Professional Documents
Culture Documents
996007440
APS 510
Quiz 3, October 21, 2012
1
From Table 1 of Jacobsons article various renewable energy sources were listed along with data
about the parameters of the energy sources. The data presented were mostly taken from the year
2007 and 2005. Data in 2011 show that there was rapid growth in the installed capacity of the
renewable energy sector consisting of Solar PV, Wind, and Geothermal. The hydro-electric and
Nuclear displayed a slower or even negative growth compared to 2005 levels. The explanation
for this besides renewable energy being more and more attractive to investors is that the sector
started with a relatively low installed capacity. Therefore any addition to it increases the
percentage more significantly. For example, wind and hydroelectric added 145.8 GW and 112
GW of installed capacity since 2005 yet winds installed capacity increased by 154% and hydro
electrics installed capacity only increased by 14.4%.
Table 1.Installed capacity of various energy sources
Installed Capacity (GW) Increase/decrease from 2007/2005
2011 2007 2005
solar PV 69.3
1
9.56
1
625%
2
Wind 240
1
94.2
1
154%
Geothermal 11
1
9.13
1
20.5 %
Hydroelectric 890
3
778
2
14.4 %
Nuclear 360
1
371
1
-3%
Other sources that should be included are biofuel and natural gas because they have become a
major component of energy resources in recent years. Biofuel is measured by tons oil equivalent
which is converted into kilowatt-hour of energy (Table 2). Natural gas was measured in bcm
(billion cubic meters) and converted into kilowatt-hour of energy (Table 3).
Table 2.Consumption of Biofuel
tons oil equivalent Increase/decrease from 2005
2011 2005
tons equivalent 58,868
1
19,701
1
TWh 0.69
4
0.23 200 %
1
BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012
2
Appendix Sample calculation 1
3
International Hydropower Association, 2012 World Activity Report
4
Appendix Sample calculation 2
Shuliang Sun
996007440
APS 510
Quiz 3, October 21, 2012
2
Table 3.Consumption of Natural gas
Billion cubic meter (bcm) 2011 2005 Increase/decrease from 2005
natural gas 3276.2
1
2770.4
1
TWh 33
5
28.0 17.9 %
Another assumption made in Jacobsons article was that the land area on earth was assumed
to be 135 x 10^6 k
6
. This would increase total area by 7% which should
increase the total available energy by a factor of this amount too.
In table 4 of the article Jacobsons weightings of various non-cash externalities is well
summarized and thought out. Jacobsons non-cash externalities are appropriate from a
global scale but in my opinion individual weights should be applied to different regions and
countries. Because each region of the globe has its distinct characteristics therefore
Jacobsons overarching objective weighting may not be applicable to that particular part of
the globe.
For example, Saudi Arabia is in the Middle East region where resource abundance and
effects on wild life isnt a major issue but water resources, footprint, and spacing is.
Therefore the assigned weight percentage should reflect these concerns by assigning a
lighter weight percentage to
x 100 = 625%
Sample calculation 2. Converting tons oil equivalent to kWh (biofuels)
1 ton oil equivalent (t.o.e.) = 42 GJ
= 11667 kwh / t.o.e.
Year 2011: 58,858 ( t.o.e)
58,868 t.o.e.x 11667 kwh/t.o.e. = 6.868 x
= 6.868 x
= 0.69 Twh
Sample calculation 3. Converting bcm to kwh (natural gas)
1 cubic meter natural gas (cm) = 34.6 38.4 MJ/
1 cm = (
= 10.1
natural gas 2011 2005
Billion cubic meter (bcm) 3276.2 2770.4
TWh 33 28.0
Year 2011: 3276.2 (bcm)
3276.2 bcm *
* 10.1
= 3.3 *
kwh
3.3 *
kwh *
= 33 Twh
Bio fuel 2011 2005
tons equivalent 58,868 19,701
TWh 0.69 0.23
table1.RankingofindividualenergysystemsforCanada
weight(%) WindBEV WindHFC PVBEV CSPBEV GeoBE HydroBWaveBTidalBENucBEVCCSBECornE85CelE85
resrouceabundance 2 2 3 1 4 7 10 6 5 9 8 11 12
CO2e 24 1 3 5 2 4 8 7 6 9 10 12 11
Mortality 24 1 3 5 2 4 8 7 6 10 9 11 12
Footprint 4 1 2 8 9 5 10 4 3 6 7 11 12
Spacing 4 8 9 5 6 2 10 7 1 4 3 11 12
Waterconsumption 2 1 6 5 9 4 11 1 1 7 7 12 10
Effectsonwildlife 10 1 3 5 2 4 8 7 6 9 10 11 12
Thermalpollution 2 1 2 4 8 3 7 6 5 12 11 10 9
WaterChempollution 10 1 3 5 2 4 8 7 6 10 9 12 11
Energysupplydisruption 8 3 4 2 6 7 11 5 1 12 8 9 9
Normaloperatingreliabilit 10 10 1 10 5 6 2 10 9 7 8 3 3
weightedaverage 2.4 3.1 5.3 3.4 4.4 7.9 6.9 5.4 9.1 8.8 10.4 10.4
Overallrank 1 2 5 3 4 8 7 6 10 9 11tie 11tie
table2.Rankingofindividualenergysystemsfor SaudiArabia
weight(%) WindBEV WindHFC PVBEV CSPBEV GeoBE HydroBWaveBTidalBENucBEVCCSBECornE85CelE85
resrouceabundance 3 2 3 1 4 7 10 6 5 9 8 11 12
CO2e 14 1 3 5 2 4 8 7 6 9 10 12 11
Mortality 14 1 3 5 2 4 8 7 6 10 9 11 12
Footprint 12 1 2 8 9 5 10 4 3 6 7 11 12
Spacing 14 8 9 5 6 2 10 7 1 4 3 11 12
Waterconsumption 22 1 6 5 9 4 11 1 1 7 7 12 10
Effectsonwildlife 2 1 3 5 2 4 8 7 6 9 10 11 12
Thermalpollution 2 1 2 4 8 3 7 6 5 12 11 10 9
WaterChempollution 2 1 3 5 2 4 8 7 6 10 9 12 11
Energysupplydisruption 5 3 4 2 6 7 11 5 1 12 8 9 9
Normaloperatingreliabilit 10 10 1 10 5 6 2 10 9 7 8 3 3
weightedaverage 3.0 4.2 5.6 5.6 4.3 8.8 5.5 3.8 7.7 7.5 10.5 10.3
Overallrank 1 3 6tie 6tie 4 10 5 2 9 8 12 11
ShuliangSun
996007440
APS510
Quiz3,October21,2012