AIM: To construct the unity gain phase shifter and study its response in the

laboratory and by using multisim simulation.

REQUIREMENTS: IC-741,resistors,capacitors,function generator,CRO,bread board
and connecting wires.
THEORY: A unity gain phase shifter gives unity gain for all frequencies but the
phase shift is a function of frequency.
The circuit diagram is as given below:


UNITY GAIN PHASE SHIFTER

Labels :
Xsc1 : oscilloscope
Vi: sinusoidal input
U1
741
3
2
4
7
6
5 1
R
1k
Ri
1k
Rf
1k
C
0.1F
V1
12 V
XSC1
A B
Ext Trig
+
+
_
_
+
_
Vi
120 Vrms
60 Hz
0
vo
UNITY GAIN PHASE SHIFTER


We analyze the output of the circuit by dividing it into two parts and then
superimposing individual outputs.
CONFIGURATION 1:
V
+
=Z
C
V
i
(w)/(R+Z
C
) =V
i
(w)/(1+jwRC)
V
-
= V
+

V
-
=R
i
V
01
/(R
i
+R
f
)
This gives V
01
=(1+(R
f
/R
i
))V
-
=(1+(R
f
/R
i
))(1/jwRC)V
i

If R
i
=R
f
(unity gain)
V
01
=2V
i
/(1+jwRC)







CONFIGURATION 2




V
02
=-(R
f
/R
I
)V
i
= -V
i

V
0
=V
01
+V
02

V
0
=V
i
(1-jwRC)/(1+jwRC)
A
g
=|V
0
(w)/V
i
(w)|= 1
=-2tan
-1
(w R C) =-2tan
-1
(w/w
c
) (where wc =1/(2RC ))
at w=0,=0
at w=w
c
,=-/2
at w>>w
c
,=- .
gain remains constant for all frequencies.


OBSERVATIONS: When different frequencies of sine wave were given as input to
the circuit the gain remained constant at 1(i.e. the amplitude of the input and
output were the same). The phase shift of the output with respect to input
changed with changing frequency.
The observations were started from 30 Hz and continued till 35 KHz. It was
observed that the phase shift changed from almost 0 to and was /2 at 782 Hz
(which is close to the theoretical cut off frequency 796 Hz).

TABLE 1 :
frequency log f a b a/b w/wc asin(a/b)
30 1.47712 1 10 0.1 0.03769 -0.10017
50 1.69897 2 10 0.2 0.06281 -0.20136
100 2 3 10 0.3 0.12563 -0.30469
202.4 2.30621 5 10 0.5 0.25427 -0.5236
326.8 2.51428 7 10 0.7 0.41055 -0.7754
401.4 2.60358 8 10 0.8 0.50427 -0.9273
519.8 2.71584 9 10 0.9 0.65302 -1.11977
604.2 2.78118 9 10 0.9 0.75905 -1.11977
782 2.84634 10 10 1 0.98241 -1.5708
807.9 2.90736 -9.5 10 -0.95 1.01495 -1.88676
905 2.95665 -8 9 -0.88889 1.13693 -2.04509
1000 3 -7.5 9 -0.83333 1.25628 -2.15489
2000 3.30103 -5 9 -0.55556 2.51256 -2.55097
3000 3.47712 -3.5 9 -0.38889 3.76884 -2.74057
4000 3.60206 -2.5 9 -0.27778 5.02513 -2.85852
5000 3.69897 -2 9 -0.22222 6.28141 -2.91591
7000 3.8451 -1.5 9 -0.16667 8.79397 -2.97255
9000 3.95424 -1 9 -0.11111 11.30653 -3.02866
12000 4.07918 -1 9 -0.11111 15.07538 -3.02866
21000 4.32222 -0.5 9 -0.05556 26.38191 -3.08442
35000 4.54407 0 9 0 43.96985 -3.14
--





The Bode plots for the given circuit is as follows:
a) Phase shift vs log(frequency)

b) Phase shift vs w/wc

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
phase shift vs w/wc
p
h
a
s
e

s
h
i
f
t
w/wc
B
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
log(frequency) vs phase shift
p
h
a
s
e

s
h
i
f
t
log frequency
B


c) Gain vs log(frequency)


Clearly, the gain remained constant for all frequencies.








1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
gain
log f
B


The following pictures of the lissajous figures were taken at three different
frequencies:

i) At 30 Hz,=0.1


ii) At 782 Hz, =/2




iv) At 35KHz,=

CONCLUSIONS:
Unity gain phase shifter was constructed and thus the Bode plots were
analysed.
1) The gain remained constant over the entire range of frequency change.
2) The phase changed from 0 to 180 over the frequency range and attained
the value of 90 degrees at frequency= wc.
3) The said circuit works as an all pass filtre. Allowing all frequencies to
undergo an appropriate phase shift.
Uses:
1) The circuit can be used for noise reduction, as the input signal can be
shifted by a phase difference of 180 degrees, retaining the value of
amplitude. Thereby, its superposition with the input signal will result in a
net zero amplitude signal.