International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)

Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050

92
www.ijete.org

A Survey on Energy Efficiency by minimizing power consumption

Sameer yadav
1
, Pallavi Bondriya
2

Technocrat Institute of Technology, Anand Nagar, BHEL, Bhopal (MP)



Abstract
With the advancement in technology vast amount of data
is being accessed and transferred with high speed over
the wireless network. Communication through mobile
phones is increasing day by day so the energy efficient
communication is being given higher priority where with
limited resource it can be carried out successfully. In this
paper we will discuss about few methods and systems
which has helped a lot in improving energy efficiency
with less power consumption. Techniques such as
multiple-input, multiple output (MIMO),Orthogonal
frequency division (OFDM),Network coding
,transmission and resources allocation for signaling have
discussed and some of the point necessary for energy
efficiency are also identified for future research.

1. INTRODUCTION
Now a days consumption of electric energy by cellular
wireless networks, wired communication networks and
internet takes is 3 percent of world wide electric energy
and it is expected to increase in the coming year [5,15].
So Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
is making necessary efforts in global greenhouse gas
emission as the demand of energy by ICT is increasing
exponentially with the growth in requirements [5].
Global mobile communication is spreading very quickly
and the mobile phone users are more than 4 billion
worldwide [4]. Evidently this growth is accompanied by
increased energy consumption of mobile network. Main
aim of energy efficient project is to reduce energy waste
age and improve energy efficiency of communication
systems without effecting network coverage and quality
of service to users [4]. It has been observed that more
than 50% of the total energy is being consumed by the
radio approach devices and 60%-80% is being used by
amplifier [1, 16, and 17]. From operators point of view
energy efficiency has a great ecological benefit and
represents social responsibility in fighting climate
change, but also means significant economic benefits
[1]. iPhone are very good in all aspects expect for battery
life says J.D Power and associates according to
customers study in 2010 [1, 18]. Now the earth project
has put its focus on enhancing the energy efficiency of
radio base station. Even at low load base station
consume a considerable amount of the available power
budget [4]. A high level energy efficiency evaluation
framework (E
3
F) has been developed within energy
aware radio and network technology (EARTH) project
[3, 19] which covers the complete system including
network and radios. E
3
F builds on state-of-the-art radio
network evaluation methodology from system level
simulations extended with power models, and
deployment models [3].

2. WHY ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS REQUIRED?
With the growth in technology it has been seen in last
few decades that consumption of energy has been
increased due to increase in mobile users that is called
evolution of information and communication technology
(ICT), which shows that energy consumption is
increasing at shocking rate. Telecom Italia says that
mobile operators are large energy consumer and it is
being increasing much faster than the ICT. Developing
countries which are using 3G technology now days soon
will be using 4G technology which will be consuming
more energy compare to the present, to control this
consumption if no effective measures will be taken this
will be bigger problem in coming time [1].

Few projects which could help energy consumption are
[1]:
OPERA- Net
1. Energy-Efficient Mobile Radio Access Network
2. Link Level
3. Technology Enablers
4. Network Test Bed
Green Radio [1]:
1. Energy Metrics & Models
2. Energy-Efficient Hardware
3. Energy-Efficient Architectures
4. Energy-Efficient Resource Management
EARTH [1, 3]
1. Energy-Efficient Analysis, Metrics and Targets
2. Energy-Efficient Architectures
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050

93
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3. Energy-Efficient Resource Management
4. Radio Technologies and Components
E Win
1. Energy-Efficient Architectures
2. Energy-Efficient Resource Management

These are few solutions through which energy
consumption can be controlled which have been
discussed by Daquan Feng et al in their paper [1]. These
all models have been made great experts so that it could
help in controlling the consumption of energy by
different users so that it can be saved for longer time.

3. TECHNIQUES USED FOR ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
(a) MI MO: A crossed layer approached
Multiple-input multiple-output mechanism used to
improve energy efficiency [2, 12] used to save uplink RF
transmission energy of mobile terminals in cellular
systems behind most excellent attempt transfer. Its main
idea is to sensibly sluggish down the transmission rate
when a base station is beneath utilization. It has been
explained by Hongseok Kim, et al that there exists a
crossover point on the transmission rate lower to which
SIMO single-input multiple-output consumes less power
than MIMO. He says that crossover point is a rising task
of the circuit power the number of receives antennas and
channel correlation, all of which increase the potential
energy savings resulting from mode switching. So he
proposed an adaptive mode switching algorithm joint by
means of rate assortment to maintain a users target
throughput at the same time as achieve energy
efficiency. In spite of the abundant advantages of MIMO
Systems, advanced costs have postponed the wide range
profitable use of manifold antenna Wireless transceivers
mainly in Handsets or low cost terminals [12].
Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) [13] systems
offer few benefits over single-input, single- output
(SISO) air interfaces regarding spectral efficiency and
reliability. An integrated wireless radio for short-range
communication is developed that performs MIMO signal
processing already in the analog radio frequency (RF)
front-end. This concept allows using synergies in
components and subsystems of the air interface leading
to reduced system size, costs, and power consumption.
In the last few years, MIMO wireless radios worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), has
gain substantial notice owing to their prospective to
considerably increase spectral efficiency and
dependability compared to SISO systems. To develop
the reimbursement from array, diversity and
multiplexing gain, parallel antenna paths have to be
independently acquired and processed at the base band.
As a result, the hardware expenses, system size and the
power conservation are multiplied by the feature of
similar in service antennas too. In spite of the many
recompense of MIMO systems, these higher costs have
delayed the broad scale commercial use of multiple-
antenna wireless transceivers mainly in handsets or low
cost terminals.

(b) Energy effectiveness Metrics
Generally a metric is used for measuring the energy
efficiency of a communication link is the obsessive
energy over the number of information bits (joule/bit)
[7]. In cellular network metric usually relates the total
amount of energy consumed by the whole network or
system to the collective network capacity. Measure
makes a connection between costs which is being
considered in terms of energy to the generated utility
that is information bits. This metric is suitable to
appraise the energy efficiency at full loads. In contrast as
the network is operated below its capacity then its main
aim is to reduce the power consumption to coat a
definite area in such case W/m2 is considered the most
relevant energy efficiency metric.

(c) Green wireless networks [8]
In the coming years wireless networks are expected to
provide high speed internet access all the time and at any
location. With the advancement in technology and
introduction of new phones like iphone and smart
phones doubtlessly increased the process and had raised
the demands of the user. Exchange of data at high speed
has the raised the requirements to ever present access
have triggered dramatic expansion of network
infrastructure and fast increase in energy demand [8]. So
it has become a need for mobile operators to maintain
the capacity growth and simultaneously limit the bill.
The rise in the energy consumption in wireless network
directly results in the increase of green house gas
emission which is being known as main threat for
environmental protection and sustainable development.

(d) Base Station Power Management
To make base station energy efficient, power used in it
should be balanced till the present traffic. At the same
time load adaptive CFR joint with adaptive power
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050

94
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supply has a promising solution in the analog chain. It
includes energy efficiency optimization of the power
provisions for changeable input power. This has to
include energy efficiency optimization of the power
supplies for variable input power. Well-organized power
management requires reconfigurable circuits as input
rudiments. Even if the power is low it supports different
levels of transmit power with adaptable performance
[20]. According to this both driver and power amplifier
are digitally forbidden and elastic in conditions of output
power, linearity and DC power consumption. Capacity
points towards the immediate transmitter energy can be
scaled by 30 percent. If adaptive scheduling is
considered then average energy efficiency can be
improved up to 40 percent as compared to non scalable
systems. It is extremely attractive to expand this kind of
techniques to high power transceivers normally used in
base stations helping macro-cells.

(e) Green radio technique
The Green Radio project is follow energy lessening from
two diverse points of view. Its first approach is to
inspect alternatives to the obtainable cellular network
structures to diminish energy utilization. Its second
approach is to present original techniques which can be
used in base stations or devices to decrease energy
utilization in the network. They give the environment to
the project [10].

4. ENERGY SAVING IN BASE STATION
Energy saving in base station of cellular radio [11] has
been discussed by Peter M. Grant in his paper, their he
has open a way whish will help in giving out important
energy efficiency gains in future wireless networks such
that it reduces the load on network operators. It searches
the three ways to save energy in future wireless
networks. It consists of sleep mode techniques to switch
off radio transmissions when ever required and multiple
antenna wireless systems. The impact of these
approaches on achieving energy-efficient wireless
communication systems is effective.
To improve load reliance of base station power
consumption things required are to integrate clarification
of TRX hardware [14], dynamic resource management
and system level simulation of energy saving.

5. RELATED WORK
Claude Desset et al says that the power consumption by
base station for dissimilar types of cells underneath the
3GPP LTE [3] standard are supple enough to allow
comparisons flanked by state-of-the-art and superior
configurations, and an easy adjustment to a variety of
scenarios. The replica is based on a grouping of base
station mechanism and sub-components in addition to
power scaling policy as functions of the main system
parameters.
Albrecht et al in his paper has introduced a model of a
network which consists of N
bs
cellular base station [9]
which are located in groups of three at regular network
N
bs
3 sites identified by bury site distance D. They
assumed BSs to be equipped with two transmit and
receive antennas each.

Fig 1 Cellular network layout of co-localized base
stations for two cooperation sizes [9].

Supplementary they assumed user terminals to be
equipped with a single transmit and receive antenna. It
was done to observe both achievable rates and base
station power dissipation in cellular systems under
varying inter-site-distances and CoMP cooperation sizes.
They concluded that both degree of freedom,
densification and CoMP guided to large capacity
improvements, but network densification improved
energy efficiency which showed that CoMP lead to
decrease energy.
Daquan Feng et al [1] in his paper has done the survey
and discussed about various models and their efficiency.
They focused on information and communication
technology (ICT) which plays an very important role
energy consumption.
Luis M. Correia et al in his paper [7] explains all the
levels of communication system wrapping all network
level aspects counting consumption, design and network
organization including hardware implementation
embattled for improved energy efficiency in radio access
network operation. Moreover they presented evolution
of these concepts holistic way, enlightening the joint
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 4, May2014, ISSN 2348 8050

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dependency and tradeoffs were discussed together with
suitable metrics.
Xiaohu Ge et al in his paper has proposed about the
energy competence of multi-input single-output that is
MISO [2] and orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (MISO-OFDM) [6] communication
systems by means of power and ability constraint is
investigated. Via formulating the power allotment
problem of MISO-OFDM communication systems, the
minimum sub channel transmission power is analyzed
through power and capacity constraints.


Fig.2 MISO-OFDM communication system model [6]

Replication consequences point out that there exists a
specific minimum sub channel capacity threshold.
Furthermore, the energy efficiency of MISO-OFDM
communication systems starts to increase only as soon as
the minimum sub channel capacity exceed the precise
threshold.
Hongseok Kim, et al his paper says that the power of
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) [2] system is
higher than that of a single-input multiple-output
(SIMO) system by approximately N
t
times where N
t
is
the number of transmit antennas. It is usually
acknowledged that MIMO has better energy-efficiency
than SIMO.

6. CONCLUSION
In this paper we have discussed about various method
and international projects for energy efficiency which
are being used in todays world to control power
consumption in different equipments. Among them the
most commonly used methods are MIMO, OPERA- Net,
EARTH, Green radio, EE metric etc as well as cross
layer optimization for mounting energy-efficient
wireless networks . To decrease the level of power
consumption in base station has become a major task.
Earlier research shows that optimized energy-efficient
design might considerably lessen the energy
consumption of the entire network. However, existing
research results are still beginning and many challenges
stay behind.

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