'E are born to generate shifting states of self(awareness, to show them to other persons, and to provoke interest and affectionate responses from them#. The eperience of the or!anism is inte!rated, or!anised, and has its meanin! in terms of coordinated movement#.
Original Description:
Original Title
Trevarthen 2010, Defining the Active Intersubjective Newborn
'E are born to generate shifting states of self(awareness, to show them to other persons, and to provoke interest and affectionate responses from them#. The eperience of the or!anism is inte!rated, or!anised, and has its meanin! in terms of coordinated movement#.
'E are born to generate shifting states of self(awareness, to show them to other persons, and to provoke interest and affectionate responses from them#. The eperience of the or!anism is inte!rated, or!anised, and has its meanin! in terms of coordinated movement#.
For "The Intersubjective Newborn", Infant and Child Development, Special Issue, Edited b Emese
Na!, in press "#$#
What Is It Like To Be a Person Who Knows Nothing? Defining the Active Intersubjective Min of a Newborn !u"an Being Colwyn Trevarthen, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh Abstract# As thinking adults depend upon years of practical eperience, reasoning about facts and causes, and language to sustain their knowledge, beliefs and memories, and to understand one another, it seems !uite absurd to suggest that a newborn infant has intersub"ective mental capacities# $ut detailed research on how neonatal selves coordinate the rhythms of their movements and senses, and how they engage in intimate and seductive precision with other persons% movements, sensing their purposes and feelings, gives evidence that it is so# The developmental and functional neuroscience of the human brain agrees# &ndeed it seems that cultural intelligence itself is motivated at every stage by the kind of powers of innate intersub"ective sympathy that an alert infant can show shortly after birth# 'e are born to generate shifting states of self(awareness, to show them to other persons, and to provoke interest and affectionate responses from them# Thus starts a new psychology of the creativity and cooperative knowing and meaning in human communities# )An ob"ective psychologist, hoping to get at the physiological side of behaviour, is apt to plunge immediately into neurology trying to correlate brain activity with modes of eperience# The result, in many cases only accentuates the gap between the total eperience as studied by the psychologist and neural activity as analysed by the neurologist# $ut the e%perience of the or!anism is inte!rated, or!anised, and has its meanin! in terms of coordinated movement#) *+perry, ,-.-, p# /-01 emphasis added2# ) &n the case of an animal, the mental states enter into the plan of the total organism and thus modify the plans of successive subordinate organisms until the ultimate smallest organism, such as electrons, are reached#3 *p# -42 5There are 6 two sides to the machinery involved in the development of nature# 7n the one side there is a given environment with organisms adapting themselves to it# #### The other side of the evolutionary machinery, the neglected side, is epressed by the word creativeness# The organisms can create their own environment# 8or this purpose the single organism is almost helpless# The ade!uate forces re!uire societies of cooperating organisms# $ut with such cooperation and in proportion to the effort put forward, the environment has a plasticity which alters the whole ethical aspect of evolution#) *p# ,9:2 *'hitehead, ,-/;<,-0.1 emphasis added2 )Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling# +craps of information have nothing to do with it#) *p# ,2 *'hitehead, ,-/-2 To &e a 'erson (ith )ther 'ersons Is To *ove In Smpath (ith Them, Sharin! *eanin! =ow can a newborn baby, a being with no meaningful knowledge, no education in the habits of culture and language at all and therefore, it is assumed, incapable of reflective intelligence, be a person> An infant must be unable to understand anything and unable to infer anything about an outside reality or to articulate meanings in communication# That is what our psychological science, attending to measurable products of intelligence, especially well(defined cultural and linguistically sophisticated intelligence, rather than to any essential motive<emotional creative processes, has assumed must be the state of a newborn mind# &t follows that the human newborn has no %self( awareness%, no awareness of other human selves, and is not a person# 'hile more developed than a newborn rat or kitten, the human infant is more helpless than a newborn monkey or chimpan?ee# &t is a feeble and dependent animal creature with a very undeveloped cortical brain, but with human features of anatomy in body and nervous system# &ts %refle(driven% activity is easily overwhelmed by unfamiliar stimuli and re!uires eternal %regulation% of its states of activity and responsiveness to stimuli# &ts autonomic nervous system regulates an organic vitality and lacks all reference to events perceived or remembered from eperience of an outside world, and therefore has, it is claimed, no %emotions% *@eDou, ,--;2# All its eperience appears to need forming by learning, and to depend on the support of an affectionate parent# &ts very immature cerebral neo(corte has eceptional %plasticity% or capacity to store information, fed by the perceptual impressions of stimuli from the physical and social worlds# &t awaits a consciousness that depends on development of a special facility to ac!uire articulate language *Aolls, /::02# Thus developmental science has conceived the initial state of the human mind as lacking intentions, feelings and consciousness# &t is hardly a mind at all# $ut, when calm, healthy, comfortable and well supported, an awake newborn infant, observed closely, shows a remarkably coherent rhthmic purposeful consciousness B a spontaneous directing of well(formed movements, selective awareness and affective appraisals in a precisely regulated, brain(generated time *Trevarthen and Aeddy, /::C2# =e or she moves head, eyes, arms hands and feet as one coherent, integrated vital +elf# The brain parts capable of effecting this integrated mobility are present and active before birth, and largely sub(cortical *Derker, /::C2# And, furthermore, newborns act in epressive ways that appear to be peculiarly human and highly sensitive to human presence# Dost impressively, an alert newborn can draw a sympathetic adult into synchroni?ed negotiations of arbitrary action, which can develop in coming weeks and months into a mastery of the rituals and symbols of a germinal culture, long before any words are learned# &n short, a human being is born capable of seeking and playing with others% attentions and feelings in a rich variety of provocative, humorous and teasing ways *Aeddy, /::42# &nfants, it appears, are born with motives and emotions for actions that sustain human intersubjectivit+ They perform actions that are adapted to motivate, and invest emotions in, an ima!inative cultural learnin! *Trevarthen, /::,a1 $rEten and Trevarthen, /::C2 + Their &ntelligence is prepared to grow and be educated by sharing the meanin! of intentions and feelings with other humans by means of many epressive forms of body movement that may be perceived in several modalities+ Frowth of a scientific understanding of these innate human attributes has re!uired a new approach, in two ways# 8irst, it demands a radical shift in theory of how, and for what purpose, minds evolve (( how conscious intentionality or %will% may be generated by irrational cerebral processes that regulate and guide body movement of individual animal beings# &t has re!uired an appreciation that both conscious awareness and learning of animals are adaptations of intelligence to serve self, !enerated actions+ +econd, it must appreciate that intelligence has evolved to make it possible for the intentions of actions to be shared socially, as is most evident in advanced species that cooperate by skilful signaling in life activities and eploitation of environmental resources# The research methods of this science have had to be speculative and descriptive, before hypothesis driven and eperimental, to satisfy these two demands of a natural science of intelligent action# &n application to human beings, a special theory of infant%s motives is needed, which can only be confirmed by intensive study of the coordination and regulation of movements, including kinds of movements for communication that are uni!uely human# Especially significant are the emotion( epressing movements (( smiles, frowns, pouts, intent or %interested% focusing of seeing *7ster, /::02, with shifting of seeing and hearing by turns of the head, and hand and feet movements carefully modulated by attention to eperiences of holding and touching *Trevarthen, ,-4;1 Adamson(Dacedo, /::92# +uch movements are not only adapted to sustain the flow of an emerging self(awareness, but may demonstrate self(regulations of movement %publicly%, for other persons, anticipating or %provoking% their response, and en"oying play with it# They function as emotional epressions to engage in communication by %intersub"ective motor control% with signs of the mind states in other human beings *Trevarthen, ,-4;2# Gewborns, in addition to very remarkable epressive capacities, show preferences for responding to many forms of human signalH certain tastes and odours1 felt, heard or seen cadences of movement1 forms, colours or sounds that identify persons, especially a responsive and sympathetic mother *8ant?, ,-;.1 Foren, +arty and 'u, ,-C01 Dc8arlane, ,-C01 =ofer, ,--:1 Ieifman, Delaney and $lass, ,--;1 $lass, ,---2# Developmental psychology has had to develop the less pre"udiced %descriptive% methods of ethology to study by detailed observation how this ineperienced human acting and interacting can be informed by a selective, moving conscious awareness modulated by intrinsic aesthetic and moral sensibilities and emotions# &t leads to a new human psychobiology, one that confirms the conclusions that Charles Darwin came to after making careful observations, with his wife Emma%s able assistance, of how his own infants behaved epressively with human sensibility in natural circumstances *Darwin, ,4C/, ,4CC, ,44C<,-042# Dany years ago Aoger +perry *,-.-, ,-0/2 argued that psychology will drift away from any comprehension of how the brain works, and how the mind acts, if it only measures reactions to stimuli, if it tries to map the input to the nervous system and its rational categorisation# =e and Jarl @ashley *,-0,2 insisted that the direction behaviourism was going overlooked the great creative capacity of the central nervous system to conceive movements of a whole body in negotiable relation to stimuli# +ince these warnings, psychology, enthralled by the technical and pseudo(rational powers of %representation% in the %artificial intelligence% of computers, has recently directed its energy to the measurement of cognitive processes of ob"ect awareness, reason and language, trying to simulate imaginative eplanations of the %processing, storage and retrieval of information% by disembodied modular networks of logically connected elements *Diller, /::.2# The creative output of natural intelligence in moving animal bodies, its conation and emotion, have been made mysterious and are still largely neglected# Thus mainstream psychology leaves the personal attributes of infants, the motives and emotions of their movements and the innate cooperative %witty% sympathies of human minds, obscure *Aeddy, /::42# Geither the purposes of the individual human being, nor the meaning built by sharing of purposes, eperiences and feelings between consciously active and mutually aware sub"ects, are eplained# 'e have to go back to certain basics of animate life to correct this# -ow .nimals &ehave, and -ow -umans .re &oth the Same and Different 8undamental adaptive activities of animals as individuals and socially have been described in precise terms by natural historians over the past two centuries *@amark, ,4:-1 Darwin ,4C/1 von =olst, ,-.;1 Tinbergen, ,-0,2# The movement of an animal is intrinsically creative and cooperative *'hitehead, ,-/;<,-0.2# &t is the product of morphogenesis of an integrated life system, or organism, composed of intricately ordered assemblies of cells, with organs adapted to perform their roles in a %division of labour% that sustains the vital state of a whole body# To live as an animal is to move with !ood purpose1 that is, to want to act in ways that will be felt to be beneficial to the whole individual B it is not "ust submitting to perception of certain present stimuli and instinctively reacting to them, or learning how to %condition% behaviours to react to events better# Animals move with coherent intentions directed by a !uest for an integrated and imaginative conscious eperience of the world they move in, their functions held together by patterns of %hori?ontal control% *Packard, /::;2# +ensing the world in relation to the form and displacements endowed with their bodies, they are curious about their surroundings and how to use ob"ects, feeling with intrinsic emotional values how to avoid hurt or fear and to gain pleasure from what life needs, seeking a state of active security or well(being# This is the nature of animal self(awareness, which, in proportion to the development of individuals with more elaborate mobile bodies, depends upon formulating movements in prescribed ways *$ernstein, ,-;C2 while anticipating what it will feel like to move *von =olst and Dittelstaedt, ,-0:1 Derker, /::02, on perceivin! affordances or how the sensed environment can help moving achieve its goals *@ee, ,-C41 Fibson, ,-C-2, and on intrinsic emotions that, as Kaak Panksepp has demonstrated, are generated according to ancient innate principles in the core neurochemistries of the brain *Panksepp, ,--41 Fallagher, /::42# The father of modern neurophysiology, Charles +herrington *,-:;2, put it succinctly# The acting animal seeks with e%tero,ceptive %pro"icience% or imaginative epectation what will be the %affective appraisal% of an ob"ect at a distance when it is brought, through moving of the body in its proprio, ceptivel controlled %action space%, into contact with the parts of the body that may feel, taste and consume it# The whole of any such intelligent episode depends on the coherent +elf, moving, with curiosity and a cautionary emotional appraisal, in its felt body *Damasio, ,---2# +ocial animals have evolved ways of inter(acting, of moving in complementary or coordinated ways and sensing the power and purposes of one another%s movements intersubjectivel, so that, by cooperating in their motives, they can increase their individual and collective benefits and their adaptation in a sustaining ecology# They make their autonomic self(regulations of vital state apparent to one another so they can act emotionally in %sympathetic% ways *Porges, ,--C2# Their social life re!uires that they evaluate the purposes of one another by detecting intentions, interests and feelings from the energetic and self(regulating !ualities of each other%s movements, altero, ceptivel# They are born with adaptations of body and brain to initiate these individual and social purposes by producing controlled effects in moving *Dac@ean, ,--:2# =uman beings do all of these things, and more# The cooperative cultural eperience of a meaningful world depends, in every human community, upon skills of interest, of initiative in action and of emotional evaluation that have been created by past generations in the %history(making% of their world *Turner and $runer, ,-4;2# Children, even very young infants, appear to communicate with an artful imagination ready to pick up new epressive tricks *Dissanayake, /:::2# They try to move with others to learn how to live in fictional, meanin!ful, historical ways, using cooperatively invented conventions of moving with their comple %etravagantly mobile% bodies# Their behaviours are negotiated in echange of purposes and states of creative activity, sharing %vitality dynamics% *+tern, ,-40, ,---2 with other persons with what +tein $rEten felicitously calls %felt immediacy% *$rEten, ,-442, acting in collaborative negotiations that eventually contribute to the rituals, stories and fabrications or %habitus% of a culture *Fratier and Trevarthen, /::42# A human person is an animal who is motivated to know what the actions of other humans mean when they are completely arbitrary and, from an immediately practical point of view, useless *=alliday, ,-C41 Ilatev et al, /::-2# @earning such actions serves only the development of mutual understanding of purposes between sub"ects# The importance of these acts lies in their %meanings% and %values% (( the a!reements of intendin! the affirm, and in the precise associations they make, by emotional referencin! *Jlinnert et al#,,-4.1 Aeddy, /::42, to beneficial or dangerous eperiences of acting in another time and place B that is, by human feelings that give aesthetic appraisal of things or events, and moral appraisal of other%s actions *Trevarthen, ,-49, ,--.2# $y means of conversational stories or dialogues in which symbols come to life as a convivial traffic of fantasies to which real practical significance can later be attached, we come to live in a world in which we have access to meanings thousands of years old that are capable of linking ideas between people far apart in !uite different circumstances *$runer, ,-4;, ,--:2# =uman meaning tries to get the fundamental truth of things without having any hope of success B its primary purpose is to share the eperience of doing and knowing with feeling in specifically human ways# This is how we persons are# -ow a Newborn *oves and /esponds .s a 'erson )Dy first child was born on December /Cth, ,4.-, and & at once commenced to make notes on the first dawn of the various epressions which he ehibited, for & felt convinced, even at this early period, that the most comple and fine shades of epression must all have had a gradual and natural origin#) *Darwin, ,44C<,-04, p# ,.,2# )During the first seven days various refle actions, namely snee?ing, hickuping, yawning, stretching, and of course sucking and screaming, were well performed by my infant# 7n the seventh day, & touched the naked sole of his foot with a bit of paper, and he "erked it away, curling at the same time his toes, like a much older child when tickled# The perfection of these refle movements shows that the etreme imperfection of the voluntary ones is not due to the state of the muscles or of the coordinating centres, but to that of the seat of the will#) *Darwin, ,4CC, p# /402 There are well observed facts of how infants may move with an integrated rhythmic control and prospective awareness within minutes of birth, which showH *,2 they have coherent, self promoting purposes regulated in brain generated time, and ways of regulating their vital state and the sense of well(being in their bodies1 */2 they are super(sensitive to the attentive, purposeful and emotionally regulated actions of any other person who seeks to engage in contingent responsiveness with them# Dost remarkable of allH *.2 they show themselves capable of making an effort of will and attentiveness to take part in an emotionally charged reciprocation of arbitrary ways of moving, and so to become part of a dramatic narration of being in companionship with another person *$ra?elton, ,-C-1 Trevarthen, ,-C-2# 8igure ,H Coherent, conscious and epressive activity of newborns# AboveH A 9(week(old infant captures and tracks with her eyes an ob"ect that is moving from right to left of her body# +he coordinates her whole body and makes two reach and grasp movements with her right arm and hand, and a fast, fisted movement of her left hand *Trevarthen, ,-C9, ,-C0, Trevarthen et al#, ,-C02# &ntegrated activities of this kind can be seen with healthy and alert newborns immediately after birth *$ra?elton, ,-492# CentreH Gewborns less that an hour old imitating the mother%s tongue protrusion, tracking a red ball in a %game% with an adult, and participating with her in reciprocal imitations of hand gestures# *Photos by Jevan $undell2 $elowH A ;(day(old baby girl, partly sleeping, makes epressions of hands and face that provoke ideas of thoughts and feelings she wishes to epress# +he may have been hearing her mother who was talking to someone in the net room# &nfant human beings imitate other humans, not "ust to act like them, but to enter into a communicative and cooperative relationship with them by some transfer of the feeling of body action *8igure ,2# They act as though they %want% to learn new %tricks% of vocali?ation and gesture, making an effort, with accelerating heart, to respond with a matching epressive act, and they show emotional appraisal of the echange of intentions *Daratos, ,-C., ,-4/1 Del?off and Doore, ,-CC, ,-4.1 =eimann, ,--41 Jugiumut?akis, ,--., ,--41 Gagy and DolnLr, /::92# They can, in this way, start building understandings that may serve later to identify a particular companion in the meaning of a shared world *Del?off and Doore, ,--/2# They can, in a elementary way, %play a part% and %learn a "ob%, in a cooperative life# These precocious abilities for mimicry of arbitrary actions are not demonstrated, ecept in very rudimentary form, by other species, even those closest in genetic relationship to humans *Trevarthen and Aitken, /::.2# Donkeys and apes can show intense awareness of the purposes and changing interests of their companions, and they live in communities tightly regulated by emotion, but their imaginative<imitative play, especially with vocali?ations and gestures of the hands, is limited# Geonatal chimpan?ees will imitate the facial movements of a human being *$ard, ,--., ,--42# +tein $rEten has recorded how a chimpan?ee in 7slo ?oo, when too young to move about safely on their own, are in intense relationship with both the body and awareness of their mother as they cling to her, investigating the world in coordination with her shifting focus of interest *$rEten, personal communication and forthcoming2# This may be seen as an evolutionary precursor of the %intent participation learning% by which human young everywhere become apprentices in cultural practices# $ut there is a difference in the way imagination or self(eperience is shared by newborn apes and by human infants, and it relates to motives that make both art and language possible *Dissanayake, /:::, /::-1 Derker /::-, in press2# Especially important as one necessary foundation ability for the evolution of spoken language is a human capacity, uni!ue among primates, for learning how to make, and imitate significant sounds beyond "ust singing social feelings# )8or every word we know how to pronounce and for every song we know how to sing we rely upon a competence that is lacking in other apes, and whose corresponding neural mechanism is, accordingly, a uni!uely derived trait of the genus -omo# The competence in !uestion is the capacity to reproduce b means of the voice that which has been heard b ear# Though a basic prere!uisite for both our singing and our speaking, it is essential for little else in our behaviour# The capacity is technically known as vocal learnin!+) *Derker, in press2# This capacity for vocal imitation is present in a human newborn, but undergoes development on early infancy, and then slowly matures into a talent for imitating and creatively using speech *Trevarthen, ,-4;1 7ller and Eilers, ,--/2# The longitudinal studies of Jugiumut?akis *,--4, ,---2 and =eimann *,--42 agree that the earliest vocal imitations, before . or 9 months, are restricted to open mouth vowels, with little modulation, though Jugiumut?akis has demonstrated they may be imitated as a strings of sounds with control of rhythm and intensity# Even a two(month premature infant can participate in a precisely timed alternation of simple %coo% sounds with an adult, sharing the rhythms of syllables and phrasing as these are retained in mature speech *Man Aees and de @ieuw, ,--.1 Trevarthen et al, ,---1 +chNgler and Trevarthen, /::C1 Trevarthen, /::42# 8igure /H Psychobiological foundations of protoconversation# AH The organs of human communicative epression and sensitivity are elaborated by the early foetal stage, at ;: days, before the central nervous system is active# $H The special visceral efferent nuclei of the brain stem, which regulate eye movements, facial epressions and vocali?ations of an infant, and of an adult, are well(formed in the brain of a 0: day human embryo# CH &n protoconversation with an attentive and sympathetic adult, the brain of an infant a few weeks old, with very immature cerebral corte, can engage in a precisely regulated rhythmic echange of interests and feelings with the adult brain by means of si!ht of head and face movements, with eye(to(eye contact, and hand gestures, hearin! of vocali?ations, and touches between the hands# *Trevarthen, /::,b, /::92# Neurobiolo! of Neonatal Intersubjectivit $rain science shows both developmental and comparative evidence that the human brain is formed prenatally with adaptations at all levels to motivate activity and emotions B it has subcortical or brain stem systems that are homologous with those that mediate communication in reptiles and birds, and these have additional features that are specifically human and that anticipate development of a new comple of communication of mental activity by eye movements, facial epressions and vocali?ations# The subcortical components for power of movement, emotional epression, distribution of attention and %eecutive functioning% are integrated with large neocortical elaborations *Trevarthen, ,-40, /::,b, /::92# An electroengephalographic study has demonstrated that a two(month old infant looking at a photograph of a woman%s face shows activation of asymmetric areas of the prefrontal and parietal corte# These are the areas that in adults are essential forn perceiving the conversational epressions in an other person and for responding with complementary facial, vocal and gestural epressions *T?ourio(Da?oyer et al#, /::/2# This indicates that the cortico(subcortical integrations necessary for learning the codes for intersub"ective communication, including those for language, are already functioning at this early stage in proto(conversation## Dost remarkable, and little studied, is the coupling of human hands with the brain stem motor centres in the functions of hands as self(regulatory and as epressive organs# =uman hands act in collaboration with the special visceral efferent motor nuclei that have evolved beyond their primitive functions as regulators of vital functions of the +elf, such as breathing, eating and seeing, to control epressive movements of eyes, face and voice in communication *Porges, ,--C2# Geonatal hands make many delicate movements in %self(synchrony% with other body movements, face epressions and vocali?ations, and these movements are capable of sympathetic %inter( synchrony%, with the movements of looking and speaking of an adult *Condon and +ander, ,-C91 Trevarthen et al, /::-2# All these innate gestural and vocal epressions ehibit coordination by an %intrinsic motive pulse%, a time sense generated and regulated in the brain *Trevarthen, ,---2, with variations of %vitality dynamics% *+tern, ,-40, ,---2# The communicative power of drama, poetry, dance and music depend on this temporal patterning of movement shared by all of us *+tern, /:,:2# The vocal echanges between a mother and a young infant are found to have measurable parameters of %communicative musicality%H a rhythmic %pulse%, changing %!uality% or epressive intensity of pitch and tone, and capacity to entrain attention and purposeful imagination in %narrative% se!uences of many seconds*Dalloch, ,---2, out of which all elaborated forms of human companionship in action and eperience are constituted# &ntersub"ective motor control of imitation and dialogic echange *Trevarthen, ,-4;2 re!uires that the parameters of epressive movement are well(regulated and simulated in the awareness of others, and among the most pervasive and important of these is the rhythmic pulse characteristic of the vital control of all animate functions and of body movements in particular# This is clear in the %chronobiology% of music *7sborne, /::-2, and from the %musicality% of behaviours in all active human communication and from the sensitivity of infants to the dynamics and epressive modulations of music *Dalloch and Trevarthen, /::-2# Physiognomic form or %shape% of epressions must be perceived etero(ceptively, by sight, hearing or touch# The sense of %pro"icience% or anticipation of effects in every act directed to the outside world *+herrington, ,-:;2 is shown by the searching and self(testing movements of other individuals B seein! the epectant orientation of the head and movements of the eyes and the epressions of the mouth and gestures of the hands, hearin! the form of the mouth in a vowel sound# These forms of epression can be portrayed technically by static images *photos, graphs, phonetic symbols, tet, or pictures of hand signs2, but all naturally occur as momentary states in dynamic se!uences of moving# The changes in direction, rate, intensity and combination are highly significant in communication as epressions of different motives and emotions *+tern, ,-40, ,---1 +tern et al#, ,-401 Trevarthen, ,-4;2, and all these parameters are controlled with precision in the movements of infants# Accurate recording of how movements unfold in time and space reveals that there is a consistent regulation by %motor images% *$ernstein, ,-;C2 and that these can be described with remarkable economy and precision by a mathematical formula discovered by David @ee and called by him the %tauF% function *@ee, /::01 @ee and +chNgler, /::-2# Mariation of form in the family of curves described by the function can be closely compared to epressions of emotion and the feelings they stimulate when epressed in purposeful activities of any kind, and in dance, music, song or poetic speech# Dialo!ues, 0ames and Cooperations1 The 0enesis of Cultural *eanin! The sensitivities and actions of newborn infants are more easily comprehended in the light of developments that follow on through the first year, at the end of which an infant, who has been a willing partner in action games and simple song narratives, is clearly now intrigued by cultural practices and tools, and about ready to learn words *Trevarthen, ,--4, /::9, /::42# The newborn appears to have motives and responses, as well as epressive organs, that are adapted to foster these developments# Dialogues with two(month(olds ehibit the rhythmic steps, affective melodies and narrative envelopes of energy cycles that are the dynamic characteristic of human body movement, thought and language# As the body becomes stronger and more self(supported, infants are more alert, curious and playful# $ut even newborns ehibit the euberance and etravagance of proprio( ceptively regulated agency, or poly(rhythmic sub"ectivity, that is uni!uely characteristic of all humans, and that animates the gesture narratives of musical sound *Trevarthen et al, /::-2# 8rom birth, this spontaneous epressiveness involving the head and body with all the limbs, seeks engagement, altero(ceptively, with the agency of other persons# &n games with others, infants negotiate at the growing borders of shared purposefulness with powerfully epressed emotions of self( and self(other(eperience, and they learn rituals of body movement and of "oint intention with others# $y si months an infant should show a proud performer%s personality, showing off and acting self( conscious *Aeddy, /::41 Trevarthen, ,-4;, ,--41 OOO2# =e or she will be sensitive to the identity, as well as the manners, of any person who attempts to share play, showing a teasing happiness in the company of familiar playmates, shyness with intrusive approach of a stranger, and shame when unable to sustain self(confidence when attempting a familiar performance with someone who does not play their part# *Trevarthen, ,--41 OOO2 At - months the eperience of ob"ects motivated by from individual interest and manipulation, which develops through the middle of the first year with postural control of the trunk and head, full and fleible support of outreaching arms and hands, and guidance by touch, sight and hearing of manipulations by the fingers, ceases to be so self(absorbed# &t becomes open to direction by another person%s intentions and enthusiasm, or their indications of caution or annoyance related to eternal happenings or ob"ects and the shared space of action# This new cooperative awareness of a world in common leads to performance of "oint tasks, which are regulated by compliance with re!uests, indications and instructions, or refusal that is clearly opposed to the other%s intentions# The affective control of these acts can lead to teasing play# $ut games involving ob"ects becomes more serious or %business(like% as cooperation to achieve a goal with help for, or from, another becomes the main interest *Trevarthen and =ubley, ,-C41 =ubley and Trevarthen, ,-C-# 8urthermore, the nature of a task can be inferred by observing another attempting to carry it out, and an observed practice can be remembered *Delt?off, ,-40, ,--02# Cultural habits for use of ob"ects and for performance of technical production or works of imaginative art may re!uire that the performer takes an ob"ective view of the task, or a more deliberate and focused interest in the methods involved# This re!uires a disengagement from sharing of impulses and feelings B a %detachment%# Can a newborn show this detached individual intentionality distinct from the sociable motivation re!uired for a proto( conversation> 7bservations of infants inwardly %contemplative% states of mind suggest that right from birth an infant can have some kind of creative eperience of being alone with the feelings of the body, reflectively eploring the eperience of being a human life, feeling tensions and contacts of moving, touching their own hands and face, looking at their hands move, listening to the effects of movements within their body and when they move outside things# +ome very delicate self( regulations serve essential functions of feeding, of being well supported, to push away hurtful ob"ects# Geonatal sucking seems an instinctive refle, but has been shown to have delicate prospective control *Craig and @ee, ,---2, and can become an instrumental act to regulate eteroceptive eperience *$runer, ,-;42# 7ther movements seem to serve self(awareness only# Geonatal hand movements are investigative, self(stimulatory and regulative for the infant# 'hat has been called Pneo(playQ with touch sensations of moving hands appears to help build a self( awareness, from which an awareness of ob"ects remote from the body may be conceived and their properties eplored and used *Adamson(Dacedo, /::92# And such spontaneous movements can compose episodes within a se!uence of changing states of vitality, comparable with the %narratives% of approimately .: seconds duration identified in protoconversation with a ;(week(old, or in games and songs with older babies *Dalloch, ,---1 Trevarthen, ,---1 Dalloch and Trevarthen, /::-2# A psychobiological perspective on thought suggests that the imaginative mental creation of a plot, a story garnered from eperiences of the past that are reassembled in new ways in the phenomenal present, depends on an internally regulated physiological cycle of energy in living and acting# &t is significant that the time of a proto(narrative, ranging from /: to 9: seconds, corresponds with a poly(vagal cycle of control by the brain of activities of the heart and lungs *Delamont, Kulu and Kamal, ,---1 Trevarthen, ,---2# Dy conclusion is that the proto(cultural intelligence that can be attributed to a one year(old infant, which comes to a rich imaginative ripeness in the net two years, with the intersub"ective intentions and perceptions that it depends on, can be already found in the active agency and sociable awareness of an alert and contented newborn# 'e must respect these intuitive beginnings if we are to comprehend the elaborately representational and rationally regulated minds of speaking humans# These are the motives at the beginning of education that 'hitehead calls %romantic% and that, he claims, must remain active and well(regulated within the child and young adult who is being instructed at later stages in %disciplined% and %generalised% knowledge# Dargaret Donaldson in -uman *inds *Donaldson, ,--/2 has a similar idea of the stages of cultural education, and Derlin Donald%s theory of how the human mind evolved *Donald, /::,2 similarly assumes that a culture of epressive and creative mimesis were necessary for the emergence of language# Infectious mimetic fantasy play, Victor Turner (1982) called it the human seriousness of play, is the driving force of cultural learning in early childhood, and its primary needs are evident in neonatal intersubjectivity. $eferences Adamson(Dacedo, 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