ABSTRACT

A simple method using microprocessor 8085 is suggested for the measurement of radius of
curvature of convex lens. The focal length and the radius of curvature of the convex lens can
be measured in alternate adjustments of the same set up. This method considerably reduces
requirement of long optical bench length as well as the associated bench related uncertainties
and spherometer.

INTRODUCTION
Rightly said, Laziness of scientists leads to new findings.
Measurement of radius of curvature of lens done with spherometer is quite a big boredom not
for us but for everyone. To measure the radius of curvature of a lensthe spherometer is
levelled and read, then placed on the sphere, adjusted until the four points exert equal
pressure, and read again. It also involves huge calculation, the spherical radius R is given by
the formula:

And finding of LSD of screw gauge adds to its toughness (that bounces to most of students even in
their 3
rd
year of graduation). Also the spherometer is costly around 34$-41$.
Keeping in view of all the difficulties we faced so far in using spherometer & make our job easier we
are introducing LEAST HUMAN INTERVENED METHOD TO MEASURE RADIUS OF
CURVATURE OF LENS INTERFACING 8085 MICROPROCESSOR.(see how this BABY
MIND does miracle to make our job easier).
A movable light detector on a toy car is made to move along the principle axis of convex lens and
detects the focal point of convex lens , gives signal to the microprocessor to stop the motor (toy car)
and distance is calculated from convex lens to the focal point (which is done by the microprocessor).
The only calculation is 2F=R
The overall cost of project is rupees 300. Cost effective project to be looked upon and may bring
revolution in optical industry
Block diagram representing the ideology behind the project

BEGINNING OF STORY.

Block diagram giving a view of light detecting circuit

LIGHT DETECTING CIRCUIT
Using opamp(351):- we used opamp as comparator .Vref is applied to pin 3 using 10k
potentiometer & the output of potential divider circuit consisting of LDR(light dependant
resistance whose value varies according to intensity of light as, In dark=high impedence &I n
light=low impedence) and 10k resistance is given to pin 2


When no light falls on LDR the output of comparator is turned out to be -6v and when light falls on
LDR the output is +6v. this output cannot be directly read by microprocessor as it is based on TTL
technology therefore it can only read 0v to +2v as low level and 2.4v to 5v as high level. To bring the
output in desired level our next circuit comes into the picture
Half gain amplifier:- we used 741 opamp as an half gain amplifier in inverting mode. The
output of the comparator when applied to this amplifier the output changes as follows:-
In light = 3v
In dark = -3v

Now the desired range for the high level is achieved but the low level is still creating a
problem, to increase -3v to desire 0v we use a 7400 IC.
IC 7400:- The chip contains four two-input NAND gate. Each gate uses two pins for input and one
pin for its output, and the remaining two contacts supply power (+5 V) and connects the ground. As
per our requirement we used two of them. First NAND gate is used as a NOT gate and output of
amplifier is given to the input of this gate .This solved the problem of low level (0v) and high level
output (5v). The output now changed as follows-:
In light= 3.5v (high level)
In dark=200mv (low level)
But our requirement of project says high level output should come when light light falls on LDR
and low level of output when LDR is in dark. For this we used second NAND GATE as NOT GATE
to invert the output. This change the output as
In light = 200mv (low level)
In dark=3.5v(high level)


Now the mission of light detector with all the requirement is accomplished but for the motor to run
the current is not sufficient at the output of the nand gate so our next hurdle is to achieve the sufficient
currentdrive to run the motor and for this we use a darlington pair.
Darlington pair:- In electronics, the Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair) is a
compound structure consisting of two bipolar transistors (either integrated or separated devices)
connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the
second one. This configuration gives a much higher current gain than each transistor taken separately

For transistor Q1, we have
I
E1
= (1+B
1
)I
b1
Similarly, for 2
nd
transistor we have
I
E2
= (1+B
2
)I
b2
Since I
b2
= I
E1

Therefore,
I
E2
= (1+B
2
)I
E1
= (1+B
2
)(1+B
1
)I
b1

= B
1
*B
2
*I
b1

Since, we are using the identical transistor, therefore B
1
=B
2
Hence, I
E2
= (B
1
)
2
*I
b1
Where, B
1
=B
2
= transistor current gain
So we obtained the sufficient current by using Darlington pair as current amplifier
And the output is as:-
In light = 0 amp
In dark = 3.5 milliamp
As a result of which when light falls on LDR toy car stops and in dark it starts
Now the first section of our circuit i.e. the LDR circuit is ready to be implemented in our
project.
Now, when there is no light on LDR the output of the 1
st
NOT goes low and the output of 2
nd

NOT goes high and TOY CAR starts to move along the principal axis of convex lens. As
soon as the TOY CAR reaches focal point of convex lens LDR senses the light(diverge at
focal point of convex lens) coming from laser source due to which output of 1
st
NOT goes
HIGH and 2
nd
NOT goes LOW hence the TOY CAR stops.
Hence focal point is detected.

Now our next objective is to calculate the distance that the TOY CAR has travelled from
convex lens to focal point.
This leads to the beginning of second section of project that is Distance
calculation
Distance calculator circuit
Distance calculation was the biggest hurdle that we faced in our project. Different ideas came
to our mind but at the end of the day we ended with the ever simplest method named as TIC-
TOCK TECHNIQUE
What is tic tock technique??????.....

Two wire from 1 and 2 are suspended over the wheel of TOY CAR in such a way that when
the wheel moves 1 and 2 touches the iron pins fixed on wheels this leads to the completion of
the circuit and the output goes to +5v and when pin 1 and 2 are suspended in air (between the
two pins during the rotation of the wheel) the circuit is incomplete and output goes to 0 volt.
This process continues till the wheel rotate (like tic tock of a clock) and every time the +5
comes the count is recorded on microprocessor. This phenomenon of calculation of distance
is termed as TIC-TOCK.
RADIUS OF WHEEL = 3.5cm
This implies that circumference of wheel = 2*3.14*3.5
= 21.98cm
= 22cm (approx)
We are fixed the 11 pins at the distance of 2cm each over the entire circumference of wheel.
Suppose if the number of count using TIC TOCK turned out to be 22, then
The distance travelled = 22*2cm
= 44cm
Hence the formula for the distance calculation worked out to be number of counts
multiplied by 2cm.
So hereby both the two sections of project are completed and can be combined together to
solve our purpose of measuring the radius of curvature.
BUT HOW??
Here comes the role of microprocessor 8085(baby mind).
When the LDR senses dark, the output of NOT GATE 2 goes HIGH and the TOY CAR starts
running and the pin 1 and 2 comes in contact with the iron pin as the wheel rotate and the
output toggle from 0 to 1 and vice versa. And whenever 1 comes, microprocessor increases a
count till the LDR reaches to the focal point of the lens. When the LDR senses the light of the
laser at the focal point, the output of the NOT GATE 1(given to PORT A of microprocessor)
goes HIGH and the output of the NOT GATE 2 goes LOW because of which TOY CAR
stops and the output of the NOT GATE 1 is used to terminate the program and the increased
count is displayed by the microprocessor.
RESULT AND OBSERVATI ON
CONCLUSION
The project is successfully done. Every part of the circuit is perfectly working. The TOY
CAR is stopping at correct distance (at focal point of convex lens). The only error is due to
lens adjustment and the distance between the pins fixed on the wheel. The error is turned out
to be + 2cm or -2cm. Further the circuit can e made more compact and precise by replacing
half gain amplifier and IC7400 with zener diode of 4.7v rating. Zener diode blocks ve
voltage and gives 4.7v for +ve side. Hence serves the purpose of desired low and high level
output alone. There by also reducing circuitry cost.

APPENDIX
ADDRESS MNEMONICS HEX. CODE
2000 MVI B 06
2001 00 00
2002 MVI A 3E
2003 92 92
2004 OUT 03
2005 CR 03
2006 IN DB
2007 PORT A 00
2008 ANI E6
2009 O1 01
200A JNZ C2
200B 33 33
200C 20 20
200D PORT B DB
200E 01 01
200F ANI E6
2010 01 01
2011 JNZ C2
2012 0D 0D
2013 20 20
2014 PUSH B C5
2015 PUSH D D5
2016 PUSH H E5
2017 PUSH F F5
2018 LXI D 11
2019 00 00
201A 22 22
201B CALL CD
201C BC BC
201D 03 03
201E LXI D 11
201F 00 00
2020 55 55
2021 CALL CD
2022 BC BC
2023 03 03
2024 LXI H 21
2025 F6 F6
2026 27 27
2027 MOV M,B 70
2028 CALL CD
2029 FA FA
202A 06 06
202B POP F F1
202C POP H E1
202D POP D D1
202E POP B C1
202F INR B 04
2030 JMP C3
2031 06 06
2032 20 20
2033 HLT 76






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