The first part of the experiment is to calculate and measure the resistance of the resistor, and

capacitance of the capacitor. These two components are both passive, which is they dont need energy
to do their roles. For the computed values, we need to calculate the resistance by using the color coding
on the resistor. Each color imprinted on the resistor has its own designated value from 0 to 9. The first
two color are the base value while the third is the multiplier, the last color is the tolerance. The
tolerance is the reliability of the resistor since in real world, there is no such thing as exact resistance.
The most commonly used color coding for tolerance are gold which is equal to five percent tolerance,
silver equal to ten percent tolerance and no color is equal to twenty percent tolerance. The values that
we measured using digital multi-meter are 21.96K and the other one is 3.051M. From the result of
the computed (22K and 3M) and measured values, it is shown that the resistors are still in good
condition. And for the capacitors, the computed values are different because capacitors dont have the
color coding bands. Instead the value of the capacitor is imprinted in it, determining the value of the
capacitor is much easier compare to the resistor that uses color coding band. By also using digital multi-
meter in capacitance mode, we can measure the capacitance of the capacitor. The result that we gather
are very close to its original value which has about less than five percent difference. All of our values are
very close when we compute it, but when it was written to the PDS the computed value of the two
resistors are exchanged accidentally.
The second part of the experiment has introduced two new tools to use, the oscilloscope and the
function generator. These part of the experiment is get to know the parts of the oscilloscope and learn
how to use the function generator. The oscilloscope can display up to two wave output, which is in
channel one and channel two for the other wave. This is divided into two sub parts, the first part is to
learn how to use the oscilloscope. From the procedure, the oscilloscope is going to be reset to factory
default and connect the probes at the probe comp at the oscilloscope. From the auto-set function of the
oscilloscope, the graph will be displayed at its optimal display. From the output of the oscilloscope, the
graph showed is a square wave with five volts peak to peak amplitude and a frequency of one kilohertz.
The graph shown in the oscilloscope is a graph of voltage versus time, the vertical distance of the graph
is called division. Division value changes depending on the output waves when auto-set function is
pressed. From the result the division is two volts per division and the amplitude is two and a half
division. To get the value of the peak voltage, division multiplied by the amplitude which is resulting to
five volts. The horizontal distance of the graph is called time base setting, the time base setting is the
time for the wave to travel the division. From the result the division of the wave is equal to exactly two
division. By multiplying the time base setting and division will result of the period of the wave. From the
period, we can calculate the frequency of the wave which is inverse of the period. This experiment was
done in channel one, as for another step the same process was repeated but the input was in channel
two. As for the observation the channel one data was exactly the same as the data in channel two,
therefore whatever the channel used, the outcome will still be the same.
The other sub part is that using the function generator to generate a 1KHz frequency, 10V peak to peak
in a sinusoidal wave function. The function generator has many buttons at the upper part, these buttons
include a wave function and the start of the frequency. At first the function generator is at ERR code
which means error, the error will only disappear if the desired wave function and multiplier is selected.
In the function generator there are three wave functions to choose from, the square wave, the sine
wave, and the triangular wave. In this experiment, we optimize the use of the frequency knob and the
level knob. The frequency knob is the one that is responsible for setting the frequency output of the
function generator, and the level knob is the one responsible for the amplitude/voltage output of the
function generator. All of the knobs in the function generator are all analog, so it is hard to set the exact
value because a very slight rotation from the knob will change the value significantly. For the graph of
the sinusoidal function of the generated function. The vertical factor is 4.04V/div and the division is 2.5,
by multiplying the two it will result the voltage of 10.1 peak to peak. The time base setting is also set to
default which is 500us and the division is also 2, resulting of 1ms period and 1KHz frequency, the same
as the one set in the function generator. As for the measurement of the values of the output, a new
function of the oscilloscope had been used. The Measure function of the oscilloscope, it is a function of
the oscilloscope that you can measure many values from the output like mean, max, frequency, period,
Cyc RMS, Peak to Peak and many others. The new value that has been introduced is the mean and Cyc
RMS, the mean value is -163mV. As for the RMS value there are three ways to determine the Voltage
root mean square. First is by using the mean function which resulting to 3.51V, the second is by dividing
the peak to peak voltage by 2 square root 2 which resulting to 3.571V and the last is by using the digital
multi-meter by connecting in parallel to the probe and resulting to 3.399V. At the different method of
measuring the RMS value of the output there is a slight tolerance in the measured value but it is inside
the 5% tolerance which is acceptable in reality because there are factors that made the value slight off
the original value. For the next procedure, the cursor function at the oscilloscope has been used. Then
select voltage and a two broken line appears and it can be moved by the universal knob, the two lines
need to be set at the peak and trough of the wave. When the cursors are set, the value that we got are
4.88V and -5.28V respectively and the delta is only the difference of the two cursor. Also the delta is the
voltage peak to peak of the output, the result of the delta should also be very close to the value using
the measure function. From the cursor function but select time, just like the previous procedure but this
time the broken lines are vertical. This time the line should be set to one wavelength of the wave, the
value that we got are -1.52ms and 520us. The delta of the two is the period, which the result is 1ms and
the same as the value in measure function. The answers that we got in this part are all correct except for
the graph of the sinusoidal wave because we forgot to draw the graph because of time pressure and
misconception of the exponent at the time base setting which is 500us and written in exponent form
5*10e-4 .
The last part of the experiment is to identify the use of a certain knob in the oscilloscope and function
generator, and also to observe what will happen to the displayed graph at the oscilloscope. The knobs
that has been used are Volts/Div, Sec/Div, Rotary, Level, Position and trigger. The Volts/Div knob is used
to increase or decrease the Volts/Div value in the graph, as the knob rotates clockwise the value
decreases and resulting the height of the graph to increase. If rotates counter-clockwise the Volts/Div
increases and resulting the height of the graph to decrease. The second knob is the Sec/Div knob,its
function is to increase or decrease the time base setting of the graph. When rotated Clockwise, the
wavelength of the wave widens in the graph because the time base setting decreases. When rotated
counter-clockwise, the wavelength of the wave narrows in the graph because the time base setting
increases. From the result the time base setting and wavelength in the graph in inversely proportional,
because as the wavelength widens it consume more division. The third knob is the rotary or frequency
setting of the function generator, this knob is used to set the frequency output of the function
generator. This knob will only function if the selected frequency range is selected at the function
generator, when rotated clockwise it will increase the frequency and counter-clockwise will decrease
the frequency output. The fourth knob is the Level knob of the function generator, this knob is used to
set the output voltage or amplitude from 0 to 20V. The output voltage of the function generator is peak
to peak, so when set to minimum, the RMS and mean voltage will also decrease proportional to the
peak to peak voltage, and when set to maximum the RMS and mean voltage will also increase
proportional to the voltage set. The fifth knob is the position knob, there are two position knob present
at the oscilloscope, the horizontal position knob and vertical position knob. The vertical position knob,
when rotated clockwise the wave position is shifted upward and shift downward when rotated counter-
clockwise. The horizontal position knob, when rotated clockwise the wave is shifted to the right and shift
to the left when rotated counter clockwise. The last knob is the trigger knob, this knob is used to adjust
the view of the graph. When rotated clockwise, it will move the view of the graph to the right and
counter-clockwise to the left.