Pr esent at i on Ti t l e Goes Her e

presentation subtitle.
Improved Postharvest Technologies
for reducing postharvest losses and
increasing of farmers incomes form
their rice harvests.
Martin Gummert
Postharvest Section, GQNPC, IRRI
Post Production Workgroup,
Irrigated Rice Research Consortium, IRRC
Contents
Introduction
Postharvest problems and options for better
postharvest management
o Harvesting
o Drying
o Storage
o Milling
o Market information
Lessons learned
Key issues
Problems faced by Asian rice farmers?
Farmers income has been eroded
Farmers are price takers and sell
most at harvest because:
indebtness
poor storage
lack of market knowledge
Rural labor shortage
Little chance to add value
Options to increase rice farmers
incomes
1. Increase crop yields and
reduce production costs
2. Reduce losses especially
in post harvest
3. Reduce cost of
postharvest operations
4. Find higher value
markets
5. Diversify into other crops
Postharvest losses add up
Grain loss
Loss in quality
Farmers dont add value to their rice
Combined losses
Weight: 10-20%
Value: 25-50%
Grain value
IRRIs Postharvest Projects
Postharvest Unit of GQNPC in Los Baos
o Research on principles (hermetic storage), coordination
Postproduction Workgroup of IRRC (SDC funded)
o Phase IV: 2009-2012
o Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam
o Focus on out-scaling postharvest technologies
Reduction of postharvest losses and increasing farmers
incomes (ADB funded)
o Follow-up of ADB/J FPR funded project 2005-2008
o Implementation: 2009-2013
o Cambodia, Vietnam and the Philippines
o Out-scaling PH technologies verified in the ADB/J FPR project
Postproduction Partnerships 2007
ICAPRD
BLSC
PPD NAFRI
NLU
IRRC Members
ADB-IFPR Partners
MRPTA
HUAF
Postharvest trainees
CARDI
SME
BPTP
BPTP
ABC
VIAEP
SIAEP
SSFFMP / BPTP
Marketing Milling Storage Drying Harvesting
Approach for improving postharvest
Postharvest Value Chain
Machine Harvesting Machine Drying Hermetic Storage Rice mill
improvement
Marketing
Assistance
Understanding Quality
Training Policy
Farmers: reduce losses / cost; more participation in the value chain >increased income
Commercial sector: reduce losses / increase quality >increased profit
Policy: food security, poverty reduction, health
Harvesting Problems
Physical losses (2-5%)
o Shattering in field
o Over drying
o Transporting
Quality losses
o Grain Discoloration
o Fungal infestation
Migration leads to labor shortage
in rural areas
o High harvesting cost
(Cambodia up to 75$/ha)
Stripper harvesting
Reduce harvesting cost
Reduce losses
Failed in the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand
Promotion through
ATIAMI in South
Sulawesi (Sulsel)
1997-2001
1994-1996 Initial testing of IRRI
prototype in Indonesia
Manufacturing in Surabaja
In 2005 local production in Sulsel
3 Manufacturers
Chandue: 210 units in 2005
Mechanized harvesting, Cambodia
Manual harvesting
o US$ 75/ha
o Delays
Mini combine
o 1ha/day
o US$ 4,000
o Loss 1-3%
o Cost: US$ 35/ha
Benefit for farmers
o Lower cost
o Timely harvest
o Better quality
o Less losses
Mechanizing Harvesting
Lessons learned
o In areas with labor shortage highly beneficial
o Introduction takes time (4-10 years)
o Some organizations have difficulties to source
technologies abroad (Lao, Myanmar)
Key issues
o Often too little involvement of private sector in
government driven development programs
o Support to manufacturers, after sales services
o Financing
o Do not re-invent the wheel
Drying Problems
Double cropping systems:
o One harvest in the wet
season
o Sun drying often not
feasible
Discoloration,
fungal infestation
Sprouted grain
10-30% reduction in
head rice yield
Traditional drying systems
Over drying in field (1-4%)
Farm level dryers
Vietnamese farm level
dryer (UAF-IRRI-GTZ)
o 1t capacity
o Cost: < $ 150
o 1.000 + sales by 1997
Testing by ATIAMI and
CREMNET failed
o Philippines, Myanmar,
Bangladesh,
Cambodia
o 1kW electric motor
o Investment
o Benefit?
Vietnamese Flat bed dryer
Continuous increase of capacity
o 1t in 70ties
o 4t in mid 80ties
o 8t in late 90ties
o Reversible air-flow in 2002
Status 2007
o 6,000 dryers in Mekong Delta
Farmers benefit
o Safe drying
o Low cost (<5% of paddy value)
o Option for sale of wet paddy
Technology transfer through IRRC
o Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao (2005..)
o Optimization in Indonesia (2006)
Drying Systems Transfer
U
s
e
r
s
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
Source country (Vietnam) Target countries (LAO, MMR, CAM)
Production
know-how
Manufacturing
potential
Cambodia
Farmer processing center
IRRI / NARES facilitated technology transfer process
Lao
Proven commercial options
2007: 40 dryers
installed in Myanmar
Current problems / needs
Tech. assistance
User training
Drying systems training
at NLU, Vietnam
Manufacturing
Testing
System integration
Technology
Participants start local production
Need assessments Technology evaluation
Scientific Principles
Dryer components made by
manufacturers in
Demo,
Promotion,
Training
Rice hull furnace,
NLU, Vietnam
Features
o Automatic feeding and ash
removal
o Clean burning, Low emissions
o No fly ash
o Saves ~ 10l kerosene/t
(CO
2
neutral)
Results
o Low cost (< US$ 3,000 for
dryer, blower, and furnace)
o Saves labor
o Long term monitoring
underway
o Can produce carbonized rice
husk
Commercial furnaces in Vietnam
o Tray Ninh
o Farmers at Cat Tien District
o Nhon Hinh Cooperative
o Hau Thanh Dong Cooperative
Lessons learned
Mechanical dryers have better performance than sun drying
o 10-30% more head rice in mechanical dryers compared to
sun drying (Indonesia, Ramchandra, 2007)
o Sun drying cheapest option
Manufacturers modify on users request
-> negative effect on performance
Successful introduction where research institutions stayed
involved and adapted dryers to users needs
Size and complexity:
o Simple, locally produced dryers get adopted
o Small dryers economically not attractive -> trend towards
bigger dryers -> commercial and contract drying for farmers
o Farmers benefit from better quality, eliminated weather risk,
safe storage (benefits are not very visible)
Dryers, key issues
Local production (local
workshops will copy)
Adaptation (up scaling)
Performance testing
Financing (users)
Storage Problems
Weight loss (3-5%)
Respiration
Consumed by pests
Quality (10-15%)
Spoilage by pests
Yellowing
Head rice
Cooking quality
Farmers seeds
Loss of Germination after a
few months
Hermetic sealed storage systems
5 t Volcani cube
0
6
12
18
0 20 40 60 80
Storage time, days
O
2

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
,

%
Claypot
PVC drum lrg
PVC drum sml
Principle
Special plastic - low oxygen
permeability
Respiration of grains and insect
activity reduce oxygen quickly
Plastic prevents moisture
adsorption
50 kg Super bag
Life insects after 8 months
0
20
40
60
80
Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do J asmin 85 OM 2717
Variety
I
n
s
e
c
t
s

/

k
g
initial
hermetic
control
Effective
control over
time
No
pesticides
needed
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
Germination after 8 months
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do J asmin 85 OM 2717
Variety
G
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
initial
hermetic
control
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
Higher returns in milling
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Tai Nguyen Mot Bui Do J asmin 85 OM 2717
Variety
H
e
a
d

R
i
c
e

Y
i
e
l
d

(
%
)
initial
hermetic
control
8 months of
storage
4 varieties
Hermetic: IRRI
super bags
Control: Woven
PVC bags
Conducted in
2005
Source: Bac Lieu Seed Center, 2006
Other crops: Maize
Myanmar: 5 months of storage with an initial MC of 17% w.b
Source: IRRI-MAS research, Plant Protection Division, Myanmar, 17 May 2005
Conventional bag
Hermetic super bag
Hermetic bag made in Indonesia
(Kantong Semar)
Supplier:
Agri Business
Club J akarta
Cheaper,
minimum order
10,000 pieces
Slightly better
performance
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 7 14 21 28 35
No. of days
O
x
y
g
e
n
,

%
Super bag
Kantong Semar
Source: IRRI, 2005
Farmers benefit, Battambang, Cambodia
Farmers use 80-90% own
seeds
Germination drops quickly
Traditional seed storage:
3 bags @ 70kg
Hermetic storage:
o Germination above 90%
o Seed rate reduced by 1/3
o Additional sale of 70 kg =
US$ 9
o Investment: US$ 2.00
Key issues, hermetic storage
Private sector started to buy hermetic systems
o INO: Seed producers in J ava, PT EffemSouth
Sulawesi
o PHI: Bayer International, local hybrid rice seed
producers
So far no product champion for farmers bags
No dissemination channels to farmers
(minimum order 5,000-6,000 bags)
How to ensure that users get training?
Rice milling (in %)
25 27 17 15 Broken kernels
40 38 46 55 Head rice
65 63 63 70 Milled rice
11 8 11 10 Bran
76 75 74 80 Brown rice
24 24 26 20 Husk
Cambodia Philippines Indonesia
Theoretical
Yield
Source: IRRI
Rice Mill Improvement
Objectives
o Baseline on milling
industry
o Improved quality
o Reduced losses
o Increased incomes
Target groups
o Village rice mills
o Commercial mills
in selected
countries
Farmers processing center, Cambodia
Benefit of drying (higher
quality) realized after
milling (sale of higher
quality milled rice)
Dryer and mill used by
farmers groups
o Less over-milling
o Bran stays with group
o Sale of under-milled
rice to health conscious
markets
Lessons learned and key issues
Lessons learned
o Millers can deliver extension and input to farmers
if they realize the importance of good quality raw
materials (MRPTR, Myanmar)
o Organizing farmers groups is beyond our mandate
o Financing schemes for investment are essential
Key issues
o Networking with millers / millers associations
o Partnerships needed for financing schemes,
assistance to groups
Village market information systems
Village Market, Kabupaten Subang - 2004
1,800
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
2,800
3,000
3,200
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Month
R
i
c
e

p
r
i
c
e
,

R
p
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Extension Service
Info Board
Manager
Village market
Capital market
Decision making:
Where to sell?
When to sell?
What quality to
produce?
ADB / J FPR Postharvest Project
ADB/J FPR 9036: Cambodia and Vietnam
Irrigated Rice Research Consortium
Provincial market
Market info boards
Lessons learned, key issues
Lessons learned
o Farmers need to understand the value of market
info, then they make decision on sales
increasingly based on market information
o Official information often has to be approved
delays
o Farmers participation important
Key issues
o How to institutionalize MIS?
o How to finance it?
Grain Quality Test Kit
Temperature
Moisturecontent
Millingdegree
Headrice,brokens
Dimensions Cracks,Insects Weight Volume
Better understanding of grain quality
Better decision making in post harvest
management
Affordable, for farmer intermediaries and
processors
Lessons learned and key issues
Lessons learned
o Demand for low-cost moisture meter and quality
kit increases (weekly inquiries)
o Local production of MM in Philippines
o Privatizationof quality kit difficult because of
economics of scale, capital requirements for batch
purchase
Key issues
o Support to manufacturers, commercialization
Capacity building from IRRI
1. Hands-on
training
2. Training
materials
o Fact sheets
o Reference
manuals
o Videos
o Included in
RKB
3. E-learning
courses
English
Khmer
(Vietnamese)
Open e-learning prototype
Summary: Key lessons learned
Capacity building most important component for Myanmar, Lao and Cambodia
Farmers benefit from reducing losses, better quality and the ability to sell later
Users need to understand the benefits before they adopt -> extension is
essential but weak in some countries
Locally produced technologies have higher potential for adaptation to local
conditions and therefore sustainable adoption is more likely
Adapt commercially available technologies to local conditions
A technology champion is essential for successful introduction
Involvement of the private sector at an early stage is essential for
commercialization
Most successful were technologies were researchers stayed involved in the
commercialization process and helped manufacturers to make the
modifications users wanted (linear TOT process chain in some countries)
Systems approach: Non technical issues need to be addressed (in
partnership with suitable public and private organizations or projects)
o Training of users, marketing of PH technologies
o Industrial extension for local production and adaptation
o Financing (investment, working capital)
o Advise to policy level
Key questions
How to ensure more participation of farmers and the industry in
technology selection, adaptation and impact assessments?
How to ensure more and earlier private sector participation
o Suppliers: Manufacturers, traders
o Partners: e.g. millers who provide extension
o Financing institutions
Linking of organizations with postharvest mandate
What is the role of the government in postharvest development?
o Supply of equipment through government programs? Or..
o ..generating favorable frame conditions for the local industry to
develop?
o How can we advise the policy level accordingly?
How to ensure sufficient allocation of resources?
Thank You
Major Partners
Agribusiness Club Jakarta, Indonesia
BLSC, Vietnam
BPRE, Philippines
BPTBs in Sumbar, Sulsel, J atim, Sumut, Indonesia
CARDI, Cambodia
CRMA, Cambodia
DISIMP, Indonesia
Grainpro Inc., Philippines
Hue UAF, Vietnam
ICAPRD, Indonesia
ICRR, Indonesia
MAS-PPD, Myanmar
NAFC, Philippines
MMRPTA, Myanmar
NAFRI, Lao PDR
NFA, Philippines
NLU, Vietnam
PDA Battambang and Prey Veng, Cambodia
PhilRice, Philippines
ProRice, Lao PDR
PRPC, Philippines
SIAEP, Vietnam
SSFFMP, Indonesia
UPLB, Philippines
VIAEP, Vietnam
Thank You
Benefits of PH technologies
Higher incomes from better
quality (markets?)
More returns from village mills
Interest conflict with millers
Rice mill
improvement
Higher incomes from: market
oriented production, storage,
production of better quality
Market
information
Higher head rice recovery (~10%) Less losses to pests and humidity,
no deterioration
Hermetic
storage, grains
Safe storage, higher germination,
no pesticide needed
Reduced seed rate, more grain to
sell, better crop establishment
Hermetic
storage, seeds
Income (s.a.)
Better quality (millers)
Safe storage
Insurance (weather risk), increased
value of paddy, safe storage
Mechanized
drying
Income (machine owners,
manufacturers)
Better quality (rice mills)
Reduction of harvesting cost
Physical loss reduction 2-5%
Better quality (no delays)
Mechanized
harvesting
Benefits for commercial
sector
Potential benefit for farmers Operation