An OUTLINE 4 - Strength of Materials Chapter 5

331
Chapter 5 - Stresses in Beams

Stresses in Beams
Forces and couples acting on the beam cause bending (flexural stresses) and shearing
stresses on any cross section of the beam and deflection perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of the beam. If couples are applied to the ends of the beam and no forces act on it,
the bending is said to be pure bending. If forces produce the bending, the bending is
called ordinary bending.

Assumptions
In using the following formulas for flexural and shearing stresses, it is assumed that a
plane section of the beam normal to its longitudinal axis prior to loading remains plane
after the forces and couples have been applied, and that the beam is initially straight and
of uniform cross section and that the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are
eual.
Flexure Formula
!conomic "ections
Floor Framing
#nsymmetrical $eams
"uperimposed or $uilt%up $eams
&ori'ontal "hearing "tress
(esign for Flexure and "hear
"pacing of )ivets or $olts in $uilt%#p $eams
Flexure Formula
Flexure Formula
"tresses caused by the bending moment are *nown as flexural or bending stresses.
+onsider a beam to be loaded as shown.
+onsider a fiber at a distance from the
neutral axis, because of the beam,s
curvature, as the effect of bending
moment, the fiber is stretched by an
amount of . "ince the curvature of the
beam is very small, and are
considered as similar triangles. -he strain on
this fiber is
Strength of Material 4
th
ed Prepared by: padicute@yahoo.com
By: Pytel and Singer For Engineering Students
331

$y &oo*e,s law, , then

which means that the stress is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
For this section, the notation will be used instead of .

+onsidering a differential area at a distance from ../., the force acting over the area
is

-he resultant of all the elemental moment about ../. must be eual to the bending
moment on the section.
but , then
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331
substituting

then

and

-he bending stress due to beams curvature is

-he beam curvature is0

where is the radius of curvature of the beam in mm (in), is the bending moment in
.1mm (lb1in), is the flexural stress in 23a (psi), is the centroidal moment of inertia in
mm
4
(in
4
), and is the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber in mm (in).
"ection 2odulus
"olution to 3roblem 563 7 Flexure Formula
"olution to 3roblem 56: 7 Flexure Formula
"olution to 3roblem 56; 7 Flexure Formula
"olution to 3roblem 51< 7 Flexure Formula
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331
"olution to 3roblem 51: 7 Flexure Formula
"olution to 3roblem 51; 7 Flexure Formula
"olution to 3roblem 5<6 7 Flexure Formula
"olution to 3roblem 5<< 7 Flexure Formula
Section Modulus
In the formula the ratio is called the section modulus and
is usually denoted by with units of mm
3
(in
3
). -he maximum bending stress may then
be written as

-his form is convenient because the values of are available in handboo*s for a wide
range of standard structural shapes.
roblem 5!" age #"$ Flexure Formula
/ cantilever beam, 56 mm wide by 156 mm high and 8 m long, carries a load that varies
uniformly from 'ero at the free end to 1666 .=m at the wall. (a) +ompute the magnitude
and location of the maximum flexural stress. (b) (etermine the type and magnitude of the
stress in a fiber <6 mm from the top of the beam at a section < m from the free end.
Solution 503
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331
-hus,
(a) The maximum moment occurs at the support (the wall) or
at x = 6 m.
answer
(b) At a section m !rom the !ree en" or at x = m at #ber 0
mm !rom the top o! the beam$
answer

roblem 5!% age #"$ Flexure
Formula
/ simply supported beam, < in wide by 4 in high and
1< ft long is sub>ected to a concentrated load of <666
lb at a point 3 ft from one of the supports. (etermine
the maximum fiber stress and the stress in a fiber
located 6.5 in from the top of the beam at midspan.

Solution 50%
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331

&aximum #ber stress$

answer

Stress in a #ber locate" 0.5 in !rom the top o! the beam at
mi"span$

answer
roblem 5!5 age #"$ Flexure Formula
/ high strength steel band saw, <6 mm wide by 6.:6 mm thic*, runs over pulleys 866 mm
in diameter. ?hat maximum flexural stress is developed@ ?hat minimum diameter
pulleys can be used without exceeding a flexural stress of 466 23a@ /ssume ! A <66
B3a.
"olution 565 Flexural stress developed&
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331
Minimum diameter of pulley:
diameter, d ' %!! mm answer

roblem 5!( age #"$ Flexure Formula
'roblem 506
/ flat steel bar, 1 inch wide by C inch thic* and 46 inches long, is bent by couples
applied at the ends so that the midpoint deflection is 1.6 inch. +ompute the stress in the
bar and the magnitude of the couples. #se ! A <; D 16
8
psi.
Solution 506

answer
answer

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331
roblem 5!) age #%! Flexure Formula
'roblem 50(
In a laboratory test of a beam loaded by end couples, the fibers at layer /$ in Fig. 3%569
are found to increase 86 D 16
%3
mm whereas those at +( decrease 166 D 16
%3
mm in the
<66%mm%gage length. #sing ! A 96 B3a, determine the flexural stress in the top and
bottom fibers.

Solution 50(

lengthening

shortening
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From *oo+e,s -aw

tension answer
compression
answer
331
'roblem 50) 'a*e +%0 Flexure Formula
(etermine the minimum height h of the beam shown in Fig. 3%56: if the flexural stress is
not to exceed <6 23a.

Solution 50)

?here0

answer
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331
'roblem 50, 'a*e +%0 Flexure Formula
/ section used in aircraft is constructed of tubes connected by thin webs as shown in Fig.
3%56;. !ach tube has a cross%sectional area of 6.<6 in
<
. If the average stress in the tubes is
no to exceed 16 *si, determine the total uniformly distributed load that can be supported
in a simple span 1< ft long. .eglect the effect of the webs.

Solution 50,

Centroidal moment of inertia of one tube&
hollow portion of the tube was neglected

Moment of inertia at the center of the section&
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331

answer

Solution to roblem 5#! . Flexure
Formula
/ 56%mm diameter bar is used as a simply
supported beam 3 m long. (etermine the largest
uniformly distributed load that can be applied over
the right two%thirds of the beam if the flexural
stress is limited to 56 23a.

Solution 5+0

?here
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331

roblem 5## age#%! Flexure Formula
/ simply supported rectangular beam, < in wide by 4 in deep, carries a uniformly
distributed load of :6 lb=ft over its entire length. ?hat is the maximum length of the
beam if the flexural stress is limited to 3666 psi@

Solution 5++
B/ s/mmetr/&

?here

E,E, answer

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331
roblem 5#0 age #%# Flexure Formula
-he circular bar 1 inch in diameter shown in Fig. 3%51< is bent into a semicircle with a
mean radius of < ft. If 3 A 466 lb and F A <66 lb, compute the maximum flexural stress
developed in section a%a. .eglect the deformation of the bar.

Solution 5+

answer

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331
roblem 5#" age #%# Flexure Formula
/ rectangular steel beam, < in wide by 3 in deep, is loaded as shown in Fig. 3%513.
(etermine the magnitude and the location of the maximum flexural stress.

Solution 5+3

?here

F 3 ft from right support answer

roblem 5#% age #%# Flexure Formula
-he right%angled frame shown in Fig. 3%514 carries a uniformly distributed loading
euivalent to <66 . for each hori'ontal pro>ected meter of the frameG that is, the total
load is 1666 .. +ompute the maximum flexural stress at section a%a if the cross%section is
56 mm suare.

Solution 5+%
B/ s/mmetr/
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1t section a-a&

roblem 5#5 age #%# Flexure Formula
)epeat 3rob. 5<4 to find the maximum flexural stress at section b%b.

Solution 5+5
1t section b-b&

answer
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331
'roblem 5+6 pa*e+%+ Flexure Formula
/ timber beam /$, 8 in wide by 16 in deep and 16 ft long, is supported by a guy wire /+
in the position shown in Fig. 3%518. -he beam carries a load, including its own weight, of
566 lb for each foot of its length. +ompute the maximum flexural stress at the middle of
the beam.

Solution 5+6

1t midspan&

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331

answer

roblem 5#) age #50 Flexure Formula
/ rectangular steel bar, 15 mm wide by 36 mm high and 8 m long, is simply supported at
its ends. If the density of steel is 9:56 *g=m
3
, determine the maximum bending stress
caused by the weight of the bar.

Solution 5+(

For simply supported beam sub>ected to uniformly distributed load, the maximum
moment will occur at the midspan. /t midspan0

answer

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roblem 5#2 age #%0 Flexure Formula
/ cantilever beam 4 m long is composed of two +<66 D <: channels riveted bac* to bac*.
?hat uniformly distributed load can be carried, in addition to the weight of the beam,
without exceeding a flexural stress of 1<6 23a if (a) the webs are vertical and (b) the
webs are hori'ontal@ )efer to /ppendix $ of text boo* for channel properties.

Solution 5+)
)elevant data from /ppendix $, -able $%4 3roperties of +hannel "ections0 "I #nits, of
text boo*.

(esignation +<66 D <:
/rea 3586 mm
<
?idth 84 mm
"H%H 1:6 D 16
3
mm
3
II%I 6.:<5 D 16
8
mm
4
x 14.4 mm

a. -ebs are .ertical

From the figure&
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331

answer

b. -ebs are hori/ontal

roblem 5#$ age #%0 Flexure Formula
/ 36%ft beam, simply supported at 8 ft from either end carries a uniformly distributed
load of intensity wo over its entire length. -he beam is made by welding two "1: D 96
(see appendix $ of text boo*) sections along their flanges to form the section shown in
Fig. 3%51;. +alculate the maximum value of wo if the flexural stress is limited to <6 *si.
$e sure to include the weight of the beam.

Solution 519
)elevant data from /ppendix $, -able $%: 3roperties of I%$eam "ections ("%"hapes)0 #"
+ustomary #nits, of text boo*.

(esignation "1: D 96
" 163 in
3

th
From the figure&

answer
331

From the moment diagram&

answer

roblem 50! age #%0
Flexure Formula
/ beam with an "316 D 94 section (see
/ppendix $ of textboo*) is used as a
simply supported beam 8 m long. Find
the maximum uniformly distributed load
that can be applied over the entire length
of the beam, in addition to the weight of
the beam, if the flexural stress is not to
exceed 1<6 23a.

Solution 50
)elevant data from /ppendix $, -able
$%4 3roperties of I%$eam "ections ("%
"hapes)0 "I #nits, of text boo*.

(esignation "316 D 94
" :33 D 16
3
mm
3

From the shear diagram&
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331

answer

roblem 50# age #%0 Flexure Formula
/ beam made by bolting two +16 D 36 channels bac* to bac*, is simply supported at its
ends. -he beam supports a central concentrated load of 1< *ips and a uniformly
distributed load of 1<66 lb=ft, including the weight of the beam. +ompute the maximum
length of the beam if the flexural stress is
not to exceed <6 *si.
Solution 5+
)elevant data from /ppendix $, -able
$%; 3roperties of +hannel "ections0 #"
+ustomary #nits, of text boo*.

(esignation +16 D 36
" <6.9 in
3

From the shear "ia*ram$

#se answer
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331
Chec+ if the shear at is positive as assumed
(ok!)

-hus, ' ((2!.(" lb answer

Solution to Problem 522 | Flexure Formula
'roblem 5
/ box beam is composed of four plan*s, each < inches by : inches, securely spi*ed
together to form the section shown in Fig. 3%5<<. "how that I./ A ;:1.3 in
4
. If wo A 366
lb=ft, find 3 to cause a maximum flexural stress of 1466 psi.

Solution 5

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331
"olve
3rob. 5<<
if wo A 866 lb=ft.

Solution 53

Chec+ if the shear at is positive as assumed
(not ok!)
th
'roblem 53 'a*e +% Flexure Formula
331

From the actual shear diagram&

roblem 50% age #%0 Flexure Formula
/ beam with an "3:6 D 94 section carries a total uniformly distributed load of 3? and a
concentrated load ?, as shown in Fig. 3%5<4. (etermine ? if the flexural stress is limited
to 1<6 23a.

Solution 5%

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answer
331

From Appen"ix B0 Table B13 'roperties o! 21Beam Sections (S1
Shapes)$ S2 3nits0 o! text boo4.

roblem 505 age #%" Flexure Formula
/ suare timber beam used as a railroad tie is supported by a uniformly distributed loads
and carries two uniformly distributed loads each totaling 4: *. as shown in Fig. 3%5<5.
(etermine the si'e of the section if the maximum stress is limited to : 23a.

Solution 55

?here0
th
(esignation "3:6 D 94
" 1,686 D 16
3
mm
3
331

answer

roblem 50( age #%" Flexure
/ wood beam 8 in wide by 1< in deep is loaded as shown in Fig. 3%5<8. If the maximum
flexural stress is 1<66 psi, find the maximum values of wo and 3 which can be applied
simultaneously@

Solution 56

?here0

For moment at 30&
answer
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For moment under &
answer

roblem 50) age #%" Flexure Formula
In 3rob. 5<8, if the load on the overhang is 866 lb=ft and the overhang is x ft long, find
the maximum values of 3 and x that can be used simultaneously.

Solution 5(

)efer to "olution 5<8 for values of c and I.
4conomic Sections
From the flexure formula , it can be seen that the bending stress at the neutral
axis, where , is 'ero and increases linearly outwards. -his means that for a
rectangular or circular section a large portion of the cross section near the middle section
is understressed.
For steel beams or composite beams, instead of adopting the rectangular shape, the area
may be arranged so as to give more area on the outer fiber and maintaining the same
overall depth, and saving a lot of weight.

?hen using a wide flange or I%beam section for long beams, the compression flanges
tend to buc*le hori'ontally sidewise. -his buc*ling is a column effect, which may be
prevented by providing lateral support such as a floor system so that the full allowable
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For moment at R2:
answer

For moment under &
answer
331
stresses may be used, otherwise the stress should be reduced. -he reduction of stresses
for these beams will be discussed in steel design.

In selecting a structural section to be used as a beam, the resisting moment must be eual
or greater than the applied bending moment. .ote0 .

-he euation above indicates that the reuired section modulus of the beam must be
eual or greater than the ratio of bending moment to the maximum allowable stress.
/ chec* that includes the weight of the selected beam is necessary to complete the
calculation. In chec*ing, the beams resisting moment must be eual or greater than the
sum of the live%load moment caused by the applied loads and the dead%load moment
caused by dead weight of the beam.

(ividing both sides of the above euation by , we obtain the chec*ing euation

"olution to 3roblem 5<; 7 !conomic "ections
"olution to 3roblem 536 7 !conomic "ections
"olution to 3roblem 53< 7 !conomic "ections
roblem 50$ age #%) 4conomic Sections
5eneral instruction
/ssume that the beam in the problem is properly braced against lateral deflection. $e
sure to include the weight of the beam itself.
'roblem 5,
/ 16%m beam simply supported at the ends carries a uniformly distributed load of 18
*.=m over its entire length. ?hat is the lightest ? shape beam that will not exceed a
flexural stress of 1<6 23a@ ?hat is the actual maximum stress in the beam selected@
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331

Solution 5,

"tarting at the bottom of /ppendix $, -able $%<
3roperties of ?ide%Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 "I
#nits, of text boo*, the following are the first to
exceed the " above0
6esignation Section Modulus
?<56 D 14; 1,:46 D 16
3
mm
3
?316 D 11: 1,956 D 16
3
mm
3
?386 JK 161 1,8;6 D 16
3
mm
3
?416 D 166 1,;<6 D 16
3
mm
3
?486 D :; 1,996 D 16
3
mm
3
?536 D :5 1,:16 D 16
3
mm
3
?816 D :< 1,:96 D 16
3
mm
3
?8;6 D 1<5 3,566 D 16
3
mm
3

#se the lightest section 7(#! 8 20 answer

Chec+ing&

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331

-he resisting " of ?816 D :< is 1,:96 D 16
3
mm
3
, the " due to live%load and dead%load is
only 1,956.48 D 16
3
mm
3
, therefore, the chosen section is sufficient to resist the
combined dead-load and live-load.

1ctual bending moment due to dead and live loads&

1ctual stress&
answer

roblem 5"! age #%). 4conomic Sections
)epeat 3rob. 5<; if the distributed load is 1< *.=m and the length of the beam is : m.
Solution 50

From /ppendix $, -able $%< 3roperties of ?ide%
Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 "I #nits, of text boo*0
6esignatio
n
Section
Modulus
?<66 D :8 :53 D 16
3
mm
3
?<56 D 89 :68 D 16
3
mm
3
?316 JK
86
:4; D 16
3
mm
3
?386 D 59 :;9 D 16
3
mm
3
?416 D 54 ;<4 D 16
3
mm
3
?486 D 5< ;43 D 16
3
mm
3

#se the lightest section 7%(! 8 (! answer

Chec+ing&
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(ok!)

1ctual bending moment&

1ctual stress&
answer

Solution to roblem 5"# age #%) 4conomic Sections
/ 15%ft beam simply supported at the ends carries a concentrated load of ;666 lb at
midspan. "elect the lightest " section that can be employed using an allowable stress of
1: *si. ?hat is the actual maximum stress in the beam selected@

Solution 53+

From /ppendix $, -able $%: 3roperties of I%$eam
"ections (" "hapes)0 #" +ustomary #nits, of text
boo*0 9se S#! 8 05.% with S ' 0%.) in
"
answer

Chec+ing&

(ok!)

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331

1ctual stress&
answer
Solution to roblem 5"0 . 4conomic Sections
/ beam simply supported at the ends of a <5%ft span carries a uniformly distributed load
of 1666 lb=ft over its entire length. "elect the lightest " section that can be used if the
allowable stress is <6 *si. ?hat is the actual maximum stress in the beam selected@

Solution 53

From /ppendix $, -able $%: 3roperties of I%$eam
"ections (" "hapes)0 #" +ustomary #nits, of text
boo*0 #se S#5 8 %0.$ with " A 5;.8 in
3
answer

Chec+ing&

(ok!)


1ctual stress&
answer
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331

roblem 5"" age #%) 4conomic Sections
/ beam simply supported on a 38%ft span carries a uniformly distributed load of <666
lb=ft over the middle 1: ft. #sing an allowable stress of <6 *si, determine the lightest
suitable ? shape beam. ?hat is the actual maximum stress in the selected beam@

Solution 533

From /ppendix $, -able $%9 3roperties of ?ide%
Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 #" +ustomary #nits,
of text boo*0
6esignatio
n
Section
Modulus
?1< D 1<6183 in
3
?14 D ;; 159 in
3
?18 D :; 155 in
3
?1: D 98 148 in
3
?<1 D 93 151 in
3
?<4 D 8: 154 in
3
3se !2" # 6$ with S = +5% in
3
answer
%&e'(in):
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(ok!)

1ctual stress&
answer

Solution to roblem 5"%
. 4conomic Sections
'roblem 53%
)epeat 3rob. 533 if the uniformly distributed load is
changed to 5666 lb=ft.

Solution 53%

From /ppendix $, -able $%9 3roperties of ?ide%
Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 #" +ustomary #nits,
of text boo*0
?1< D <9; 3;3 in
3
?14 D <33 395 in
3
?<4 D 148 391 in
3
?<9 D 148 411 in
3
?36 D 13< 3:6 in
3
?33 D 136 468 in
3
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331

#se 7"" 8 #"! with " A 468 in
3
answer

Chec+ing&

(ok!)


1ctual stress&
answer

Solution to roblem 5"5 age #%) 4conomic Sections
/ simply supported beam <4 ft long carries a uniformly distributed load of <666 lb=ft
over its entire length and a concentrated load of 1< *ips at : ft from left end. If the
allowable stress is 1: *si, select the lightest suitable ? shape. ?hat is the actual
maximum stress in the selected beam@

Solution 535

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From /ppendix $, -able $%9 3roperties of ?ide%Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 #"
+ustomary #nits, of text boo*0
?1< D ;8 131 in
3
?14 D ;6 143 in
3
?18 D 99 134 in
3
?1: D 98 148 in
3
?<1 D 8: 146 in
3
?<4 D 8< 131 in
3

-ry ?<4 D 8< with " A 131 in
3

Chec+ing&

1t critical section&

(not ok!)
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-ry ?<1 D 8: with " A 146 in
3

Chec+ing&

1t critical section&

(ok!)

#se 70# 8 (2 answer


1ctual stress&
answer
roblem 5"( age #%2 4conomic Sections
/ simply supported beam 16 m long carries a uniformly distributed load of <6 *.=m over
its entire length and a concentrated load of 46 *. at midspan. If the allowable stress is
1<6 23a, determine the lightest ? shape beam that can be used.
"olution 538
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From /ppendix $, -able $%< 3roperties of
?ide%Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 "I #nits, of
text boo*0
6esignat
ion
Section
Modulus
?316 D
<6<
3 656 D 16
3

mm
3
?386 D
19;
3 1<6 D 16
3

mm
3
?486 D
144
3 6:6 D 16
3

mm
3
?536 D
13:
3 146 D 16
3

mm
3
?816 D
1<5
3 <<6 D 16
3

mm
3
?8;6 D
1<5
3 566 D 16
3

mm
3

?816 D 1<5 has a theoretical mass of 1<5.1 *g=m while ?8;6 D 1<5 has a theoretical
mass of 1<5.8 *g=m. -hus, use 7(#! 8 #05 with " A 3 <<6 D 16
3
mm
3
. answer
Chec+ing&

(ok!)
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331
Floor Framing
In floor framing, the subfloor is supported by light beams called floor :oists or simply
:oists which in turn supported by heavier beams called girders then girders pass the load
to columns. -ypically, >oist act as simply supported beam carrying a uniform load of
magnitude over an area of , where
A floor load per unit area
A length (or span) of >oist
A center to center spacing of >oists and
A A intensity of distributed load in >oist.

"olution to 3roblem 53: 7 Floor Framing
"olution to 3roblem 53; 7 Floor Framing
"olution to 3roblem 546 7 Floor Framing
"olution to 3roblem 54< 7 Floor Framing
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roblem 5"2 age #5# Floor Framing
Floor >oists 56 mm wide by <66 mm high, simply supported on a 4%m span, carry a floor
loaded at 5 *.=m
<
. +ompute the center%line spacing between >oists to develop a bending
stress of : 23a. ?hat safe floor load could be carried on a center%line spacing of 6.46 m@
Solution 53)
art #&

where0

answer

art 0&

where0

answer

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roblem 5"$ age #5# Floor Framing
-imbers 1< inches by 1< inches, spaced 3 feet apart on centers, are driven into the ground
and act as cantilever beams to bac*%up the sheet piling of a coffer dam. ?hat is the
maximum safe height of water behind the dam if water weighs A 8<.5 lb=ft
3
and ( fb )max A
1<66 psi@
Solution 53,

answer

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331
roblem 5%! age #5# Floor Framing
-imbers : inches wide by 1< inches deep and 15 feet long, supported at top and bottom,
bac* up a dam restraining water ; feet deep. ?ater weighs 8<.5 lb=ft
3
. (a) +ompute the
center%line spacing of the timbers to cause fb A 1666 psi. (b) ?ill this spacing be safe if
the maximum fb, (fb)max A 1866 psi, and the water reaches its maximum depth of 15 ft@
Solution 5"0
art ;a<

th
-ocation of Maximum Moment

Maximum Moment

3e=uired Spacing
answer
331
art ;b<

15)L< A 16(<5E,5;3.95)

-ocation of Maximum Moment ;Shear ' !<

th
Maximum Moment

1ctual Stress

-herefore, the 3.84 ft spacing of timbers is
not safe when water reaches its maximum
depth of 15 ft.
331
roblem 5%# age #5# Floor Framing
'roblem 5%+
-he 1:%ft long floor beams in a building are simply supported at their ends and carry a
floor load of 6.8 lb=in
<
. If the beams have ?16 D 36 sections, determine the center%line
spacing using an allowable flexural stress of 1: *si.

Solution 5%+

From -able $%9 in /ppendix $ of
textboo*0 3roperties of ?ide%Flange
"ections (?%"hapes)0 #" +ustomary
#nits.
6esig
natio
n
Section
Modulus
, S
?16
D 36
3<.4 in
3

answer

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roblem 5%0 age #5# Floor Framing
"elect the lightest ? shape sections that can be used for the beams and girders in
Illustrative 3roblem 539 of text boo* if the allowable flexural stress is 1<6 23a. .eglect
the weights of the members.

Solution 5%
For Beams (B 1 +)
-otal Moad,

(istributed Moad,

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From Appen"ix B0 Table B1 'roperties o! -i"e1Flan*e
Sections (- Shapes)$ S2 3nits0 o! text boo4$
?136 D <: 189 D 16
3
mm
3
?156 D <4 18: D 16
3
mm
3
?<66 D << 1;4 D 16
3
mm
3
?<56 D 1: 19; D 16
3
mm
3

+onsider ?<56 D 1: with " A 19; D 16
3
mm
3

Chec+ing&

(ok!)

#se 705! 8 #2 for $%1. answer

"olution for $eams ($ % 1)
"olution for Birder (B % 1)
"olution for $eams ($ % <)
"olution for $eams ($ % 3)
"olution for Birders (B % <)

For Birder (B % 1) 7 "olution to 3roblem 54<
For $eams ($ % <) 7 "olution to 3roblem 54<
For $eams ($ NOP 3) 7 "olution to 3roblem 54<
For Birders (B % <) 7 "olution to 3roblem 54<
th
331
For 5irder ;5 - #< . Solution to roblem 5%0 age #5#
For 5irder ;5 - #<

?ide%Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 "I
#nits, of text boo*0
6esign
ation
Section
Modulus
?<66
D 38
34< D 16
3

mm
3
?<56
D 33
39; D 16
3

mm
3
?316
D <:
351 D 16
3

mm
3

+onsider ?316 D <: with " A 351 D 16
3
mm
3

Chec+ing&

th
331

(ok!)
#se 7"#! 8 02 for B%1. answer

For Beams ;B - 0< . Solution to roblem 5%0 age #5#
For Beams (B 1 )

-ocation of Maximum Moment

From /ppendix $, -able $%< 3roperties of ?ide Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 "I #nits,
of text boo*0
?<66 D 91 96; D 16
3
mm
3
?<56 D 89 :68 D 16
3
mm
3
?316 D 5< 949 D 16
3
mm
3
?386 D 51 9;8 D 16
3
mm
3
?416 D 48 993 D 16
3
mm
3
th
331

+onsider ?416 D 48 with " A 993 D 16
3
mm
3

Chec+ing&

(ok!)

#se 7%#! 8 %( for $eams ($ % <). answer

For Beams ;B - "< . Solution to roblem 5%0
For Beams (B 1 3)

From /ppendix $, -able $%< 3roperties
of ?ide Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 "I #nits, of text boo*0
?<66 D :8 :53 D 16
3
mm
3
?<56 D 89 :68 D 16
3
mm
3
?316 D 86 :4; D 16
3
mm
3
?386 D 51 9;8 D 16
3
mm
3
?416 D 48 993 D 16
3
mm
3
th
331

+onsider ?416 D 48 with " A 993 D 16
3
mm
3

From the Chec+ing of B - 0

(ok!)

#se 7%#! 8 %( for $%3, this section is the same to $ % <. answer
For 5irders ;5 - 0< . Solution to roblem 5%0
For 5ir"ers (5 1 )

?ide%Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 "I
#nits, of text boo*0
6esign
ation
Section
Modulus
?<56
D :;
1166 D
16
3
mm
3
?316
D 94
1686 D
16
3
mm
3
?386
D 84
1636 D
16
3
mm
3
?416
D 86
1686 D
16
3
mm
3
?486
D 86
11<6 D
16
3
mm
3
th
331
-here are two options, both exceeds the reuired " of 1666 D 16
3
mm
3
. Qne is ?416 D 86
with theoretical mass of 5;.5 *g=m and the other is ?486 D 86 with theoretical mass of
5;.8 *g=m. For economic reason, we prefer ?416 D 86.
Chec+ing&

(ok!)
#se 7%#! 8 (! for B%<. answer
th
331

Summar6$

th
331
roblem 5%" age #5# Floor Framing
/ portion of the floor plan of a building is shown in Fig. 3%543. -he total loading
(including live and dead loads) in each bay is as shown. "elect the lightest suitable ?%
shape if the allowable flexural stress is 1<6 23a.

Solution 5%3
For Member B - #

#se 7%#! 8 "$ with " A 834 Rtimes 16
3
mm
3
for
member $ % 1. answer

For Member 5 - #

#se 7%#! 8 "$ with " A 834 D 16
3
mm
3
for member
B % 1. answer
th
331

For Member B - 0&

Mocation of 2aximum 2oment0

2aximum 2oment

From /ppendix $, -able $%< 3roperties of ?ide%Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 "I #nits,
of text boo*0
th
331
#se 7(#! 8 20 with " A 1 :96 D 16
3
mm
3
for member $ % <. answer

For Member B - "

?ide%Flange "ections (? "hapes)0 "I #nits,
of text boo*0
#se 7(#! 8 $0 with " A < 146 D 16
3
mm
3
for
member $ % 3. answer

Summar/

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331
9ns/mmetrical Beams
Flexural "tress varies directly linearly with distance from the neutral axis. -hus for a
symmetrical section such as wide flange, the compressive and tensile stresses will be the
same. -his will be desirable if the material is both eually strong in tension and
compression. &owever, there are materials, such as cast iron, which are strong in
compression than in tension. It is therefore desirable to use a beam with unsymmetrical
cross section giving more area in the compression part ma*ing the stronger fiber located
at a greater distance from the neutral axis than the wea*er fiber. "ome of these sections
are shown below.

-he proportioning of these sections is such that the ratio of the distance of the neutral axis
from the outermost fibers in tension and in compression is the same as the ratio of the
allowable stresses in tension and in compression. -hus, the allowable stresses are reached
simultaneously.
>n this section, the following notation will be use&
fbt A flexure stress of fiber in tension
fbc A flexure stress of fiber in compression
th
331
../. A neutral axis
yt A distance of fiber in tension from ../.
yc A distance of fiber in compression from ../.
2r A resisting moment
2c A resisting moment in compression
2t A resisting moment in tension
"olution to 3roblem 54: 7 #nsymmetrical $eams
"olution to 3roblem 54; 7 #nsymmetrical $eams
"olution to 3roblem 556 7 #nsymmetrical $eams
"olution to 3roblem 55< 7 #nsymmetrical $eams
"olution to 3roblem 55: 7 #nsymmetrical $eams
roblem 5%2 age #55 9ns/mmetrical Beams
'roblem 5%)
-he inverted - section of a 4%m simply supported beam has the properties shown in Fig.
3%54:. -he beam carries a uniformly distributed load of intensity wo over its entire length.
(etermine wo if fbt S 46 23a and fbc S :6 23a.

Solution 5%)

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331
1t M ' -#.5 lb?ft, the upper fiber is in tension
while the lower fiber is in compression.

For fibers in compression (lower fiber)0

For fibers in tension (upper fiber)0

-he safe load ' #( !!! lb answer

-he section is stronger in tension and wea*er in compression, so compression governs in
selecting the maximum moment.

answer

roblem 5%$ age #55 9ns/mmetrical Beams
/ beam with cross%section shown in Fig. 3%54; is loaded in such a way that the
maximum moments are T1.63 lb1ft and %1.53 lb1ft, where 3 is the applied load in pounds.
(etermine the maximum safe value of 3 if the wor*ing stresses are 4 *si in tension and
16 *si in compression.

Solution 5%,
1t M ' @#.! lb?ft the upper fiber is in
compression while the lower fiber is in
tension.
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331
1t M ' -5.! lb?ft
lower fiber

upper fiber

#se ' 5 #0! lb answer

For fibers in compression (upper fiber)0

For fibers in tension (lower fiber)0

roblem 55! age #55 9ns/mmetrical Beams
)esolve 3rob. 54; if the maximum moments are T<.53 lb1ft and %5.63 lb1ft.

Solution 550
1t M ' @0.5
upper fiber

lower fiber

roblem 55# age #5( 9ns/mmetrical Beams
Find the maximum tensile and compressive flexure stresses for the cantilever beam
shown in Fig. 3%551.
th
331

Solution 55+

1t M ' @#0.5 +A?m
upper fiber
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331
lower fiber

roblem 550 age #5( 9ns/mmetrical Beams
/ cantilever beam carries the force and couple shown in Fig. 3%55<. (etermine the
maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses developed in the beam.

Solution 55

1t M ' @#! +ip?ft of moment diagram
upper fiber
lower fiber

1t M ' -0! +ip?ft of moment diagram
lower fiber
upper fiber
th
1t M ' -#0 +A?m
lower fiber
lower fiber

Maximum flexure stresses&
fbc A <4 23a at the fixed end answer
fbt A <5 23a at <.5 m from the free
end answer

331

Maximum bending stresses&
answer
answer

roblem 55" age #5( 9ns/mmetrical Beams
(etermine the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses developed in the beam
as shown in Fig. 3%553.

Solution 553

1t M ' @"(!! lb?ft
upper fiber
lower fiber
1t M ' -#2!! lb?ft
lower fiber
th
Maximum flexure stresses
answer
answer
331
upper fiber

roblem 55% age #5( 9ns/mmetrical Beams
(etermine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses developed in the overhanging
beam shown in Fig. 3%554. -he cross%section is an inverted - with the given properties.

Solution 55%

1t M ' -%2!! lb?ft
lower fiber
upper fiber

1t M ' @$(!! lb?ft
upper fiber
th
Maximum flexure stress&
answer
answer
331
lower fiber

roblem 555 age #5) 9ns/mmetrical Beams
/ beam carries a concentrated load ? and a total uniformly distributed load of 4? as
shown in Fig. 3%555. ?hat safe value of ? can be applied if fbc S 166 23a and fbt S 86
23a@ +an a greater load be applied if the section is inverted@ !xplain.
Solution 555

1t M ' -07
For lower fiber, fbc S 166 23a
For upper fiber, fbt S 86 23a

1t M ' #.#057
th
For lower fiber, fbt S 86 23a

For safe load ?, use 7 ' $(!! A answer

(iscussion0
/t ? A ;866 ., the allowable fb in tension and
compression are reached simultaneously when 2 A
%<?. -his is the same even if the section is inverted.
-herefore, no load can be applied greater than ? A
;866 ..
331
For upper fiber, fbc S 166 23a

roblem 55( age #5) 9ns/mmetrical Beams
/ - beam supports the three concentrated loads shown in Fig. 3%558. 3rove that the ./ is
3.5 in. above the bottom and that I./ A ;9.6 in
4
. -hen use these values to determine the
maximum value of 3 so that fbt S 4 *si and fbc S 16 *si.
Solution 556

th
331

(o*U)

$y transfer formula for moment of inertia0
(ok!)

$y symmetry0

1t M ' -% lb?ft
Mower fiber is in compression0
#pper fiber is in tension0

1t M ' 5 lb?ft
Mower fiber is in tension0
#pper fiber is in compression

For safe value of 3, use ' #%($.) lb answer
'roblem 55( 'a*e +5( 3ns6mmetrical Beams
/ cast%iron beam 16 m long and supported as shown in Fig. 3%559 carries a uniformly
distributed load of intensity wo (including its own weight). -he allowable stresses are fbt S
<6 23a and fbc S :6 23a. (etermine the maximum safe value of wo if x A 1.6 m.
th
331

Solution 55(
B/ s/mmetr/&

1t M ' -!.5wo x
0
A?m when x A 1 m, 2 A
%6.5wo .1m
For fiber in compression (lower)
For fiber in tension (upper)

1t M ' -!.5wo x
0
@ !.5wo;5 - x<
0
A?m when x A 1 m , 2 A 9.5wo .1m
For fiber in compression (upper)
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331
For fiber in tesnion (lower)

For safe load wo, use wo ' #.$0 +ABm answer

roblem 552 age #5) 9ns/mmetrical Beams
In 3rob. 559, find the values of x and wo so that wo is a maximum.

Solution 55)
From "olution 559, tension governs at both positive and negative maximum moments.

1t M ' -!.5wo x
0
A?m&

1t M ' -!.5wo x
0
@ !.5wo;5 - x<
0
A?m&

use x ' #.5$ m answer
Superimposed or Built-up Beams
If a beam is composed of two or more thin layers placed on each other without any
attachment, the separate layers would slide past each other and the total strength of the
beam would be the sum of the strengths of the various layers. -he strength of this beam is
lesser than a solid beam having the same cross%sectional area.
th
answer
331

.eglecting friction between any two ad>acent layers, the following relationships may be
used0

+urvature, 2 = !I A constant

"olution to 3roblem 55; 7 $uilt%up $eams
"olution to 3roblem 586 7 $uilt%up $eams
"olution to 3roblem 581 7 $uilt%up $eams
"olution to 3roblem 58< 7 #nsymmetrical $eams
roblem 55$ age #5$ Built-up Beams
/ beam is composed of 8 plan*s, each 166 mm wide and <6 mm thic*, piled loosely on
each other to an overall dimension of 166 mm wide by 1<6 mm high. (a) +ompare the
strength of such a beam with that of a solid beam of eual overall dimensions. (b) ?hat
would be the ratio if the built%up beam consisted of a 1< plan*s each 166 mm wide by 16
mm thic*@
th
331

Solution 55,
art ;a<
For # plan+

For the whole beam

where !1 A !
answer

art ;b<
For # plan+

For the whole beam

where !1 A !
answer

roblem 5(! age#5$ Built-up Beams
-he wide%flange beam shown in Fig. 3%586 is strengthened by bolting two cover plates
186 mm by <6 mm to the top and bottom flanges. If the maximum flexure stress is 146
23a, compute the total force (a) in each cover plate and (b) in each flange. .eglect the
wea*ening effect of the bolt holes.
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331
Solution 560.

;a< Force in each cover plate
answer

roblem 5(# age #(! Built-up Beams
/ - section has the dimensions given in Fig. 3%581. "how that the neutral axis is 3 inches
below the top and that I./ A 188.9 in4. If the tensile stress at the bottom of the flange is
1666 psi, calculate (a) the total tensile force in the flange and (b) the total compressive
th
;b< Force in each flange
answer
331
force in the cross section. /lso compute (c) the moment of the compressive force about
the ./, and (d) the moment of the total tensile force about the ./. (e) &ow does the sum
of (c) and (d) compare with the total applied bending moment as computed from the
flexure formula@
Solution 56+

1t the bottom of the flange ;in tension<

1t the top of the flange ;in tension<
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331

1t the bottom of the section ;in compression<

;a< Cotal tensile force in the flange&

answer

;b< Cotal compressive force ;force below A1<

answer

;c< Moment of the total compressive force about A1

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331

;d< Moment of the total tensile force
F1 A tension force in the web

Fflange A F in part (a)
Fflange A <4 *ips

answer

roblem 5(0 age #(! 9ns/mmetrical Beams
In any beam section having a maximum stress fb, show that the force on any partial area
/, in Fig. 3%58< is given by F A (fb=c)/,(barred y,) , where (barred y,) is the centroidal
coordinate of /,. /lso show that the moment of this force about the ./ is 2, A fb I,=c,
where I, is the moment of inertia of the shaded area about the ./.

Solution 56
fb A stress at c
Met
th
331
f1 A stress at y1
f< A stress at y<

/t y10

/t y<0

roblem 5(" age #(! 9ns/mmetrical Beams
/ box beam is made from <%in. by 8%in. pieces screwed together as shown in Fig. 3%583.
If the maximum flexure stress is 1<66 psi, compute the force acting on the shaded portion
and the moment of this force about the ./. &int0 #se the results of 3rob. 58<.

Solution 563
where
fb A 1<66 psi
th
/t (barred y,)0

ok

but

thus,
ok
331
c A 4 in
/, A 8(<) A 1< in
<
(barred y), A 3 in

answer

where

Solution to roblem 5(% . 9ns/mmetrical Beams
)epeat 3rob. 583 using <%in. by 16%in. pieces.
Solution 56%
where
fb A 1<66 psi
c A 8 in
/, A 16(<) A <6 in
<
y, A 5 in

answer

where
th
answer

An OUTLINE 4 - Strength of Materials Chapter 5

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An OUTLINE 4 - Strength of Materials Chapter 5

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331

Chapter 5 - Stresses in Beams

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