Hauser 1

Kristin Hauser
ENG 1201-B7
Dean Leonard
20/7/2014
Annotated Bibliography
Berk, Richard, and John MacDonald. "Policing the Homeless: An Evaluation of Eorts to
Reduce Homeless-Related Crime." upenn.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 July 2014.
<http://www-stat.wharton.upenn.edu/~berkr/cops%20copy.pdf>
This article was written by Richard Berk and John MacDonald. This article can be found on the
University of Pennsylvania website, I first found this article on July 20
th
. The main point of this
article was to discuss how the Los Angeles Police Department has implemented a place-based
approach on crime prevention. A main point that was brought up throughout the article was that
a study had been done proving that crime rate on Skid Row, where police officers were
increasing their intervention, had decreased in numbers. It also showed that crime wasnt being
displaced to surrounding areas but actually being lowered. Unfortunately, the LAPD efforts have
gone notice and havent received a lot of recognition and help to further their efforts.
The writers purpose of this article is to provide statistical data to prove that increasing
law intervention can lead to a large reduction in crime in low income and poverty stricken areas.
I believe that the audience of this article is meant to be city officials and law enforcement. I
believe this because I think the authors are trying to persuade cities that increasing their law
enforcement can ultimately reduce their crime rate.
The authors are Richard Beck and John MacDonald; I can infer that they are credible
sources due to their many years spent in educating themselves. Both authors teach in the
Department of Criminology at the University of Pennsylvania. I know that this is a reliable
source because it was found under Google scholar, meaning that it is a scholarly journal entry.
Not only that, but these two men support their theses with an abundant amount of factual data.
In my paper I will use this paper to support my idea of a stronger criminal justice system.
I will use the statically data to provide my readers with enough information that is credible.

Bureau of Justice Assistance Homelessness and Prisoner Reentry. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 20 July 2014. <https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/publications/bureau-of
justice-assistance-homelessness-and-prisoner-reentry/>.
Hauser 2

Throughout this article called Homelessness and Re-Entry, written by the U.S.
Department of Justice. Throughout this article there is no story line, just bullet points of
statistical data about the homeless and the rate at which they re-enter prison after exiting. Also in
this, the population of homeless is discussed. Not only do the statistics refer to the number of
people who re-enter but also, over how long of a period of time, what crimes were being
committed, and whether or not homes were found for these people after exiting prison the first
time.
I believe that in this article the audience that was being targeted was scholars, those who
will do research on this topic and will need numerical data. Also I believe that this is something
that was published as a reference. This can be used to see what changes have been made in the
homeless population of the past few years. I believe that the authors are credible because it is a
document that was published and written by the United States Department of Justice.
In my research paper I will use these facts to back up my statement that majority of the
homeless population have been offenders of the criminal justice system, and mainly more than
just one occurrence.

"Criminal Justice, Homelessness & Health." NHCHC. National Health Care for the Homeless
Council, n.d. Web. 20 July 2014. <http://www.nhchc.org/wp
content/uploads/2011/09/Criminal-Justice-2012.pdf>.
This article was written by the National Health Care for the Homeless Council, this was
published in the year 2012. I first discovered this article on July 20
th
while researching possible
solutions to reduce crime rates among the homeless. The main point of this article is to statically
break down the relation between the act of homelessness and prison/ jail time. This is broken
down into four main points. The first main point talks about how cities and states have made acts
made by the homeless, essential to their lifestyle, against the law. With this, the rate of homeless
in the criminal justice system has risen dramatically. The second topic that was talked about was
that making sure that when exiting prison help should be given to those who need it. This is
referring to addictions and illnesses that without help will result in another conviction. Thirdly,
the authors believe that another root cause for crime among the homeless is the slim chances
given to those fresh out of jail, for opportunities of employment. They believe that businesses
should be more willing to help those less fortunate to advance themselves and their lifestyles.
Lastly, there should be more programs instilled that work with those who are recently released
from jail. During this people will be helped to find job opportunities, and places to live.
The authors are trying to send the message that solutions can be made, and that with these
solutions, crime rate and the rate of homeless could both decrease together. I believe that the
audience for this article is for people over the age of 18 who are involved in politics and willing
to make the effort to make a change.
Hauser 3

The writer of the article was written by a whole council of people who spend their time
protecting the national health care for the homeless. I know that the authors are credible because
this is an organization that researches plausible solutions for the homeless using statistics. I know
that the authors had enough information to write this article because they provided statistics
throughout the article to support their main points.
In my research paper I will use this article to help support my main points that with
homelessness and crime there is a close correlation to one another. I will also use some of their
solutions as possible main points for my paper as well as their statistics.

National Health Care for the Homeless Council. (November 2013). Incarceration &
Homelessness: A Revolving Door of Risk. In Focus: A Quarterly Research Review of the
National HCH Council, 2:2. [Author: Sarah Knopf-Amelung, Research Associate]
Nashville, TN: Available at: www.nhchc.org.
In this quarterly research review of the National HCH Council, there are three possible
solutions that are discussed throughout the whole report: supportive housing/ housing first, jail in
reach, and integrated treatment for opiate-dependent individuals. With these three solutions,
homelessness can be resolved. At the beginning of the article it is stated that homelessness and
incarceration is like a revolving door, out one and straight into the other.
I believe that the authors were trying to support their argument that homelessness and
crime have a correlation to one another. I believe that ultimately the target audience was anyone
who would listen; average people that the authors could get to join their cause in reducing crime
rate as well as the homeless population.
I think that the authors are credible due to the fact that it is written by a national council.
Not only that, but the list of references is overflowing, which means that they did a lot of
research before publishing this article.
In my paper I will use this article to my advantage; I will use this article to support my
claim that reintegrating the homeless population after exiting the criminal justice system can lead
to a lower crime rate.

Novac, Sylvia, et al. Justice and Injustice: Homelessness, Crime, Victimization, & The Criminal
Justice System. Toronto: Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of
Toronto with the John Howard Society of Toronto, 2006. Print.
Hauser 4

Throughout this article written by Sylvia Novac, Joe Hermer, Emily Paradis, and Amber
Kellen, they all discuss multiple points on the topic of homelessness and incarceration. Not only
do the authors talk about the number of crimes prevented and the rate at which exiting homeless
prisoners re-enter the system, but they explain the main types of crimes committed by these
people. This article can be accessed through the University of Torontos website. I first found
this website on July 20
th
when researching.
In this article the authors are trying to provide the readers with information, enough
information for the reader to make an informed conclusion about the topic. I think the audience
is for the average reader, city officials and all who have spiked interest about the topic.
The writers in this article are Sylvia Novac, Joe Hermer, Emily Paradis, and Amber
Kellen. I believe that these authors are credible because they are employees at the University of
Toronto and work in Urban Affairs. I believe that the audience of this article is for their superiors
at the university. This was most likely a report that had to be turned into their bosses as a
researching opportunity.
In my paper I will strongly use the statically data and interviews carried out throughout
this article, both of these I will use to support my theories.

PhD, Metraux, Stephen, et al. "Incarceration and Homelessness." huduser. N.p., n.d. Web. 20
July 2014. <http://www.huduser.org/publications/pdf/p9.pdf"Prison Legal News."
The authors of this journal are Stephen Metraux, PhD, Caterina G. Roman, PhD, Richard
S. Cho, MCP. In this article the authors touch on many main points. The first point being that
with increasing the number of people in prisons you are also increasing your chances of adding
to your homeless population. Also with this, the authors talk about homeless people are often
more likely to be incarcerated, leaving behind an endless cycle or homelessness and jail time.
Another main point that is talked about throughout the article is the problems with the prevention
of re entry. This is a topic that needs to be elaborated on and acted on with a greater intensity
than is already being taken.
I believe that the authors purpose for writing this article was to explain the link between
incarceration and the homeless population. The audience for this article seems to be anyone who
will listen, it seems as if this is merely just to inform rather than persuade.
In this article I know that the authors are credible due to the level of education that each
of the persons has achieved, PhDs and MCP. Also they all provide data to support their factual
information, all data provided seems to be statistical.
In my final essay I will use this article to emphasize all the solutions that I believe were
applicable. I will use their data to provide back up and support for my thesis and the main points
in my paper.
Hauser 5


"Public Housing Authorities (PHAs) and Prisoner Re-Entry." endhomelessness.org. N.p., n.d.
Web. 20 July 2014. <http://b.3cdn.net/naeh/596426d02af03e592a_uxm6brosk.pdf>
This article was written by the U.S. Department of Justice. In this article a few main
topics are discussed. The main topic being how finding homes for newly released prisoners is
essential to not only safety but also to reduce the amount of prisoners who come out of prison
and land directly back on the streets, committing crimes and stealing to stay alive. This article
discusses how, if given the essentials such as a house and possibly a job, newly released
prisoners can remain out of jail and reduce the crime rate.
I think that the authors of this article are trying to send a message of help to communities
and others who are strong into politics. With this I believe that help is the ultimate goal, yes
statistics are nice and can be use in research purposes but I believe that these statistics were
merely used as a tactical measure to capture the sympathy of the readers.
When it comes to the authors credibility I dont believe that there is any doubt to believe
that this isnt a credible source. It is published by the United States Department of Justice. In my
paper I will use this paper to support my claim that to prevent crime amongst the homeless, that
help should be given to those exiting prison. I will use this to support the idea that a support
system needs to be provided to those who have nothing.