EE 324: Communication Systems

Dr. Himal A. Suraweera

Continuous Wave Modulation


The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information-
bearing signals through a communication channel.



Figure: Basic Block Diagram of a Communication System



Transmitter (source): process the input signal to produce a transmitted
signal to match the characteristics of the channel


Channel: is the medium that connects the transmitter and the receiver
(destination)


Receiver: operates on the output signal of the channel and decodes the
signal to extract the message sent by the source


Information carrying signals are referred to as baseband signals

In general shifting of the range of frequencies of the baseband
signals are achieved using a process called modulation



Modulation involves two wave forms:

A message signal
o In the audio frequency range (20 20,000 Hz). In AM broadcasting
(100 5000 Hz)

A carrier wave
o In the US, commercial AM radio is broadcast on a carrier wave of
520 kHz to 1710 kHz, while the FM band is 87.5 MHz to 108 MHz.


Why we need modulation?

There are several good reasons that we need to modulate baseband
signals as follows:

1. Modulation for Efficient Transmission

Line-of-sight propagation requires transmit antennas whose physical
dimensions at least 1/10th of the signals wavelength



Figure: Wavelength of a sine wave

Examples:

Unmodulated audio signals down to 100 Hz require an antenna length of
300m!

Submarine communications use very low frequencies (76 Hz in the US
and 82 Hz in Russia) a wavelength of 3,658.5 kms! Obviously, the usual
half-wavelength dipole antenna cannot be constructed

On the other hand, at high frequencies better efficiency with reasonable
size antennas


2. Modulation to overcome Hardware limitations

Cost and availability of hardware issues can be avoided. Modulation
permits a designer to place the signal in some frequencies to avoid
hardware limitations.


3. Modulation to reduce noise and interference

A simple method to overcome noise effects is to increase the
signal power which is not desirable!

Wideband modulation techniques such as FM can suppress both
noise and interference.

Therefore allows a designer to tradeoff between wideband width
to low power

4. Modulation for frequency assignment

Obvious benefit of modulation is that it can be used for frequency
assignment

If there is no modulation, only one radio can transmit at a given
time in a given place!




In this course, we will study two types of continuous-wave modulation
systems:

1. Amplitude modulation

2. Angle modulation (phase modulation and frequency modulation)


Properties of sinusoidal waves




Figure: Sinusoids



1. Wavelength
2. Frequency
3. Amplitude
4. Phase



Figure: Illustration of AM and FM signals produced by a single sine
wave



Amplitude Modulation

In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the sinusoidal carrier wave
is linearly varied according to the amplitude of baseband signal.


Let us consider a sinusiodal carrier defined by



According to the above definition we can represent the AM wave as a
function of time as follows:


is called the amplitude sensitivity (modulation index).
In order for the envelope of the AM modulated signal s(t) to have the
same shape as the message signal m(t):

1. The amplitude of must be always less than one.
Mathematically we have:

for all t


The condition is called overmodulation and results in
phase distortion (envelope can not be recovered)


Note: is referred to as the percentage modulation


2. The carrier frequency must be much larger than the message
bandwidth



The carrier oscillates more rapidly compared to the message signal and
hence m(t) can be visualized!

Exercise: Show that we can calculate using the following formula
given by



where and are the maximum and minimum positive voltages
of the AM modulated signal.





Average transmitted power of the AM signal

Average transmitted power is given by



Now apply



to yield



Now, if the message has no dc value, i.e.,



and



we have



Now we re-express the above expression as:



with

= power of the unmodulated carrier
= power per sideband

Due to the constraint we can further show that




Remark: At least 50% of the power of the AM signal resides in the
unmodulated carrier which does not convey any message signal


Example: A transmitter puts out a total power of 25 Watts of 30% AM
signal. How much power is contained in the carrier and each of the
sidebands? (Assume that









Figure: Illustration of % modulation effects on the amplitude
modulation


Frequency spectrum of the AM signal

We can find the Fourier transform of the AM signal to find the
frequency spectrum



How to obtain this expression?



Fourier transform is a linear operator. Hence we have



Next we write



And employ the frequency translation property



to obtain the Fourier transform of the second term
as






Figure: Spectrum of the AM signal
(Adapted from Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4
th
Edition)

The spectrum consists of two parts:

1. Carrier signal
2. Message signal
Remarks:

As a result of AM modulation, the spectrum of the message signal
for negative frequencies W to 0 becomes completely visible in the
positive frequencies.

Hence the transmission bandwidth is given by



As a double check we see that:




Example: A 500 KHz carrier is amplitude modulated by an audio
signal which contains all frequencies in the range 300 Hz to 5 kHz.

(a) What are the frequency bands which are output?
(b) What is the output bandwidth?
(c) Draw the spectral diagram of these signals.


Limitations of AM modulation

Amplitude modulation is a wasteful of power!

Amplitude modulation is a wasteful of bandwidth!

We trade the system complexity for improved use of communication
resources.

E.g. we may use a fairly simple envelope detector for AM
demodulation



References
[1] Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4
th
Edition
[2] A. Bruce Carlson, Communication Systems, 4
th
Edition