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GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF LETTERS

THE MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF BETAWI LANGUAGE

VERB WORD CLASS

Written by:
Name : Jumaliyati
NPM : 10604064
Advisor 1 : Prof. Dr. Indiyah Imran
Advisor 2 : Ni Luh Putu Setiarini, SS, M.Hum

An undergraduate Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Letters
As a Partial Fulfillments for
S1 Degree in English Department

DEPOK
2008
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ABSTRACT

Jumaliyati. “The Morphological Proccess of Betawi Language Verb Word Class”. A

Thesis. Faculty of Letters: English Department. An Undergraduate Degree.
Gunadarma University, Depok: September 2008.

This research wants to find out what the morphological processes of Betawi
language verb word class and the markers of the verb are.
The aims of this research are to describe what the morphological processes of
Betawi langauge verb word class are and also to describe what the markers of the
verb are in Betawi language. In arranging this research, the researcher uses a
descriptive qualitative method because there is a description explaination of the data
and the data analyzed are in the form of words and sentences.
In the results of this research, there are three morphological processes of
Betawi language verb word class which are the productive and improductive verbal
affixes as they combine with verbs, productive and improductive verbal affixes in
transposing nouns into verbs and productive and improductive verbal affixes in
transposing adjectives into verbs. There are seven affixes as the markers of verb word
class in Betawi language which are prefixes N- ‘active’, bə- ‘transitive’, di- ‘passive’,
kə-‘unintentional’, suffix –in ‘causative’, circumfixes N – in ‘repetitive’ and di – in
‘passive’. All of the affixes are productive in marking the verbs as they combine with
verbs except prefix bə-. Suffix –in, circumfixes N – in and di – in are productive
verbal affixes in transposing nouns and adjectives into verbs. Prefixes N-, bə-, di-,
and kə- are improductive affixes in transposing nouns into verbs and zero affixes in
transposing adjectives into verbs.
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Research

1.1.1 Justification of the Research

This research discusses the morphological process of Betawi language verb

word class. Betawi language is one of the Malay dialects which is spoken in Jakarta.

Betawi language is known as bahasa Betawi, dialek Jakarta and bahasa Melayu

Jakarta. Betawi language is the same as the national language of Indonesia which is

Bahasa Indonesia which comes from Malay dialect. But each language shows special

characteristics that makes it different from each other. Betawi language also has word

classes as English has; they are verb, noun and adjective. In Betawi language, the

words motong (to cut), from potong (cut); nukər (to change), from tukər (change);

ňapu (to sweep), from sapu (broom); ŋambil (to take), from ambil (take) and ŋərawat

(to take care), from rawat (nurse) are the verb word class which is combined with

prefix N-. In this research, the researcher also researches the markers of verb word

class in Betawi language.

The researcher is interested in finding out what the morphological process and

the markers of verb word class in Betawi language are because the researcher is

curious and wants to know about this language. Many Betawi words are written in
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dictionary and are spoken in daily conversation even though the speaker is from

different ethnic. Betawi language is very easy to be spoken and understood.

This research is important to be carried out because one of the subjects in the

sixth semesters is morphology and the researcher is interested in researching

morphology of other languages especially Betawi language. Therefore this research

can help everyone who wants to research another language. This research also can be

useful for everyone who wants to learn morphology generally and Betawi language

especially.

1.2 Previous Research

The researches which are relevant to this research are:

1.2.1 Sugito (1987)

He wrote “Fonologi, Morfologi dan Morfofonemik Dialek Jakarta Kampung

Tugu” as a thesis, Univesity of Indonesia 1987. In his research, he described the

phonology, morphology and morphophonemic of Jakarta dialect or we can call

Betawi language in Tugu village where the society speak Betawi language everyday.

His research used descriptive method because he only focused in researching the

dialect of Tugu village. In his thesis, he found out the morphemes of Betawi dialect in

Tugu village, which is free morpheme and bound morpheme. There are three

morphological process of Betawi dialect which is affixation, reduplication and

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compound word. He also found the productivity of affixation and reduplication

process and some unproductively of that process.

1.2.2 Sandra Dewi (1997)

She wrote “Pemetaan Bahasa Betawi di Kotip Depok” as a thesis, University

of Indonesia 1997. In her research, she described the region in Depok district where

the society speaks Betawi language in daily conversation. This research also collected

and described the characteristics of Betawi language suburban sub-dialect in Depok

district in term of vocabularies and phonology. In her thesis, she found the language

in Depok district was homogeny language, which is Betawi language suburban sub-

dialect. Generally, suburban sub-dialect is Betawi dialect which pronounce the ending

vowel with /a?/ and /ah/ also the ending consonant with b, d, g, and h. Based on the

vocabularies from Betawi suburban sub-dialect in Depok district, there are

vocabularies from Java, Sunda, Bali and Dutch.

1.2.3 Bazalel Agustus Bisman (2005)

He wrote “Word Classes in English” as a S1 thesis, University of Gunadarma

2005. This thesis is conducted to explain some elements of word classes by giving

details on types of the markers used in some word classes. The researcher collects the

data without using instrument of the data to determine which one belongs to which

word classes. He tried to find what the markers of the open word classes and the

types of the marker of word classes. This thesis is conducted to explain some

elements of word class by giving details on types of the markers used in some word
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classes, from verbal, nominal and adjectival affixes. The data analysis in this research

was done by two major steps. First, identifying and categorizing English markers in

nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Second, describing the type markers and

characteristic of the nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverb. The researcher distributes

the data without using instrument of the data to determine which one belongs to

which word classes.

1.2.4 Randi Yudiansyah (2006)

In his research “The Morphological Process of the English Verbs”, for S1

degree in Gunadarma University. He tries to explain the process of morphology,

which is word classes becoming another word class. The researcher makes an

instrument of the research to show what kinds of affixes mark the verb class, and

what kinds of affixes can transpose the verb into another word class. The researcher

concludes that inflectional suffixes are the marker of the verbs. The inflectional

suffixes are the marker of verbs because the prefix doesn’t transpose the word class

of the verb. In his research, we can see the productivity of the inflectional affixes than

the other affixes such as inflectional suffixes .The productive affixes are-s, - ing, -

and –ed. But the most productive is – s, because it can combine with 100 verbs that

the researcher collects in the table of research instrument. The researcher also

analyzed that after a verb is attached to some derivational affixes it will transpose by

using morphological process. He categorized the transposition of the verb into noun

and verb into adjective.

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1.3 Position of the Research

This research to some extent differs from the previous researches above. From

the first previous research, the researcher found that the research similar to Betawi

language with the previous research concerning about finding morphology of Betawi

language. From the second previous research, the researcher found that the subject of

the research is the same, which is Betawi language. From the third previous research,

the researcher found that the research discussed word classes. Even though the source

language is different but the researcher found that the research similar to researching

of language concerning about word classes. From the last previous research, the

researcher found that the research discussed morphological process of English verb

word class. In some extent, this research is the same as the previous research which is

discussed about morphological process but the researcher concerning about Betawi

language verb word class.

1.4 Significance of the Research

This research is conducted in order to observe the morphology study of

Betawi language verb word class and the markers of verb word class in Betawi

language. This research will be very useful for everyone. It is especially for everyone

who is curious and wants to know the study of morphology of a language,

particularly Betawi language.

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1.5 Problem of the Research

Since many people do not know very well about Betawi language, the writer

wants to research this topic. In this study, the problem formulation can be formulated

as follows:

1. What are the morphological processes of the Betawi verb word class?

2. What affixes mark the verb word class?

3. What affixes transpose noun and adjective word class into verb word class?

1.6 Aim of the Research

Based on the problem formulation stated above, the writer aims to obtain the

factual data concerning:

1. To describe the morphological processes of the Betawi verb word class.

2. To describe the affixes mark of the verb word class.

3. To describe the affixes transpose noun and adjective word class into verb

word class.

1.7 Scope of the Research

This research is limited to the study of Betawi language in Buaran I. Buaran I

is located in East Jakarta near Jatinegara, where many Betawi people speak Betawi

language. This research is also concerned to the morphological process of Betawi

language verb word class and their markers. This research does not discuss the
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transposition of verbs into nouns and adjective and the noun and adjective word class

in Betawi language.
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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Morphology

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:69), morphology is the study of the

internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. The meaning

of morphology is the science of word forms. Knowing a language implies knowing its

morphology.

If you ask ordinary people what the smallest unit of language is, many would

probably say the word. However, in fact, many words can be broken down into

smaller units, and we refer to one of these smaller units as a morpheme. According to

Deterding and Poedjosoedarmo (2001:6), morphology is concerned with the way that

words can be broken up into morphemes.

According to Haspelmath (2002:1) in his book “Understanding Morphology”,

he gives three definitions of Morphology, they are:

1. Morphology is the study of internal structure of words

2. Morphology is the study of systematic covariation in the form and

meaning of words.

3. Morphology is the study of the combination of morphemes to yield

words.
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From the theories above, this research uses the theory of morphology

according to Haspelmath. This research defined morphology as the study of words

structure, systematic covariation in the form and meaning of words and the

combination of morphemes become words.

2.2 Morpheme

Morphology as a sub-branch of linguistics deals with the internal structure of

word-forms. The basic units of analysis recognize in morphology are morphemes.

Consider, for example, the word-form ŋəmasakin. This can be segmented to show its

constituent elements thus: ŋə-masak-in, each of these segments has its own form (or

set of form), its own meaning, and its own distribution. None of these segments ŋə-

masak-in can be further subdivided into smaller segments which function in the same

kind of way as they do; each of these represents a morpheme. A morpheme may be

divined as a minimal unit of grammatical analysis (Lyons, 1968:181; Matthews,

1974:11-12).

According to Stageberg (1971:85), a morpheme is a short segment of

language that meets three criteria:

1. It is a word, or a part of a word that has meaning.

2. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without

violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders.

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3. It occurs in differing verbal environment with a relatively

stable meaning.

According to Haspelmath (2001:16), morphemes can be defined as the

smallest meaningful constituents of a linguistic expression. The words are easily

segmented. For example, the word nonton (watch), both the prefix n- and the stem

tonton represent a morpheme. In the most cases, the relation between form and

meaning is quite straight forward (simple): parts of word forms bear different

meaning.

Example: tulis ‘write’ n-ulis ‘to write di-tulis ‘written’ tulis-in ‘write it’

cuci ‘wash’ ň-uci ‘to wash’ di-cuci ‘washed’ cuci-in ‘wash it’

bacé ‘read’ m-bacé ‘to read’ di-bacé ‘read’ baca-in ‘read it’

From the theories above, this research uses the theory of morpheme according

to Haspelmath. This research defined a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of

linguistic.

2.2.1 Kinds of Morpheme

1. Free Morpheme

According to C Stageberg (1971:87), a free morpheme is one that can be

uttered with meaning. Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as an

independent word; it cannot be attached to another morpheme or word such as makan

(eat), gede (big), temen (friend), and others.

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Francis Katamba stated in his book (1993: 41) that many words

contain a root standing on its own. Roots, which are capable of standing

independently, are called free morpheme, for example:

Free morpheme

péntu (door) balé (bed) laki (man)

jalan (walk) péŋén (want) cét (paint)

The free morphemes are examples of lexical morphemes. They are nouns,

adjectives, verbs, or adverbs.

paŋkéŋ (room) maré (mad) kasi (give) bəntar (a moment)

tési (spoon) sənəŋ (happy) tukər (change)

péci (Muslims hat) bau (smell) joget (dance)

əno? (girl) konèng (yellow) makan (eat)

2. Bound Morpheme

According to C Stageberg (1971:87), bound morpheme cannot be uttered

alone with meaning. It is always annexed to one or more morphemes to form a word.

In other words, bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an

independent word, but must be attached to another morpheme or word. For example,

affixes such as –an, in jual-an (sell), tidur-an (lay) and another are always bounds.

This research defined a free morpheme as a morpheme that can stand alone

independently and has lexical meaning. A bound morpheme is a morpheme that

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cannot stand alone, it must be attached to another morpheme and has grammatical

meaning.

2.3 Word

The definition of word according Richard (1985:21) word is the smallest of

the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing.

According to Matthews (1997:37) traditionally, a word is the smallest of units

that make up a sentence, and marked as such in writing. Word is unit of language that

comes meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or

less tightly together and has a phonetically value, typically a word will consist of root

or stem and zero or more affixes word can be combine to create phrase, clause, and

sentence.

Based on Fromkin and Rodman (1998:67), word is a particular string of sound

which is united with a meaning or a unit of languages that symbolize or communicate

meaning. So if we learn about word, we learn both the sound and their related

meaning.

This research uses the theory of word according to Matthews. In classifying

the data, this theory is useful. This research defined a word as something that should

be unit of language that has meaning, consists of one or more morphemes which has a

phonetically value and part of a sentence.

2.4 Allomorph
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According to Payne (1997a:20-21), an allomorph is one of two or more

complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or

morphological environments. The allomorphs of a morpheme are derived from

phonological rules or morphophonemic rules that may apply to that morpheme.

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:295), an allomorph is an alternate

phonetic form of a morpheme. According to O’Grady (1997:120), an allomorph is the

variant forms of a morpheme.

From all those theories above, this research uses the theory of allomorph

according to Payne. This research defined an allomorph as one of many

complementary morphs which show a morpheme in different environment and the

example of allomorph is found in the pronunciation of the plural morpheme –s in

English. In Betawi language, the example of allomorph is found in the pronunciation

of the prefix nasal N-. This prefix nasal has five allomorphs, /m/, /n/, /ň/, /ŋ/ and /ŋə/.

tanya - /nanya/ (to ask)

bawa - /mbawa/ (to bring)

cari - /ňari/ (to look for)

ambil - /ŋambil/ (to take)

rusak - ŋərusak (to breake)

2.5 Affixes
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According to Haspelmath (2001:18), word-forms in an inflectional paradigm

generally share (at least) one longer morpheme with a concrete meaning and are

distinguished from each other that they, in addition, contain different shorter

morphemes with an abstract meaning are called affixes. Based on the position of

bound morphemes against free morphemes, these affixation processes can be differed

from prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. This research will discuss prefixes,

suffixes and circumfixes.

According to C Stageberg (1971:91), an affix is a bound morpheme that

occurs before or after a base. There are two kinds of affixation, prefixes and suffixes,

both of which researchers have already met in passing. C Stageberg (1971:92) stated

that prefixes are those bound morpheme that occurs before a base, as in m-bəli (to

buy), Pə-maèn (player). Prefix is an affix that is joined before a root or stem.

Here are kind of prefixes in Betawi language:

a. Prefix nasal N- ‘active transitive’

b. Prefix di- ‘passive’

c. Prefix kə- ‘unintentional’

d. Prefix bə- ‘intransitive’

e. Prefix sə- ‘nominal’

f. Prefix pə- ‘agent’

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Stageberg (1971:91) also states that suffixes are bound morphemes that occur

after a base, for example buat-an (made) and tanya-in (ask). There are only two

suffixes in Betawi language, suffix –an, and -in.

Based on Francis Katamba books entitled Morphology (1993: 44). An

affix is a morpheme, which only occurs when it is combining to some other

morphemes or morpheme such as root or stem or base. There are three types of

affixes:

a. Prefix. A prefix is an affix which is attached before a root or a stem or a

word base like di-, n-, and kə-; di-buké (opened), n-anyé (to ask), kə-buké

(opened unintentional);

b. Suffix. A suffix is an affix combine after a root or a stem or a word base

like –an, -in, and -nya; makan-an (food), bantu-in (help), rumé-nyé (his

house);

c. Infix. An infix is an affix inserted into the root itself.

From the theories above, this research uses theory affixes according to

Haspelmath. This research defined an affix as a shorter morpheme with abstract

meaning and can occur after, before or after and before a root.

According to Beard (1998:62), circumfixes are affixes that come in two parts.

One attaches to the front of the word, and the other to the back, for example in

Betawi language, kə-…-an. It applies to the root gədè (big) to form a noun kəgədèyan

(too big).
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Affix morpheme can also be divided in to two major functional

categories, namely derivational affixes and inflectional affixes.

2.5.1 Inflectional and Derivational Affixes

Such bound grammatical morphemes are called inflectional morphemes;

they never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which

they are combine. They are always combining to complete words, stated by

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman in their book entitled An Introduction to

Language (1998: 91).

For examples:

N- ‘active’ tulis ‘write’ (V) n-ulis ‘to write’ (V)

kə- ‘unintentional’ cuci ‘wash’ (V) kə-cuci ‘washed unintentional’ (V)

di- ‘passive’ bagi ‘give’ (V) di-bagi ‘is given’ (V)

-in ‘causative’ baca ‘read’ (V) baca-in ‘ask someone to read’ (V)

Derivation patterns commonly change the word class of the base lexeme-

i.e. nouns can be derived from verbs, adjectives from nouns, and so on.

Derivation is not relevant to the syntax, which stated by Haspelmath on his book

entitled Understanding Morphology (2002: 68).

For example:

1. Denimonal verbs (N-V)

kabar ‘news’ kabarin ‘report’

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sikat ‘brush’ ňikat ‘wipe out’

tamu ‘guest’ namu ‘visit’

2. Deadjectival verbs (A-V)

baňak ‘a lot’ baňakin ‘making a lot’

cakəp ‘beautiful’ cakəpin ‘making beautiful’

puti ‘white’ putiin ‘making white’

2.6 Transposition

According to Andrew Spencer and Arnold M.Zwicky (1998:55) transposition

is another type of derivation which reflects a simple change of category without any

functional change. For example:

a. makan ‘eat’ become makan-an ‘food’ (V-N)

b. sapu ‘broom’ become ň-apu ‘sweep’ (N-V)

c. gəndut ‘fat’ become gəndut-in ‘make fat’ (A-V)

2.7 Morphological Process of Affixes in Betawi Language

According to Matthew (1991:125), a morphological process is a means of

changing a stem to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational

context. In the Morphological process of the verbs, there are three categories that the

researcher is going to discuss with their marker: they are verb to verb, noun to verb

and adjective to verb which combine with inflectional affixes or verbal affixes.
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2.8 Affixes marking other word class

2.8.1 Noun to verb

Prefixes, Suffix and Circumfixes

1. nasal N- ‘active transitive’ macul from pacul ‘hoe’

2. bə- ‘intransitive’ bətamu from tamu ‘visitor’

3. di- ‘passive’ dipaku from paku ‘nail’

4. kə- ‘unintentional’ kəcét from cét ‘paint’

5. –in ‘causative’ sapuin from sapu ‘broom’

6. N – in ‘repetitive’ ŋəcétin from cét ‘paint’

7. di – in ‘passive’ dilapin from lap ‘rag’

2.8.2 Adjective to verb

Suffix and Circumfixes

1. –in ‘causative’ panasin from panas ‘hot’

2. N – in ‘repetitive’ ŋitəmin from itəm ‘black’

3. di – in ‘passive’ digədéin from gədé ‘big’

2.9 Word Classes

Word classes in modern linguistics are distinguished largely by using

evidence from distribution and form. A word class is a collection of words, which
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have characteristics in common, and which are given a collective name, some

examples are noun, verb and adjective. The position of the word depends on its word

class. There are different classes of phrases, which contain different word

classes (Fabb and Routledge, 1994: 11). Word classes divided into function word

and content word.

2.9.1 Function word

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:67) other syntactic categories

include grammatical words of function word, or a word with grammatical mean. The

membership is fixed and can be listed conjunctions, like and and or, prepositions, like

in and of, articles, like the and a/an, determiners, pronouns, like I and he, and

auxiliaries, like can and will.

2.9.2 Content words

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:67), in English, verbs, nouns,

adjectives, and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary, they are the

content words of a language, which are sometimes called the open class words

because we can and regularly do add new words to these classes.

2.10 Verb
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According to Robert Yarber and Marry Laine Yarber (1993: 4),

traditionally a verb is a word that can express action or a state of being and thereby it

tells us what noun or pronoun does or what it is. If the verb tells us what a noun or

pronoun does, it is an action verb: “emak lagi masak noh di dapur (mother cooks in

the kitchen).”

According to Greenbaum (1991:76), verbal affixes (or, more simply, a main

verb) are a word that can be the main word in a verb phrases and is often the only

verb. Certain affixes are added to nouns or adjectives to form main verbs. Here are a

few common verb affixes with words that exemplify them:

n- ‘active transitive’ : nulis (write), nukər (change), nuang (pour)

bə- ‘intransitive’ : blajar (study), blanja (shopped), bərənang (swim)

di- ‘passive’ ; diambil (take), dibacé (read),

-in ‘causative’ : ikutin (follow), bəliin (buy), bawain (bring)

2.11 Noun

According to Robert E. Yarber and Mary Laine Yarber (1993:2) a noun is a

word used to name something, for instance, a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.

According to Sidney Greenbaum (1991:71) a noun is a word than can be the

only or main word in a word phrase. We cannot identify all nouns by their form, but

certain prefix can be added to verbs or adjective to make nouns. Here are few typical

noun prefix with words that exemplify them:

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pə- ‘agent’ : pəňaňi, pətani, pəlaut

-an ‘noun’ : maénan, minuman, caéran

According to Bauer (1998:34) a noun is a word that can occur as the subject

or object of verb or the object (complement) of a preposition or noun is a word can be

modified by an adjective and can be used with determiners. Noun typically refers to

people, animal, places, things or abstraction.

2.12 Adjective

According to Robert E.Yarber and Mary Laine Yarber (1993:8) in writing

there is a word which modifies (or describe) a noun or pronoun. The word is an

adjective, a word that modifies nouns and pronouns.

2.13 Morphophonemic

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:295), the rule that determines the

phonetics form of the plural morpheme is a morphophonemic rule, because its

application is determined by both the morphology and the phonology.

According to Payne (1997a:20), a morphophonemic rule has the form of a

phonological rule, but is restricted to a particular morphological environment.

Morphophonemic rules are sensitive to their environment, unlike phonological rules.

Whenever morphological information is required to specify the environment for an

allophonic rule, the rule is morphophonemic.

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Morphophonology (also morphophonemic, morphonology) is a branch of

linguistics which studies:

• The phonological structure of morphemes.

• The combinatory phonic modifications of morphemes which

happen when they are combined

• The alternative series which serve a morphological function.

For example:

• The prefix /N-/ has the allomorphs [ŋ] and [ň]:

/n-/ + kasi ŋasi (to give)
/n-/ + campur ňampur (to mix)
From all of the theories above, this research uses theory of morphophonology

according to Payne.

2.14 Productivity

According to Haspemath (200:19) a morphological rule or pattern is said to be

productive if (and to extent that) it can be applied to new bases and new words can be

formed with it.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Method

3.1.1 Method

This research implements a qualitative descriptive method. According to

Wilkinson (2000:79), “Qualitative data includes observations, interviews and life

history accounts. Qualitative data is usually analyzed by the subject it to some form

coding process”. It means that there is a description of the data from the source of

data. In this research, all the data analyzed are in the form of words and sentences not

in the form of numbers.

3.1.2 Population

The researcher chooses the people who live in Buaran I, East Jakarta, as the

population of the research. Buaran I is the place where many people of Betawi live

and speak Betawi language in daily conversation.

3.1.3 Sample

The researcher chooses six people who live in Buaran I, East Jakarta, as the

sample of the research. These people include one person as a main informant and five

people as sub-informants. The criterions why the researcher chooses that sample are
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the informants speak Betawi language in daily life and the age of the sample is

around 30 – 35 years old.

3.2 Source of the Research

There are six people who become the source of this research and lived in

Buaran I, East Jakarta. The average of their age is around 30 until 35 years old. Out

of the six people, one person as main informant and five people as sub-informants.

The researcher also finds the source from the dictionary and internet.

3.3 Instrument of the Research

This research uses an instrument for determining which word belongs to

which word class if it is a noun, verb or adjective. There are two possibilities in using

the research instrument concerning to the verb class. It can be inflectional affixes

(don’t change the word class) or derivational affixes (change the word classes). The

first column is for list of verbs and their maker (prefixes, suffix and circumfixes), for

example in word ”ajar”, “ŋajar”, “blajar”, ”diajar”, “ajarin”, “ŋajarin”, and “diajarin”.

Second is for list of nouns and their maker become verbs (verbal suffix), for example

in word “cèt”, “ŋəcèt”, “dicèt”, “kəcèt”, “cetin”, and “ŋəcètin”. And the third column

is for list of adjectives and their maker become verbs (verbal suffix), for example in

the words “sənəŋ”, “sənəŋin”, “ňənəŋin”, and “disənəŋin”. The writer makes an

instrument of the research consisting of 50 verbs, 50 nouns and 50 adjectives

 27

to show the morphological process. The instrument of the research can also show

the productive and the improductive affixes.

3.4 Technique of Collecting Data

The procedures of collecting data are:

1. Listening, the researcher observes how the informant speaks Betawi

language with others in daily conversation.

2. Interviewing, the researcher interviews the informants concerning

their lives in three minutes in Betawi language to get the data.

3. Recording, the researcher records the informants’ story of their live

to get the data and put it into instrument of the data.

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis

The techniques in analyzing the data are:

1. Editing

In editing the data, the researcher edits the data if there are some

mistakes in the sentence and if the sentence is too long to be written.

2. Classification of Data

The data are classified into two main categories, the productive and

the improductive categories. The subcategories are morphophonemic

and transposition. The productive and the improductive categories are

classified into several categories. They are productive and

 28

improductive affixes as they combine with verb, productive and

improductive affixes transpose the nouns into verbs and productive

and improductive affixes transpose adjectives into verbs.

3.6 Presenting the Data

The data are presented in the form of line charts. There are productive and

improductive verbal affixes which may combine and mark the verbs. And for the

nouns and adjectives, they are presented with a line chart of verbal affixes in

transposing noun and adjective word class into the verb word class.

3.7 Interpreting of Data

Each category and its subcategories are described to see how the affixes may

combine with the free morphemes. The data is shown in the words, sentences and

compared with other morphemes. The data is described to see what the markers of the

verbs are and the affixes which transpose other word classes into the verb word class

in Betawi language.
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CHAPTER IV

RESULT OF THE STUDY

4.1 Introduction

Figure 4.1 Number of productive and improductive verbal affixes

In this chapter, there are two main categories, which are productive category

and improductive category. In the first category, there are productive verbal

prefixes, suffix and circumfixes which are very frequent in marking a word class. In

improductive category, there are verbal prefixes, suffix, and circumfixes which are

the marker of the verb and change the noun and adjective into verb word class. In

transposition, there are affixes which can transpose noun and adjective word class

into verb word class.

 30

In Betawi language, there are seven affixes which are prefix N- ‘active’, bə-

‘intransitive’, di- ‘passive’, kə- ‘unintentional’, suffix –in ‘causative’, circumfixes

N – in ‘repetitive’ and di – in ‘passive’. Six are productive and one is improductive.

Prefix N- ‘active transitive’, di- ‘passive’, suffix –in ‘causative’, circumfixes N – in

‘repetitive’ and di – in ‘passive’ may combine with all of the verbs which are 50

verbs. Prefix kə- ‘unintentional’ may combine with 36 verbs and prefix bə-

‘intransitive’ may combine with 4 verbs. All of these affixes are verbal affixes and

the marker of the verbs.

The verbal affixes can transpose nouns into verbs. Suffix –in ‘causative’,

circumfixes N – in ‘repetitive’ and di – in ‘passive’ are productive in transposing

nouns into verbs. Prefix N- ‘active transitive’, bə- ‘intransitive’, di- ‘passive’, and

kə- ‘unintentional’ are improductive in transposing nouns into verbs. Suffix –in

‘causative’ can transpose 34 nouns into verbs, circumfixes N – in ‘repetitive’ can

transpose 33 nouns and di – in ‘passive’ can transpose 36 nouns into verbs. Prefix

N- ‘active transtive’, bə- ‘intransitive’, di- ‘passive’, and kə- ‘unintentional’ can

transpose nouns less than thirty.

The verbal affixes or the markers of the verbs can transpose adjectives into

verbs. Suffix –in ‘causative’, circumfixes N – in ‘causative’ and di – in ‘passive’ are

productive in transposing adjectives into verbs. Prefix N- ‘active transitive’, bə-

‘intransitive’, di- ‘passive’, and kə- ‘unintentional’ are improductive in transposing

adjectives into verbs. Suffix –in ‘causative’ can transpose 39 adjectives into verbs,
 31

circumfixes N – in ‘repetitive’ can combine with 47 adjectives into verbs and di – in

‘passive’ can combine with 44 adjectives into verbs. Prefixes N- ‘active transitive’,

bə- ‘intransitive’, di- ‘passive’ and kə- ‘unintentional’ cannot transpose any

adjective into verbs.

4.2 Morphophonemic

The morphophonemic process happens in affixation. There are

morphophonemics of prefix N-, bə- and kə-.

4.2.1 Prefix N- ‘active’

The prefix N- has five allomorphs which are m-, n-, ň-, ŋ- and ŋə.

For example:

m-aké from paké ‘use’ ň-ari from cari ‘look for’

m-ukul from pukul ‘hit’ ň-ampur from campur ‘mix’

m-ətik from pətik ‘pick’ ň-oloŋ from coloŋ ‘steal’

n-anəm from tanəm ‘plant’ ŋ-asi from kasi ‘give’

n-aro from taro ‘put’ ŋ-irim from kirim ‘send’

n-ukər from tukər ‘change’ ŋ-əjar from kəjar ‘chase’

From the data above, if the word base begins with a voiceless bilabial stop

consonant /p/, the prefix will be bilabial nasal m-, if the word base begins with a

voiceless alveolar stop consonant /t/, the prefix will be alveolar nasal n-, if the word

base begins with a voiceless alveopalatal stop consonant /č/, the prefix will be
 32

alveopalatal nasal ň- and if the word base begins with a voiceless velar stop consonant

/k/, the prefix will be velar nasal ŋ-. In the word base which begins with a voiceless

consonant, the first consonant of the word base is dropped and this prefix replaces it.

m-bawe from bawe ‘bring’ ň-jawab from jawab ‘answer’

m-bəli from bəli ‘buy’ ň-jala from jala ‘net’

m-bagi from bagi ‘give’ ň-jual from jual ‘sell’

n-dépak from dépak ‘kick’ ŋ-gali from gali ‘dig’

n-doroŋ from doroŋ ‘push’ ŋ-gəbuk from gəbuk ‘hit’

n-dayuŋ from dayuŋ ‘oar’ ŋ-goréŋ from goréŋ ‘fry’

From the data above, if the word base begins with a voiced bilabial stop

consonant /b/, the prefix will be bilabial nasal m-, if the word base begins with a

voiced alveolar stop consonant /d/, the prefix will be alveolar nasal n-, if the word

base begins with a voiced alveopalatal stop consonant /j/, the prefix will be

alveopalatal nasal ň- and if the word base begins with a voiced velar stop consonant

/g/, the prefix will be velar nasal ŋ-. In the word base begins with a voiced consonant,

this prefix is added before the word base.

Therefore, if the word base begins with a voiced /b/, /d/, /j/, /g/ or a

voiceless /p/, /t/, /č/, /k/ consonant, the nasal prefix will be the same as the consonant

in the point of articulation. In the word base which begins with a voiceless consonant,

the first consonant of the word base is dropped and this prefix replaces it. In the word
 33

base begins with a voiced consonant, this prefix is added before the word base.

The allomorph ŋə-, if the word base begins with a liquid consonant /l/, /r/, or

semivowel /w/ and /y/, the allomorph ŋə- will be added before the word base.

For example:

ŋə-lawan from lawan ‘oponent’

ŋə-rusak from rusak ‘breake’

ŋə-wakil-in from wakil ‘represent’

ŋə-yakin-in from yakin ‘sure’

Besides, this allomorph ŋə- can be added before the word base which begins

with a voiced consonant /b/, /d/, /j/ and /g/. So, the word base begins with a voiced

consonant has two alternative form.

ŋə-bawa from bawa ‘bring’

ŋə-doroŋ from doroŋ ‘push’

ŋə-jual from jual ‘sell’

ŋə-gəbuk from gəbuk ‘hit’

So, if the word base begins with a voiced /b/, /d/, /j/, /g/, liquid /l/, /r/ or

semivowel /w/, /y/, this allomorph ŋə- will be added before the word base.

If the word base begins with a vowel, this allomorph ŋ- is added before the

word base.

ŋ-ambil from ambil ‘take’

ŋ-ikət from ikət ‘tie up’

 34

ŋ-ukur from ukur ‘measure’

ŋ-éjék from éjék ‘

ŋ-obat from obat ‘medecine’

From all of the explanation above, the nasal prefix is homorganic to the first

consonant of the word base. The velar nasal ŋ- is combined with a word base

beginning with a vowel. The allomorph ŋə- is combined with word base beginning

with liquids and semivowel and also with all of the voiced consonants.

4.2.2 Prefix bə- ‘intransitive’

The prefix bə- has four allomorphs which are bə-, b-, br- and bl-.

For example:

bə-bagi from bagi ‘give’ bə-paku from paku ‘nail’

bə-daré from daré ‘blood’ bə-tamu from tamu ‘visitor’

bə-jalan from jalan ‘walk’ bə-cəré from cəré ‘divorce’

bə-gantuŋ from gantuŋ ‘hang’ bə-kaki from kaki ‘foot’

bə-hargé from hargé ‘price’ bə-sodaré from sodaré ‘brother’

bə-warné from warné ‘color’ bə-yakin-an from yakin ‘certain’

The allomorph bə- can be added before the word base which begins with all

of voiced and voiceless consonants and semivowels /y/, /w/ except liquid

consonant /l/ and /r/.

If the word base begins with a consonant /l/ or /r/, the allomorph b- is added

before the word base. For example:

 35

b-laga from laga ‘fight’ b-rasé from rasé ‘taste’

b-lari from lari ‘run’ b-racun from racun ‘poison’

b-lipət from lipət ‘fold’ b-rambut from rambut ‘hair’

If the word base begins with vowels, the allomorph br- is added before the

word base.

For example:

br-aŋkat from aŋkat ‘lift’

br-untuŋ from untuŋ ‘luck’

br-obat from obat ‘medecine’

br-ekor from ekor ‘tail’

br-isi from isi ‘volume’

The exception for allomorph bl-, from the all data, this allomorph is only

added before the word base ‘ajar’:

bl-ajar from ajar ‘teach’

So, this allomorph is special, it cannot be predicted where the phonology

environment is.

4.2.3 Prefix kə- ‘unintentional’

This prefix has two allomorphs which are kə- and k-.

For example:

kə-buru from buru ‘hurry’ kə-paké from paké ‘use’

kə-doroŋ from doroŋ ‘push’ kə-tukər from tukər ‘change’

 36

kə-gəbuk from gəbuk ‘hit’ kə-kəjar from kəjar ‘chase’

If the word base begins with all of the consonants except /l/, /r/ and

semivowel /w/, /y/, this allomorph kə- is added before the word base.

If the word base begins with the liquid consonant /l/, /r/ and semivowel /w/

the allomorph k- is added before the word base. For example:

k-lempar from lempar ‘throw’

k-rasé from rasé ‘taste’

k-wajib-an from wajib ‘obligation’

k-yakin-an from yakin ‘sure’

 37

4.3 The Productive and Improductive Verbal Affixes

4.3.1 Productive Verbal Affixes

Figure 4.3.1 The productive and improductive verbal affixes as they combine with verbs

There are seven affixes, six are productive which are prefix N- ‘active

transitive’, di- ‘passive’, kə- ‘unintentional’, suffix –in ‘causative’, circumfixes N – in

‘repetitive’ and di – in ‘passive’. One is improductive affix which is prefix bə-

‘intrnasitive’.

4.3.1.1 N - R ‘active transitive’

The prefix N- (nasal) is a productive inflectional prefix. The prefix N- ‘active’

occurs before the word base. This prefix can be combined with all of the verbs. The

meaning of this prefix N- is active verb. For example:

Words
 38

(1) maké ‘to wear’ from paké ‘wear’

(2) mbəli ‘to buy’ from bəli ‘buy’

(3) nukər ‘to change’ from tukər ‘change’

(4) ndorong ‘to push’ from dorong ‘push’

(5) ŋirim ‘to send’ from kirim ‘send’

(6) ŋgəbuk ‘to hit’ from gəbuk ‘hit’

Sentences

mamat make péci ‘Mamat wears a hat’

əno? mo mbeli baju baru ‘She will buy new clothes’

sapé yaŋ nukər piriŋ gué ‘Who changes my plate?

baŋ juki ndoroŋ gərobak sayur ‘Juki pushes vegetables wagon’

gué mo ŋirim əma? duit ‘I will send some money to my mother’

The prefix nasal N- ‘active’ is in opposition with the prefix di- ‘pasive’, as in:

1. əno? mo mbəli baju baru

she want buy clothes new

‘She will buy new clothes’

2. tu baju baru mo dibəli əno?

that clothes new want bought she

‘She wants to buy new clothes’

3. kalo guè yaŋ mətik buè ntar dimarain

if I which pick fruit will scolded

‘If I pick the fruit I will be scolded’

4. kalo tu buè dipətik ntar guè dimarain

 39

if that fruit pick will I scolded

‘If I pick that fruit I will be scolded’

4.3.1.2 di – R “passive”

The prefix di- is the productive inflectional prefix which mark the verb. This

prefix may combine directly before the word base. From the 50 verbs, this prefix may

combine with all of them. The meaning of this prefix is passive verb. For example:

Words

(1) dibawa ‘is brought’ from bawa ‘bring’

(2) dipukul ‘is hit’ from pukul ‘hit’

(3) ditépu ‘is cheated’ from tépu ‘cheat’

(4) diambil ‘is taken’ from ambil ‘take’

(5) diikət ‘is tied’ from ikət ‘tie up’

(6) diukur ‘is measured’ from ukur ‘measure’

Sentences

baju gué dibawa miné ‘Minah took my clothes’

gué ditépu amé dié ‘I am cheated by him’

dié takut biniňé di?ambil oraŋ ‘He is afraid that his wife will be taken by

someone’

kambiŋ gué di?ikət oraŋ di pu?un ‘My goat is tied by someone at tree’

The prefix di- ‘pasive’ is in opposition of the prefix nasal N- ‘active’, as in:
 40

1. baju gué dibawa miné

clothes I brought Minah

‘Minah took my clothes’

2. miné mbawa baju gué

Minah bring clothes I

‘Minah brings my clothes’

3. dié takut biniňé diambil oraŋ

he afraid wife taken person

‘He is afraid that his wife will be taken by someone’

4. mamat ŋambil kué gué

Mamat take cookies I

‘Mamat takes my cookies’

4.3.1.3 kə - R ‘unintentional’

The prefix kə- is a productive inflectional prefix in marking the verb. This

prefix may combine directly before the word base. This prefix may combine with 36

verbs. The meaning of this prefix kə- is an act which already happens, can be happened

or unintentionally. For example:

Words

(1) kəbuka ‘already opened’ from buka ‘open’

(2) kəsambit ‘thrown unintentionally’ from sambit ‘throw’

(3) kəjəblos ‘felt unintentionally’ from jəblos ‘fall in’

(4) kəburu ‘can be chased’ from buru ‘chase’

 41

Sentences

tu jəndela ko? kəbuka sapa yaŋ bukain ‘why is that window open? Who opened it?’

lo si bədiri di sono jadi kəsambit dah ‘you are hit because you are standing there’

gué ga tau ada got é gué kəjəblos ‘I did not know there was a drain, I fell in’

ňanté aja tar pasti kəburu dah ‘don’t worry we will be there on time’

The prefix kə- ‘unintentional’ is in opposition with prefix N- ‘active’, as in:

1. tu jəndela ko? kəbuka sapa yaŋ bukain

that window particle open who which open

‘why is that window open? Who opened it?’

2. gué yaŋ mbuka tuh jədela

I which open that window

‘I open that window’

3. gué ga tau ada got é gué kəjəblos

I don’t know is drain exclamation I fall in

‘I did not know there was a drain, I fell in’

4. dié ňeblos səndiri

he fall in self

‘He jumped in’

4.3.1.4 R – in ‘causative’

The suffix –in is a productive inflectional suffix which marks verbs. This suffix

may combine directly after the word base. The suffix –in may combine with 50 verbs.

The meaning of causative is to make someone do something. For example:

 42

Words

(1) bantuin ‘to help someone’ from bantu ‘help’

(2) taroin ‘to put something for someone’ from taro ‘put’

(3) bacain ‘to read for someone’ from baca ‘read’

(4) bəliin ‘to buy for someone’ from bəli ‘buy’

(5) pakèin ‘to add something for someone’ from pakè ‘use’

Sentences

bantuin abaŋ lo ŋorèt rumput noh ‘you have to help your brother pullout the grass’

abis makan taroin lagi piriŋňa ‘if you have finished your meals, you have to put the

plat where it belong’

matè guè rabun bacain tuh surat ‘my eyes is hazy, please read the letter for me’

guè minta bəliin baju ama babè ‘I ask father to buy me a clothes’

pakèin adè lo baju tuh ‘you have to wear your sister a clothes’

The suffix –in ‘causative’ is in opposition with the suffix –an ‘noun’

1. bantuin abaŋ lo ŋorét rumput noh

help brother you pullout grass exclamation

‘you have to help your brother pullout the grass’

2. abaŋ lo minta bantuan noh

brother you ask help exclamation

‘your brother asks your help’

3. abis makan taroin lagi piriŋňa

finish eat put again the plat

‘if you have finished your meals, you have to put the plat where it belong’
 43

4. gué taroan dié pasti mənaŋ

I bet he must win

‘I bet he must be won’

4.3.1.5 N – in ‘repetitive’

The circumfix N – in is a productive inflectional circumfix which marks the

verb. This circumfix may combine directly before and after the word base. This

circumfix may combine with 50 verbs. The meaning of this circumfix is to do

something repeatedly or continuous.

For example:

Words

(1) ŋgəbukin ‘repeatedly hitting’ from gəbuk ‘hit’

(2) ňjualin ‘repeatedly selling’ from jual ‘sell’

(3) ŋəliatin ‘continuous looking at’ from liat ‘look at’

(4) ŋérétin ‘continuous dragging’ from érét ‘drag’

(5) ňambitin ‘continuous throwing’ from sambit ‘throw’

Sentences

gué kə səbəlé é dié lagi ŋəgəbukin ana?ňé ‘I went next door and he was hitting his

child’

lagi-lagi jual baju buat apé si lo ňjualin baju ‘you are selling clothes again, why are

you always selling clothes?

Imé ŋəliatin gué ajé ‘Imah is looking at me’

 44

Gué tau lo kawin amé dié mo ŋérétin uaŋňé ‘I know you married him to drag his

money’

ana?-ana? lagi padé ňambitin jambu ‘the children are throwing guavas’

The circumfix N – in ‘repetitive’ is in opposition with circumfix di – in

‘passive’, as in:

1. gué kə səbəlé é dié lagi ŋəgəbukin ana?ňé

I to next door exclamation he presently beat his child

‘I went next door and he was beating his child’

2. ana?ňé lagi digəbukin amé dié

his child presently beat with he

‘his child is being beat by him’

3. lagi-lagi jual baju buat apé si lo ňjualin baju

again sell clothes for what particle you sell clothes

‘you are selling clothes again, why are you always selling clothes?

4. baju lo dijualin amé ňa?

clothes you sold with mother

‘your clothes is being sold by your mother’

4.3.1.6 di – in ‘passive’

The circumfix di – in is the productive inflection circumfix which marks the

verbs. This circumfix may combine directly before and after the word base. This

circumfix may combine with 50 verbs. The meaning of this circumfix is passive verb.

For example:
 45

Words

(1) diliatin ‘being looked at’ from liat ‘look at’

(2) dibəliin ‘being bought’ from bəli ‘buy’

(3) disəbarin ‘being sown’ from səbar ‘sow’

(4) dibuatin ‘being made’ from buat ‘make’

(5) dipakéin ‘being wore’ from paké ‘wear’

Sentences

nape gué diliatin dié ajé ‘why am I being looked at she?’

mamat dibəliin babe baju ‘Mamat is being bought new clothes by father’

sawaňé disəbarin babe bibit padi ‘the field is being sown with rice seed by father’

adé dibuatin boneka amé ňa? ‘my sister is being made a doll by mother’

boneka dipakéin baju amé imé ‘a doll is being wore a clothes by Imah’

The circumfix di – in ‘passive’ is in opposition with the circumfix N – in

‘repetitive’, as in:

1. nape gué diliatin dié ajé

why I looked at she only

‘why am I being looked at she?’

2. Imé ŋəliatin gué ajé

Imah looking at I only

‘Imah is looking at me’

3. mamat dibəliin babe baju

Mamat bought father clothes

‘Mamat is being bought new clothes by father’

 46

4. amat mo mbəliin babe baju

Amat want buy father clothes

‘Amat will buy his father new clothes’

4.3.2 Improductive Verbal Affixes

There is one improductive affix in marking the verb. There is prefix bə-

‘intransitive’.

4.3.2.1 bə - R ‘intransitive’

The prefix bə- is a improductive inflectional prefix in marking the verb. This

prefix may combine directly before the word base. This prefix may combine with four

verbs. The meaning of this prefix is intransitive verb.

For example:

Words

(1) bəcampur ‘to mix in one’ from campur ‘mix’

(2) bəbagi ‘to give each other’ from bagi ‘give’

(3) blajar ‘to sutdy’ from ajar ‘teach’

(4) brangkat ‘to depart’ from angkat ‘lift’

Sentences

tu aér amé oli bəcampur ‘the water is mixing with oil’

kite məsti bəbagi antər səsamé ‘we must give each other’

ana? po? miné lagi blajar ŋaji ‘Minah’s child is learning Qur’an’

babé braŋkat ŋantor ‘father is going to the office’

 47

The prefix bə- ‘intransitive’ is in opposition with the prefix nasal N- ‘active

transitive’, as in:

1. tu aér amé oli bəcampur

that water with oil mix

‘The water is mixing with oil’

2. po? ňampur aér amé kupi

sister mix water with coffee

‘My sister mix the water with the coffee’

3. ana? po? miné lagi blajar ŋaji

child sister Minah present study learning Qur’an

‘Minah’s child is learning Qur’an’

4. mine lagi ŋajar ana?ňé ŋaji

Minah present teach her child learning Qur’an

‘Minah is teaching Qur’an to her child’

 48

4.4 The Verbal Affixes in Transposing Nouns into Verbs

Figure 4.4 The productive and improductive of the verbal affixes in transposing

nouns into verbs

There are three productive verbal affixes in transposing nouns into verb which

are suffix –in ‘causative’, circumfixes N – in ‘repetitive’ and di – in ‘passive’. Prefixes

N- ‘active transitive’, bə- ‘have’, di- ‘passive’ and kə- ‘unintentional’ are improductive

verbal affixes in transposing nouns into verbs.

4.4.1 The Productive Verbal Affixes in Transposing Nouns into Verbs

4.4.1.1 R – in ‘causative’

The suffix –in is a productive verbal affix in transposing nouns into verbs. This

suffix –in occurs after the word base. This suffix may combine with 34 nouns and

change the word class of the noun into verb. The meaning of this suffix –in is causative
 49

verb. For example:

Words

(1) aèrin ‘give it water’ from aèr ‘water’

(2) obatin ‘give it medecine’ from obat ‘medecine’

(3) lampuin ‘make it bright’ from lampu ‘lamp’

(4) sikatin ‘brush it’ from sikat ‘brush’

(5) tiŋkatin ‘rise it’ from tiŋkat ‘step’

Sentences

tu buŋé aérin biar kaga? mati ‘you have to give water to the flower so it will not be

wilted’

obatin tu koréŋ biar səmbuh ‘you have to cure your injury’

lampuin gué biar kəbaca nih tulisan ‘give me some light so I can read’

sikatin tu baju kəja bəsi ‘the clothes have to clean’

lu məsti tiŋkatin lagi biar tiŋgi ‘you have to rise higher’

The suffix –in ‘causative’ is in opposition with the circumfix N – in ‘repetitive’,

as in:

1. tu buŋé aérin biar kaga? mati

that flower give water so not die

‘You have to give water to the flower so it will not be wilted’

2. lu ŋaérin tu pu?un ajé

you give water continuously that tree exclamation

‘You give much water to the tree’

 50

4.4.1.2 N – in ‘repetitive’

The circumfix N – in is a productive verbal affix in transposing nouns into

verbs. This circumfix N – in occurs before and after the word base. This circumfix may

combine with 33 nouns and change the word class of the noun into verb. The meaning

of this circumfix N – in is to do something repeatedly or continuous. For example:

Words

(1) ŋəcétin ‘is painting’ from cét ‘paint’

(2) ňapuin ‘is sweeping’ from sapu ‘broom’

(3) ŋabarin ‘is telling’ from kabar ‘news’

(4) ŋobatin ‘is curing’ from obat ‘medecine’

(5) namuin ‘is visiting’ from tamu ‘visitor’

Sentences

lu ŋəcétin rumé lu mulu ‘you just keep painting your house’

ma? lagi ňapuin kəbon ‘my mother is cleaning the yard’

miné ŋabarin oraŋ-oraŋ kalo dié puňé mobil baru ‘Minah is telling everyone about

her new car’

gué lagi ŋobatin pəňakit babé ‘I am healing my father’s ill’

lu namuin gué mulu ‘you are always visiting me’

The circumfix N – in ‘repetitive’ is in opposition with the suffix –in ‘causative’,

as in:
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1. lu ŋəcétin rumé lu mulu

you painting house you always

‘You just keep painting your house’

2. lu cetin rumé gué kəja cakəp

you paint house I so beautiful

‘You have to paint my house become beautiful’

4.4.1.3 Di – in ‘passive’

The circumfix di – in is a productive verbal affix in transposing nouns into

verbs. This circumfix di – in occurs before and after the word base. This circumfix may

combine with 36 nouns and change the word class of the noun into verb. The meaning

of this circumfix di – in is passive verb. For example:

Words

(1) dicétin ‘is painted’ from cét ‘paint’

(2) disapuin ‘is swept’ from sapu ‘broom’

(3) dikabarin ‘is told’ from kabar ‘news’

(4) diobatin ‘is cured’ from obat ‘medecine’

(5) ditamuin ‘is visited’ from tamu ‘visitor’

Sentences

rumé gué dicétin udin ‘my house is painted by Udin’

kəbon lagi disapuin əma? ‘the yard is cleaned by mother’

oraŋ-oraŋ padé dikabarin mine soal mobil baruňé ‘people are told by Minah about
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her new car’

babé diobatin amé pa? mantri ‘father is healed by the doctor’

gué ditamuin mulu amé lu ‘I am always visited by you’

The circumfix di – in ‘passive’ is in opposition with the circumfix N – in

‘repetitive, as in:

1. rumé gué dicétin udin

house I painted Udin

‘My house is painted by Udin’

2. lu ŋəcétin rumé lu mulu

you painting house you always

‘You just keep painting your house’

4.4.2 The Improductive Verbal Affixes in Transposing Nouns into Verbs

4.4.2.1 N – R ‘active transitive’

The prefix N- (nasal) is an improductive verbal affix in transposing nouns into

verbs. This prefix N- ‘active transitive’ occurs before the root. This prefix may

combine with 22 nouns and change the word class of the noun into verb. The meaning

of this prefix N- is active transitive verb. For example:

Words

(1) maku ‘to nail’ from paku ‘nail’

(2) ŋəcèt ‘to paint’ from cèt ‘paint’

(3) ŋisi ‘to fill’ from isi ‘volume’

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(4) ŋantor ‘to work in an office’ from kantor ‘office’

(5) ňapu ‘to sweep’ from sapu ‘broom’

Sentences

babé lagi maku balok ‘my father nails the beam’

abaŋ ŋəcét rumé jadi konéŋ ‘my brother paints the house with yellow color’

gué ŋisi bak ampe pənuh ‘I fill the basin full’

babé ŋantor pagi baŋət ‘father goes to work very early’

əma? ňapu kəbon ‘mother sweeps the yard’

The prefix N- ‘active transitive’ is in opposition with the prefix di- ‘passive’, as

in:

1. babé lagi maku balok

father present nails beam

‘My father nails the beam’

2. balok dipaku amé babé

beam nailed with father

‘The beam is nailed by father’

3. abaŋ ŋəcét rumé jadi konéŋ

brother paint house become yellow

‘My brother paints the house with yellow color’

4. rumé dicét amé abaŋ jadi konéŋ

house painted with brother become yellow

‘The house is painted by my brother with yellow color’

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4.4.2.2 bə - R ‘have’

The prefix bə- is an improductive verbal affix in transposing nouns into verbs.

This prefix bə- ‘have’ occurs before the word base. This prefix may combine with 18

nouns and change the word class of the nouns into verbs. The meaning of prefix bə- is

having something. For example:

Words

(1) bəaèr ‘having water’ from aèr ‘water’

(2) bəbuè ‘having fruit’ from buè ‘fruit’

(3) bətamu ‘visiting’ from tamu ‘visitor’

(4) bəèkor ‘having tail’ from èkor ‘tail’

(5) bədosè ‘having sin’ from dose ‘sin’

Sentences

bué səmaŋké bəaér baŋət ‘the watermelon contains much water’

tu pu?un bəbué baňak ‘the tree bear many fruit’

sodaré gué padé bətamu kə rumé ‘my family visits my house’

moňét bəékor panjaŋ ‘monkey has a long tail’

the prefix bə- ‘have’ is in opposition with the circumfix di - in ‘passive’, as in:

1. bué səmaŋké bəaér baŋət

fruit watermelon has water a lot

‘The watermelon contains much water’

2. tu pu?un səmaŋké lagi diaérin

that tree watermelon present give water
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‘The watermelon tree is given water’

4.4.2.3 di – R ‘passive’

The prefix di- is an improductive verbal prefix which transposes nouns into

verbs. This prefix occurs before the word base. This prefix may combine with 9 nouns

and change the word class of the nouns into verbs. The meaning of prefix di- is passive

verb. For example:

Words

(1) dicèt ‘painted’ from cèt ‘paint’

(2) digərgaji ‘cut by mattock’ from gərgaji ‘mattock’

(3) diisi ‘filled by something’ from isi ‘volume’

(4) disapu ‘swept’ from sapu ‘broom’

(5) disikat ‘brushed’ from sikat ‘brush’

Sentences

rumé dicét amé abaŋ jadi konéŋ ‘The house is painted by my brother with yellow

color’

tu balok digərgaji amé babé ‘the beam is cut with mattock by father’

bak diisi amé gué ampé pənuh ‘the basin is filled full by me’

kəbon lagi disapu amé əma? ‘the yard is cleaned by mother’

tu baju lagi disikat amé udin ‘that clothes is cleaned by Udin’

The prefix di- ‘passive’ is in the opposition with the prefix N- ‘active’, as in:
 56

1. rumé dicét amé abaŋ jadi konéŋ

house painted with brother become yellow

‘The house is painted by my brother with yellow color’

2. abaŋ ŋəcét rumé jadi konéŋ

brother paint house become yellow

‘My brother paints the house with yellow color’

3. bak diisi amé gué ampé pənuh

basin filled with I until full

‘The basin is filled full by me’

4. gué ŋisi bak ampe pənuh

I fill basin until full

‘I fill the basin full’

4.4.2.4 kə - R ‘unintentional’

The prefix kə- is an improductive verbal affix which transposes nouns into

verbs. This prefix occurs before the word base. This prefix may combine with 5 nouns

and change the word class of the nouns into verbs. The meaning of prefix kə- is an act

which already happens, can be happened or unintentionally. For example:

Words

(1) kəcèt ‘painted unintentionally’ from cèt ‘paint’

(2) kəisi ‘already filled’ from isi ‘volume’

(3) kəpacul ‘dug unintentionally’ from pacul ‘hoe’

(4) kəpaku ‘nailed unintentionally’ from paku’nail’

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(5) kəsapu ‘swept unintentionally’ from sapu ‘broom’

Sentences

baju gué kəcét konéŋ ‘my clothes is unintentionally painted with yellow paint’

gəlasňé udé kəisi téh ‘the glass is already filled with tea’

kaki babé kəpacul ampé bədaré ‘father’s foot is unintentionally hit with hoe’

kayuňé udé kəpaku di tiaŋ ‘the wood is already nailed in the pole’

duit gué kəsapu amé lu yé ‘my money is unintentionally swept by you’

The prefix kə- ‘unintentionally’ is in opposition with the prefix di- ‘passive’, as

in:

1. baju gué kəcét konéŋ

clothes I painted yellow

‘My clothes is unintentionally painted with yellow paint’

2. rumé gué dicét konéŋ

house I painted yellow

‘My house is painted with yellow paint’

3. gəlasňé udé kəisi téh

glass finish filled tea

‘The glass is already filled with tea’

4. gəlasňé diisi téh amé gué

glass filled tea with I

‘The glass is filled with tea by me’

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4.5 The Verbal Affixes in Transposing Adjectives into Verbs

Figure 4.5 The productive and improductive verbal affixes in transposing

adjectives into verbs.

There are three productive verbal affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs.

There are suffix –in ‘causative’, circumfixes N – in ‘repetitive and di – in ‘passive’.

The prefixes N- ‘active transitive’, bə- ‘intransitive’, di- ‘passive’ and kə-

‘unintentionally’ are zero affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs.

4.5.1 R – in ‘causative’

The suffix –in is a productive verbal affix which transposes adjectives into

verbs. This suffix occurs after the word base. The suffix –in may combine with 39

adjectives and change the word class of the adjective into verb. The meaning of this

suffix –in is to make someone do something. For example:

 59

Words

(1) cakəpin ‘make beautiful’ from cakəp ‘beautiful’

(2) gədein ‘make big’ from gəde ‘big’

(3) baňakin ‘give more’ from baňak ‘many’

(4) itəmin ‘make it black’ from itəm ‘black’

(5) pəlanin ‘make slow’ from pəlan ‘slow’

Sentences

muké lu cakəpin gida cémoŋ no ‘wash your face, it is dirty’

gədein suaré lu gué kaga? dəŋər ‘speak louder I cannot hear you’

lu məsti baňakin minum susu biar gəmuk ‘you have to drink a lot of milk, it will

make you more far’

gué mo lu itəmin ni rambut ‘I want you to color my hair into black’

pəlanin radioňé gué mo tidur ‘turn down the radio, I want to sleep’

The suffix –in ‘causative’ is in opposition with the circumfix di – in ‘passive’,

as in:

1. gədein suaré lu gué kaga? dəŋər

make big voice you I don’t hear

‘Speak louder I cannot hear you’

2. suaré radio digədein amé lu yé

voice radio made big with you exclamation

‘The radio is turned up by me’

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4.5.2 N – in ‘repetitive’

The circumfix N – in is a productive verbal affix which transposes adjectives

into verbs. This circumfix occurs before and after the word base. This circumfix may

combine with 47 adjectives and change the word class of the adjective into verb. The

meaning of this circumfix N – in is to do something repeatedly or continuous.

For example:

Words

(1) ŋalusin ‘is smoothing’ from alus ‘smooth’

(2) mbənərin ‘is fixing’ from bənər ‘right’

(3) mənuhin ‘is filling’ from pənuh ‘full’

(4) ňakitin ‘is hurting’ from sakit ‘sick’

(5) ňaléin ‘is blaming’ from sale ‘fault’

Sentences

lu ŋalusin muké lu ajé ‘you are always making up with your face’

babé lagi mbənərin gəntéŋ di atas ‘father is fixing the roof’

udin mənuhin bak di sumur ‘Udin is filling the basin in the bathroom’

lu bisaňé cumé ňakitin pərasaan gué ajé ‘you are always hurting me’

kərjaan lu kaga? bənər makeňé gué ňaléin lu ‘I’m blaming you because your messy

work’

The circumfix N – in ‘active’ is in opposition with the circumfix di – in

‘passive’, as in:
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1. babé lagi mbənərin gəntéŋ di atas

father present fixing roof in up

‘Father is fixing the roof’

2. gəntéŋ lagi di bənərin amé babé

roof present in fixed with father

‘the roof is fixed by father’

4.5.3 di – in ‘passive’

The circumfix di – in is a productive verbal affix which transposes adjectives

into verbs. This circumfix occurs before and after the word base. This circumfix may

combine with 44 adjectives and change the word class of the adjective into verb. The

meaning of this circumfix di – in is passive verb. For example:

Words

(1) dialusin ‘is smoothed’ from alus ‘smoth’

(2) dibənərin ‘is fixed’ from bənər ‘right’

(3) dipənuin ‘is filled’ from pənuh ‘full’

(4) disakitin ‘is hurt’ from sakit ‘sick’

(5) disaléin ‘is blamed’ from sale ‘fault’

Sentences

tu kayu lagi dialusin amé babé ‘the wood is smoothed by father’

gəntéŋ lagi di bənərin amé babé ‘the roof is fixed by father’

tu koləm dipənuin amé ikan ‘the pool is full with fishes’

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ati gué disakitin amé kəbo?oŋand dié ‘he hurts me with his lies’

gué jadi disaléin garé-garé lu ‘I’m blamed because of you’

The circumfix di – in ‘passive’ is in opposition with the circumfix N – in

‘active’, as in:

1. gəntéŋ lagi di bənərin amé babé

roof present in fixed with father

‘The roof is fixed by father’

2. babé lagi mbənərin gəntéŋ di atas

father present fixing roof in up

‘Father is fixing the roof’

3. gué jadi disaléin garé-garé lu

I become blamed because you

‘I’m blamed because of you’

4. kərjaan lu kaga? bənər makeňé gué ňaléin lu

work you not right so I blame you

‘I’m blaming you because your messy work’

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

This research is conducted based on the problems that has formulated; (1)

what are the morphological processes of Betawi language verb word class? (2) what

are the markers of verb word class in Betawi language?. This research concludes that

there are three morphological processes of Betawi language verb word class which

are productive and improductive affixes as they combine with verbs, productive and

improductive verbal affixes in transposing nouns into verbs, and productive and

improductive verbal affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs. This research also

concludes that there are seven affixes as the markers of the verb in Betawi language,

which are prefixes N- ‘active’, bə- ‘transitive’, di- ‘passive’, kə- ‘unintentional’,

suffix –in ‘causative’, circumfixes N – in ‘repetitive’ and di – in ‘passive’.

All of the affixes are productive in marking the verbs as they combine with

verbs except prefix bə-. Prefixes N-, di-, suffix –in, circumfixes N – in and di – in are

the most productive affixes which may combine with all of the verbs. The prefix kə-

is the second productive affix which may combine with 36 verbs. The prefix bə- is

improductive affix which may combine with four verbs.

There are three verbal affixes which are productive and four verbal affixes

which are improductive in transposing nouns and adjectives into verbs. The suffix -in,
 64

circumfixes N – in and di – in are productive verbal affixes in transposing nouns and

adjectives into verbs. Prefixes N-, bə-, di-, and kə- are improductive affixes in

transposing nouns into verbs and zero affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs.

5.2 Suggestion

This research suggests the readers, especially for the students of Faculty of

Letters concerning to the research that had already done, to analyze another subject.

Since this research emphasizes the research on verb class only, it is better to

suggest for the readers to analyze other classes or other points of view of the

morphological process of Betawi language nouns.

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