulent dispersion of particles
collision of particles with walls
A size distribution requires the solution of several sets of
conservation equations
Numerical diffusion at phase boundaries may result in errors
This approach is best suited for high volume fraction of the
dispersed phase
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Euler/Lagrange approach
The uid ow is found by solving the Reynolds-averaged
Navier-Stokes equations with a turbulence model.
The dispersed phase is simulated by tracking a large number of
representative particles.
A statistically reliable average behavior of the dispersed phase
requires a large number of particles
The point particles must be much smaller than the grid spacing
Modeling is needed for
collision of particles with walls
particle/particle collisions and agglomeration
droplet/bubble coalescence and breakup
A high particle concentration may cause convergence problems
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Although commercial codes will let you model relatively
complex multiphase ows, it is really only in the limit of
dispersed and dilute ows where we can expect reasonable
accuracy
To treat systems like this, the
two-uid model is usually
used. The continuous phase
is almost always used in an
Eularian way where the
continuity, momentum, and
energy equations are solved
on a xed grid.
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
The void fraction !
p
describes how much
of the region is occupied by phase p.
Obviously,
Similarly, the effective
density of phase p is
!
"
p
=1
#
!
" =#
p
"
p
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
While the averaging is similar to turbulent ows,
here we must account for the different phases
!
"
p
=
1 inside phase p
0 otherwise
#
$
%
!
"
p
=
1
V
#
p
dv
V
$
The void fraction is found by
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
!

"
p
=
1
#
p
V
$
p
" dv
V
%
Averages are found by
Where the volume
V goes to zero in
some way
The velocity is found by
!
u
p
=
1
"
p
V
u
p
#
p
dv
V
$
The averages can also be interpreted as time or
ensemble averages
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
!
"
p
#
p
dv
V
$
The total mass of phase p in a control volume is
And the mass conservation equation can be
averaged to yield
!
"
"t
#
p
$
p
+ %& #
p
$
p
u
p ( )
= m
p
Here
Since a mass that leaves one phase
must add to another phase
!
m
p
= 0
"
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
The conservation of momentum equation becomes
!
"
"t
#
p
$
p
u
p ( )
+ %& #
p
$
p
u
p
u
p ( )
= '#
p
%p
p
+%& #
p

p
D
p ( )
+#
p
$
p
g + %& #
p
$
p
< uu >
( )
+ F
int
In addition to the Reynolds stresses, it is now necessary
to model the interfacial forces. The kinetic energy is
often neglected, even though the uctuations are non-
zero in laminar ow
interfacial
forces
Reynolds
stresses
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
If there is no mass transfer m=0 and F is the force that
one phase exerts on the other
!
F
p
= 0
"
In principle the conservation equations can be
solved for both the continuous and the dispersed
phase (Euler/Euler approach).
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
However, the dispersed phase is not all that continuous
and an other approach is to explicitly tract
(representative) particles by solving
!
du
dt
= F
p
If the particles have no inuence on the uid: one way
coupling
If the particles exert a force on the uid: Two way
coupling
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Usually the force is written:
!
F
p
= k
D
u"u
p ( )
+ g
#
D
" #
#
+ F
other
Other forces due
to added mass,
pressure, lift, etc
Gravity
buoyancy
Drag
force
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
For the drag:
!
F
p
= k u
r
" u
p ( )
where
!
k =
3
4
C
D
"
r
#
q
u
r
$ u
p ( )
d
r
!
C
D
= C
D
Re ( )
is obtained from experimental correlations, such as
and
!
C
D
=
24
Re
1+ 0.15Re
0.687
( )
Re <10
3
For solid particles Re based on slip velocity
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
!
du
p
dt
= F
p
!
dx
p
dt
= u
p
Find particle trajectories by solving
The force allows us to nd the particle
velocity by integrating:
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Turbulent ow
Set particle velocity
!
u
p
+ u'
Random velocity uctuations
from
This allows particles to cross streamlines
as they do in turbulent ow
Particles can
accumulate here
!
k
p
= u' u'
"
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Usually a large number of particles is used to get a
well converged particle distribution
Notice that almost all the interactions (particles/ow)
particle/particle, particle/wall) are highly empirical
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Similar approach can be taken for the temperature
and the size of a particle (heat and mass transfer)
!
m
p
c
p
dT
p
dt
= hA
p
(T
f
"T
p
) +#
p
A
p
$(T
%
4
"T
p
4
)
!
dm
p
dt
= m
p
For dilute ows this does work reasonably well if
the initial or inlet conditions are knows
Mass transfer due
to evaporation, for
example
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Turbulent in the continuous phase

!
Dk
Dt
=!!+ < U" F
p
>
!
< U" F
p
>=
#
$
< u
f
(u
f
% u
p
) >=
#
$
(< u
f
u
f
> % < u
f
u
p
>)
This term can lead to both reduction and increase in the
turbulence in the liquid
Either ignore the contributions of the dispersed phase
when computing the ow, or use a k-! model
Solve for k and ! in the liquid and k
p
. Called k ! k
p
models.
The k equation is
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Modeling of Laminar Flow
in a Vertical Channel
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Flow Gravity
Bubbly ow in a vertical channel
Need to know
The bubble distribution
The velocity prole and
the ow rate
x
y
!
"
"y
= 0
Assume that the ow is
independent of y, so
!
"p
l
"y
is given
but
S.P. Antal, R.T. Lahey and J.E.
Flaherty. Int!l. J. Multiphase Flow
17 (1991), 635-652.
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
!
"
#"
#x
U
r
2
5
1$" ( ) = $"C
L
U
r
#u
l
#x
$" C
w1
+ C
w2
R
b
s
%
&
'
(
)
*
U
r
2
R
b
!
(1"#)
dp
l
dy
+ 1"# ( )$
l
g
y
= (1"#)
l
%
2
v
l
%x
2
+
3
8
#
R
b
C
D
$
l
U
r
U
r
!
" x ( ) =
1
L
"dx
0
L
#
, u
l
0 ( ) = u
l
H ( ) = 0
Simple two-uid model for laminar multiphase ow
Comparison with a two-uid model
!
"
dp
dy
+"#
g
g
y
= $
3
8
"
R
b
C
D
#
l
U
r
U
r
!
dp
g
dy
=
dp
l
dy
=
dp
dy
Bubble vertical momentum
Liquid vertical
momentum
Bubble
horizontal
momentum
Lift Wall repulsion
(away from wall or zero)
!
C
D
=
24
Re
1+ 0.1Re
0.75
( )
!
Re =
2R
b
"
l
U
r

m
!

m
=

l
1"#
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Comparison with a two-uid model
Comparison with experimental results. Graph from: S.P. Antal, R.T. Lahey and
J.E. Flaherty. Int!l. J. Multiphase Flow 17 (1991), 635-652.
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
For more information about computing multiphase ow, see:
Modeling of multiphase ows is still a very immature area.
Interpret the results with care!
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Combustion Modeling
Grtar Tryggvason
Worcester Polytechnic Institute,
Spring 2009
http://users.wpi.edu/~gretar/me612.html
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Gas combustion
Gasoline engines,
gas burners
Spray combustion
Jet engines,
diesel engines
Combustion of solids
coal,
wood,
polymers
Examples
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Diffusion ames
Most burners, candle
Flame stays at the
boundary between the
fuel and the oxidizer
Premixed ames
Some burners
Hazards
IC engines
The ame separates
unburned and burned
mixture of fuel and oxidizer
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Diffusion Flames
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Diffusion ames
Fuel, CH
4

(methane), for
example
Oxidizer, O
2

The thickness of the
ame depends on
the ratio of the
reaction rates to the
diffusion times
(Dahmkler number)
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Diffusion ames
CH
4
O
2

Interim
species
The thickness of the
ame depends on
the ratio of the
reaction rates to the
diffusion times
(Dahmkler number)
CH
4
O
2

Interim
species
Fast Reaction
Slow Reaction
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
In turbulent ows the
ame sheet usually
folds in complex ways
P = 4,
!
inj
=
0.3
P = 4,
!
inj
=
0.1
P = 4,
!
inj
=
0.5
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
In general, the combustion is a very complex
process involving O(100) species and reaction rates.
These are reasonably well known for a number of
reaction, but still an open research eld in general.
For combustion of natural gas, GRIMech, for
example
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
For the full problem it is necessary to track the mass
fraction of every species along with the momentum,
mass, and energy conservation equations
!
"
"t
#m
i
+ $% u#m
i
= $% J + R
!
"
"t
c
i
+ #$ uc
i
= R
!
R = T
n
AE
"E
k
/ RT
#c
i
i
Arrenius reaction rates
Only a handful of computations of the full problem
have been done so far
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
For realistic situations, the problem must be simplied
Diffusion Flames
Use one-step (overall) reaction rates
(if Da"#, Burke Shuman limits)
Use a reduced set of chemical reactions
Can work very well for laminar ames. For
turbulent ows the reaction rates have to be
modied to account for stretching and folding of
ame sheets.
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
This is a conserved variable that is simply advected with
the ow
Given f, we can nd each species fraction by
For a simple one step reaction it can be shown that it is
sufcient to follow one variable, called the mixture fraction
!
"
i
= "
i
( f )
!
"
"t
(#f ) + $% (#fu) = $% D$f !
f =
m
f
m
f
+ m
o
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
The $ function can be constructed either assuming innitely
fast reactions (ame sheets) or equilibrium. The library is
constructed once only. If the system is non-adiabatic, $ is a
function of the enthalpy also
The chemical system must be a diffusion ame and
consists of a fuel and an oxidizer
The Lewis number must be unity (all diffusion
coefcients equal)
Only one fuel type (can be a mixture)
Only one type of oxidizer (can be a mixture)
Incompressible turbulent ow
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
For turbulent ows we solve for both f and the uctuations of
f and use those to determine the species fraction
Determines how f
is distributed and
therefore how the
species are
distributed
In the actual code a 2D look up table is rst
constructed, given the shape of the pdf
!
f ' ( )
2
smaller
pdf
f
!
" = " f , f ' ( )
2 #
$
%
&
'
(
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
pdf
f
f
t
Constructing the pdf from measurements
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Premixed Flames
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Premixed ames
!
"
"t
#G+ u$ %#G =U
f
%#G
Motion
due to
uid
ow
Motion
due to
burning
For turbulent ow the ame speed is different from
laminar ow due to wrinkling
The ame speed is found experimentally
or by detailed computations
!
U
f
Flame is marked
by G=0
G<0
G<0
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
Other combustion models
Droplets Solid particles
Evaporation
Burning
(usually)
Gasication
Burning
Computational Fluid Dynamics I
As for multiphase ows, many issues are still unresolved in
modeling of combustion and these models should be
applied with care