Space Launch and Flight Without Rockets (v.3)

Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters 1
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters 2

Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight
By Alexander A. Bolonkin
Dr.Sci., proe!!or o Ru!!ian and A"erican #ni$er!itie!
For"er Senior Re!earcher o NASA
#SA Air Force and Ru!!ian Space %ndu!try
&drat, $.'(
)
To m !i"e #lga Lu$a%ina
*u+li!hing ,ou!e -l!e$ier, London, 2../
'
To m !i"e #lga Lu$a%ina
0ontent!
A$stract
&re"ace
'( Space ele%ator, transport sstem "or space ele%ator and tether sstem )'
2( Ca$le space accelerators 3*+3
3( Circle launcher and space keeper ,3)-
+( #ptimal in"lata$le space to!ers *2.3
,( /inetic space to!ers .'02*
)( 1as tu$e hpersonic launchers '0+3)
*( 2arth34oon ca$le transport sstem '22+*
-( 2arth34ars ca$le transport sstem '2.,,
.( /inetic anti-gra%itator 5Repulsator6 '3,-0
'0( Centri"ugal space launcher ',220-
''( Asteroids as propulsion sstems o" space ships '*022)
'2( 4ulti-re"le7 propulsion sstems "or space and air %ehicles and energ
trans"er "or long distance '-'2,2
'3( 2lectrostatic Solar !ind propulsion 2-'
'.-
'+( 2lectrostatic utili8ation o" asteroids "or space "light 22'.3
',( 2lectrostatic le%itation on 2arth and arti"icial gra%it "or space ships and asteroids 22.3'-
')( 1uided solar sail and energ generator 2+,32,
'*( Radioisotope space sail and electro-generator 2,033)
'-( 2lectrostatic solar sail 2,)3+)
'.( 9tili8ation o" space 23)32
Attachments:
Non-con%entional and non-rocket "light on 2arth
Air ca$le transport and $ridges 3-,
'( Air ca$le transport and $ridges 2*+
2( ;igh speed catapult a%iation 2-.3.-
3( Light multi-re"le7 engine 2..+'2
+( #ptimal tra<ectories o" air and space %ehicles 30-+,+
,( ;igh e""icienc trans"er o" mechanical energ 33.+)3
)(
*( #ptimal Aircra"t Thrust Angles 3+,
-(
121
Appendix 1.
Sstems o" 4echanical and 2lectrical 9nits and other use"ul %alues 3,*+-3
1eneral Re"erences 3,.
1
A+!tract
At present, rockets are used "or launches and "lights into space( The ha%e $een intensi%el de%eloped
since =orld =ar >> !hen the 1erman engineer F( Von ?raun designed the "irst long distance rocket
FA9-2( >n the su$se@uent )0 ears li@uid and solid rockets reached the peak o" their de%elopment(
Their main shortcomings are 5'6 %er high cost o" space launching A20,000 3 ,0,000BkgC 526 large "uel
consumptionC 536 "uel storage pro$lems $ecause the o7idi8er and "uel 5"or e7ampleC o7gen and
hdrogen6 re@uire crogenic temperatures, or the are poisonous su$stances 5"or e7ampleC nitric acid,
N2#36(
>n the past ears the author and other scientists ha%e pu$lished a series o" ne! methods !hich
promise to re%olutioni8e space launching and "light( These include the ca$le accelerator, circle
launcher and space keeper, space ele%ator transport sstem, space to!ers, kinetic to!ers, the gas-tu$e
method, sling rotar method, asteroid emploment, electromagnetic accelerator, tether sstem, Sun and
magnetic sails, solar !ind sail, radioisotope sail, electrostatic space sail, laser $eam, kinetic anti-
gra%itator 5repulsitor6, 2arth34oon or 2arth34ars non-rocket transport sstem, multi-re"lecti%e $eam
propulsion sstem, electrostatic le%itation, etc(
iii
There are ne! ideas in a%iation !hich can $e use"ul "or "lights in planet atmosphere( Some o" these
ha%e the potential to decrease launch costs thousands o" times, other allo! the speed and direction o"
space apparatus to $e changed !ithout the spending o" "uel(
The author summari8es some re%olutionar methods "or scientists, engineers, students, and the pu$lic(
;e seeks attention "rom the pu$lic, engineers, in%entors, scientists "or these inno%ations and he hopes
the media, go%ernment and the large aerospace companies !ill increase research and de%elopment
acti%it in these areas(
/
*reace
The ne! methods are onl proposals( There are a lot o" pro$lems that must $e researched, modeled,
and tested $e"ore these ideas can $e de%eloped, designed, $uilt, and e7plored( 4ost o" ideas are
descri$ed in the "ollo!ing !a: there is a $rie" e7planation o" the idea including its ad%antages and
short comings, then methods estimation and computations o" the main sstem parameters, and a $rie"
description o" pro<ects, including estimations o" the main parameters(
The "irst and third parts are in a popular "orm accessi$le to the !ider pu$lic, the second part is
re@uires some mathematical and scienti"ic kno!ledge o" technical graduate students( The $ook gi%es
the main phsical data and technical e@uations in attachment !hich !ill help researchers, engineers,
students and readers make estimations "or their pro<ects( Also in%entors !ill "ind the e7tensi%e "ield an
in%entions and inno%ations in this $ook(
The author has pu$lished a lot o" ne! ideas and articles a$out non-rocket launches and "lights in
recent ears 5see 1eneral Re"erences at the end o" the $ook6( That is, the !a he seeks to dra! more
attention to ne! ideas than the old ideas that are co%ered in man pu$lications and are !ell-kno!n to
scientist and the pu$lic(
The $ook mainl contains material "rom the authorDs articles pu$lished in the last "e! ears(
3
0hapter 1
Space -le$ator, 4ran!port Sy!te" or Space -le$ator, and
4ether Sy!te"
Su""ary
The chapter $rings together research on the space ele%ator and a ne! transportation sstem "or it(
This transportation sstem uses mechanical energ trans"er and re@uires onl minimal energ so that it
pro%ides a EFree TripF into space( >t uses the rotar energ o" planets( The chapter contains the theor
and results o" computations "or the "ollo!ing pro<ects: '( Transport Sstem "or Space 2le%ator( The
lo! cost pro<ect !ill accommodate '00,000 tourists annuall( 2( Geli%er Sstem "or Free Round Trip
to 4ars 5"or 2000 people annuall6( 3 Free Trips to the 4oon 5"or '0,000 tourists annuall6(
The pro<ects use arti"icial material like nanotu$es and !hiskers that ha%e a ratio o" strength to densit
e@ual to + million meters( At present scienti"ic la$oratories recei%e nanotu$es that ha%e this ratio e@ual
to 20 million meters(
Brie ,i!tory
The concept o" the space ele%ator "irst appeared in '-., !hen a Russian scientist, /onstantin
Tsiolko%sk, considered a to!er that reached a geosnchronous or$it( The to!er !as to $e $uilt "rom
the ground up to an altitude o" 3,,-00 kilometers 5geostationar or$it6( Comments "rom Nikola Tesla
suggest that he ma ha%e also concei%ed such a to!er( ;is notes !ere sent $ehind the >ron Curtain
a"ter his death(
Tsiolko%skHs to!er !ould $e a$le to launch o$<ects into or$it !ithout a rocket( Since the ele%ator
!ould attain or$ital %elocit as it rode up the ca$le, an o$<ect released at the to!erHs top !ould also
ha%e the or$ital %elocit necessar to remain in geosnchronous or$it(
?uilding "rom the ground up, ho!e%er, pro%ed an impossi$le taskC there !as no material in e7istence
!ith enough compressi%e strength to support its o!n !eight under such conditions( >t took until '.,*
"or another Russian scientist, Iuri N( Artsutano%, to concei%e o" a more "easi$le scheme "or $uilding a
space to!er( Artsutano% suggested using a geosnchronous satellite as the $ase "rom !hich to
construct the to!er( ? using a counter!eight, a ca$le !ould $e lo!ered "rom geosnchronous or$it to
the sur"ace o" 2arth !hile the counter!eight !as e7tended "rom the satellite a!a "rom 2arth, keeping
the center o" mass o" the ca$le motionless relati%e to 2arth( Artsutano% pu$lished his idea in the
Sunda supplement o" Komsomolskaya Pravda in '.)0( ;e also proposed tapering the ca$le thickness
so that the tension in the ca$le !as constant3this gi%es a thin ca$le at ground le%el, thickening up
to!ards 12# 5http:BB!!!(li"tport(comB"ilesBArtsutano%J&ra%daJS2(pd"6( An American scientist,
Kerome &earson, designed a tapered cross section that !ould $e $etter suited to $uilding the to!er( The
!eight o" the material needed to $uild the to!er !ould ha%e $een thousands o" tons(
5
>n '.*,$ Arthur C( Clarke introduced the concept o" a space ele%ator to a $roader audience in his
'.*- no%el, The Fountains of Paradise(
Ga%id Smitherman o" NASAB4arshallHs Ad%anced &ro<ects #""ice has compiled plans "or an
ele%ator( ;is pu$lication, LSpace 2le%ators: An Ad%anced 2arth-Space >n"rastructure "or the Ne!
4illenniumL 5http:BB"lightpro<ects(ms"c(nasa(go%B"d02Jele%(html6, is $ased on "indings "rom a space
in"rastructure con"erence held at the 4arshall Space Flight Center in '...(
Space ele%ator proponents are planning competitions "or space ele%ator
technologies 5http:BBmsn$c(msn(comBidB,*.2*'.B6, similar to the Ansari M &ri8e( 2le%ator:
20'0 5http:BB!!!(ele%ator20'0(orgB6 !ill organi8e annual competitions "or clim$ers, ri$$ons and
po!er-$eaming sstems( The Ro$olmpics Space 2le%ator Ri$$on Clim$ing
5http:BBro$olmpics(netBrulesBclim$ing(shtml6 organi8es clim$er-ro$ot $uilding competitions(
Short De!cription
The space ele%ator is a ca$le installation !hich connects the 2arthDs sur"ace to a geostationar 2arth
or$it 512#6 a$o%e the 2arth 3*(*-) km in altitude 5"ig('('6(
Fig. 1.1( Space ele%ator(
The 12# is a 2+-hour or$it and stas o%er the same point a$o%e the e@uator as the 2arth rotates on its
a7is( The installation center o" mass is at or a$o%e this altitude( The space ele%ator has a counter!eight,
!hich allo!s it to ha%e its center o" gra%it at or a$o%e 12#, and clim$ers( #nce sent "ar enough,
clim$ers !ould $e accelerated "urther $ the planetHs rotation( A space ele%ator, also kno!n as a space
$ridge, is one o" the technolog concepts that are aimed at impro%ing access to space( Also called a
geosnchronous or$ital tether, it is one kind o" !kyhook(
2
The e%ator !ould ha%e to $e $uilt o" a "aterial that could endure tremendous !tre!! !hile also $eing
light-!eight, cost-e""ecti%e, and manu"actura$le( A considera$le num$er o" other no%el engineering
pro$lems !ould also ha%e to $e sol%ed to make a space ele%ator practical( TodaHs technology does not
meet these re@uirements(
There are a %ariet o" space ele%ator designs( Almost e%er design includes a $ase station, a ca$le,
clim$ers, and a counter!eight( The $ase station designs tpicall "all into t!o categories: mo$ile and
stationar( 4o$ile stations are tpicall large oceangoing %essels 5"ig( '(26( Stationar plat"orms are
generall positiored in high-altitude locations(
Fig. 1.2( Sea space ele%ator(

The $uilding o" a space ele%ator has t!o main pro$lems: tire need "or material !ith a %er high tensile
stressBspeci"ic densit ratio, and the %er large cost o" installation( ?ut a space ele%ator could $e made
relati%el economicall i" a ca$le !ith a densit similar to graphite, !ith a tensile strength o" around
),3'20 6*a could $e produced in $ulk at a reasona$le price(
? comparison, the strongest steels are no more than , 1&a 5' 1&a N '00 kgBmm
2
N 0(' tonBmm
2
6, $ut
steel is hea%( The much lighter material ke$lar has a tensile strength o" 2() 3 +(' 1&a, !hile 7uart8
"i$er can reach up!ards o" 20 1&aC the tensile strength o" dia"ond "ilaments !ould theoreticall $e
minimall higher(
0ar+on nanotu+e! ha%e a theoretical tensile strength and densit that lie !ell !ithin the desired
range "or space ele%ator structures, $ut the technolog to manu"acture $ulk @uantities and "a$ricate
them into a ca$le has not et $een de%eloped( Theoreticall car$on nanotu$es can ha%e tensile
strengths $eond '20 1&a( 2%en the strongest "i$er made o" nanotu$es is likel to ha%e nota$l less
strength than its components 5303)0 1&a6( Further research on purit and di""erent tpes o" nanotu$es
!ill hope"ull impro%e this %alue(
Note that at present 54arch 200+6, car$on nanotu$es ha%e an appro7imate cost o" A'00Bgram, and 20
million grams !ould $e necessar to "orm e%en a seed ele%ator( This price is decreasing rapidl, and
large-scale production !ould reduce it "urther(
Clim$ers co%er a !ide range o" designs( #n ele%ator designs !hose ca$les are planar ri$$ons, some
ha%e proposed to use pairs o" rollers to hold the ca$le !ith "riction( #ther clim$er designs in%ol%e
magnetic le%itation 5unlikel due to the $ulk track re@uired on the ca$le6(
&o!er is a signi"icant o$stacle "or clim$ers( Some solutions ha%e in%ol%ed nucler po!er, la!er or
"icro9a$e po9er +ea"ing. The are %er comple7, or e7pensi%e, or ha%e %er lo! e""icienc( The
primar po!er methods 5laser and micro!a%e po!er $eaming6 ha%e signi"icant pro$lems !ith $oth
e""icienc and heat dissipation on $oth sides( ?elo! the author o""eres a ca$le transport sstem !hich
is more realistic at the present time(
:
There ha%e $een t!o methods proposed "or dealing !ith the counter!eight needed: a hea% o$<ect,
such as a captured asteroid, positioned <ust $eond geosnchronous or$itC and e7tending the ca$le
itsel" !ell $eond geosnchronous or$it( The latter idea has gained more support, it is simpler and the
long ca$le located out o" 12# 5up to '++,000 km6 ma $e used "or launching paload to other planets(
A space ele%ator could also $e constructed on some o" the other planets, asteroids and moons 54ars,
4oon6( A 4ars space ele%ator could $e much shorter than one on 2arth( 27otic materials might not $e
re@uired to construct such an ele%ator( A lunar tather !ould need to $e %er longOmore than t!ice the
length o" an 2arth ele%ator( >t could also $e made o" e7isting engineering materials(
There are a lot o" pro$lems in the de%elopment and design o" a space ele%ator: corrosion o" ca$le
ca$le, meteroids, micrometeorites and space de$ris, 2arthDs !eather, 2arthDs satellites, "ailure modes
and sa"et issues, sa$otage, %i$rational harmonics, the e%ent o" "ailure, $reaking o" the ca$le, ele%ator
pods, Van Allen ?elts 5radiation region6, political issues, economics pro$lems, etc(
The $uilding o" a space ele%ator in%ol%es li"ting the entire mass o" the ele%ator into geo!ynchronou!
or+it( #ne ca$le is lo!ered do!n!ards to!ards the 2arthHs sur"ace !hile another ca$le is
simultaneousl deploed up!ards( This method re@uires li"ting hundreds or e%en thousands o" tons on
con%entional rocket!, !hich !ould $e %er e7pensi%e( The other !a o" $uilding an ele%ator "rom the
2arthDs sur"ace is o""ered $ the author and presented in this $ook 5see chapter ,, /inetic space
to!ers6(
4ran!port Sy!te" or the Space -le$ator;
This section proposes a ne! method and transportation sstem to "l into space, to the 4oon, 4ars,
and other planets( This transportation sstem uses a mechanical energ trans"er and re@uires onl
minimal energ so that it pro%ides a EFree TripF into space( >t uses the rotar and kinetic energ o"
planets, asteroids, meteorites, comet heads, moons, satellites and other natural space $odies(
This chapter contains the theor and results o" computations "or three pro<ects( The pro<ects use
arti"icial materials like nanotu$es and !hiskers that ha%e a ratio o" tensile strength to densit e@ual to +
million meters( >n the "uture, nanotu$es !ill $e produced that can reach a speci"ic stress up '00
million meters and !ill signi"icantl impro%e the parameters o" suggested pro<ects(
The author is prepared to discuss the pro$lems !ith serious organi8ations that !ant to research and
de%elop these inno%ations(
--------------------
P That part o" the chapter !as presented $ author as paper >AC-02-V(&(0* at the =orld Space
Congress-2002, #ct('0-'., ;ouston, TM, 9SA and pu$lished in JBIS, %ol( ,), No( *B-, 2003, pp( 23'3
2+.(
No"enclature &"etric !y!te"(<
a 3 relati%e cross-section area o" ca$le 5ca$le6C
am 3 relati%e cross-section area o" 4oon ca$le 5ca$le6C
A 3 cross-section area o" ca$le Qm
2
RC
Ao 3 initial 5near planet6 cross-section area o" ca$le Qm
2
RC
C 3 cost o" deli%er ' kgC
Ci 3 primar cost o" installation QARC
D - distance "rom 2arth to 4oon QmR, Dmin N 3,),+00 km, Dmax N +0),*00 kmC
D - speci"ic densit o" the ca$le QkgBm
3
RC
E 3 deli%er energ o" ' kg load mass Q<RC
3 gra%it QmBs
2
RC
o - gra%itation at the R0 QmBs
2
RC "or 2arth o ! .(-' mBs
2
C
1.
m - gra%itation on 4oon sur"ace QmBs
2
RC
F 3 "orce QnRC
" 3 altitude QmRC
" - ca$le tensile stress QnBm
2
RC
"# 3 perigee altitude QmRC
k ! $ 3 ratio o" ca$le tensile stress to densit QnmBkgRC
K ! k$'0
*
3 coe""icient Qmillion metersRC
% 3 annual load QkgRC
n 3 o%erloadC
n 3 num$er o" !orking dasC
&eSe 3 annual emploee salar QARC
m N m2Bm' 3 relati%e apparatus mass( ;ere are m2 is mass o" apparatus, m' is mass o" asteroid QkgRC
' 3 e@uali8er mass QkgRC
'a 3 annual maintenance o" installation QARC
'e 3 "inal mass o" an >nstallation QkgRC
'o 3 load mass deli%ered in one daC
r 3 %aria$leC
( - radius QmRC
(o - radius o" planet QmRC
( - radius o" geosnchronous or$it QmRC
(m - radius o" 4oon QmRC
T - or$it period QhoursR(
v - %olume o" a ca$le Qm
3
RC
) - speed o" space ship around asteroid QmBsRC
)a - initial speed o" asteroid around space ship QmBsRC
)d 3 deli%er speed QkmBsRC
)r 3 ma7imum admitted ca$le speed QmBsRC
)' - circulate speed QmBsRC
)2 - escape speed QmBsRC
) - ship additional speed recei%ed "rom asteroid QmBsRC
* - mass o" a ca$le QkgRC
*r - relati%e mass o" ca$le 5ratio o" ca$le mass to ship mass *s6C
T - or$it period QhoursRC
+ 3 li%e time QearsRC
- tensile strength QNBm
2
RC
- angle speed o" a planet QradBsRC
m - angle speed o" the 4oon QradBsR(
- densit o" ca$le QkgBm
3
RC
%ntroduction
At present, rockets are used to deli%er paloads into space and to change the tra<ector o" space ships
and pro$es( This method is %er e7pensi%e in the re@uirement o" "uel, !hich limits the "easi$ilit o"
space stations, interplanetar space ships, and pro$es( Since '..* the author has proposed a ne!
re%olutionar transport sstem "or 5'6 deli%ering paloads and people into space, 526 accelerating a
space ship "or interplanetar "light, and 536 changing the tra<ector o" space pro$es( This method uses a
mechanical energ trans"er, energ o" mo%ed do!n loads, and the kinetic energ o" planets, o" natural
planet satellites, o" asteroids, o" meteorites and other space $odies( The author has not "ound an analog
11
"or this space mechanical energ trans"er or similar "acilities "or transporting a paload into space in
the literature and patents(
The present method does not re@uire geosnchronous or$it 5!hich is a$sent "rom most planets,
moons, and asteroids !hich ha%e !eak gra%itation6 and instead, uses the kinetic and rotational energ
o" the space $od to modi" the tra<ector and impart additional speed to the arti"icial space apparatus(
The installation has a ca$le transport sstem and counter$alance, !hich is used "or $alancing the
mo%ing load( For this proposal, the ca$le, !hich is used "or launching or modi"ing the speed or
direction o" a space %ehicle or "or connecting to an asteroid, is spooled a"ter use and ma $e used
again(
Brie hi!tory. There are man articles that de%elop a tether method "or a tra<ector change o" space
%ehicles
',2
and there is an older idea o" a space ele%ator 5see re%ie!s
3,+
6( >n the tether method t!o
arti"icial $odies are connected $ ca$le( The main pro$lem !ith this method, !hich re@uires energ "or
increasing the rotation o" the tether sstem 5motori8ed tether
2
6 is ho! to rotate it !ith a "le7i$le ca$le
and !hat to do !ith momentum a"ter launch i" the tether sstem is used again, etc( >" this sstem is
used onl one time, it is !orse than a con%entional rocket $ecause it loses the second $od and
re@uires a large source o" energ(
>n the suggested method, the space %ehicle is connected to a natural $od 5planet, asteroid, moon,
meteorite6( The ship gets energ "rom the natural $od and does not ha%e to deal !ith the natural $od
in the "uture(
>n the older idea, a space ele%ator is connected $et!een a geosnchronous space station and the 2arth
$ a ca$le
+
( This ca$le is used to deli%er a paload to the station( The main pro$lems are the %er large
ca$le !eight and deli%er o" the energ "or mo%ement o" the load container(
>n this suggested transport sstem the load engine is located on the 2arth and trans"ers energ to the
load container and the space station using a %er simple method 5see &ro<ect ', capa$ilit is '00,000
tourists per ear6( The author also "ound and sol%ed the di""erential e@uations o" the ca$le "or an e@ual
stress "or a comple7 2arth34oon gra%itation "ield !hich allo!s the ca$le !eight to $e decreased $
se%eral times(
The main di""erence in the o""ered method is the transport sstem "or the space ele%ator and
the use o" the planet rotational energ "or a "ree trip to another planet, "or e7ample, 4ars 5see pro<ect 2,
capa$ilit is 2000 people annuall6(
>n pro<ect 3 !it in a capa$ilit o" '0,000 tourists per ear, the author suggests the idea o" connecting
the 4oon and the 2arthDs pole $ a load ca$le( ;e sol%es the pro$lem o" trans"ering the energ to the
load container, "inds the ca$le o" e@ual stress, and sho!s a possi$ilit o" this pro<ect in the near "uture(
There are some millions o" asteroids in the Sun sstem( >n pro<ect + the author suggests a !a o"
increasing the maneu%era$ilit o" space apparatus $ some millions o" times $ using asteroid energ(
The authorDs other non-rocket methods are presented in pu$lications listed in the Re"erences
'2322
(
Brie De!cription, 4heory, and 0o"putation o %nno$ation!
The o$<ecti%e o" these inno%ations is to: a6 pro%ide an ine7pensi%e means to tra%el to outer space and
other planets, $6 simpli" space transportation technolog, and c6 eliminate comple7 hard!are( This
goal is o$tained $ ne! space energ trans"er "or long distance, $ using engines located on a planet
5e(g( the 2arth6, the rotational energ o" a planet 5e(g( the 2arth, the 4ars, etc(6, or the kinetic and
rotational energ o" the natural space $odies 5e(g( asteroids, meteorites, comets, planet moons, etc(6(
?elo! is the theor and research "or "our pro<ects, !hich can $e completed in the near "uture(
'( Free trip to Space &*ro=ect 1(
De!cription
12
A proposed centri"ugal space launcher !ith a ca$le transport sstem is sho!n in Fig( '(3( The sstem
includes an e@uali8er 5$alance mass6 located in geosnchronous or$it, an engine located on 2arth, and
the ca$le transport sstem ha%ing three ca$les: a main 5central6 ca$le o" e@ual stress, and t!o transport
ca$les, !hich include a set o" mo$ile ca$le chains connected se@uentiall one to an other $ the rollers(
#ne end o" this set is connected to the e@uali8er, the other end is connected to the planet( Such a
separation is necessar to decrease the !eight o" the transport ca$les, since the stress is %aria$le along
the ca$le( This transport sstem design re@uires a minimum !eight $ecause at e%er local distance the
re@uired amount o" ca$le is onl that o" the diameter "or the local "orce( The load containers are also
connected to the chain( =hen containers come up to the rollers, the mo%e past the rollers and continue
their motion up the ca$le( The entire transport sstem is dri%en $ an con%entional motor located on
the planet( =hen paloads are not $eing deli%ered into space, the sstem ma $e used to trans"er
mechanical energ to the e@uali8er 5load ca$in, the space station6( This mechanical energ ma also $e
con%erted to an other sort energ(

Fig. 1.'a,+( The suggested Space Transport Sstem( Notations: ' 3 Rotar planet 5"or e7ample, the
2arth6C 2 - suggested Space Transport Sstem C 3 - e@uali8er 5counter!eight6C + - roller o"
Transport SstemC , - launch space shipC ) - a return ship a"ter "light C * 3 engine o" Transport
SstemC - 3 elliptic or$it o" tourist %ehiclesC . - 1eosnchronous or$it( a 3 Sstem "or lo!
coe""icient k, - 3 Sstem "or high coe""icient k 5!ithout rollers +6(
The space satellites released $elo! geosnchronous or$it !ill ha%e elliptic or$its and ma $e
connected $ack to the transport sstem a"ter some re%olutions !hen the space ship and ca$le are in the
same position 5Fig( '(36( >" lo! earth or$it satellites use a $rake parachute, the can ha%e their or$it
closed to a circle(
The space pro$es released higher than geosnchronous or$it !ill ha%e a hper$olic or$it, "l to other
planets, and then can connect $ack to the transport sstem !hen the ship returns(
4ost space paloads, like tourists, must $e returned to 2arth( =hen one container is mo%ed up, then
another container is mo%ed do!n( The !ork o" li"ting e@uals the !ork o" descent, e7cept "or a small
1'
loss in the upper and lo!er rollers( The suggested transport sstem lets us "l into space !ithout
e7pending enormous energ( This is the reason !h the method and sstem are named a EFree TripF(
Ge%ices sho!n on "ig( '(+ are used to change the ca$le length 5or chain length6( The middle roller is
sho!n in "ig( '(,(

Fig. 1.1. T!o mechanisms "or changing the rope length in the Transport Sstem 5The are same "or
the space station6( Notations: '' - the rope !hich is connected a7is A,B( This rope can change its
length 5the distance AB6C '2 - additional rollers(

Fig. 1./. Roller o" Space Transport Sstem( Notations: ', 3 roller, ') 3 controlC '* 3 transport sstem
ca$leC '- 3 main ca$le(
>" the ca$le material has a %er high ratio o" sa"e 5admissi$le6 stressBdensit there ma $e one chain
5Fig( '(3$6( The transport sstem then has onl one main ca$le( #ld design 5"ig( '('6 has man
pro$lems, "or e7ample, in the trans"er o" large amounts o" energ to the load ca$in(
4heory and 0o"putation
&in "etric !y!te"(
'( The ca$le o" e@ual stress "or the planet( The "orce acti%e in the ca$le is:

+ +
(
(
(
(
Ad( F d* F A F
0 0
0 0

5'('6
!here
11

1
1
]
1

,
_
0
2
2
0
0 0
(
(
(

. 5'(26
>" !e su$stitute 5'(26 in 5'('6 and "ind the di""erence to the %aria$le upper integral limit, !e o$tain the
di""erential e@uations
d(
(
(
(
dA
A
1
1
]
1

,
_
0
2
2
0 0 0
'
( 5'(36
Solution to e@uation 5'(36 is
1
]
1
6 5
e7p 6 5
0 0
0
( B
A
A
( a
5'(+6
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
'
2
' '
6 5
2
0 0
2
0
2
0
(
(
( (
( r B

,
!here a is the relati%e ca$le area, B5r6 is the !ork o" li"ting ' kg mass(
The computation "or di""erent K!$o$'0
*
is presented in Figs( '(), '(*(
1/

As ou see "or K! 2 the ca$le area changes $ '' times, $ut "or %er high K N 30 onl $ '('.
times(
2( The mass o" the ca$le * and a %olume v can $e calculated $ e@uations

,
_

(
(
(
(
(
(
d(
B
k
F
( * ad(
k
F
ad( A
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
e7p 6 5 ,

( 5'(,6
The results o" the computation o" the ca$le mass "or the load mass o" 3000 kg 5"orce 3000 N6 and
ca$le densit o" '-00 kgBm
3
is presented in Figs( '(-, '(.(
13
3( The li"t "orce o" a mass o" ' kg, !hich is located o%er geosnchronous or$it and has speed ) / )'
is
2
0
0
2
,
_

(
(
(
F

Qkg"BkgmR( 5'()6
15
The result o" this computation is presented in Fig( '('0( 2%er '00 kg o" a mass o" the e@uali8er
gi%es , kg" o" li"t "orce at the altitude '00,000 km(
+( The e@uali8er mass 5counter!eight6 ' "or di""erent radius 5altitudes6 ( and K ma $e computed
"rom the e@uili$rium e@uation and 5'()6:
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
2
0
0
2
0 0
6 5
(
(
(
' F ( a F

,
[ ]
2
0
0
2
0
' 6 5
,
_
(
(
(
( a F
'
( 5'(*6
Results o" this computation are presented on Fig( '(''3'('+( For a li"t "orce o" '0 tons at 2arth 5paload o"
3000 kg6, the e@uali8er mass is ,*0 tons "or K! + and a$out +3, tons "or K!'0 at the altitude '00,000 km(
12
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters 1:
,( >" the $alance ca$in 5load6 to $e mo%ed do!n is a$sent, then the deli%er !ork o" ' kg mass ma $e
computed $ the e@uation

'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
'
2
' '
6 5
2
0 0
2
0
2
0
(
(
( (
( ( E

. 5'(-6
The result o" this computation presented in Fig( '(',(
2.

)( =hen a space %ehicle 5satellite6 is disconnected "rom the transport sstem $e"ore reaching geosnchronous
or$it then an or$it perigee r 5perigee altitude "6 and period time T can $e computed $ the e@uations

0
( r
T
u
u(
r ( r "
2 3)00
6 5
,
2
,
2 B 3
0
+

, 5'(.6
!here u !
2
(
3
$0, 0 ! 3(.-)S'0
'+
(
The result o" this computation is presented in Fig( '('), '('*( =hen this space %ehicle is in a suita$le
position 5a"ter the return "light6, it can $e connected $ack to the transport sstem(
Fig. 1.13( &erigee altitude 5in thousand km6 %ia disconnected 5apogee6 altitude o" a space ship(
21
Fig. 1.15( #r$it period 5in hours6 %ia apogee altitude 5in thousand km6(
*( =hen the space %ehicle is disconnected "rom the transport sstem higher than the geosnchronous
or$it, then the %ehicle speed ), the "irst space speed )', and the second 5escape6 space speed )2 can
$e computed $ "ormulas

' 2
)
'
+'+ ( ' ,
'0 .*) ( '.
, ) )
(
) ( )

( 5'('06
Then the result o" computation are gi%en in Fig( '('-( A$o%e an altitude o" ,0,000 km the space
%ehicle can go into interplanetar or$it( The necessar speed and direction can $e set $ a choice o"
the disconnect point and position sstem in space( Additional speed o%er the escape %elocit ma
reach ) kmBsec( This is more then enough "or a "light to the "ar planets( =hen the space %ehicle
returns it can also choose a point in the transport sstem "or connection(
-( Let us take a small part o" a rotar circle and !rite it e@uili$rium
22

sin 2
2
2
A
(
) A(
(
The ma7imum sa"e ca$le speed o" chains is
K )
r
*
'0
QmBsR ( 5'(''6
Results o" this computation are presented in Fig( '('.(
.( The deli%er cost o" ' kg load is 5Fig( '(206

d
a e e
i
)
' S &
+
C
C
3
'
,
_
+ +
( 5'('26
'0( The increase o" the space installation mass is a geometric progression

( )
( ) [ ]
0 0
0
B ln
B ln
'
' ' '
' '
n
e
+
+
, 5'('36
!here n 3 num$er o" !orking das 5Fig( '(2'6(
''( The planetar parameters used "or computations in all pro<ects are as sho!n in Ta$le '('(
4a+le 1.1
&lanet Radios (0 1ra%itation 0 Angle speed 1eosnchr( (
'0
)
m mBs
2
'0
3)
QradBsR '0
)
m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2arth )(3*- .(-' *2()-, +2(2
4ars 3(3. 3(*2 *'(0) 20(3-
4oon '(*3* '()2 2())2 --(,,
4ran!port !y!te" or Space -le$ator &*ro=ect 1(

That is an e7ample o" an ine7pensi%e transport sstem "or cheap annual deli%er o" '00,000 tourists, or
'2,000 tons o" paload into 2arth or$its, or the deli%er up to 2,000 tourists to 4ars, or the launching
o" up to 2,,00 tons o" paload to other planets(
>ain re!ult! o co"putation
The suggested space transport sstem can $e used "or deli%er o" tourists and paloads to an or$it
around the 2arth, or to space stations ser%ing as a tourist hotel, scienti"ic la$orator, or industrial
"actor, or "or the deli%er o" people and paloads to other planets(
4echnical para"eter!< Let us take the sa"e ca$le stress *200 kgBmm
2
and ca$le densit '-00 kgBm
3
(
This is e@ual to K N +( This is not so great since $ the ear 2000 man la$oratories had made
e7perimental nanotu$es !ith a tensile stress o" 200 1iga3&ascals 520,000 kgBmm
2
6 and a densit o"
'-00 kgBm
3
( The theor o" nanotu$es predicts '00 tonBmm
2
!ith IoungDs modulus o" up to , Tera
&ascalDs 5currentl it is ' Tera &ascal6 and a densit o" -00 kgBm
3
"or S=NTs nanotu$es( This means
that the coe""icient K used in our e@uations and graphs can $e up to '2,(
Assume a ma7imum e@uali8er li"t "orce o" . tons at the 2arthDs sur"ace and di%ide this "orce $et!een
three ca$les: one main and t!o transport ca$les( Then it "ollo!s "rom Fig( '('', that the mass o" the
e@uali8er 5or the space station6 creates a li"t "orce o" . tons at the 2arthDs sur"ace, !hich e@uals ,'-
tons "or K N + 5this is close to the current >nternational Space Station !eight o" +,0 tons6( The
e@uali8er is located o%er a geosnchronous or$it at an altitude o" '00,000 km( Full centri"ugal li"t "orce
o" the e@uali8er 5Fig( '('06 is 3+() tons, $ut 2+() tons o" the e@uali8er are used in support o" the ca$les(
2'

'2( The increase o" the space installation mass is a geometric progression

( )
( ) [ ]
0 0
0
B ln
B ln
'
' ' '
' '
n
e
+
+
, 5'('36
!here n 3 num$er o" !orking das 5Fig( '(2'6(
21

'3( The planetar parameters used "or computations in all pro<ects are as sho!n in Ta$le '('0(
4a+le 1.1
&lanet Radios (0 1ra%itation 0 Angle speed 1eosnchr( (
'0
)
m mBs
2
'0
3)
QradBsR '0
)
m
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2arth )(3*- .(-' *2()-, +2(2
4ars 3(3. 3(*2 *'(0) 20(3-
4oon '(*3* '()2 2())2 --(,,
4ran!port !y!te" or Space -le$ator &*ro=ect 1(
That is an e7ample o" an ine7pensi%e transport sstem "or cheap annual deli%er o" '00,000 tourists, or
'2,000 tons o" paload into 2arth or$its, or the deli%er up to 2,000 tourists to 4ars, or the launching
o" up to 2,,00 tons o" paload to other planets(
>ain re!ult! o co"putation
The suggested space transport sstem can $e used "or deli%er o" tourists and paloads to an or$it
around the 2arth, or to space stations ser%ing as a tourist hotel, scienti"ic la$orator, or industrial
"actor, or "or the deli%er o" people and paloads to other planets(
4echnical para"eter!< Let us take the sa"e ca$le stress *200 kgBmm
2
and ca$le densit '-00 kgBm
3
(
This is e@ual to K N +( This is not so great since $ the ear 2000 man la$oratories had made
e7perimental nanotu$es !ith a tensile stress o" 200 1iga3&ascals 520,000 kgBmm
2
6 and a densit o"
'-00 kgBm
3
( The theor o" nanotu$es predicts '00 tonBmm
2
!ith IoungDs modulus o" up to , Tera
&ascalDs 5currentl it is ' Tera &ascal6 and a densit o" -00 kgBm
3
"or S=NTs nanotu$es( This means
that the coe""icient K used in our e@uations and graphs can $e up to '2,(
Assume a ma7imum e@uali8er li"t "orce o" . tons at the 2arthDs sur"ace and di%ide this "orce $et!een
three ca$les: one main and t!o transport ca$les( Then it "ollo!s "rom Fig( '('', that the mass o" the
e@uali8er 5or the space station6 creates a li"t "orce o" . tons at the 2arthDs sur"ace, !hich e@uals ,'-
tons "or K N + 5this is close to the current >nternational Space Station !eight o" +,0 tons6( The
e@uali8er is located o%er a geosnchronous or$it at an altitude o" '00,000 km( Full centri"ugal li"t "orce
o" the e@uali8er 5Fig( '('06 is 3+() tons, $ut 2+() tons o" the e@uali8er are used in support o" the ca$les(
2/
The transport sstem has three ca$les: one main and t!o in the transport sstem( 2ach ca$le can
support a "orce 5load6 o" 3000 kg"( The main ca$le has a cross-sectional area o" e@ual stress( Then the
ca$le cross-section area is 5see Fig( '()6 A N 0(+2 mm
2
5diameter D N 0(*3 mm6 at the 2arthDs sur"ace,
ma7imum '(+ mm
2
in the middle section 5D N '(33 mm, altitude 3*,000 km6, and A N 0(-2 mm
2
5D N '
mm6 at the e@uali8er( The mass o" main ca$le is 20, tons 5see Fig( '(-6( The chains o" the t!o transport
ca$le loops ha%e gross section areas to e@ual the tensile stress o" the main ca$le at gi%en altitude, and
the capa$ilities are the same as the main ca$le( 2ach o" them can carr 3 tons "orce( The total mass o"
the ca$le is a$out )20 tons( The three ca$les increase the sa"et o" the passengers( >" an one o" the
ca$les $reaks do!n, then the other t!o !ill allo! a sa"e return o" the space %ehicle to 2arth and the
repair o" the transport sstem(
>" the container ca$le is $roken, the pilot uses the main ca$le "or deli%ering people $ack to 2arth( >"
the main ca$le is $roken, then the load container ca$le !ill $e used "or deli%ering a ne! main ca$le to
the e@uali8er( For li"ting non-$alance loads 5"or e7ample, satellites or parts o" ne! space stations,
transport installations, interplanetar ships6, the energ must $e spent in an deli%er method( This
energ can $e calculated "rom e@uation 5'(-65Fig( '(',6( =hen the transport sstem in Fig( '(3 is used,
the engine is located on the 2arth and does not ha%e an energ limitation
''
( 4oreo%er, the transport
sstem in Fig( '(3 can trans"er a po!er o" up to .0,000 k= to the space station "or a ca$le speed o" 3
kmBs( At the present time, the >nternational Space Station has onl )0 k= o" po!er(
Deli$ery capa+ilitie!( For tourist transportation the suggested sstem !orks in the "ollo!ing manner(
The passenger space %ehicle has the "ull mass o" 3 tons 5)))* pounds6 to carr 2, passengers and t!o
pilots( #ne ship mo%es up, the other ship, !hich is returning, mo%es do!nC then the li"t and descent
energies are appro7imatel e@ual( >" the a%erage speed is 3 kmBs then the "irst ship reaches the altitude
o" 2'(, 3 23 thousands km in 2 hours 5acceleration '(. mBs
2
6( At this altitude the ship is separated "rom
the ca$le to "l in an elliptical or$it !ith minimum altitude 200 km and period appro7imatel ) hours
5Figs( '('), '('*6( A"ter one da the ship makes "our re%olutions around the 2arth !hile the ca$le
sstem makes one re%olution, and the ship and ca$le !ill $e in the same place !ith the same speed(
The ship is connected $ack to the transport sstem, mo%es do!n the ca$le and li"ts the ne7t ship( The
or$it ma $e also 3 re%olutions 5period - hours6 or 2 re%olutions 5period '2 hours6( >n one da the
transport sstem can accommodate '2 space ships 5300 tourists6 in $oth directions( This means more
then '00,000 tourists annuall into space(
The sstem can launch paloads into space, and i" the altitude o" disconnection is changed then the
or$it is changed 5see Fig( '('*6( >" a satellite needs a lo! or$it, then it can use the $rike parachute !hen
it "lies through the top o" the atmosphere and it !ill achie%e a near circular or$it( The annual paload
capa$ilit o" the suggested space transport sstem is a$out '2,)00 tons into a geosnchronous or$it(
>" instead o" the e@uali8er the sstem has a space station o" the same mass at an altitude o" '00,000
km and the sstem can has space stations along ca$le and a$o%e geosnchronous or$it then these
stations decrease the mass o" the e@uali8er and ma ser%e as tourist hotels, scienti"ic la$oratories, or
industrial "actories(
>" the space station is located at an altitude o" '00,000 km, then the time o" deli%er !ill $e .(3)
hours "or an a%erage deli%er speed o" 3 kmBs( This means )0 passengers per da or 2',000 people
annuall in space(
Let us assume that e%er person needs +00 kg o" "ood "or a one3ear round trip to 4ars, and 4ars
has the same transport installation 5see ne7t pro<ect6( This means !e can send a$out 2000 people to
4ars annuall at suita$le positions o" 2arth relati%e to 4ars(
-!ti"ation! o in!tallation co!t and production co!t o deli$ery
0o!t o !ugge!ted !pace tran!port in!tallation
,,)
. The current >nternational Space Station has cost
man $illions o" dollars, $ut the suggested space transport sstem can cost a lot less( 4oreo%er, the
23
suggested transport sstem allo!s us to create other transport sstems in a geometric progression Qsee
e@uation 5'('36R( Let us e7amine an e7ample o" the transport sstem(
>nitiall !e create the transport sstem to li"t onl ,0 kg o" load mass to an altitude o" '00,000 km(
9sing the Figs( '() to '('+ !e ha%e "ound that the e@uali8er mass is -(, tons, the ca$le mass is '0(2,
tons and the total mass is a$out '. tons( Let us assume that the deli%er cost o" ' kg mass is A'0,000(
The construction o" the sstem !ill then ha%e a cost o" A'.0 million( Let us assume that ' ton o" ca$le
!ith K N + "rom !hiskers or nanotu$es costs A0(' million then the sstem costs A'(2, million( Let us
put the research and de%elopment 5RTG6 cost o" installation at A2. million( Then the total cost o"
initial installation !ill $e A220 million( A$out .0U o" this sum is the cost o" initial rocket deli%er(
A"ter construction, this initial installation $egins to deli%er the ca$le and e@uali8er or parts o" the
space station into space( The ca$le and e@uali8er capa$ilit increase in a geometric progression( The
installation can use part o" the time "or deli%er o" paload 5satellites6 and sel"-"inancing o" this
pro<ect( A"ter *), !orking das the total mass o" e@uali8er and ca$les reaches the amount a$o%e 5''33
tons6 and the installation can !ork "ull time as a tourist launcher or continue to create ne!
installations( >n the last case this installation and its deri%ati%e installations can $uild '00 additional
installations 5''33 tons6 in onl 30 months Qsee e@uation 5'('36 and Fig( '(2'R !ith a total capa$ilit o"
'0 million tourists per ear( The ne! installations !ill $e separated "rom the mother installations and
mo%ed to other positions around the 2arth( The result o" these installations allo!s the deli%er o"
passengers and paloads "rom one continent to another across space !ith lo! e7penditure o" energ(
Let us estimate the cost o" the initial installation( The installation needs )20 tons o" ca$le( Let us take
the cost o" ca$le as A0(' million per ton( The ca$le cost !ill $e A)2 million( Assume the space station
cost A20 million( The construction time is '+0 das Qe@uation 5'('36R( The cost o" using o" the mother
installation !ithout pro"it is A, millionsBear( >n this case the ne! installation !ill cost A-* million( >n
realit the ne! installation can soon a"ter construction $egin to launch paloads and $ecome sel"-
"inancing(
0o!t o deli$ery

The cost o" deli%er is the most important parameter in the space industr( Let us estimate it "or the "ull
initial installation a$o%e(
As !e calculated earlier the cost o" the initial installation is A220 millions 5"urther construction is
made $ sel"-"inancing6( Assume that installation is used "or 20 ears, ser%ed $ '00 o""icers !ith an
a%erage annual salar o" A,0,000 and maintenance is A' million in ear( >" !e deli%er '00,000 tourists
annuall, the production deli%er cost !ill $e A')0Bperson or A'(2*Bkg o" paload( Some *0U o" this
sum is the cost o" installation, $ut the deli%er cost o" the ne! installations !ill $e cheaper(
>" the price o" a space trip is A'..0, then the pro"it !ill $e A'-3 million annuall( >" the paload
deli%er price is A',Bkg then the pro"it !ill A'-. millions annuall(
The ca$le speed "or K N + is )(32 kmBs Qe@uation 5'(''6, Fig( '('.R( >" a%erage ca$le speed e@uals )
kmBs, then all per"ormance "actors are impro%ed $ a "actor o" t!o times(
>" the reader does not agree !ith this estimation, then e@uations 5'('6 to 5'('36 and Figs( '() to '(2'
are a$le calculation o" the deli%er cost "or other parameters( >n an case the deli%er cost !ill $e
hundreds o" times less than the current rocket po!ered method(
Deli$ery Sy!te" or Free Round 4rip to >ar! &*ro=ect 2(
A method and similar installation 5Figs('(3 to '(,6 can $e used "or ine7pensi%e tra%el to other planets,
"or e7ample, "rom the 2arth to 4ars or the 4oon and $ack 5Fig( '(226( A 4ars space station !ould $e
25
similar to an 2arth space station, $ut the 4ars station !ould !eigh less due to the decreased
gra%itation on 4ars( This method uses the rotar energ o" the planets( For this method, t!o "acilities
are re@uired, one on 2arth and the other on another planet 5e(g( 4ars6( The 2arth accelerates the space
ship to the re@uired speed and direction and then disconnects the ship( The space ship "lies in space
along the de"ined tra<ector to 4ars 5Fig( '(226( #n reaching 4ars the space ship connects to the ca$le
o" the 4ars space transport sstem, then it mo%es do!n to 4ars using the transport sstem(

Fig. 1.22( 9sing the suggested transport sstem "or space "light to 4ars and $ack( Notation:
' 3 2arth, 2 3 4ars, 3 3 space ship, + 3 tra<ector o" space ship to 4ars 5a6 and $ack 5$6(
The in%erse o" the process is used "or the return trip( >" t!o ships are used "or descent and li"ting
paloads 5Fig( '(26, energ !ill onl $e re@uired to o%ercome the small amount o" "riction losses in the
li"t transmission( The !a $ack is the same( The 4ars space ship chooses a ca$le disconnect point !ith
a suita$le speed and direction or a connect3disconnect in a special arri%al3departure port(
4echnical para"eter! o >ar! tran!port !y!te".
2@uations 5'('635'('36 ma $e used "or estimation main parameters o" mars transport sstem( These
computations are presented in Figs( 5'(236 to 5'(2.6( >" !e !ant to accept 2arth space ships o" 3 tons
mass, then the parameters o" the 4ars transport sstem !ill $e K N +, three ca$les, and an e@uali8er
altitude o" ,0,000 km(
2@uali8er mass is .+(* tons( The total ca$le mass is ,' tons( Cross-section area o" one ca$le is 0(',-
mm
2
5diameter D N 0(+, mm6 at 4ars sur"ace, D N 0(, mm at altitude 20,000 km, and D N 0(+* mm at
altitude ,0,000 km(
For construction on 4ars !e need to deli%er onl the ca$les( The e@uali8er can $e made "rom local
4ars material, "or e7ample, stones( Geli%er capa$ilit is a$out '000 tons, or 2000 people annuall.
22

2:
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters '.
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters '1

Free 4rip to >oon &*ro=ect '(
This method ma $e used "or an ine7pensi%e trip to a planetDs moon, i" the moonDs angular speed is
e@ual to the planetDs angular speed, "or e7ample, "rom the 2arth to the 4oon and $ack 5Fig( '(30 to
'(326( The upper end o" the ca$le is connected to the planetDs moon( The lo!er end o" the ca$le is
connected to an aircra"t 5or $uo6, !hich "lies 5i(e( glides or slides6 along the planetDs sur"ace( The
lo!er end ma $e also connected to an 2arth pole( The aircra"t 5or 2arth polar station, or 4oon6 has a
'2
de%ice !hich allo!s the length o" ca$le to $e changed( This de%ice !ould consist o" a spool, motor,
$rake, transmission, and controller( The "acilit could ha%e de%ices "or deli%ering people and paloads
to the 4oon and $ack using the suggested transport sstem( The deli%er de%ices include: containers,
ca$les, motors, $rakes, and controllers( >" the aircra"t is small and the ca$le is strong then the motion
o" the 4oon can $e used to mo%e the airplane( For e7ample, i" the airplane !eighs ', tons and has an
aerodnamic ratio 5the li"t "orce to the drag "orce6 e@ual to ,, a thrust o" 3000 kg !ould $e enough "or
the aircra"t to "l "or in"init !ithout re@uiring an "uel( The aircra"t could use a small engine "or
maneu%era$ilit and temporar landing( >" the planet has an atmosphere 5as the 2arth6 the engine
could $e a tur$ine engine( >" the planet does not ha%e an atmosphere, a rocket engine ma $e used(
>" the suggested transport sstem is used onl "or "ree thrust 5. tons6, the sstem can thrust the three
named supersonic aircra"t or produce up to +0 millions !atts o" energ(
A di""erent "acilit could use a transitional space station located at the 8ero gra%it point $et!een the
planet and the planetDs moon( Fig( '(3' sho!s a sketch o" the temporar landing o" an airplane on the
planet sur"ace( The aircra"t increases the length o" the ca$le, "lies ahead o" the ca$le, and lands on a
planet sur"ace( =hile the planet makes an angle turn 5 1 N 30V, see Fig( '(3'6 the aircra"t can $e on
a planet sur"ace( This time e@uals a$out 2 hours "or the 2arth, !hich !ould $e long enough to load
paload on the aircra"t
(

Fig. 1.'.. The suggested transport sstem "or the 4oon( Notations: ' 3 2arth, 2, - 4oon, 2) 3
suggested 4oon transport sstem, 2*, 2- 3 load ca$ins, 2. 3 aircra"t, 30 3 ca$le control, 32 3
engine(
The 4oonDs tra<ector has an eccentricit 5Fig( '(326( >" the main ca$le is strong enough, the moon
ma used to pull a paload 5space ship, manned ca$in6, $ tra<ector to an altitude o" a$out )0,000
kilometers e%er 2* das( For this case, the length o" the main ca$le "rom the 4oon to the container
does not change and !hen the 4oon increases its distance "rom the 2arth, the 4oon li"ts the space
ship( The paload could land $ack on the planet at an time i" it is allo!ed to slide along the ca$le(
The 4oonDs energ can $e used also "or an ine7pensi%e trip around the 2arth 5Figs( '(30 and '(326 $
ha%ing the moon EdragF an aircra"t around the planet 5using the 4oon as a "ree thrust engine6( The
4oon to!s the aircra"t $ the ca$le at supersonic speed, a$out ++0 mBs 54ach num$er is '(,6(
''

Fig. 1.'1. Temporar landing o" the 4oon aircra"t on the 2arthDs sur"ace "or loading( a3 landing, +3
take-o""(
The 4oonDs tra<ector has an eccentricit 5Fig( '(326( >" the main ca$le is strong enough, the moon
ma used to pull a paload 5space ship, manned ca$in6, $ tra<ector to an altitude o" a$out )0,000
kilometers e%er 2* das( For this case, the length o" the main ca$le "rom the 4oon to the container
does not change and !hen the 4oon increases its distance "rom the 2arth, the 4oon li"ts the space
ship( The paload could land $ack on the planet at an time i" it is allo!ed to slide along the ca$le(
The 4oonDs energ can $e used also "or an ine7pensi%e trip around the 2arth 5Figs( '(30 and '(326 $
ha%ing the moon EdragF an aircra"t around the planet 5using the 4oon as a "ree thrust engine6( The
4oon to!s the aircra"t $ the ca$le at supersonic speed, a$out ++0 mBs 54ach num$er is '(,6(

Fig!. 1.'2. 9sing the 4oonDs elliptical or$it "or a "ree trip in space o" up to *',000 km( Notations: ' 3
2arth, 2, 3 4oon, 2) 3 ca$le "rom 2arth to 4oon, 2* 3 Space Vehicle, 2- 3 limit o" 2arth
atmosphere, 3, 3 4oon or$it, 3) 3 elliptical or$it o" a 4oon %ehicle(
'1
The other more simple design 5!ithout aircra"t6 is sho!n in Fig( *(', chapter *( The ca$le is
connected to on 2arth pole, to a special polar station !hich allo!s to change a length o" ca$le( Near
the pole the ca$le is supported in the atmosphere $ air $alloons and !ings(
4echnical para"eter!
The "ollo!ing are some data "or estimating the main transport sstem parameters "or connecting to the
4oon to pro%ide ine7pensi%e paload trans"er $et!een the 2arth and the 4oon( The sstem has three
ca$les, each o" !hich can keep the "orce at 3 tons( 4aterial o" the ca$le has KN+( All ca$les !ould
ha%e cross-sectional areas o" e@ual stress( The ca$le has a minimal cross-sectional area A0 o" 0(+2 mm
2
5diameter d N 0(*3 mm6 and ma7imum cross-sectional area Am o" '(. mm
2
5d N '(,) mm6( The mass o"
the main ca$le !ould $e '300 tons 5Fig( '(3)6( The total mass o" the main ca$le plus the t!o container
ca$les 5"or deli%ering a mass o" 3000 kg6 e@uals 3.00 tons "or the deli%er transport sstem in Figs(
'(30 to '(33( An ine7pensi%e means o" paload deli%er $et!een the 2arth and the 4oon could thus
$e de%eloped( The elapsed time "or the 4oon trip at a speed o" ) kmBs !ould $e a$out '-(, hours and
the annual deli%er capa$ilit !ould $e '320 tons in $oth directions(
Di!cu!!ion
0a+le *ro+le"!
4ost engineers and scientists think it is impossi$le to de%elop an ine7pensi%e means to or$it to another
planet( T!ent ears ago, the mass o" the re@uired ca$le !ould not allo! this proposal to $e possi$le
"or an additional speed o" more 2,000 mBs "rom one asteroid( ;o!e%er, todaDs industr !idel
produces arti"icial "i$ers that ha%e a tensile strength 33, times more than steel and a densit +3, times
less than steel( There are also e7perimental "i$ers !hich ha%e a tensile strength 303)0 times more than
steel and a densit 2 to + times less than steel( For e7ample, in the $ook Advan0ed Fi-ers and
Com#osites is p( ',-, there is a "i$er CD !ith a tensile strength o" 2 N -000 kgBmm
2
and densit
5speci"ic gra%it6 3 N 3(, gBcm
3
( >" !e take an admitted strength o" *000 kgBmm
2
52 N *S'0
'0
NBm
2
, 3 N
3,00 kgBm
3
6 then the ratio, / N 0(0,S'0
-)
or 2$3 N 20S'0
)
5K N 26( Although 5in '.*)6 the graphite
"i$ers are strong 52$3 N'0S'0
)
6, the are at $est still ten times !eaker than theor predicts(
Steel "i$er has tensile strengths o" ,,000 4&A 5,00 kgBmm
2
6, $ut the theoretic %alue is 22,000 4&a
5'.-*6( &olethlene "i$er has a tensile strength o" 20,000 4&a and the theoretical %alue is 3,,000
4&a 5'.-*6(
The mechanical $eha%ior o" nanotu$es also has pro%ided e7citement $ecause nanotu$es are seen as
the ultimate car$on "i$er, !hich can $e used as rein"orcements in ad%anced composite technolog(
2arl theoretical !ork and recent e7periments on indi%idual nanotu$es 5mostl 4=NTs6 ha%e
con"irmed that nanotu$es are one o" the sti""est materials e%er made( =hereas car$on3car$on co%alent
$onds are one o" the strongest in nature, a structure $ased on a per"ect arrangement o" these $onds
oriented along the a7is o" nanotu$es !ould produce an e7ceedingl strong material( Traditional car$on
"i$ers sho! high strength and sti""ness, $ut "all "ar short o" the theoretical in-plane strength o" graphite
laers 5an order o" magnitude lo!er6( Nanotu$es come close to $eing the $est "i$er that can $e made
"rom graphite structure(
For e7ample, !hiskers made "rom car$on nanotu$es 5CNT6 ha%e a tensile strength o" 200 1iga-
&ascals and IoungDs modulus o" o%er ' Tera &ascal 5'...6( The theor predicts ' Tera &ascal and
Ioung modulus '3, Tera &ascals( The hollo! structure o" nanotu$es makes them %er light 5speci"ic
densit %aries "rom 0(- gBcc "or S=NTs up to '(- gBcc "or 4=NTs, compared to 2(2) gBcc "or graphite
or *(- gBcc "or steel6(
'/
Speci"ic strength 5strengthBdensit6 is important in the design o" our transportation sstem and space
ele%atorC nanotu$es ha%e this %alue at least 2 orders o" magnitude greater than steel( Traditional car$on
"i$ers ha%e a speci"ic strength +0 times greater than steel( =here nanotu$es are made o" graphite
car$on, the ha%e good resistance to chemical attack and ha%e high terminal sta$ilit( #7idation
studies ha%e sho!n that the onset o" o7idation shi"ts $ a$out '00
V
C higher temperatures in nanotu$es
compared to high modulus graphite "i$ers( >n %acuums or reducing atmospheres, nanotu$es structures
!ill $e sta$le at an practical ser%ice temperature( Nanotu$es ha%e e7cellent conducti%it like copper(
The price "or the SiC !hiskers produced $ Car$orundun Co( !ith N 20,).0 4&a, N 3(22 gBcc
!as A++0Bkg in '.-.( 4edicine, the en%ironment, space, a%iation, machine-$uilding, and the computer
industr need cheap nanotu$es( Some American companies plan to produce nanotu$es in 233 ears(
?elo! the author pro%ides a $rie" o%er%ie! o" the annual research in"ormation 520006 regarding the
proposed e7perimental test "i$ers(
Data that can +e u!ed or co"putation
Let us consider the "ollo!ing e7perimental and industrial "i$ers, !hiskers, and nanotu$es:
'( 27perimental nanotu$es CNT 5car$on nanotu$es6 ha%e a tensile strength o" 200 1iga-&ascals
520,000 kgBmm
2
6, IoungDs modulus is o%er ' Tera &ascal, speci"ic densit N'-00 kgBm
3
5'(- gBcc6
5ear 20006(
For sa"et "actor n N 2(+, N -300 kgBmm
2
N -(3S'0
'0
NBm
2
, N'-00 kgBm
3
, 5$6N+)S'0
)
, K N
+()( The S=NTs nanotu$es ha%e a densit o" 0(- gBcc, and 4=NTs ha%e a densit o" '(- gBcc(
9n"ortunatel, the nanotu$es are %er e7pensi%e at the present time 5'..+6(
2( For !hiskers CD N -000 kgBmm
2
, N 3,00 kgBm
3
5'.-.6 Qp(',-R
*
(
3( For industrial "i$ers N ,00 3 )00 kgBmm
2
, N '-00 kgBm
3
, N 2,*-S'0
)
, K N 0(2*- 3 0(333,
Figures "or some other e7perimental !hiskers and industrial "i$ers are gi%e in Ta$le '(2(
4a+le 1.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4aterial Tensile GensitFi$ers 4&a Gensit
strength gBcc gBcc
=hiskers kgBmm
2

Al?'2 2),0 2() WC---0, )200 '(.,
? 2,00 2(3 T4. )000 '(*.
?+C 2-00 2(, Thorael ,),0 '(-'
Ti?2 33*0 +(, Allien ' ,-00 '(,)
SiC '3-03+'+0 3(22 Allien 2 3000 0(.*
See Re"erences
*, -, ., '0
(
0onclu!ion!
The ne! materials make the suggested transport sstem and pro<ects highl realistic "or a "ree trip to
outer space !ithout e7pention o" energ( The same idea !as used in the research and calculation o"
other re%olutionar inno%ations such as launches into space !ithout rockets 5not space ele%ator, not
gun6C cheap deli%er o" loads "rom one continent to another across spaceC cheap deli%er o" "uel gas
o%er long distances !ithout steel tu$es and damage to the en%ironmentC lo! cost deli%er o" large load
"lo!s across sea streams and mountains !ithout $ridges or under!ater tunnels Q1i$raltar, 2nglish
Channel, ?ering Stream 59SA3Russia6, Russia3Sakhalin3Kapan, etc(RC ne! economical transportation
sstemsC o$taining ine7pensi%e energ "rom air streams at high altitudesC etc( some o" these are in
re"erence
'232'
(
The author has de%eloped inno%ations, estimations, and computations "or the a$o%e mentioned
pro$lems( 2%en though these pro<ects seem impossi$le "or the current technolog, the author is
'3
prepared to discuss the pro<ect details !ith serious organi8ations that ha%e similar research and
de%elopment goals(
&atent Applications are 0.B*-.,.,. o" 02B23B0'C 0.B-*3,.-, o" )B+B0'C 0.B-.3,0)0 o" )B2-B0'C
0.B.+),+.* o" .B)B0'C 0.B.*+,)*0 o" '0B''B0'C 0.B.*-,,0* o" '0B'-B0', 9SA(
4ether !y!te"

>n a tether sstem t!o arti"icial $odies are connected $ a ca$le( The sstem rotates around its common
a7is and the 2arth( This section contains a $rie" description o" the idea o" a tether sstem( The reader
can "ind details in the Tethers in Space ;and$ook
'
and special researches made in this area(
Short de!cription. A space tether is a long ca$le used to couple masses to each other or to other
spacecra"t, such as a spent $ooster rocket o" a space station 5Fig( '(336( Space tethers are usuall made
o" strong ca$le( The tether can pro%ide a mechanical connection $et!een t!o space o$<ects that
ena$les the trans"er o" energ and momentum "rom one o$<ect to the other( The can $e used to
pro%ide space propulsion !ithout consuming propellant( Conducti%e space tethers can interact !ith the
2arthHs magnetic "ield and ionospheric plasma to generate thrust or drag "orces !ithout e7pending
rocket "uel(
4ether propul!ion uses long, strong strings 5kno!n as tethers6 to change the or$its o" !pacecrat(
Fig. 1.''( Tether sstem(
Space tethers can also pro%ide the applications as then allo! momentum and energ to $e trans"erred
$et!een o$<ects in space( For e7ample, the tether sstem ena$les spacecra"t to $e thro!n "rom one
or$it to another( 2lectrodnamic tethers interact !ith the 2arthHs magnetosphere to generate po!er or
propulsion !ithout consuming propellant(
4ost current tether designs use crstalline plastics such as Spectra( A possi$le "uture material !ould
$e car$on nanotu$es, !hich ha%e theoretical strengths up to '00 1&a(
There are "our potential !as to use tethers "or propulsion(
1. 4idal !ta+ili8ation or altitude control( The tether has a small mass on one end, and a satellite on
the other( Tidal "orces stretch the tether $et!een the t!o masses, sta$ili8ing the satellite( >ts long
dimension is al!as oriented to!ards the planet( Some o" the earliest satellites !ere sta$ili8ed this
!a, or used mass distri$ution to achie%e tidal sta$ili8ation( This is a simple "orm o" sta$ili8ation that
'5
uses no electronics, rockets or "uel( A small $ottle o" "luid must $e mounted in the spacecra"t to damp
%i$rations(
2. -lectrodyna"ic tether!. An electrodnamic tether conducts current in order to act against a
planetar magnetic "ield( >tHs a simpli"ied, %er lo!-$udget magnetic sail( The tether inducts the 2arthHs
magnetic "ield electric "orce to use as po!er and produce su$stantial !ork( =hen a conducti%e tether is
trailed in a planetar or solar magnetosphere 5magnetic "ield6, it generates a current, and there$ slo!s
the spacecra"t into a lo!er or$it( The tetherHs end can $e le"t $are( This is su""icient to make contact
!ith the ionosphere and allo! a current to "lo!( A circuit in electrodnamic tethers can $e used as a
phantom loop, !ith a cathode tu$es placed at the ends o" the tethers( A dou$le-ended cathode tu$e
tether !ill allo! alternating currents(
A similar concept !as used in the 9irele!! tran!"i!!ion o energy(
2lectrodnamic tethers $uild up %i$rations "rom %ariations in magnetic and electric "ields( #ne plan
to control these is to %ar the tether current to oppose the %i$rations( >n simulations, this keeps the
tether together( ? channelling direct current through a tether, the spaceship can $e mo%ed into a
higher or$it(
'2
'. Roto$ator!. A roto%ator is a rotating tether( A spacecra"t in one or$it a<igns !ith the end o" the
tether, latching onto it and $eing accelerated $ its rotation( This is not "reeC the tetherHs angular
"o"entu" changes( The separate later, !hen the spacecra"tHs %elocit has $een changed $ the
roto%ator( Roto%ators could theoreticall open up ine7pensi%e transportation throughout the !olar
!y!te", as long as the net mass "lo! !as to!ard the Sun( #n airless planets 5such as the 4oon6,
a roto%ator in a polar or$it !ould pro%ide cheap sur"ace transport as !ell(
A roto%ator can $e an electrodnamic tether in a planetar magnetic "ield( >ts angular momentum can
$e charged electricall "rom solar or nuclear po!er, $ running current through a !ire that goes
the length o" the tether( =hen the tether turns o%er, the direction o" current must re%erse to act
against the magnetic "ield( 9ltimatel, such a tether pushes agains the angular momentum o" the
planet(
Roto%ators can also $e charged $ momentum e7change( 4omentum charging uses the rota%ator to
mo%e mass "rom a place thatHs higher in the gra%it !ell to a place that is lo!er in the gra%it
!ell( The energ "rom the "alling !eight speeds up the rotation o" the rota%ator( For e7ample, it
is possi$le to use a sstem o" t!o or three roto%ators to implement trade $et!een the 4oon and
2arth( The roto%ators are charged $ lunar mass 5dirt, i" imports are not a%aila$le6 dumped on
2arth, and use the momentum so gained to $oost 2arth goods $ack to the 4oon(
A rota%ator can pick up a mo%ing %ehicle and sling it into or$it( For e7ample, a rota%ator could pick
up a 4ach-'2 aircra"t "rom the upper atmosphere o" the 2arth, and mo%e it into or$it !ithout
using rockets( >t could like!ise catch such aircra"t, and lo!er them into atmospheric "light( An
important practical modi"ication o" a roto%ator !ould $e to add se%eral latch points, to achie%e
di""erent momentum trans"ers( This is a %er %alua$le option, gi%en that such per"ormance
other!ise re@uires e7tremel e7otic spacecra"t propulsion sstems(
1. Space ele$ator! 5$eanstalks6 ma $e considered as a special case !hen the tether sstem is a
roto%ator po!ered $ the spin o" a planet( For e7ample, on 2arth, a $eanstalk !ould go "rom the
e@uator to geosnchronous or$it(
/. *ro+le"!. Simple tethers are @uickl cut $ micrometeoroids( The li"etime o" a one-strand tether
in space is on the order o" , hours "or a length o" '0 km( Se%eral sstems ha%e $een proposed to
correct this( The 9(S( Na%al Research La$ has success"ull "lo!n a longterm tether that used %er
"lu"" arn( This is reported to remain uncut se%eral ears a"ter deploment( Another proposal is to use
tape or cloth(
Roto%ators are currentl limited $ the strengths o" a%aila$le materials( The ultra-high strength plastic
"i$ers 5/e%lar and Spectra6 permit roto%ators to pluck masses "rom the sur"ace o" the 4oon and 4ars(
Roto%ators made "rom these materials cannot li"t masses "rom the sur"ace o" the 2arth( Tethers ha%e
man modes o" %i$ration, and these can $uild to cause stresses so high that the tether $reaks(
4echanical tether-handling e@uipment is o"ten surprisingl hea%, !ith comple7 controls to damp
%i$rations( 2lectrodnamic tethers can $e sta$ili8ed $ reducing their current !hen it !ould "eed the
oscillations, and increasing it !hen it opposes oscillations(
':
9ne7pected electrostatic discharges ha%e cut tethers, damaged electronics, and !elded tether3
handling machiner(
(eferen0es for Cha#ter 45
'( 2dited $ Cosmo 4(L( and Loren8ini 2(C(( Tethers in S#a0e "and-ook( 3rd 2dition( Smithsonian
Astrophsical #$ser%ator( Gecem$er, '..*(
2( Xiegler S(=(and Cartmell 4(&(, E9sing 4otori8ed Tethers "or &aload #r$ital Trans"erF, Journal of
S#a0e0raft and (o0kets, Vol(3-, No ), 200'(
3( 2d!ards, ?radle C(, EGesign and Geploment o" Space 2le%atorF( A0ta Astronauti0a, Vol( +*, No(
'0, pp( *3,3*++, 2000(
+( Smitherman G(V( Kr(, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2.(
,( &almer 4(R(, EA re%olution in Access to Space Through Spino""s o" SG> TechnologF, IEEE
Transa0tions on 'aneti0s, Vol( 2*, No( ', Kanuar '..', pp(''320(
)( &almer 4(R(, E2conomics and Technolog >ssues "or 1un Launch to SpaceF, S#a0e Te0hnoloy,
'..), part 3, pp( ).*3*02(
*( 1alasso F(S(, Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osite, 1ordon and ?ranch Science &u$lisher, '.-.(
-( Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers, Dire0tory, '..,(
.( Con0ise En0y0lo#edia of Polymer S0ien0e and Enineerin, 2d( K(>( /rosch!it8, '..0(
'0( Gresselhous 4(S(, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, 2000(
''( Anderson, K(G(, "y#ersoni0 and "ih Tem#erature 6as Dynami0s, 4cCro!-;ill ?ook Co(, '.-.(
'2( ?olonkin, A(A(, ;personic 1as-Rocket Launch Sstem(, A>AA-2002-3.2*, 3-th
A>AABAS42BSA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$it, *-'0 Kul 2002( >ndianapolis,
>N, 9SA(
'3( ?olonkin, A(A( >ne7pensi%e Ca$le Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilit, >AC-02-V(&(0*,
,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct
2002( ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
'+( ?olonkin, A(A, ENon-Rocket 4issile Rope LauncherF, >AC-02->AA(S(&('+, ,3rd >nternational
Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002( ;ouston, Te7as(
',( ?olonkin, A(A(, E;personic Launch Sstem o" Capa$ilit up ,00 tons per da and Geli%er Cost
A' per l$F( >AC-02-S(&(',, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3
2002, '03'. #ct 2002( ;ouston, Te7as(
')( ?olonkin, A(A(, E2mploment Asteroids "or 4o%ement o" Space Ship and &ro$esF( >AC-02-S()(0+,
,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002(
;ouston, Te7as(
'*( ?olonkin, A(A(, ENon-Rocket Space Rope Launcher "or &eopleF, >AC-02-V(&(0), ,3rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston,
Te7as(
'-( ?olonkin, A(A(, E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers o" ;igh ;eightF( C#S&AR 02-A-0222-,
3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6, The =orld Space
Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002( ;ouston, Te7as(
'.( ?olonkin, A(A(, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(3-F3(3-0032-02,
02-A-0222), 3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6( The =orld
Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002( ;ouston, Te7as(
20, ?olonkin, A(A(, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4ars Transport SstemF, C#S&AR 02-A-0222+, 3+th
Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6( The =orld Space Congress 3
2002, '03'. #ct 2002( ;ouston, Te7as(
1.
2'( ?olonkin, A(A(, ETransport Sstem "or deli%er Tourists at Altitude '+0 kmF( >AC-02->AA('(3(03,
,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002(
;ouston, Te7as(
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23'32+.(

See Re"erences
*, -( ., '0
(
0hapter 2
0a+le Space Accelerator;
Su""ary
A method and "acilities "or deli%ering paload and people into outer space are presented( This method
uses, in general, engines and a ca$le located on a planetar sur"ace( The installation consists o" a space
apparatus, po!er dri%e stations located along the tra<ector o" the apparatus, the ca$le connected to the
apparatus and to the po!er stations, and a sstem "or suspending the ca$le( The dri%e stations
accelerate the apparatus up to hpersonic speed(
The estimations and computations sho! the possi$ilit o" making these pro<ects a realit in a short
period o" time 5t!o pro<ect e7amples are gi%en: a launcher "or tourists and a launcher "or paloads6(
The launch !ill $e %er cheap at a pro<ected cost o" A'3A, per pound( The ca$le is made "rom cheap
arti"icial "i$er !idel produced $ modern industr(
----------------
PThis chapter !as presented as ?olonkinDs papers >AC-02-V(&(0), >AC-02-S(&('+ at =orld Space Congress-
2002, #ct( '03'., ;ouston, TM, 9SA, and as %ariant No( -0,* at smposium EThe Ne7t '00 earsF, '+3'* Kul
2003, Gaton, #hio, 9SA(
1. %ntroduction
At present, rockets are used to carr people and paloads into space, or to deli%er $om$s o%er long
distances( This method is %er e7pensi%e, and re@uires a !ell-de%eloped industr, high technolog,
e7pensi%e "uel, and comple7 de%ices
'
(
#ther than rockets, methods to reach the space %elocities are the space ele%ator
2
, the hpersonic tu$e
air rocket
3
and the electromagnetic sstem
+
( Se%eral ne! non-rockets methods !ere also proposed $
author at the =orld Space Congress-2002, ;ouston, 9SA, '03'. #cto$er 2002(
The space ele%ator re@uires %er strong nanotu$es, as !ell as rockets and high technolog "or the
initial de%elopment( The tu$e air rocket and non-rocket sstems re@uire more detailed research( The
electromagnetic transport sstem, suggested $ 4ino%ich, is not realistic at the present time( >t
re@uires a %acuum underground tunnel ',30 kilometers long located at a depth o" +0 kilometers( The
11
pro<ect re@uires a po!er cooling sstem 5$ecause the temperature is %er high at this depth6, a comple7
po!er electromagnetic sstem, and a huge impulse o" energ !hich is greater than the energ o" all the
electric generating stations on 2arth(
This chapter suggests a %er simple and ine7pensi%e method and installation "or launching into
space(
This is a ne! re%olutionar space launcher sstem "or deli%ering hpersonic speeds( This method
uses the straight ca$le launcher, intermediate po!er 5dri%e6 stations, an con%entional engines
5mechanical, electrical, gas tur$ines6, and "l!heels 5as storage energ6 located on the ground( A"ter
completing an e7hausti%e literature and patent search, the author cannot "ind the same space method or
similar "acilities mentioned else!here(
The distinguishing "eatures o" the gi%en research in comparison !ith that pre%iousl descri$ed
,
is the
installation design 5single ca$le and short distance $et!een dri%e stations6 that allo!s the use o" the
cheap arti"icial "i$er !idel produced $ current industr(
2. De!cription o Sugge!ted Launcher
Brie De!cription. The installation includes 5see notations in Fig( 2('6: a ca$leC po!er dri%e stationsC
!inged space apparatus 5space ship, missile, pro$e, pro<ectile and so on6C con%entional engines and
"l!heelsC and a launching area 5airdrome6( ?et!een dri%e stations the ca$le is supported $ columns(
The columns can also hold additional ca$les "or "uture launches and a deli%er sstem "or used ca$le(

Fig. 2.1. a( Launcher "or a cre!ed space ship !ith single ca$le( Notation: ' 3 ca$le contains 3 parts:
main part, outlet part, and directi%e partC 2 3 po!er dri%e stationC 3 3 ca$le support columnsC +
3 !inged space apparatus 5space ship, missile, pro$e, pro<ectile and so on6C , 3 tra<ector o"
space apparatusC ) 3 engine( $( A "i7ed slope small launcher "or pro<ectiles(
The installation !orks in the "ollo!ing !a( All dri%e station start to run( The "irst po!er station
pulls the ca$le, ', connected to the !inged space apparatus( The apparatus takes o"" "rom the start area
and "lies !ith acceleration along tra<ector ,( =hen the apparatus reaches the "irst dri%e station, this
dri%e station disconnects "rom the ca$le and the ne7t dri%e station continues the apparatus acceleration,
and so on( At the end o" the distance, the !inged apparatus has reached hpersonic speed, disconnects
"rom the ca$le, changes the hori8ontal acceleration into %ertical acceleration 5!hile it is "ling in the
atmosphere6 and lea%es the 2arthDs atmosphere(
( The po!er stations contains the engines( The engine can $e an tpe, "or e7ample, gas tur$ines, or
electrical or mechanical motors( The po!er dri%e station has also an energ storage sstem 5"l!heel
accumulator o" energ6, a tpe transmission and a clutch( The installation can also ha%e a slope and
launch a pro<ectile at an angle to hori8on 5Fig( 2('$6(
12
The ca$le includes three parts 5Fig( 2(26: directi%e part, inlet part, and main 5pull6 part( The lengths o"
the inlet and main parts e@ual the distance $et!een dri%e stations, the directi%e part controls onl itsel"(
>t directs the inlet part to the dri%e stations( >ts length e@uals the "ull acceleration distance minus the
inlet and pull parts( This design allo!s the use the current "i$ers and minimi8es the ca$le mass and
energ(

Fig. 2.2. #ptimal ca$le cross-sectional area along the launch distance(
The ca$les are made "rom light strong material such as arti"icial "i$ers, "ilaments, !hiskers, and
nanotu$es( The $etter the ca$le properties the less the installation re@uires in terms o" the dri%e
stations, ca$le mass and energ(
The rollers are made "rom strong matter such as a composite material(
Ad$antage!( The suggested launch ca$le sstem has $ig ad%ances in comparison !ith current rocket
sstems:
'( The ca$le launcher is cheaper $ se%eral times than the modern rocket launch sstem( No
e7pensi%e rockets are needed(
2( The ca$le launcher decreases the deli%er cost $ some thousand times 5up to A'3A2 per pound6(
3( The ca$le launcher can $e made in one ear( 4odern rocket launch sstems re@uires some ears "or
de%elopment, design, and $uilding(
+( The ca$le launcher does not re@uire high technolog and can $e made $ an non-industrial
countr(
,( Rocket "uel is e7pensi%e( The ca$le launcher can use the cheapest sources o" energ such as !ind,
!ater, or nuclear po!er, or the cheapest "uels such as gas, coal, peat, etc(, $ecause the engine is
located on the 2arthDs sur"ace( The "l!heels ma $e used as an accumulator o" energ(
)( >t is not necessar to ha%e highl @uali"ied personnel such as rocket specialists !ith high salaries(
*( The "are "or the space tourists is small(
-( There is no pollution o" the atmosphere "rom to7ic rocket gas(
.( Thousands o" tons o" use"ul loads can $e launched annuall(
'( 0a+le di!cu!!ing. The reader can "ind the ca$le discussing in Chapter ' and ca$le characteristics
in Re"erences
,3.
( >n our pro<ects !e use onl cheap arti"icial "i$ers !idel produced $ present
industr(
'. 4heory o the 0a+le Launcher
For"ula! or -!ti"ation and 0o"putation &in "etric !y!te"(
?elo! are a !ell-kno!n "ormula "rom phsics and "ormulas de%eloped $ the author( These "ormulas
can $e used "or calculation o" the di""erent %ariants(
'( Relati$e cro!!-!ection area, S , and !eight o" an optimal ca$le o" an e@ual 5constant6 stress can $e
"ound as a solution o" the di""erential e@uation o" local $alance o" inertia "orce, F, and ca$le stress "orce(
a6 For the main part o" the ca$le the relati%e cross-section area is
1'
, '0 , ' e7p , , e7p
, , ln , ,
*
0
0
'
'
0
' 0 '
'
'
' ' ' '
'
0
1
]
1

,
_
K
% n
m *
nm
S
% n
S
S
S or
d% S *
n
S d%
n
S
dS
dS d% S n ndm dF
%
% S
S
52('6
!here S' is the cross-section ca$le area o" main part Qm
2
RC So is the cross-section area o" ca$le near
the ship Qm
2
RC n is the o%erloadC N .(-' mBs
2
is gra%itC is the tensile stress QNBm
2
RC is the
speci"ic densit QkgBm
3
RC % is the distance $et!een po!er stations QmRC m is the mass o" apparatus
QkgRC m' is the mass o" the main ca$le part QkgRC * is the ca$le !eight QkgRC K is the stress
coe""icient( The result o" the computation is sho!n in Figs( 2(3 to 2(*(
Fig. 2.'( Relati%e ca$le cross-sectional area %ersus the distance $et!een dri%e stations "or stress
coe""icient K N 0('30(, 5K N '0
3*
B6 and o%erload 3g(

11
Fig. 2.1( Ca$le mass %ersus distance $et!een dri%e stations "or K N 0('30(,, o%erload 3g, space ship
mass ', tons(

Fig. 2./( Relati%e ca$le cross-sectional area %ersus distance $et!een dri%e station "or K N '3,,
o%erload 3g( A high stress coe""icient allo!s a decrease in the dri%e station distance 5compare
!ith Fig( 2(36(

Fig. 2.3( Relati%e ca$le cross-sectional area %ersus the distance $et!een dri%e stations "or stress
coe""icient K N 0('30(, 5K N '0
3*
B6 and o%erload 2)*g, pro<ectile mass '00 kg(
1/
Fig. 2. 5( Ca$le mass %ersus distance $et!een dri%e stations "or K N 0('30(3, o%erload 2)*g, and
apparatus mass '00 kg(
$6 For the inlet part o" the ca$le the noted %alues are
( )
1
]
1
,
_

,
_
+
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
1
]
1

1
]
1
1
]
1
' e7p e7p , e7p ' e7p

, , ,
, e7p ' e7p , e7p
'
'
'
0
'
0
2
2
0
2
2
2 0
' 2 ' 0 2 2
'
% n
n
%
% n
S *
n % n
S
S
S
or d% S *
F
S
nm
S
%
n
%
n
nm F d% % %
n
S n ndm dF
%
52('a6
!here %' is the distance $et!een dri%e stations QmR( F2 is the "orce in the inlet ca$le part QNR, and m2
is the mass o" the inlet ca$le part( The inlet part introduces the main part to an inlet o" the dri%e
station(
c6 The directi%e part directs the inlet part to an inlet o" the dri%e station and supports onl itsel"( This
part can $e thin and has a constant cross-section(
The optimal ca$le cross section area is sho!n in "ig(2(2(
2. Saety ca+le !peed( Let us take a small part o" the rotar circle and !rite the $alance
, sin 2
2
2

S
(
) S(
!here ) is the rotar ca$le speed QmBsR, ( is the circle radius QmR, and is the angle $et!een the
ends o" the circle part QradR( >" 0 the relationship $et!een ma7imum rotational speed ) and tensile
stress o" the closed loop 5cur%e6 ca$le is
)
. 52(26
'. -nergy, E, storage $ the rotar "l!heel per ' kg ca$le Q<oulesBkgR can $e "ound "rom the kno!n
e@uation o" the kinetic energ and e@uation 52(26
13
2
'
2
2

)
E
( 52(36
1. 4he "axi"u" di!tance % QkmR $et!een supports o" the suspension sstem 5!ithout !ings6 "or h
<< ( !here ( N ),3*- km, the radius o" the 2arth, can $e "ound "rom geometr( That is
( ) h (h ( h ( % 22) 2 2 2
2 2
+ , 52(+6
!here h QkmR is the altitude o" support(
/. 4he a"ound o !ag H o the ca+le 5"rom its !eight and the cur%ature o" the 2arth6 can $e "ound
"rom the $alance $et!een !eight and stress( The ca$le has a para$olic "orm under its !eight: y !
ax
2
3-, a / 0, y7 ! 2ax, a ! tg$2x ! tg$%( >" x N 0, then - ! "2 ( >" y N 0, then x ! 8 %B2( =e also
ha%e the $alance e@uation * ! 2Tsin or sin N *$2T( =e su$stitute these e@uations and put tg
sin ( The ca$le sag, "2, under its !eight is the as
T
% S
T
% S%
T
*% % %
%
"
- - - + 2
tan
2
2
2

,
_
The sag "rom the 2arthDs cur%ature is "' ! %

2
$-( "rom e@uation 52(+6,and the total sag is
Y

,
_
+
,
_
+ +
(
%
( T
S %
" " "
'
-
'
-
2 2
2 '

, 52(,6
!here " is the sag o" the ca$le QmRC % is the distance $et!een supports QmRC T is the tension o" the
ca$le QkgR, S is the cross-section ca$le area Qm
2
R, ( is the 2arthDs radius QmR, * is the ca$le !eight
QkgR(
3. The estimation o" ma7imum hori8on light range, r, o" the !inged pro<ectile in the atmosphere is
"ound "rom the kinetic energ
( ) ( )
2
'
2
2
3
3
2
'
2
2
2
, B ,
2
) )
k
r or k m D ) )
m
Dr
, 52()6
!here: k3 is the pro<ectile ratio o" li"tBdrag 5k3 N 33)6C )2 is the initial speed o" the pro<ectile
QmBsRC and )' is the "inal speed o" pro<ectile QmBsR(
5. The e@uation "or the estimation o" 9a$e drag D o" an edge ship ca$le "or supersonic %elocit can
$e gi%en "rom aerodnamic e@uations

( '
'
3 , , sin
, sin B , ,
'
+
,
2
,
2
6 5
2
0
'
2
2 2 2
>

'
'
' for e
9
h
0
9" A a' )
'
0
C A
)
C D dA
) "
C dD
-"
D D D

52(*6
!here D is the air drag QNR, ' is the 4ach num$er, a N const 3 the speed o" sound QmBsR, CD is the
drag coe""icient, A is the speci"ic area Qm
2
R, ) is the ca$le speed QmBsR, 0 ! h'$9 is the ratio a
thickness, h', to !idth, 9, o" an edge tpe ca$le, QkgBm
3
R is the air densit at altitude " QmR, N
const 3 the angle o" the ca$le to the hori8on, - 3'(3'',('0
3+
3 the coe""icient o" change o" air
densit !ith altitude, o N '(22, 3 the air densit at " N 0(
Let us su$stitute e@uations 52(*6 in the "irst e@uation "or D gi%en a$o%e and integrate this "or the
inter%al o" altitude "rom "0 to "5

( ) 6 5
sin 2
6 5
sin 2
sin 2
0 0
0
, ( 0 , ( '
0
2
0 2 -" -" -" -"
"
"
e e
-
S a)0
e e
-
9 a)0
d" " )9a 0 D

, 52(-6
!here S ! 9h' Qm
2
R is the ca$le cross-section area(
-( Lo!! ) QmBsR o !peed, !hen a pro<ectile passes through the atmosphere !ith a tra<ector angle
N const, can $e "ound "rom the energ e@uation
15

"
"
-" -" -"
"
"
D
e e
-
a)AF 0
d" e
a)AF 0
E F
)
C D d"
D
E
0
0
0
6( 5
sin
2
sin
2
,
2
,
sin
0
2
'
0
2
'
2

For other cases the amount o" energ lost, E, is
) ) )
m
E
) ) ) )
m
E
'
2
'
2
'
2
,
2
6, 5
2
,
or
6 5
sin
2
,
2
0
0
2
2 -" -"
e e
-
a)F 0
E
m
E
) ) )
, 52(.6
!here ) is the initial speed o" the pro<ectile QmBsRC m is the mass o" the pro<ectile QkgRC a N 300 mBs
3 the speed o" soundC F is the speci"ic area o" the pro<ectile Qm
2
RC 0' is the semi-angle o" the
pro<ectile edge in radiansC is the angle o" the tra<ector to the hori8onC " is the altitude at !hich
the pro<ectile disconnects "rom the ca$le QmRC o N '(22, kgBm
3
3 air densit at altitude " N 0( The
result o" this computation 5"or 0' N 0(', F N 0(0' m
2
, a N 300 mBs, "0 N 3 km, " N ,0 km6 is
presented in Fig( 2(-( This loss is small(
4an people kno! a$out the EShuttleF heating up in the atmosphere and think that a hpersonic
space pro<ectile !ill ha%e a large amount o" heat !hen it crosses the atmosphere( This is !rong( The
purposes o" the EShuttleF and a hpersonic space pro<ectile are opposed( A space ship, !hen it re-
enters into the atmosphere, has a huge kinetic energ and must decrease its hpersonic speed
5energ6 to su$sonic speed( The Shuttle has a special spherical $od nose and pointless !ing edge to
increase the air drag $ tens to hundreds o" times( This means a lot o" heating takes place( The
Shuttle also has a long hori8ontal tra<ector along the 2arthDs sur"ace( The purpose o" a pro<ectile is
to sa%e speed and energ( The pro<ectile has a sharp $od $o!, and !ing edge( The re@uired head
protection o" launch rockets is tens o" time less then re-entr apparatus(
.( 2stimation o" ca+le riction due to the air( This estimation is %er di""icult $ecause there are no
e7perimental data "or air "riction o" an in"initel %er thin ca$le 5especiall at hpersonic speeds6( A
computational method "or plates at hpersonic speed as descri$ed $ Anderson
'0
, p( 2-* !as used(
The computation is made "or t!o cases: a laminar and a tur$ulent $oundar laer(
The results o" this comparison are %er di""erent( Tur$ulent "lo! has ma7imum "riction( A$out
-0U o" the "riction drag occurs in the troposphere 5"rom 0 to '2 km6( >" ca$le end is located on a
mountain at + km altitude the ma7imum air "riction !ill $e decreased $ 30U(
>t is postulated that hal" o" the ca$le sur"ace !ill ha%e a laminar $oundar laer $ecause a small
!ind or tra<ector angle !ill $lo! a!a the tur$ulent laer and restore the laminar "lo!( The
$lo!ing a!a o" the tur$ulent $oundar laer is studied in a%iation and is used to restore laminar
"lo! and decrease air "riction( The laminar "lo! decreases the "riction in hpersonic "lo! a$out $
2-0 timesZ >" hal" o" the ca$le sur"ace has a laminar laer, it means that !e must decrease the air
drag calculated "or "ull tur$ulent laer a minimum o" t!o times(
?elo!, the e@uations "rom Anderson "or computation o" the local air "riction "or a t!o-sided plate
are gi%en(
:T;$T< ! ' [ 0(032'
2
1 0(,-5T9$T 3'< C ; ! '(+,-S'0
3)
T
;'(,
B5T;1''0(+6C

C 6 B5 0,.2 ( 0 C 6 B5 ))+ ( 0 C B C B
2 ( 0 P
,
, ( 0 P
,
P P P P P
e t f e l f e
( C ( C )x ( T T
52('06
; D% ! =.>Cf.l;)
?
S @ DT ! =.>Cf.t;)
?
S , S!d.
=here T;, (e;, ;, ; are re"erence 5e%aluated6 temperature, Renolds num$er, air densit, and air
%iscosit respecti%el( ' is 4ach num$er, ) is speed, x is length o" plate 5distance "rom the
$eginning o" the ca$le6, T is "lo! temperature, T9 is $od temperature, Cf.l is a local skin "riction
coe""icient "or laminar "lo!, Cf,t is a local skin "riction coe""icient "or tur$ulent "lo!( S is area o"
12
skin Qm
2
R o" $oth plate sides 5this means "or the ca$le !e must take 0(,S6C and D is air drag 5"riction6
QNR( >t ma $e sho!n that the general air drag "or the ca$le e@uals D N 0(,DT 10(,D%, !here DT is
tur$ulent drag and D% is laminar drag(
From e@uation 52('06 !e can deri%e the "ollo!ing e@uations "or tur$ulent and laminar "lo!s o" a
hori8ontal ca$le
DT ! 0(0+),;
0(-
;
0(2
)
'.-
%
0.-
d , 52(''6
D% ! 0(,2';
0(,
;
0(,
)
'.,
%
0.,
d . 52('26
=here d is the diameter o" the ca$le QmR( The laminar drag is less than the tur$ulent drag $ 2003
300 times and can $e neglected(
Let us note: i" %o is the "ull acceleration distance 5initial length o" ca$le6 QmR, %' is the distance
$et!een dri%e stations QmR, and % is the %aria$le length o" ca$le QmR, !e can !rite the "ollo!ing
e@uations "or tur$ulent drag o" the di""erent ca$le parts:
'6 4ain ca$le part
a6 >" = A % A :%0 3 %'< , then D'! B
.
%'
0(-
d' ,
!here B ! 0(,S0(0+),P
0(-
P
0(2
)
'(-
,

) N 52n%6
0(,
(
$6 >" 5%0 3 %'6 A % A %0 , then D' ! B
.
5%0 3 %6
0(-
d' .
26 >nlet ca$le part
a6 >" 0 A % \ 5%0 3 2%'6 , then D2 ! B
.
%'
0(-
d2 .
$6 >" 5%0 3 2%'6 A % \ 5%0 3 %'6 , then D2 ! B
.
5%0 3 %6
0(-
d2 .
c6 >" 0 A % A 5%0 3 2%'6 , then D2 N 0 (
36 Girecti%e part
a6 >" 0 A % \ 5%0-2%'6 , then D3 ! B
.
5%0 3 %6
0(-
d3 .
$6 >" 5%0 3 2%'6 A % A %0, then D3 ! = .
;ere d' , d2, d3 are a%erage ca$le diameters o" the main, inlet, and directi%e parts respecti%el QmR(
Full ca$le drag is thus
D ! D' 1 D2 1 D3 ( 52('36
'0( >a!! o ca+le is
6R 2 5 Q
+
' 0
2
3 '
2
2 '
2
' 3 2 '
% % d % d % d ' ' ' ' + + + +
( 52('+6
The accelerated ca$le mass is
3 2 '
'2, ( 0 ' ' ' '
a
+ +
, 52(',6
!here the coe""icient 0('2, is the product o" an a%erage length 50(,6 and an a%erage speed 50(,
2
6 o" the
directi%e ca$le part(
''( The energy re@uired $ the ca$le air drag is
0
0
%
Dd% E
( 52(')6
The results o" computations o" e@uations 52('36 to 52(',6 are presented in Fig( 2(. to 2('+ "or t!o
pro<ects 5see $elo!6 and di""erent initial ca$le diameters(
1:

Fig. 2.2( 2stimation o" %elocit lost $ a pro<ectile in the atmosphere %ersus initial speed o" pro<ectile,
"or the di""erent tra<ector angles '0V ] 30V to the hori8on, relati%e thickness 0 N 0(', cross-
section area 0(0' m
2
, at altitude "0 N 3 km
Fig. 2.:( Ca$le drag along the acceleration distance "or initial ca$le diameter at ship do N '032, mm,
ca$le diameter o" part 3 d3 N ' mm, o%erload 3g, at altitude 2 km(
/.

Fig. 2.1.( Ca$le mass %ersus the initial ca$le diameter at ship '032, mm, "or distance $et!een dri%e
stations %' N '0 km, o%erload n N 3g, d3 N ' mm, a%erage altitude " N 2 km
Fig. 2.11( Ca$le air drag energ %ersus the initial ca$le diameter at ship '032, mm, "or distance
$et!een dri%e stations %' N '0 km, o%erload n N 3g, d3 N ' mm, a%erage altitude " N 2 km, )max
N *(.3) kmBs(
/1
Fig. 2.12( Ca$le drag along the acceleration distance "or initial ca$le diameter at ship do N '032, mm,
ca$le diameter o" part 3 d3 N ' mm, o%erload n N 2)*g, at altitude 2 km(
Fig. 2.1'( Ca$le mass %ersus the initial ca$le diameter at ship '032, mm, "or distance $et!een dri%e
stations %' N 0(' km, o%erload n N 2)*g, d3 N ' mm, altitude " N 2 km(
/2

Fig. 2.11( Ca$le air drag energ %ersus the initial ca$le diameter at ship '032, mm, "or distance
$et!een dri%e stations %' N 0(' km, o%erload n N 2)*g, d3 N ' mm, altitude " N 2 km, )max N -
kmBsec(
12. For su$sonic speed the "ormulas 52(''6 to 52('26 are the same, $ut con%entional and must $e
inserted(
1'. The last dri%e station can $e located on a mountain top( The "inal ship tra<ector !ill ha%e an
angle to the hori8on( A"ter disconnection "rom the launcher the !inged ship can increase this angle
!hile "ling in the atmosphere( This additional angle, lost %elocit, and time can $e estimated in the
"ollo!ing !a( First !rite the standard ship e@uations o" air mo%ement(
(
cos
cos , sin , sin
(
)
)
m)
%
m
D
) ) "

+

!here " is the altitude, ) is the speed, is the tra<ector angle QradR, D is the drag, % is the li"t "orce, m
is the shipDs mass, ( is the 2arthDs radius(
>" parameter changes in angle and time t, are small, and the speed is close to - kmBs, !e ha%e

, , , sin ,
sin
, 0 , , B 6, 5 , ( 0 , ' cos , sin
0
0
D
%
k t
km)
nm
t
mk
nm
)
)
"
t
(
)
)
nm % k nm D
a
a
a

,
_

or e@uations "or estimation
(
sin
, ' ,
2
, ( 0
2
2
0
a a
)
"
t
k
n
)
"
)
)
" n

,
_

,
_

+
52('*6
!here n is the o%erload, " is the altitude change QmR, ) is the speed change 5speed lost6QmBsR, k !
%$D 3 a%erage ratio o" li"tBdrag o" the ship 5k N 33*6, o is the initial tra<ector angle QradiansR, t is time
QsecondsR(
The results o" the computation are presented in Fig( 2(', to 2(')(
/'
Fig!. 2.1/. Final tra<ector angle %ersus speed "or o%erload n N 3 3 ) g, initial tra<ector angle 0V,
thickness atmosphere +0 km(
(
Fig. 2.13( Speed loss 5method 26 %ersus speed "or the ratio li"tBdrag k N 3, o%erload n N 3 3 ) g, and
a%erage tra<ector angle a N )V N 0(' radian(
1. Projects
?elo! are estimations "or t!o pro<ects: 5'6 tourists !ith lo! acceleration 53g6C and 526 paloads
5pro<ectiles6 !ith high acceleration 52*0g6(
/1
*ro=ect 1
4he Launch o 4ouri!t! into Space &Fig. 2.1a, Single 0a+le ?er!ion(
Assume the mass o" the space %ehicle is m N ', tons 5'00 tourists and + mem$ers o" cre!6C o%erload is
n N 3 EgF, the acceleration is a ! B 30 mBs 5 N .(-' '0 mBs
2
65this acceleration is sa"e "or
con%entional purposes6C the "inal speed is - kmBs(
The re@uired distance o" acceleration is % ! )
2
$2a '0*0 km( The time o" hori8ontal acceleration is t
! )$a + min 2* sec( 5>" trained cosmonauts are launched the sa"e acceleration can $e taken as - and
the re@uired launch distance !ill $e +00 km and the time ' min +0 sec(6( The time o"
%ertical acceleration 536 in the atmosphere 5a"ter disconnection6 is a$out ,0 seconds( The "inal angle
is a$out N '2V(
Assume !e use the arti"icial cheap "i$er !idel produced $ current industr( Sa"e tensile strength o"
the %ehicle ca$le is N '-0 kgBmm
2
5sa"et "actor is n' N )00B'-0 N 3(336, densit N '-00 kgBm
3
5K
N '-0B'-00 N 0('6( Then the cross-section area o" the %ehicle ca$le a$out the %ehicle !ill $e S0 !
nm$ N 2,0 mm
2
, diameter do N 25SB6
0(,
N '*(- mm, a%erage diameter is a$out do,a N '. mm(
Let us assume that the dri%e stations are located e%er %' N '0 km( =e need '0* dri%e stations( The
"inal dri%e station is located at altitude "0 N + km( 4ass o" the ca$le is ' N * tons, accelerated ca$le
mass is 'a N ,() tons 5Fig( 2('06( A %aria$le cross-section areas o" main and inlet ca$les are included in
the a%erage diameter(
The energ re@uired "or accelerating the ship and ca$le is E ! 5m1'a6)
2
B2 ! ),.S'0
.
K 5),.
1iga<oules6 i" ) N - kmBs( The energ o" air drag o" the ca$le is '*2 1iga<oules 5see Fig( 2(''6( The
a%erage drag o" the ship is a$out D ! m$k N ',B3 N , tons 5here k is the ratio o" the li"t "orce to the drag
o" the ship6( This is E ! D% N ,S'0
+
S'0*0,000 N ,3(, 1iga<oules( The total energ re@uired "or one
launch is ET N --+(, 1igaKoules( >" the launches are made e%er hour the engines must ha%e a total
po!er o" a$out P ! ET$t N --+S'0
.
B)0B)0 N 2+),000 k= distri$uted $et!een '0* dri%e station 5that is
2300 k= each6( >" the engine e""icienc is N 0(3 the "uel consumption !ill $e F N --+S'0
.
BB0(3 N
*0 tons per each "light( ;ere N +2S'0
)
QKBkgR is the energ capa$ilit o" Giesel "uel( This means that
*00 liters o" "uel is used "or each tourist( >" the sa"e tensile strength is '-0 kgBmm
2
, then the total mass
o" the "l!heels 5as energ o" storage6 !ill $e a$out '9 ! 2E$k N 2S--+S'0
.
B'0
)
N'*)- tons or
'*)-B'0* N ')(, tons "or each dri%e station(
-cono"ic eiciency
Assume a cost o" ,00 millions dollars "or the installation
''
, a li"e time o" '0 ears, and an annual
maintenance cost o" , million dollars( >" '00 tourists are launched on e%er "light, and there is one
"light e%er hour "or 3,0 das a ear, then -+0,000 passengers !ill $e launched per ear( The launch
cost "or one passenger is ,,,000,000B-+0,000 N A),(, plus "uel cost( >" *00 liters o" "uel are used "or '
passenger and the "uel price is A0(2, per liter, then the "uel cost is A'*, dollars per passenger( The total
production cost !ill then $e A2+' per person( >" the ticket is sold "or A3+., then the pro"it !ill $e a$out
.0 million dollars per ear(
An reader !ho does not agree !ith this estimation can recalculate "or other data( >n an case, the
cost o" deli%er !ill $e hundreds o" times less than deli%er $ rockets( Critics must remem$er that the
main content o" this chapter is not economical estimations, $ut the ne! idea "or the launch o" space
apparatus(
*ro=ect 2
4he Launcher or *ayload &*ro=ectile( 9ith ,igh Acceleration &235g(&Fig. 2.1+(
//
=e can use the e@uations "rom &ro<ect ' "or the estimation o" &ro<ect 2( Assume the mass o" the space
apparatus is '00 kg 5222 l$6C the escape %elocit is - kmBs, the distance o" acceleration is '2 km, the
height o" a mountain is 3 km 5a slope is a$out ',V6 and the acceleration stations are located e%er 0('
km( The acceleration !ill $e
a ! )
2
$2%!-000
2
B2
(
'2000 N 2))) mBs N 2)*(
Assume a "i$er tensile strength o" N'-0 kgBmm
2
"or all ca$le parts( The cross-section area o" the
ca$le is '+- mm
2
, and the a%erage diameter ', mm( The total mass o" the ca$les is ,0 kg( The re@uired
energ "or one launch is a$out , 1iga<oules( >" the engine e""icienc is N 0(3 then the re@uired
amount o" "uel is 3.* kg "or one launch( >" the "re@uenc o" launching is 0(, hours then the re@uired
total po!er is 2-00 k= or 2-00B'20 23(3 k= "or e%er dri%e station( The total mass o" "l!heels is
a$out '0 tons or -+(3 kg in e%er station( The loss o" %elocit is 2*, mBs !hen the pro<ectile crosses
the atmosphere at an angle ',V 5Fig( 2(-6(
-cono"ic eiciency
Assume the cost o" installation is 20 million dollars, the li"e time is '0 ears, and the maintenance cost
is A' million per ear, !ith a "re@uenc o" launching o" 30 minutes(
=e can launch +(- tons per da or +(- S 3,0 N ')-0 tons per ear( The production cost !ill $e
3,000,000B',)-0,000 N A'(*- Bkg plus "uel cost(
=e take the "uel consumption as + kg per ' kg paload and the price as A0(2, per kg( The "uel cost
is A' ( The total cost is '(*- [ ' N A2(*- per kg(
6eneral di!cu!!ion
Science la$oratories ha%e !hiskers and nanotu$es that ha%e high tensile strength( The theor sho!s
that these %alues are onl one tenth o" the theoretical le%el( =e must stud ho! to produce a thin ca$le,
such as the strings or threads !e produce "rom cotton or !ool, "rom !hiskers and nanotu$es(
The "i$er industr produces "i$ers !hich are used "or the authorDs pro<ects at the present time(
;o!e%er the !hiskers and especiall nanotu$es strongl impro%e the possi$ilit o" this method( The
decrease the re@uires num$er o" dri%e stations, the ca$le mass and drag 5energ6( These pro<ects are
unusual 5strange6 "or specialists and people no!, $ut the ha%e huge ad%antages, and the ha%e a $ig
"uture(
Reerence! or 0hapter 2.
'( Space Technolog and Application( >nternational Forum 5STA>F6 , Aal$u@uer@ue, 4N, 9SA, '..)-
'..*(
2( G(V( Smitherman, Kr(, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2., 2000(
3( A(A( ?olonkin, 2arth Accelerator "or Space Ships and 4issiles, JBIS, Vol( ,), No( ''B'2, 2003,
pp( 3.+3+0+(
+( 4( 4ino%ich, E2lectromagnetic Transportation sstem "or manned Space tra%elF, 9S &atent
^+,*.,,''3, Kanuar 3 '.-.(
,( A(A( ?olonkin, ESpace Ca$le LaunchersF, &aper No( -0,* presented at the Smposium EThe Ne7t
'00 earsF, Gaton, #;, 9SA, '+-'* Kul, 2003(
)( F(S( 1alasso, Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osites, 1ordon and ?ranch Scienti"ic &u$lisher, '.-.(
*( Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers, Dire0tory, '..,(
-( Con0ise En0y0lo#edia of Polymer S0ien0e and Enineerin, 2d( K(>( /rosch!it8, '..0(
.( 4(S( Gresselhous, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, 2000(
'0( K(G( Anderson, "y#ersoni0 and "ih Tem#erature 6as Dynami0s( 4cCra!-;ill ?ook Co(,'.-.(
''( G(2( /oell, "and-ook of Cost Enineerin, TCS, 1erman, 2000(
/3
0hapter '
0ircle Launcher and Space @eeper;
Su""ary
>n this chapter proposes a ne! method and installation "or "light in space( This method uses the
centri"ugal "orce o" a rotating circular ca$le that pro%ides a means to launch a load into outer space and
to keep the stations "i7ed in space at altitudes at up to 200 km( The proposed installation ma $e used
as a propulsion sstem "or space ships andBor pro$es( This sstem uses the material o" an space $od
"or acceleration and changes to the space %ehicle tra<ector( The suggested sstem ma also $e used as
a high capacit energ accumulator(
The article contains the theor o" estimation and computation o" suggested installations and "our
pro<ects( Calculations include: a ma7imum speed gi%en the tensile strength and speci"ic densit o" a
material, the ma7imum li"t "orce o" an installation, the speci"ic li"t "orce in planetDs gra%itation "ield,
the admissi$le 5sa"e6 local load, the angle and local de"ormation o" material in di""erent cases, the
accessi$le ma7imum altitudes o" space ca$ins, the speed than a space ship can o$tain "rom the
installation, po!er o" the installation, passenger ele%ator, etc( The pro<ects utili8e "i$ers, !hiskers,
and nanotu$es produced $ industr or in scienti"ic la$oratories(
------------------------
P Getail manuscript !as presented as ?olonkinDs paper >AC-02->AA('(3(03 at the =ould Space Congress-2002,
'0-'. #cto$er, ;ouston, TM, 9SA( The material is pu$lished in JBIS, %ol( ,), No .B'0, 2003, pp( 3'+-32*(
/5
No"enclature
a C acceleration, mBs,
Cf,l C local skin "riction coe""icient o" a t!o-sided plate "or laminar "lo!,
Cf,t C local skin "riction coe""icient o" a t!o-sided plate "or tur$ulent "lo!,
C0,l ! 0(,Cf,l C local skin "riction coe""icient o" ca$le "or laminar "lo!,
C0,t N 0(,Cf,t C local skin "riction coe""icient o" ca$le "or tur$ulent "lo!,
D C air drag 5"riction6 QNR(
DT C tur$ulent drag QNR,
D% C laminar drag QNR,
d C ca$le diameter QmR,
E C IoungDs modulus,
Es C energ stored $ rotar circle per ' kg o" the ca$le QKBkgR,
F C air "riction QNR,
C speci"ic gra%it o" the planet, mBs
2
5"or the 2arth N .(-' mBs
2
at an altitude " N 06,
6 C local load QkgR,
" C altitude QmR or QkmR(
"max C ma7imam altitude o" a circle top QmR or QkmR
" C decrement o" an altitude QmR or QkmR,
k ! $ C ratio o" tensile stress to ca$le densit,
K ! kB'0
*
C strength coe""icient,
% C length o" a ca$le QmR,
' C 4ach num$er,
m C thro!ing mass QkgR,
mss C mass o" a space ship QkgR,
n C sa"et "actor,
& C po!er QKBsR(
# C internal pressure on the ca$le circle QNBm
2
R,
P C ma7imum %ertical li"t "orce o" the %ertical ca$le circle in the constant gra%it "ield o" a planet QNR,
P' C speci"ic li"t "orce o" ' kg o" ca$le mass in a planetDs gra%it "ield QNR,
P% C speci"ic li"t "orce o" ' m o" ca$le in a planetDs gra%it "ield QNR,
Pa C "ull li"t "orce o" a closed-loop ca$le circle rotated around a planet QNR,
Pa,' C speci"ic li"t "orce o" a ' kg closed-loop ca$le circle rotated around a planet QNR,
Pa,% C speci"ic li"t "orce o" a ' m closed-loop ca$le circle rotated around a planet, !hen N 0 QNR,
Pmax C ma7imum li"t "orce o" the rotar closed-loop ca$le circle !hen gra%it N 0 QNR,
r C radius o" ca$le cross-section area or hal" o" ca$le !idth QmR,
( C ca$le 5circular6 radius QmR,
(max C ma7imum ca$le radius QmR,
(o C radius o" planet QmR,
(v C radius o" o$ser%ation QmR,
(e; C re"erence Renolds num$er,
S C cross-section area o" ca$le Qm
2
R,
S0 C ca$le sur"ace Qm
2
R,
Ss C area o" skin Qm
2
R o" $oth plate sides, !hich means "or ca$le !e must take S0 N 0(,Ss,
T C air temperature Q
o
CR,
T; C re"erence 5e%aluated6 air temperature Q
o
CR,
T9 C temperature o" !all 5ca$le6 Q
o
CR,
Te C temperature o" "lo! Q
o
CR,
Tmax C ma7imum ca$le thrust QkgR,
/2
t C time QsecondsR,
) C rotar ca$le speed QmBsR,
)a C ma7imum speed o" a closed-loop circle around a planet QmBsR,
)min C minimum speed o" a closed-loop circle QmBsR,
)0 C mass speed QmBsR,
)f C speed o" "alling "rom an altitude " QmBsR,
* C !eight 5mass6 o" ca$le QkgR or QtonR,
9 C thickness o" a $oundar laer QmR, "or ca$le 9 ,r,
x C length o" plate 5distance "rom the $eginning o" the ca$le6 QmR,
h C ca$le de"ormation a$out a local load QmR,
ho C ca$le de"ormation a$out a local load "or the ca$le circle around a planet QmR,
( C increase in ca$le radius "rom internal pressure QmR,
) C additional speed !hich a space ship o$tains "rom a ca$le propulsion sstem QmBsR(
C angle o" ca$le section QradR,
h
C ca$le angle to the hori8on a$out a local load QradR,
C ca$le densit QkgBm
3
R,
C air %iscositC "or standard conditions N '(*2
(
'0
3,
,
; C re"erence air %iscosit QkgBm
(
sR,
C air densitC "or standard condition N '(22, kgBm
3
; C re"erence air densit QkgBm
3
R,
C ca$le tensile stress QNBm
2
R,
C planet angle speed QradBsecondsR(
%ntroduction
The author proposes a re%olutionar ne! method and launch de%ice "or: 5'6 deli%ering paloads and
people into space, 526 accelerating space ships and pro$es "or space "light, 536 changing the tra<ector
o" space pro$es, 5+6 landing and launching o" space ships on space $odies !ith small gra%it, and 5,6
accelerating other space apparatus( The sstem ma $e used as a space propulsion sstem $ utili8ing
the material o" space $odies "or propelling space apparatus, as !ell as "or storing energ( This method
utili8es the centri"ugal "orce o" a closed-loop ca$le circle 5hoop, semi-circle, dou$le circle6( The ca$le
circle rotates at high speed and has the properties o" an elastic $od(
The current proposal is a uni@ue transport sstem "or deli%ering loads and energ "rom 2arth to the
space station and $ack( The ma<or di""iculties o" the space ele%ator
',2
are in deli%ering the energ to the
transport gondola o" a space ele%ator and the "act that electric !ire !eighs a lot more than a load
$earing ca$le( The currentl proposed space transportation sstem sol%es this pro$lem $ locating a
motor on the 2arth and using con%entional energ to pro%ide the po!er to mo%e the gondola to the
space station( 4oreo%er the present transportation sstem can trans"er large amounts o" mechanical
energ "rom the 2arth to the space station on the order o" 3 to '0 million !atts(
De!cription o 0ircle Launcher
The installation includes 5Fig( 3('6: a closed-loop ca$le made "rom light, strong material 5such as
arti"icial "i$ers, !hiskers, "ilaments, nanotu$es, composite material6 and a main engine, !hich rotates
the ca$le at a "ast speed in a %ertical plane( The centri"ugal "orce makes the closed-loop ca$le a circle(
The ca$le circle is supported $ t!o pairs 5or more6 o" guide ca$les, !hich connect at one end to the
ca$le circle $ a sliding connection and at the other end to the planetDs sur"ace( The installation has a
transport 5deli%er6 sstem comprising the closed-loop load ca$les 5chains6, t!o end rollers at the top
and $ottom that can ha%e medium rollers, a load engine and a load( The top end o" the transport sstem
/:
is connected to the ca$le circle $ a sliding connectionC the lo!er end is connected to a load motor( The
load is connected to the load ca$le $ a sliding control connection(

Fig. '.1. Circle launcher 5space station keeper6 and space transport sstem( Notations are: ' C ca$le circle, 2 C
main engine, 3 C transport sstem, + C top roller, , C additional ca$le, ) C the load 5space station6, * C
mo$ile ca$in, - C lo!er roller, . C engine o" the transport sstem(
The installation can ha%e an additional ca$les to increase the sta$ilit o" the main circle, and the
transport sstem can ha%e an additional ca$le in case the load ca$le is damaged(
The installation !orks in the "ollo!ing !a( The main engine rotates the ca$le circle in the %ertical
plane at a su""icientl high speed so the centri"ugal "orce $ecomes large enough to it li"ts the ca$le and
transport sstem( A"ter this, the transport sstem li"ts the space station into space(
The "irst modi"ication o" the installation is sho!n in Fig( 3(2( There are t!o main rollers 20, 2'( These
rollers change the direction o" the ca$le $ .0 degrees so that the ca$le tra%els along the diameter o"
the circle, thus creating the "orm o" a semi-circle( >t can also ha%e t!o engines( The other parts are
same(

Fig. '.2. Semi-circle launcher 5space station keeper6 and transport sstem( Notation is the same
!ith Fig( 3(' !ith the edditional 20 and 2' C rollers( The semi-circle is the same 5see right side
o" Fig( 3(+6(
3.
The installation can $e used "or the launch o" a paload to outer space 5Fig( 3(36( The load is
connected to the ca$le circle $ a sliding $earing through a $rake( The load is accelerated $ the ca$le
circle, li"ted to a high altitude, and disconnected at the top o" the circle 5semi-circle6(
The installation ma also $e used as transport sstem "or deli%er o" people and paloads "rom one
place to another through space 5Fig( 3(+6(

Fig. '.'. Launching the space ship 5pro$e6 into space using ca$le semi-circle( 2* C load, 2- 3 %acuum tu$e
5option6(

Fig. '.1. Gou$le semi-circle !ith opposed speeds "or deli%er o" load to another semi-circle end( 2. -Roller(
The dou$le ca$le can $e used as an e7cellent launch sstem, !hich generates a ma7imum speed three
times the speed o" the ca$le( The launch sstem has a space pro$e 5Fig( 3(,6 connected to the semi-
circular ca$le and to a launch ca$le( The launch ca$le is connected through a roller 5$lock6 to the main
ca$le( A tackle $lock is used in !hich the ma7imum speed is three times more then the ca$le speed(
The ma7imum ca$le speed depends on the tensile strengths o" the ca$le material( Speeds o" +3) kmBs
can $e achie%ed using modern "i$ers, !hiskers, and nanotu$es 5see attached pro<ects6(
For sta$ilit, the installation can ha%e guide ca$les connected to the top o" the ca$le circle $ a
sliding connection and to the ground 5Fig( 3()6(
31

Fig. './. Launching a load into space !ith a triple circle rope speed using the dou$le semi-circle(
Notations are: 3' 3 space pro$e, 32 3 engine, 33 3 launch ca$le, 3+ 3 roller, 3, 3 connection point o" the
launch ca$le, '), '* 3 semicircle(

Fig. '.3. Supporting the semi-circle in %ertical position 5"or sta$ilit6( 3- 3 guide ca$le(
The ship installation ma $e used as a sstem "or %ertical landing on or taking-o"" 5launch6 "rom a
planet or asteroid $ecause the ca$le circle can !ork like a spring(
The ca$le circle o" the space ship can $e used as a propulsion sstem 5Fig( 3(*6( The propulsion
sstem !orks in the "ollo!ing !a( 4aterial "rom asteroids or meteorites, or gar$age "rom the ship, is
packed in small packets( A packet is connected to the ca$le circle( then circle engine turns on and
rotates at high speed( At the desired point the pack is disconnected "rom the circle and, as the e<ected
mass "lies o"" !ith a %elocit, the space ship gets an impulse in the re@uired direction(
The suggested ca$le circle or dou$le ca$le circle can $e made around a planet or space $od 5Fig(
3(-6( This sstem can $e used "or suspended o$<ects such as space stations, tourist ca$ins, scienti"ic
la$oratories, o$ser%atories, or rela station "or TV and radio stations(
32

Fig. '.5. 9sing the rope circle as a propulsion sstem( Notations are: +0 3 gar$age, +' 3 space ship(

Fig. '.2. Ca$le circle around the 2arth "or -3'0 space o$<ects( Notations are: ,0 3 dou$le circle, ,' 3 dri%e
stations, ,2 3 guide ca$le, ,3 3 energ transport sstem, ,+ 3 space station(
This sstem !orks in the "ollo!ing !a( The installation has t!o ca$le circles, !hich mo%e in the
opposite directions at the same speed( The space stations are connected to the ca$le circle through the
sliding connection( The can mo%e along the circle in an direction !hen the are connected to one o"
the ca$le circles through a "riction clutch, transmission, gear$o7, $rake, and engine, and can use the
transport sstem in Figs( 3(' and 3(2 "or clim$ing to or descending "rom the station( ?ecause energ
can $e lost through "riction in the connections, the energ transport sstem and dri%e rollers trans"er
energ to the ca$le circle "rom the planet sur"ace( The ca$le circles are supported at a gi%en position $
the guide ca$les 5see &ro<ect 26( No to!ers "or supporting the circle ca$le are needed(
The sstem can ha%e onl one ca$le 5Figs( 3(', 3(36(
The installation can ha%e a sstem "or changing the radius o" the ca$le circle 5Fig( 3(.6( =hen an
operator mo%es the tackle $lock, the length o" the ca$le circle is changed and the radius o" the circle is
also changed(
3'

Fig. '.:. Sstem "or changing the radius o" the circle circle( Notations are: 230 3 sstem "or radius
control, 23+ 3 engine, 23) 3 mo$ile tackle $lock, 2++ 3 transport sstem, 2+) 3 engine, 2+- 3
circle, 2,0 3 guide ca$le(
=ith the radius sstem the pro$lem o" creating the ca$le circle is sol%ed %er easil( 27pensi%e
rockets are not necessar( The operator starts !ith a small radius near the planet sur"ace and increases
it until the desired radius is achie%ed( This method ma $e used "or making a semi-circle or dou$le
semi-circle sstem(
The small installation ma $e used as a crane "or construction engineering, de%eloping $uilding,
$ridges, in the logging industr, and so on(
The main ad%antage o" the proposed launch sstem is its %er lo! cost "or the amount o" paload
deli%ered into space and o%er long distances( 27pensi%e "uels, comple7 control sstems, e7pensi%e
rockets, computers, and comple7 de%ices are not re@uired( The cost o" paload deli%er into space
!ould drop $ a "actor o" a thousand( >n addition, large amounts o" paloads could $e launched into
space 5in the order o" a thousand tons a ear6 using a single launch sstem( This launch sstem is
simple and does not re@uire high-technolog e@uipment( The paloads could $e deli%ered into space at
production costs o" 23'0 dollars per kg 5see computations in the attached pro<ects6(
0a+le pro+le" 5see in chapters ',26(
4heory o 0ircle Launcher
The e@uations de%eloped and used "or estimation and computation are pro%ided $elo!( All e@uations
are in the metric sstem( The nomenclature !as gi%en in special section at the $eginning o" the chapter(
Take a small part o" a rotar circle and !rite the e@uili$rium
2S()
2
$( ! 2S sin .
=hen 0, the relationship $et!een ma7imum rotar speed and tensile strength o" a closed-loop
circle ca$le is
31
) ! 5/6
'B2
! k
'B2
. 53('6
Results o" this computation are presented in Fig( 3('0(
4a7imum li"t "orce Pmax o" the rotar closed-loop circle ca$le !hen the gra%it N 0 e@uals the ca$le
tensile "orce is:
Pmax! 2)
2
S ! 2S . 53(26
The ma7imum %ertical li"t "orce P o" the %ertical ca$le circle in the constant gra%it "ield o" a planet
e@uals the li"t "orce in e@uation 53(26 minus the ca$le !eight
P ! 2S5 D (6 . 53(36
The ma7imum li"t "orce P o" the dou$le semi-circle ca$le in the gra%it "ield o" a planet is
P ! +S5 D 0(,( 6 ( 53(3a6
Appro7imatel one @uarter o" this "orce can $e used( The results o" computation are presented in Fig(
3(''(
3/
The minimum speed o" the ca$le circle can $e "ound "rom e@uations 53(36 and 53('6 "or P N 0
( )
min
( 53(+6
27ample: For ( N 0(', m, the minimum speed is 2(', mBsC "or ( N ,0 km, the minimum speed is '2+'
mBs(
The minimum speed o" the dou$le semi-circle can $e "ound "rom e@uations 53(3a6 and 53('6 "or P N 0
( ) , ( 0
min
( 53(+a6
The speci"ic li"t "orce o" one kg o" ca$le mass &' in a planetDs gra%it "ield e@uals the li"t "orce in
e@uation 53(36 di%ided $ the ca$le !eight 2(S ( For a con%entional circle
P' ! 5/(6 D 53(,6
!hile "or a dou$le semi-circle
P' ! 5?/(6 3 . 53(,a6
The speci"ic li"t "orce P% o" one meter o" ca$le in a planetDs gra%it "ield e@uals the li"t "orce in 53(36
and 53(3a6 di%ided $ the ca$le length, respecti%el
P% ! SQ5$(6 3R , P% ! 2SQ5$(6 3 0(,R . 53()6,53()a6
The length o" a ca$le %, !hich supports the gi%en local load 6 is
% ! 6$P% . 53(*6
The ca$le angle, h, to the hori8on a$out a local load e@uals 5"rom a local e@uili$rium6
h ! argsin56$2S6 . 53(-6
Ca$le de"ormation a$out a local load 5decrease in altitude6 "or a ca$le semi-circle in a planet gra%itDs
"ield can $e "ound appro7imatel:
h 6%$'2S . 53(.6
Ca$le de"ormation a$out a local load "or the dou$le ca$le circle around a planet in space is
( )
2
0
0
2+

,
_
S
6 " (
h
. 53('06
The internal pressure on the ca$le circle can $e deri%ed "rom the e@uili$rium condition( The result is
# ! r$2( . 53(''6
33
The increase in ca$le radius under an internal pressure is
( ! )
2
($E . 53('26
The ma7imum ca$le radius 5ma7imal ca$le top6 in a constant gra%it "ield can deri%ed "rom the
e@uili$rium o" the li"t "orce and a ca$le !eight:
a6 Full circle 5"rom 53(366
(max ! $ , "max ! 2(max ( 53('36
$6 Semi-circle 5"rom 53(3a66
(max ! 2$ , "max ! (max ( 53('3a6
The results o" this computation are presented in Fig( 3('2(

Fig. '.12. >axi"u" radio! o the -arth !e"i-circle $er!u! !peciic ca+le !tre!!
The ma7imum ca$le radius in a %aria$le gra%it "ield o" a rotating planet can $e "ound "rom the
e@uation o" a circle located on a "lat e@uator
( )
( )
( (
( (
( (
(

1
]
1
+
+
+
0
2
2 B 3
0
0
B 3 '
B '
. 53('+6
The ma7imum speed o" a closed-loop circle rotated around a planet 5Fig( 3(-6 can $e "ound "rom the
e@uili$rium $et!een centri"ugal and gra%it "orces
)a ! Q5/6 1 (R
'B2
. 53(',6
The results o" computation are presented in Fig( 3('3( The minimum %alue )a ! 5(6
'B2
occurs !hen
k ! / ! 0.
35

The li"t "orce Pa o" a dou$le closed-loop ca$le circle rotated around a planet can $e "ound "rom
e@uili$rium o" a small circle element
Pa ! +S 5)s
2
3 k 3 (6. 53(')6
The "ull li"t "orce o" a dou$le closed-loop ca$le circle rotated around a planet is "ound $ multipling #
"rom e@uation 53(''6 $ a ca$le area +(r, or
Pa ! 2S . 53(')a6
The results o" computation are presented in Fig( 3('+(

32
The speci"ic li"t "orce o" a one kg closed-loop ca$le circle rotated around a planet can $e "ound "rom
e@uation 53(')6, $ di%iding $ ca$le !eight
Pa,' ! /( . 53('*6
The speci"ic li"t "orce o" a one meter closed-loop circle around a planet in space, !hen N 0, can
also $e "ound "rom e@uation 53(')6, i" it is di%ided $ the ca$le length
Pa,% ! S$( . 53('-6
=e can deri%e "rom momentum theor an additional speed, ), !hich a space ship 5Fig(3(*6 gets
"rom a ca$le propulsion sstem
) ! )0mB5mss 3 m6 . 53('.6
The results o" computation are presented in Fig( 3(',(
The speed o" "alling "rom an altitude " is gi%en $
)f ! 52"6
0(,
( 53(206
The energ, Es , stored $ a rotar circle per ' kg o" the ca$le mass can $e deri%ed "rom the kno!n
e@uation o" kinetic energ( The e@uation is
Es ! /2 . 53(2'6
The results o" computation are presented in Fig( 3(')(
The radius o" o$ser%ation %ersus altitude " QkmR o%er the 2arth is appro7imatel
(r ! 52(o" 1 "
2
6
0(,
QkmR , 53(226
!here 2arth radius (o N )3*- km( >" " N ',0 km, then (r N '3.' km(
-!ti"ation o 0a+le Friction Due to the Air
This estimation is %er di""icult $ecause there are no e7perimental data "or air "riction o" an in"initel
%er thin ca$le 5especiall at hpersonic speeds6( A computational method "or plates at hpersonic
speed !as used, see re"erence
+
p(2-*( The computation is made "or t!o cases: a laminar and a tur$ulent
$oundar laer(
The results are %er di""erent( The ma7imum "riction is "or tur$ulent "lo!( A$out -0U o" the
"riction drag occurs in the troposphere 5"rom 0 to '2 km6( >" !e locate the ca$le end on a mountain at
an altitude o" + km the ma7imum air "riction decreases $ 30U( So the drag is calculated "or three
cases: !hen the ca$le end is located on the ground " N 0(' km a$o%e sea le%el, " N ' km and !hen it
is located on the mountain at " N + km 52200 "t6(
The ma<or part o" ca$le !ill ha%e the laminar $oundar laer $ecause a small !ind !ill $lo!
a!a the tur$ulent laer and restore the laminar "lo!( The $lo!ing a!a o" the tur$ulent $oundar
laer is studied in a%iation and is used to restore laminar "lo! and decrease air "riction( The laminar
"lo! decreases the "riction in hpersonic "lo! $ 2-0 timesZ >" hal" the ca$le sur"ace has a laminar
laer it means that !e must decrease the air drag calculated "or the "ull tur$ulent laer $ a minimum
o" t!o times(
?elo! the e@uations "rom Anderson
+
"or computation o" local air "riction "or a t!o-sided plate are
gi%en(

( )
, , ( 0 , , ( 0 ,
0,.2 ( 0
,
6 5
))+ ( 0
, ,
,
+ ( ''0
'0 +,- ( ' , , ' ,- ( 0 032 ( 0 '
, , , , 2 ( 0
P
, , ( 0 ,
, ( '
) 2
t f t 0 l f l 0
e
T f
e
% f e
9
C C C C
(
C
(
C
T
)x
(
T
T
T
T
a
)
'
T
T
'
T
T

+

,
_
+ +

D% ! 0(,Cf.l;)
2
S , DT ! 0(,Cf.t;)
2
S . D ! 0(,5DT 1 D%6. 53(236
3:
To appl the a$o%e theor to the dou$le semi-circle case !e can appro7imate the atmosphere densit
$ the e7ponential e@uation
-h
e
0
, 53(2+6
!here o N '(22, kgBm
3
, - N 30(000'+, h is the altitude QmR( Then the air "riction drag is
, sin arg , cos B 6 5 6 5
0
0
' '
P
, ,
2
,
0
" "
" h
dh h h C d) D
m
"
"
l t 0 % T

53(2,6
5.
!here DT,% and C0,l,t are the tur$ulent and laminar drag and drag coe""icient respecti%el, ' is the angle
o" the ca$le element to the hori8on( The "ull drag is D ! 0(,5DT1D%6. The results o" computation are
presented in Fig( 3('*(
The radius o" o$ser%ation %ersus altitude " QkmR o%er the 2arth is appro7imatel
(r ! 52(o" 1 "
2
6
0(,
QkmR , 53(226
!here 2arth radius (o N )3*- km( >" " N ',0 km, then (r N '3.' km(
-!ti"ation o 0a+le Friction Due to the Air
This estimation is %er di""icult $ecause there are no e7perimental data "or air "riction o" an in"initel
%er thin ca$le 5especiall at hpersonic speeds6( A computational method "or plates at hpersonic
speed !as used, see re"erence
+
p(2-*( The computation is made "or t!o cases: a laminar and a tur$ulent
$oundar laer(
The results are %er di""erent( The ma7imum "riction is "or tur$ulent "lo!( A$out -0U o" the
"riction drag occurs in the troposphere 5"rom 0 to '2 km6( >" !e locate the ca$le end on a mountain at
an altitude o" + km the ma7imum air "riction decreases $ 30U( So the drag is calculated "or three
cases: !hen the ca$le end is located on the ground " N 0(' km a$o%e sea le%el, " N ' km and !hen it
is located on the mountain at " N + km 52200 "t6(
The ma<or part o" ca$le !ill ha%e the laminar $oundar laer $ecause a small !ind !ill $lo!
a!a the tur$ulent laer and restore the laminar "lo!( The $lo!ing a!a o" the tur$ulent $oundar
laer is studied in a%iation and is used to restore laminar "lo! and decrease air "riction( The laminar
"lo! decreases the "riction in hpersonic "lo! $ 2-0 timesZ >" hal" the ca$le sur"ace has a laminar
laer it means that !e must decrease the air drag calculated "or the "ull tur$ulent laer $ a minimum
o" t!o times(
?elo! the e@uations "rom Anderson
+
"or computation o" local air "riction "or a t!o-sided plate are
gi%en(

( )
, , ( 0 , , ( 0 ,
0,.2 ( 0
,
6 5
))+ ( 0
, ,
,
+ ( ''0
'0 +,- ( ' , , ' ,- ( 0 032 ( 0 '
, , , , 2 ( 0
P
, , ( 0 ,
, ( '
) 2
t f t 0 l f l 0
e
T f
e
% f e
9
C C C C
(
C
(
C
T
)x
(
T
T
T
T
a
)
'
T
T
'
T
T

+

,
_
+ +

D% ! 0(,Cf.l;)
2
S , DT ! 0(,Cf.t;)
2
S . D ! 0(,5DT 1 D%6. 53(236
To appl the a$o%e theor to the dou$le semi-circle case !e can appro7imate the atmosphere densit
$ the e7ponential e@uation
-h
e
0
, 53(2+6
!here o N '(22, kgBm
3
, - N 30(000'+, h is the altitude QmR( Then the air "riction drag is
, sin arg , cos B 6 5 6 5
0
0
' '
P
, ,
2
,
0
" "
" h
dh h h C d) D
m
"
"
l t 0 % T

53(2,6
!here DT,% and C0,l,t are the tur$ulent and laminar drag and drag coe""icient respecti%el, ' is the angle
o" the ca$le element to the hori8on( The "ull drag is D ! 0(,5DT1D%6. The results o" computation are
presented in Fig( 3('*(
51
The simplest "ormula "or air "riction F is
F ! )S0$9 ( 53(2)6
The re@uired po!er, &, is
& ! D) ( 53(2*6
The results o" computations using e@uation 53(2*6 are presented in Fig( 3('-(
The simplest "ormula "or air "riction F is
F ! )S0$9 ( 53(2)6
52
The re@uired po!er, &, is
& ! D) ( 53(2*6
The results o" computations using e@uation 53(2*6 are presented in Fig( 3('-(
1. 0a!e Studie!
Gata on arti"icial "i$er, !hiskers, and nanotu$es in Chapter '(
*ro=ect 1

Space Station or 4ouri!t! or a Scientiic La+oratory at an Altitude o 11. k" 5Figs( 3(' to 3()6
The closed-loop ca$le is a semi-circle( The radius o" the circle is ',0 km( The space station is a ca$in
!ith a !eight o" + tons 5.000 l$6 at an altitude o" ',0 km 5.+ miles6( This altitude is '+0 km under
load(
The results o" computations "or three %ersions 5di""erent ca$le strengths6 o" this pro<ect are in Ta$le
3('(
4a+le '.1. Results o" computation &ro<ect '(
Variant , kgBmm
2
, kgBm
3
K N B'0
*
)max , kmBs "max , km S, mm
2
' 2 3 + , ) *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
' -300 '-00 +() )(- 2.+, '
2 *000 3,00 2(0 +(+* '300 '
3 ,00 '-00 0(2- '()* '-0 '00
&ma7QtonsR 6, kg Li"t "orce, kgBm Loc( Load, kg %, km
=
", km
- . '0 '' '2 '3 '+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30 ').) 0(0)3+ +000 )3 '3(. ,(0
'2(, 32-2 0(02), +000 ',' ')() *(2
30(+ '*07'0
3
0(0)+, +000 )2 +() 0(-3
Ca$le Thrust Ca$le drag Ca$le drag &o!er 4= &o!er4= 4a7(Tourists
Tmax, kg, " N 0 km, kg " N + km, kg " N 0 km " N + km menBda
', ') '* '- '. 20
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-300 2',0 ',00 '+) '02 -00
*000 '*00 ''00 *) +. +00
,0000 *000 ,000 ''* -3(, -00

The column num$ers are: '6 the num$er o" the %ariantC 26 the permitted ma7imum tensile strength QkgBmm
2
RC 36
the ca$le densit QkgBm
3
RC +6 the ratio K N / '0
3*
C ,6 the ma7imum ca$le speed QkmBsR "or a gi%en tensile
strengthC )6 the ma7imum altitude QkmR "or a gi%en tensile strengthC *6 the cross-sectional area o" the ca$le
Qmm
2
RC -6 the ma7imum li"t "orce o" one semi-circle QtonRC .6 the !eight o" the t!o semi-circle ca$le QkgRC
'06 the li"t "orce o" one meter o" ca$le QkgBmRC ''6 the local load 5+ tons or ---. l$6C '26 the length o" the ca$le
re@uired to support the gi%en 5+ tons6 load QkmRC '36 the ca$le angle to the hori8on near the local load QdegreesRC
'+6 the change o" altitude near the local loadC ',6 the ma7imum ca$le thrust QkgRC ')6 the air drag on one semi-
circle ca$le i" the dri%ing 5motor6 station is located on the ground 5at altitude " N 06 "or a hal" tur$ulent
$oundar laerC '*6 the air drag o" the ca$le i" the dri%e station is located on a mountain at " N + kmC '-6 the
po!er o" the dri%e stations Q4=R 5t!o semi-circles6 i" located at " N 0C '.6 the po!er o" the dri%e stations
Q4=R i" located at " N + kmC 206 the num$er o" tourists 5tourist capacit6 per da 50(3, hour in station6 "or
dou$le semi-circles(
5'
-cono"ic -!ti"ation! o the!e pro=ect! or Space 4ouri!"!.
Take the !eight 5mass6 o" the tourist ca$in as 2 tons 5it ma $e up to + tons6, and the use"ul paload as
'(3 tons 5') tourists plus one operator6( Acceleration 5$raking6 is 0(, 5a N , mBs6( Then the time to
clim$ and descend !ill $e a$out - minutes 5" ! 0(,at
2
6 and 20 minutes "or o$ser%ation at an altitude
',0 km( The common "light time !ill $e 30 minutes( The passenger capa$ilit !ill $e a$out -00
tourists per da(
Let us use the "ollo!ing e@uation to estimate the deli%er cost, C :
3 2
'
B B
n n
E &t0 ' n I
C
+ +
, 53(2)6
!here: I N installation cost, AC n4 N installation li"e time, earsC ' N earl maintenance, AC & ! D) 3
engine po!er, KBsC t 3 ear time 5t N 3)00
(
2+
(
3),6, secondsC 0 N "uel cost, ABkgC E N "uel heat capa$ilit,
KBkg 5"or $en8ene E N +3
(
'0
)
, KBkg, "or coal E N 20
(
'0
)
C "or natural gas E N +,
(
'0
)
6C N engine
e""icienc, N 0(230(3C n? N num$er o" tourist per da, peopleBdaC nB N num$er o" !orking das in
ear(
Let us take "or %ariant 3: I N A'00 millionC n' N '0 earsC ' N A2 million in earC & ! D) 3 engine
po!er, KBs, !here D N ,0,000 N, ) N ')*0 mBsC t N 3)00
(
2+
(
3), N 3'(,
(
'0
)
sC 0 N 0(2,, ABkgC E N
+3
(
'0
)
, KBkgC N 0(2,C n2 N +00 peopleC n3 N 3)0( Results o" computations are presented in Fig( 3('.(

Then the production cost o" a space trip "or one tourist !ill $e e@ual to A,0- 5a$out -+U o" this cost
is the cost o" $en8ene6( This cost is A3)3 "or %ariant 2( >" the cost o" the trip ticket is A'00 more than
the production cost, the installation !ill gi%e a pro"it o" a$out A'+3+. million per ear( This pro"it ma
$e larger i" !e design the installation especiall "or tourism( >" our engines use natural gas 5not
$en8ene6, the production cost decreases $ the ratio o" the cost o" gas to $en8ene(
51
Di!cu!!ion o *ro=ect 1.
'6 The "irst %ariant has a ca$le diameter o" '('3 mm 50(0+, inches6 and a general ca$le !eight o"
').) kg 53),- l$6( >t needs a po!er 5engine6 station to pro%ide "rom '02 to a ma7imum o" '+)
4= 5the ma7imum amount is needed "or additional research6(
26 The second %ariant needs the engine po!er "rom +. to *) 4=(
36 The third %ariant uses a ca$le !ith tensile strength near that o" current "i$ers( The ca$le has a
diameter o" ''(3 mm 50(+, inches6 and a !eight o" '*0 tons( >t needs an engine to pro%ide "rom
-3(, to ''* 4=(
The sstems ma $e used "or launching 5up to ' ton dail6 satellites and interplanetar pro$es( The
installation ma $e used as a rela station "or TV, radio, and telephones(
*ro=ect 2
Se"i-circle o a Radiu! 1... k" &32/ "ile!( or Deli$ering *a!!enger! to a
Di!tance o 2... k" &12/. "ile!( through Space 5Fig( 3(+6
The t!o closed-loop ca$le is a semi-circle( The radius is '000 km( The space ca$in has a !eight o" +
tons 5.000 l$6( The ma7imum altitude is '000 km( The results o" computation "or t!o %ersions are
gi%en in Ta$le 3(2(
4a+le '.2( Result o" computations "or &ro<ect 2
, kgBmm
2
, kgBm
3
), kmBs S, mm
2
*, tons Pmax, tons Pus, kg 4enBda TimeQminR
' 2 3 + , ) * - .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-300 '-00 +() ' ''(3 '' 3000 2000 2*
*000 3,00 2(0 ' 20(2 3 *,0 ,00 2*
The columns num$er are: '6 Tensile strength QkgBmm
2
RC 26 Gensit QkgBm
3
RC 36 Ca$le speed QkmBsRC +6 Cross
sectional ca$le area Qmm
2
RC ,6 Ca$le !eight o" t!o semi-circles QtonsRC )6 4a7imum ca$le li"t "orce QtonsRC *6
9se"ul local load QkgRC -6 4a7imum passenger capa$ilit in $oth directions QpeopleBdaRC .6 Time o" "light in
one direction(
-!ti"ation o econo"ic eiciency
Let us take the cost o" installation and ser%ice as the same as the pre%ious pro<ect( Then the deli%er
cost o" one passenger !ill $e same 5see Fig( 3('.6( >" a ticket is marked up $ ,0 dollars more 5"rom
A'30 to A'-0 i" there are 2000 passengers6, then the pro"it !ill $e a$out '- million dollars per ear(
Di!cu!!ion o *ro=ect 2
Version ' has a ca$le diameter o" '('3 mm 50(0+* inches6, and a ca$le !eight o" ''(3 tons, and has a
passenger capacit o" 2000 people per da in t!o directions( The distance is 2000 km 5'2,0 miles6 and
deli%er time 2* minutes(
These transport sstems ma $e used "or launching 5!eight up to ' ton6 satellites( Such a sstem ma
also $e the optimum !a to tra%el $et!een t!o countries that are separated $ a third countr !hich
does not ha%e an air corridor "or con%entional airplanes, or is an enem countr( The suggested pro<ect
goes into outer space 5" N '000 km6 and out o" the atmosphere o" the third countr(
5/
*ro=ect '
0ircle Around the -arth at an Altitude o 2.. k" &12/ "ile!( or 231. Scientiic
La+oratorie! 5Fig( 3(-6
The closed-loop ca$le is the circle around the 2arth at an altitude " o" 200 km 5'2, miles6( The radius
is ),*- km( The space stations are -3'0 ca$ins !ith a !eight o" ' ton 52222 l$6(
Results o" computation "or three %ersions are gi%en in Ta$le 3(3(
4a+le '.'. Result o" computations "or &ro<ect 3(
No , , ) , S, Pmax, =eight, Li"t "orce, Angle , ho ,
kgBmm
2
kgBm
3
kmBs mm
2
tons tons kgBkm degree km
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
' 2 3 + , ) * - . '0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
' -300 '-00 '0(,3 ' ,2(' *+(+ '(2) 3(+, '2(,
2 *000 3,00 .('. ' ++ '+, '(0) +(' '*(2
3 ,00 '-00 -(0) '0 3'(+ *++ 0(*) ,(*+ 3,
The num$ers are: '6 The %ariantC 26 Tensile strength QkgBmm
2
RC 36 Ca$le densit QkgBm
3
RC +6 Ca$le speed QkmBsRC
,6 Cross sectional ca$le area Qmm
2
RC )6 4a7imum ca$le li"t "orce QtonsRC *6 Ca$le !eight QtonsRC -6 Li"t "orce o"
' km o" ca$le QkgBkmRC .6 Ca$le angle to the hori8on near a local load QdegreesRC '06 Change 5decrease6 in
altitude under a local load o" ' ton QkmR(
Di!cu!!ion o *ro=ect '
The %ariant 3 using current "i$ers 5 N ,00 kgBmm
2
C ,000 4&a6 has a ca$le diameter o" 3() mm 50(',
inches6, a ca$le !eight o" *++ tons, and can keep '0 space stations !ith use"ul loads 52003,00 kg6 "or
each station at an altitude o" '-0 km 5''2 miles6( This ma also $e used "or launching small 5up to a
!eight 200 kg6 satellites(
*ro=ect 1
#!ing the 0a+le 0ircle a! a *ropul!ion Sy!te" and -nergy Storage Sy!te"
5Fig( 3(*6
As presented in the main te7t the suggested sstem ma $e used as a space ship launch sstem, as a
landing sstem "or space ships on planets and asteroids, or as a deli%er sstem "or people and
paloads "rom a space ship to the planet or asteroidDs sur"ace and $ack !ithout landing the ship(
?elo! !e consider an application o" this sstem as a propulsion sstem using any mass 5"or e7ample, a
meteorites, asteroid material, ship gar$age, etc(6 to create the shipDs thrust( The o""ered sstem ma $e
used also "or storing energ(
Let us suggest that a space ship has a nuclear energ station( The ship has a lot o" energ( ;o!e%er,
the ship can not use this energ e""icientl "or thrust $ecause kno!n ion thrusters 5electric rocket
engines6 produce onl small amounts o" thrust 5"rom grams to kg6( Conse@uentl an trip !ould take
a long time 5ears6( Rocket engines re@uire a lot o" e7pensi%e "uel 5"or e7ample, li@uid hdrogen "or a
nuclear engine6 and o7idi8er 5"or e7ample, li@uid o7gen6, !hich greatl increases launch costs, the
ship mass, re@uirements "or lo! temperatures and di""iculties "or storage(
The suggested sstem allo!s an material 5mass6 to $e used "or imparting speed to a ship( For
e7ample, let the space ship ha%e the ca$le sstem made "rom car$on nanotu$es 5tensile strength -300
kgBmm
2
and densit '-00 kgBm
3
6( This means Qe@uation 53('6R the ca$le sstem can ha%e a ma7imum
53
speed o" )-00 mBs 5Ta$le 3(2, column ,6( The sstem can thro! o"" mass at this speed in an direction
and pro%ide thrust "or the space ship( The speci"ic impulse o" the ca$le sstem, )-00 mBs, is $etter than
the speci"ic impulse o" an modern rocket engine( For e7ample, current rocket engines ha%e impulses
200032,00 mBs 5solid "uel6, 300033200 mBs 5li@uid kerosene3o7gen "uel6, and up to +200 mBs
5hdrogen3o7gen "uel6( >" the ship takes ,0U o" its mass in asteroid material, it can achi%e an
additional speed o" )-00 mBs Qsee e@uation 53('.6R( The space ship can also use an o" the shipDs
gar$age to produce thrust(
As an energ storage sstem the suggested ca$le sstem allo!s 23 4= o" energ to $e stored per
e%er kilogram o" a ca$le Qsee e@uation 53(2'6R( Tis is more than an current kg o" a con%entional "uel
5"uel and o7idi8er6(

Di!cu!!ing, Su""ary, and 0onclu!ion!
The o""ered method and installations promise to decrease launch costs $ a "actor o" thousands( The
are %er simple and ine7pensi%e( As !ith an ne! sstem, the suggested method re@uires "urther
detailed theoretical research, modeling, and de%elopment(
Science la$oratories ha%e !hiskers and nanotu$es that ha%e high tensile strength(
The "i$er industr produces "i$ers that can $e used "or some o" the authorDs pro<ects at the present
time( These pro<ects are unusual 5strange6 "or specialists and people no!, $ut the ha%e huge
ad%antages, and the ha%e a $ig "uture( The go%ernment shoul support scienti"ic la$oratories and
companies !ho can produce a ca$le !ith the gi%en per"ormances "or a reasona$le price, and !ho
research and de%elop prospecti%e methods(
Reerence! or 0hapter '
'( S#a0e te0hnoloy F A##li0ation. International Forum, '..)3'..*, Al$u@uer@ue, 4N, 9SA,
parts '33(
2( G(V( Smitherman, Kr, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2., 2000(
3( F(S( 1alasso, Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osite, 1ordon and ?ranch Scienti"ic &u$lisher,
'.-.(
+( K(G( Anderson, "y#ersoni0 and "ih Tem#erature 6as Dynami0s, 4c1ra!-;ill ?ook Co(,
'.-.(
,( Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers, Girector, '..,(
)( K(>( /rosch!it8 5ed(6, Con0ise En0y0lo#edia of Polymer S0ien0e and Enineerin, '..0(
*( 4(S( Gresselhous, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, 2000(
-( A(A( ?olonkin, ECentri"ugal /eeper "or Space Stations and SatellitesF, JBIS, Vol(,), No( .B'0,
2003, pp( 3'+-32*(
Figure 0apture! or 0hapter '
Fig( 3('( Circle launcher 5space station keeper6 and space transport sstem( Notations are: ' 3 ca$le circle, 2 3
main engine, 3 3 transport sstem, + 3 top roller, , 3 additional ca$le, ) 3 a load 5space station6, * 3
mo$ile ca$in, - 3 lo!er roller, . 3 engine o" the transport sstem(
Fig( 3(2( Semi-circle launcher 5space station keeper6 and transport sstem( Notation is the same as Fig( 3('( !ith
the additional o" 20 and 2' 3 rollers( The semi-circle is the same 5see right side o" Fig( 3(+6(
Fig( 3(3( Launching the space ship 5pro$e6 into space using the ca$le semi-circle( 2* 3 load, 2- 3 %acuum tu$e
5option6(
Fig( 3(+( Gou$le semi-circle !ith opposed speeds "or deli%er o" a load to another semi-circle end( 2. 3 roller(
55
Fig( 3(,( Launching a load into space !ith a triple circle rope speed using the dou$le semi-circle( Notations are:
3' 3 space pro$e, 32 3 engine, 33 3 launch ca$le, 3+ 3 roller, 3, 3 connection point o" the launch ca$le, '),
'* 3 semicircle(
Fig( 3()( Supporting the semi-circle in %ertical position 5"or sta$ilit6( 3- 3 guide ca$le(
Fig( 3(*( 9sing the rope circle as a propulsion sstem( Notations are: +0 3 gar$age, +' 3 space ship(
Fig( 3(-( ca$le circle around the 2arth "or -3'0 space o$<ects( Notations are: ,0 3 dou$le circle, ,' 3 dri%e
stations, ,2 3 guide ca$le, ,3 3 energ transport sstem, ,+ 3 space station(
Fig( 3(.( Sstem "or changing the radius o" the rope circle( Notations are: 230 3 sstem "or radius control, 23+ 3
engine, 23) 3 mo$ile tackle $lock, 2++ 3 transport sstem, 2+) 3 engine, 2+- 3 circle, 2,0 3 guide ca$le(
Fig( 3('0( 4a7imum ca$le speed %ersus sa"e speci"ic ca$le stress(
Fig( 3(''( 4a7imum li"t "orce o" ca$le S N ' mm
2
%ersus stress(
Fig, 3('2( 4a7imum radius o" 2arth semi-circle %ersus speci"ic ca$le stress(
Fig( 3('3( 4a7imum speed o" a closed-loop circle around a planet,
Fig( 3('+( Full li"t "orce o" the closed-loop ca$le circle rotated around a planet(
Fig( 3(',( Relati%e speed o" space ship %ersus relati%e thro!ing mass(
Fig( 3(')( Storage energ o" ' kg o" the ca$le(
Fig( 3('*( 2stimation o" the "riction air drag QtonsR %ersus ca$le speed QkmBsR and initial altitude QkmR "or a
dou$le semi-circle keeper(
Fig( 3('-( 2stimation o" the dri%e po!er Qk=R %ersus ca$le speed QkmBsR and initial altitude QkmR "or a dou$le
semi-circle keeper(
Fig( 3('.( 2stimation o" the production cost per tourist %ersus num$er o" tourists per da "or the installation
cost ,0, '00, ',0, 200, 2,0 million 9S dollars and engine po!er -3(, 4=(
52
0hapter 1.
Apti"al %nlata+le Space 4o9er!;
Su""ary

>n this Chapter the author pro%ides theor and computations "or $uilding in"lata$le space to!ers
up to '00 kilometers in height( These to!ers can $e used "or tourism, scienti"ic o$ser%ation o" space,
the 2arthDs sur"ace, !eather and the top atmosphereC as !ell as "or radio, tele%ision, and
communication transmissions( These to!ers can also $e used to launch space ships and 2arth
satellites(
These pro<ects are not e7pensi%e and do not re@uire rockets( The re@uire thin strong "ilms
composed o" arti"icial "i$ers and "a$ricated $ current industr( The can $e $uilt using present
technolog( To!ers can $e used 5"or tourism, communication, etc(6 during the construction process
and pro%ide sel"-"inancing "or "urther construction( The to!er design does not re@uire !ork at high
altitudesC all construction can $e done at the 2arthDs sur"ace(
The transport sstem "or a to!er consists o" a small engine 5used onl "or "riction compensation6
located at the 2arthDs sur"ace( The to!er is separated into sections and has special protection
mechanisms in case o" damage(
&ro$lems in%ol%ing securit, control, repair, and sta$ilit o" the proposed to!ers !ill $e
addressed in other pu$lications( The author is prepared to discuss these and other pro$lems !ith
serious organi8ations desiring to research and de%elop these pro<ects(
--------------------
P Getail manuscript !as pu$lished as article E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers !ith 3-'00 km ;eightF, $
?olonkin A(A(, JBIS, Vol( ,), No( 3B+, pp( -*3.*, 2003(
1. %ntroduction
Brie ,i!tory. The idea o" $uilding a to!er high a$o%e the 2arth into the hea%ens is %er old
'
( The
!ritings o" 4oses, a$out '+,0 ?C, in 1enesis, Chapter '', re"er to an earl ci%ili8ation that in a$out
2'00 ?C tried to $uild a to!er to hea%en out o" $rick and tar( This construction !as called the To!er
o" ?a$el, and !as reported to $e located in ?a$lon in ancient 4esopotamia( Later in chapter 2-,
a$out '.00 ?C, Kaco$ had a dream a$out a staircase or ladder $uilt to hea%en( This construction !as
called Kaco$Ds Ladder( 4ore contemporar !ritings on the su$<ect date $ack to /(2( Tsiolko%ski in his
manuscript ESpeculation a$out 2arth and Sk and on Vesta,F pu$lished in '-.,
2
( This idea inspired Sir
Arthur Clarke to !rite his no%el, The Fountains o" &aradise
3
, a$out a space to!er 5ele%ator6 located
on a "ictionali8ed Sri Lanka, !hich $rought the concept to the attention o" the entire !orld(
5:
Toda, the !orldDs tallest construction is a tele%ision transmitting to!er near Fargo, North Gakota,
9SA( >t stands )2. m high and !as $uild in '.)3 "or /T;>-TV( The CNN To!er in Toronto,
#ntario, Canada is the !orldDs tallest $uilding( >t is ,,3 m in height, !as $uild "rom '.*3 to '.*,,
and has the !orldDs highest o$ser%ation desk at ++* m( The to!er structure is concrete up to the
o$ser%ation deck le%el( A$o%e is a steel structure supporting radio, tele%ision, and communication
antennas( The total !eight o" the to!er is 3,000,000 tons(
The #stankin To!er in 4osco! is ,+0 m in height and has an o$ser%ation desk at 3*0 m( The
!orldDs tallest o""ice $uilding is the &etronas To!ers in /uala Lumpur, 4alasia( The t!in to!ers are
+,2 m in height( The are '0 m taller than the Sears To!er in Chicago, >llinois, 9SA(
Current materials make it possi$le e%en toda to construct to!ers man kilometers in height(
;o!e%er, con%entional to!ers are %er e7pensi%e, costing tens o" $illions o" dollars( =hen
considering ho! high a to!er can $e $uilt, it is important to remem$er that it can $e $uilt to an
height i" the $ase is large enough( Theoreticall, ou could $uild a to!er to geosnchronous 2arth
or$it 512#6 out o" $u$$le gum, $ut the $ase !ould likel co%er hal" the sur"ace o" the 2arth(
The proposed in"lata$le to!ers are cheaper $ "actors o" hundreds( The can $e $uilt on the
2arthDs sur"ace and their height can $e increased as necessar( Their $ase is not large( The main
inno%ations in this pro<ect are the application o" helium, hdrogen, or !arm air "or "illing in"lata$le
structures at high altitude and the solution o" a sta$ilit pro$lem "or tall 5thin6 in"lata$le columns,
and utili8ation o" ne! arti"icial materials
+3*
(
4he to9er application!. The in"lata$le high to!ers 533'00 km6 ha%e numerous applications "or
go%ernment and commercial purposes:
_ 2ntertainment and o$ser%ation plat"orm(
_ 2ntertainment and o$ser%ation desk "or tourists( Tourists could see o%er a huge area, including
the darkness o" space and the cur%ature o" the 2arthDs hori8on(
_ Grop to!er: tourists could e7perience se%eral minutes o" "ree-"all time( The drop to!er could
pro%ide a "acilit "or e7periments(
_ A permanent o$ser%ator on a tall to!er !ould $e competiti%e !ith air$orne and or$ital
plat"orms "or 2arth and space o$ser%ations(
_ Communication $oost: A to!er tens o" kilometers in height near metropolitan areas could
pro%ide much higher signal strength than or$ital satellites(
_ Solar po!er recei%ers: Recei%ers located on tall to!ers "or "uture space solar po!er sstems
!ould permit use o" higher "re@uenc, !ireless, po!er transmission sstems 5e(g( lasers6(
_ Lo! 2arth or$it 5L2#6 communication satellite replacement: Appro7imatel si7 to ten '00-km-
tall to!ers could pro%ide the co%erage o" a L2# satellite constellation !ith higher po!er,
permanence, and eas upgrade capa$ilities(
Further methods proposed $ the author "or access to space are gi%en in the re"erences
-3')
(
De!cription o %nno$ation and *ro+le"
4o9er !tructure. The simplest tourist to!er includes 5Fig( +('6: >n"lata$le column, top o$ser%ation
desk, ele%ator, e7pansions, and control sta$ilit( The to!er is separated into sections $ hori8ontal and
%ertical partitions 5Fig( +(26 and contains entr and e7it air lines and control de%ices(
2.2. Filling ga!. The compressed air "illing the in"lata$le to!er pro%ides the !eight( >ts densit
decreases at high altitude and it cannot to support a top to!er load( The author suggests "illing the
to!ers !ith a light gas, "or e7ample, helium, hdrogen, or !arm air( The computations "or changing
pressure o" air, helium, and hdrogen are presented in Fig( +(3 Qsee e@uation 5+('6R( >" all the gases ha%e
the same pressure 5'(' atm6 at 2arthDs sur"ace, their columns ha%e %er di""erent pressures at '00 km
2.
altitude( Air has 0 atm, hdrogen 0(+ atm, and helium 0(', atm( A pressure o" 0(+ atm means that
e%er s@uare meter o" a to!er top can support + tons o" use"ul load( ;elium can support onl '(, tons(
Fig. 1.'( 5See hard copies6
Fig. 1.1. >n"lata$le to!er o" height 3 km 5'0,000 "t6( Notations: ' 3 >n"lata$le column o" radius , mC 2
3 o$ser%ation deskC 3 3 load ca$le ele%atorsC + 3 passenger ca$inC , 3 e7pansionsC ) 3 engineC * 3
radio and TV antennaC - 3 rollers o" ca$le transport sstemC . 3 sta$ilit control(
2.2. Filling ga!. The compressed air "illing the in"lata$le to!er pro%ides the !eight( >ts densit
decreases at high altitude and it cannot to support a top to!er load( The author suggests "illing the
to!ers !ith a light gas, "or e7ample, helium, hdrogen, or !arm air( The computations "or changing
pressure o" air, helium, and hdrogen are presented in Fig( +(3 Qsee e@uation 5+('6R( >" all the gases ha%e
the same pressure 5'(' atm6 at 2arthDs sur"ace, their columns ha%e %er di""erent pressures at '00 km
altitude( Air has 0 atm, hdrogen 0(+ atm, and helium 0(', atm( A pressure o" 0(+ atm means that
e%er s@uare meter o" a to!er top can support + tons o" use"ul load( ;elium can support onl '(, tons(
Fig. 1.'( 5See hard copies6
21

Fig. 1.2( Section o" in"lata$le to!er( Notations: '0 3 hori8ontal "ilm partitionsC '' 3 light second "ilm
5internal co%er6C '2 3 air $allsC '3 3 entrance line o" compression air and pressure controlC '+ 3
e7it line o" air and controlC ', 3 control laser $eamC ') 3 sensors o" laser $eam locationC '* 3
control ca$les and de%icesC '- 3 section %olume(
9n"ortunatel, hdrogen is dangerous as it can $urn( The catastrophes in%ol%ing dirigi$les are
su""icient illustration o" this( ;drogen can $e used onl a$o%e an altitude o" '33', km, !here the
atmospheric pressure decreases $ '0 times and the pro$a$ilit o" hdrogen $urning is small(
The a%erage temperature o" the atmosphere in the inter%al "rom 0 to '00 km is a$out 2+0 V/( >" a
to!er is made "rom dark material, the temperature inside the to!er !ill $e higher than the
temperature o" the atmosphere at a gi%en altitude in da time, so that the to!er support capa$ilit
!ill $e greater Qe@uation 5+('6R(
The o$ser%ation radius %ersus altitude is presented in Figs( +3, Qe@uation 5+(236R(
22
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters 2'

4o9er "aterial. The author has "ound onl old 5'.*36 in"ormation a$out te7tile "i$er "or in"lata$le
structures
+
( This re"ers to Gu&ont te7tile Fi$er B and Fi$er *RD-1: "or tire cord( The are si7 times
as strong as steel 5psi is +00,000 or 3'2 kgBmm
2
6 !ith a speci"ic gra%it o" onl '(,( 4inimum
a%aila$le arn si8e 5denier6 is 200, tensile modulus is -(-S'0
)
5B6 and 20S'0
)
5*RD-1:6, and
ultimate elongation 5percent6 is + 5B6 and '(- 5*RD-1:6(
The to!er parameters %ar depending on the strength o" the te7tile material 5"ilm6, speci"icall
the ratio o" the sa"e tensile stress ` to speci"ic densit a( Current industr !idel produces arti"icial
"i$ers that ha%e tensile stress ` N ,003)20 kgBmm
2
and densit a N '-00 kgBm
3
( Their ratio is K N `Ba
N 0(2-30(3+( There are !hiskers 5in industr6 and nanotu$es 5in scienti"ic la$oratories6 !ith K N '32
5!hisker6 and KN,3'' 5nanotu$es6( Theor predicts "i$er, !hisker and nanotu$es could ha%e K
%alues ten times greater
,3*
(
The to!er parameters ha%e $een computed "or K N 0(0, 3 0(3, !ith a recommended %alue o" K N
0('( The reader can estimate to!er parameters "or other strength ratios(
4o9er !aety. 4an people think that in"lata$le construction is dangerous, on the $asis that a small
hole 5damage6 could de"late the to!er( ;o!e%er that assumption is incorrect( The to!er !ill ha%e
multiple %ertical and hori8ontal sections, dou$le !alls 5co%ers6, and special de%ices 5e(g( air $alls6
!hich !ill temporaril seal a hole( >" a to!er section sustains ma<or damage, the to!er height is
onl decreased $ one section( This modularit is similar to com$at %ehicles 3 $ullets man damage
its tires, $ut the %ehicle continues to operate(
4o9er !ta+ility. Sta$ilit is pro%ided $ e7pansions 5tensile elements6( The %erticalit o" the to!er
can $e checked $ laser $eam and sensors monitoring $eam location 5Fig( +(26( >" a section de%iates
"rom %ertical control ca$les, control de%ices, and pressure changes restore the to!er position(
4o9er con!truction. The to!er $uilding !ill not ha%e con%entional construction pro$lems such as
li"ting $uilding material to high altitude( All sections are identi"ia$le( Ne! sections are put in at the
$ottom o" the to!er, the ne! section is in"lated, and the entire to!er is li"ted( >t is estimated the
$uilding ma $e constructed in 233 months( A small to!er 5up to 3 km6 can $e located in a cit(
4o9er co!t. The in"lata$le to!er does not re@uire high cost $uilding materials( The to!er !ill $e a
hundred times cheaper than con%entional solid to!ers +003)00 m tall(
4heory o %nlata+le 4o9er!
5all e@uations in metric sstem6
2@uations de%eloped and used $ author "or estimations and computation are pro%ided $elo!(
21
'( 4he pre!!ure o any ga! in a colu"n $er!u! altitude.
The gi%en molecular !eight, , temperature, T, o" an atmospheric gas mi7ture, gra%it, , o" planet,
and atmospheric pressure, P, %ersus altitude, ", ma $e calculated using the e@uation
P ! Poe7p5C"$(T6 or Pr ! P$Po N e7p5Ca"6, 5+('6
!here Po is the pressure at the planet sur"ace 5"or the 2arth Po '0
,
QNBm
2
R6, ( N -3'+ is gas
constant( For air: N 2-(.), "or hdrogen: N 2, "or helium N +C a ! $5(T6(
2( Apti"al co$er thickne!! and to9er radiu!.
Let us consider a small hori8ontal cross-section o" to!er element( 9sing the kno!n "ormulas "or
mass and stress, !e !rite
, 2 , 6, 5 , 2 ,
2 2
rdr ds dr r ( r ( s d" r dm dm Pds + 5+(26
!here m C co%er mass QkgR, C co%er speci"ic !eight QkgBm
3
R, C co%er tensile stress QNBm
2
R, d C
sign o" di""erential, s C to!er cross-section area !hich supports a to!er co%er Qm
2
R, N .(-' QmBs
2
R
gra%it, (, r 3 radius o" to!er QmR, N 3('+, P is surplus internal gas pressure o%er outside
atmosphere pressure QNBm
2
R(
Su$stituting the a$o%e "ormulas in the "irst e@uation, !e get
#dr ! d" ( 5+(36
From e@uations "or stress !e "ind the co%er thickness
2(Pd" ! 2d" or ! (P$ ( 5+(+6
>" !e su$stitute 5+(+6 in 5+(36 and integrate, !e "ind
( ! (oe7p5C"$k6 or (r ! ($(o ! e7p5C"$k6, 5+(,6
!here (r is relati%e radius, (o is $ase to!er radius QmR, k ! $ (
3( 4o9er lit orce F
F ! PS, S ! SrSo , Sr ! 5(r(o6
2
$So , S ! So(r
2
, 5+()6
F ! PSo(r
2
, 5+(*6
!here So ! (o
2
is a cross-section to!er area at " ! 0, Sr ! S$So is the relati%e cross-section p" the
to!er area(
>" !e su$stitute 5+('6, 5+(,6 in 5+(*6!e "ind
F ! PoSo e7pQC 5a[2$k6"R or Fr ! F$PoSo N e7pQC 5a[2$k6"R, 5+(-6
!here Fr is the relati%e "orce(
+( Ba!e area or a gi$en top load W BkgC. The re@uired $ase area So 5and radius (o6 "or gi%en top
load * ma $e "ound "rom 5+(-6 i" F ! *.
PoSo ! *$Fr5"ma76 and (o ! 5SoB6
'B2
. 5+(.6
,( >a!! o co$er. From 5+(26
)(
dm ! 2(d" . 5+('06
>" !e su$stitute 5+('6,5+(+6 and 5+(,6 in 5+('06 !e "ind
dm ! 52$k6PoSobe7pQ3 5a12$k6"Rcd" ( 5+(''6
>ntegrate this relation "rom "4 to "?, !e get
' ! Q2P'S'Bk5a[2$k6RQFr5"'6 3 Fr5"26R , 5+('26
or relati%e mass 5"or " N 06 is
2/
'r ! 'B5PoSo6 N Q2$k5a12$k6R5' C Fr6 ( 5+('36
)( 4he thickne!! o a to9er co$er ma $e "ound "rom e@uations 5+(+6,5+(,6 and 5+('6
! 5$k6Po(obe7pQC 5a1$k6"Rc . 5+('+6
Relati%e thickness is
r N BPo(o N 5$k6be7pQC 5a1$k6"Rc . 5+(',6
*( >axi"u" !aety +ending "o"ent 5e7ample, "rom !ind6 Qsee 5+(-6 and 5+(,6R
-(
'$ ! F( ! (oPoSo(rFr 5+(')6
or relati%e $ending moment is
'-,r ! '-$5(oPoSo6 N (rFr ( 5+('*6

-( 6a! "a!! ' into to9er( Let us !rite the gas mass as a small %olume and integrate this e7pression
"or altitude:
r
P (T P d" ( d) d) dm
0
2
B , ,
, 5+('-6

!here ) is %olume, is gas densit, ' is gas densit at altitude "'( >" !e su$stitute Pr "rom 5+('6,
integrate, and su$stitute Fr "rom 5+(-6, !e ha%e
' ! Q'('
2
$:a12$k6RQFr5"'6 3 Fr5"26R , 5+('.6

!here lo!er inde7 E'F means %alues "or lo!er end and E2F means %alues "or top end(,,
Relati%e gas mass is

6R 5 6 5 6RQ B 2 B5 Q B
2 '
2
' ' ,
" F " F k a ( ' '
r r r
+
(
5+(206

.( Ba!e to9er radiu!. =e get "rom 5+(-6 "or F ! *(
'0(
(' ! 5*$P'(r6
'B2
, 5+(2'6
!here * is the top load QkgR(
'0( 4o9er "a!! ' QkgR is
''(
' ! ('
2
P' ( 5+(226
Di!tance L o -arth $ie9 ro" a high to9er
% 52(e"1"
2
6
0(,
, 5+(236
23
!here (e N ),3*- km is the 2arthDs radius( Results o" computations are presented in Figs( +(+ to
+(,(
*ro=ect 1. A !i"ple air to9er o ' k" height
&Ba!e radiu! / ", 1/ t, K D ..1(
This ine7pensi%e pro<ect pro%ides e7perience in design and construction o" a tall in"lata$le to!er,
and o" its sta$ilit( The pro<ect also pro%ides "unds "rom tourism, radio and tele%ision( The in"lata$le
to!er has a height o" 3 km 5'0,000 "t6( Tourists !ill not need a special suit or $reathing de%ice at this
altitude( The can en<o an 2arth panorama o" a radius o" up 200 km( The $ra%est o" them could
e7perience 20 seconds o" "ree-"all time "ollo!ed $ 2g o%erload(
Re!ult! o co"putation!( Assume the additional air pressure is 0(' atm, air temperature is 2--
o
/ 5',
o
C, )0
o
F6, $ase radius o" to!er is , m, K N 0(0, 3 0(3( Take K N 0(', computations o" radius
are presented in Fig( +()( >" the to!er cone is optimal, the to!er top radius must $e +(,, m( 5Fig( +()6(
The ma7imum use"ul to!er top li"t is +) tons 5Fig( +(*6( The co%er thickness is 0(0-* mm at the $ase
and 0(0,* mm at the top 5Fig( +(-6( The outer co%er mass is onl ''(, tons 5Fig( +(.6( >" !e add light
internal partitions, the total co%er !eight !ill $e a$out ') 3 '- tons 5compared to 3 million tons "or
the ,,3 m to!er in Toronto6( 4a7imum sa"e $ending moment %ersus altitude 5as presented in Fig(
+('06 ranges "rom 3.0 tonSmeter 5at the $ase6 to 2'0 tonSmeter at the to!er top(
-cono"ic eiciency( Assume the cost o" the to!er is A, million, its li"e time is '0 ears, annual
maintenance A' million, the num$er o" tourists at the to!er top is 200 5', tons6, time at the top is 0(,
hour, and the to!er is open '2 hours per da( Then +-00 tourists !ill %isit the to!er per da, or '(*
million per ear( The unit cost o" one tourist is 50(, [ '6B'(* N ' ABperson( >" a ticket costs A., the
pro"it is '(*S- N A'3() million per ear( >" a "or drop "rom the to!er 5in a special ca$in, "or a "ree-"all
5!eightlessness6 time o" 20 seconds, "ollo!ed $ a o%erload o" 2g6 costs A, and 20U o" tourists take
it, the additional pro"it !ill $e A'(* million
25
-cono"ic eiciency( Assume the cost o" the to!er is A, million, its li"e time is '0 ears, annual
maintenance A' million, the num$er o" tourists at the to!er top is 200 5', tons6, time at the top is 0(,
hour, and the to!er is open '2 hours per da( Then +-00 tourists !ill %isit the to!er per da, or '(*
million per ear( The unit cost o" one tourist is 50(, [ '6B'(* N ' ABperson( >" a ticket costs A., the
pro"it is '(*S- N A'3() million per ear( >" a "or drop "rom the to!er 5in a special ca$in, "or a "ree-"all
5!eightlessness6 time o" 20 seconds, "ollo!ed $ a o%erload o" 2g6 costs A, and 20U o" tourists take
it, the additional pro"it !ill $e A'(* million(
22
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters 2:

Fig. 1.1.( 4a7imum sa"e $ending moment
:.
*ro=ect 2. ,eliu" to9er '. k"
&Ba!e radiu! i! / ", 1/ t, K D ..1(
Re!ult! o co"putation( Let us take the additional pressure o%er atmospheric pressure as 0(' atm(
The change o" air and helium pressure %ersus altitude are presented in Figs( +(3 and +(+( The change
o" radius %ersus altitude is presented in Fig( +(''( For K N 0(' the radius is 2 m at an altitude o" 30
km( The use"ul li"t "orce is presented in Figs( +('2 and +(',( For K N 0(' it is a$out *, tons at an
altitude o" 30 km, thus it is a "actor o" t!o times greater than the 3 km air to!er( >t is not surprising,
$ecause the helium is lighter than air and it pro%ides a li"t "orce( The co%er thickness is presented in
Fig( +('3( >t changes "rom 0(0- mm 5at the $ase6 to 0(+2 mm at an altitude o" . km and decreases to
0(2 mm at 30 km( The outer co%er mass is a$out 3*0 5Fig( +('+6 tons( Re@uired helium mass is '.0
tons 5Fig( +(')6(
:1
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters :2
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters :'
The tourist capa$ilit o" this to!er is t!ice than o" the 3 km to!er, $ut all tourists must sta in
ca$ins(
*ro=ect '. Air-hydrogen to9er 1.. k"
&Ba!e radiu! o air part i! '/ ", the hydrogen part ha! +a!e radiu! / "(
This to!er is in t!o parts( The lo!er part 503', km6 is "illed !ith air( The top part 5',3'00 km6 is
"illed !ith hdrogen( >t makes this to!er sa"er, $ecause the lo! atmospheric pressure at high altitude
decreases the pro$a$ilit o" "ire( ?oth parts ma $e used "or tourists(
Air part, .31/ k"( The $ase radius is 2, m, the additional pressure is 0(' atm, a%erage
temperature is 2+0
o
/, and the stress coe""icient K N 0('( Change o" radius is presented in Fig( +('*,
the use"ul to!er li"t "orce in Fig( +(2', and the to!er outer to!er co%er thickness is in Fig( +('-,
ma7imum sa"e $ending moment is in Fig( +('., the co%er mass in Fig( +(20( This to!er can $e used
"or tourism and as an astronom o$ser%ator( For K N 0(', the lo!er 503', km6 part o" the pro<ect
re@uires ,*0 tons o" outer co%er 5Fig( +(206 and pro%ides .0 tons o" use"ul top li"t "orce 5Fig( +(2'6(
:1
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters :/
,ydrogen part, 1/31.. k"( This part has $ase radius , m, additional gas pressure 0(' atm, and
re@uires a stronger co%er, !ith K N 0(2(
The results o" computation are presented in the "ollo!ing "igures: the change o" air and hdrogen
pressure %ersus altitude are in Fig( +(3C the to!er radius %ersus altitude is in Fig( +(22C the to!er li"t
"orce %ersus altitude is in Fig( +(23C the to!er thickness is in Fig( +(2+C the co%er mass is in Fig( +(2,C
the li"t "orce is in Fig( +(2)C hdrogen mass is in Fig( +(2*(
:2
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters ::
The use"ul top to!er load can $e a$out , tons, ma7imum, "or K N 0(2( The co%er mass is ''2 tons
5Fig( +(2,6, the hdrogen li"t "orce is 3* tons( The top to!er !ill press on the lo!er part !ith a "orce
o" onl ''2 3 3* [ , N -0 tons( The lo!er part can support .0 tons(
Readers can easil calculate an %ariant $ using the presented "igures(
The proposed pro<ects use the optimal change o" radius, $ut designers must "ind the optimal
com$ination o" the air and gas parts(
0onclu!ion
The presented theor and computation sho! that an ine7pensi%e tall to!er can $e designed and
constructed and can $e use"ul "or industr, go%ernment and science(
The author has de%eloped the inno%ation, estimation, and computations "or the a$o%e mentioned
pro$lems( 2%en though these pro<ects ma seem impossi$le using current technolog, the author is
prepared to discuss the details !ith serious organi8ations that !ant to de%elop these pro<ects(
Reerence! or 0hapter 1
'( G(V( Smitherman, Kr(, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2.(
2( /(2( Tsiolko%ski:FSpeculations A$ot 2arth and Sk on VestaF, 4osco!, >8d-%o AN SSSR, '.,.C
1re8i o 8emle i ne$e 5in Russian6, Academ o" Sciences, 9SSR(, 4osco!, p( 3,, '...(
3( A(C( Clarke: Fountains of Paradise, ;arcourt ?race Ko%ano%ich, Ne! Iork, '.*-(
+( K(T( ;arris, Advan0ed 'aterial and Assem-ly 'ethods for Inflata-le Stru0tures( A>AA, &aper No(
*3-++- 5'.*36(
,( F(S( 1alasso, Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osite, 1ordon and ?ranch Science &u$lisher, '.-.(
)( Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers, Girector, '..,(
*( 4(S( Gresselhous, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, 2000(
-( A(A( ?olonkin, E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers !ith 3-'00 km ;eightF, JBIS, Vol( ,), pp( -*3
.*, 2003(
.( 1eo""re A( Landis, Craig Ca"arelli, The Tsiolko%ski To!er Re-27amined, JBIS, Vol( 32, p( '*)3
'-0, '...(
1..
0hapter /
@inetic Space 4o9er!;
Su""ary
This chapter discusses a re%olutionar ne! method to access outer space( A ca$le stands up %erticall
and pulls up its paload into space !ith a ma7imum "orce determined $ its strength( From the ground
the ca$le is allo!ed to rise up to the re@uired altitude( A"ter this, one can clim$ to an altitude using
this ca$le or deli%er a paload at altitude( The author sho!s ho! this is possi$le !ithout in"ringing the
la! o" gra%it(
The chapter contains the theor o" the method and the computations "or "our pro<ects "or to!ers that
are +, *,, 22, and ')0,000 km in height( The "irst three pro<ects use the con%entional arti"icial "i$er
!idel produced $ current industr, !hile the "ourth pro<ect use nanotu$es made in scienti"ic
la$oratories( The chapter also sho!s in a "i"th pro<ect ho! this idea can $e used to launch a load at
high altitude(
------------------------------------------------------------
P&resented as paper >AC-02->AA('(3(03 at =ould Space Congress 2002, '03'. #cto$er, ;ouston, TM, 9SA(
Getail manuscript !as pu$lished as ?olonkin, A(A( E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF, JBIS, Vol( ,*,
No('B2, 200+, pp(33-3.(
%ntroduction
Lyrical note. 4an people ha%e seen "ilms sho!ing trick $ >ndian magician( The magician arri%es at
1.1
an >ndian %illage, calls the residents, and sho!s them the trick( ;e sho!s a "le7i$le rope to the people,
then he takes this rope, sas the magic !ords, "lips the rope, and it stands up %erticall( A $o clim$s
up to the top o" the rope and descends( The magician again sas the magic !ords and the rope "all
do!n(
> ha%e asked a lot o" scientists: !hat is the scienti"ic e7planation o" this trick( This is hpnosis(
;o!e%er, ou can hpnoti8e people, $ut ou cannot hpnoti8e a camcorder(
Current access to outer space is descri$ed in re"erences
'3 '2
(
This chapter suggests a %er simple and ine7pensi%e method and installation "or li"ting and launching
into space( This method is di""erent "rom the centri"ugal method
)
in !hich a ca$le circle or semi-circle
and a centri"ugal "orce are used, !hich keeps the space station at high altitude( >n the o""ered method
there is a straight line %ertical ca$le connecting the space station to the 2arthDs sur"ace( The space
station is held in place $ re"lected ca$le and ca$le kinetic 5shot6 energ( The o""ered method e7pends
more than t!ice as little energ in air drag $ecause the ca$le length is t!ice as short as in the semi-
circle and has a shorter distance 5%ertical $eeline6 than a "ull circle(
This is a ne! method and transport sstem "or deli%ering paloads and people into space( This
method uses a ca$le and an con%entional engine 5mechanical, electrical, gas tur$ines6 located on the
ground( A"ter completing an e7hausti%e literature and patent search, the author cannot "ind the same
space method or similar "acilities(
De!cription o Sugge!ted Launcher
Brie De!cription o inno$ation
The installation includes 5see notations in Fig( ,('a,$ and others6: a strong closed-loop ca$le, t!o
rollers, an con%entional engine, a space station, a load ele%ator, and support sta$ili8ation ropes(
The installation !orks in the "ollo!ing !a( The engine rotates the $ottom roller and permanentl
sends up the closed-loop ca$le at high speed( The ca$le reaches a top roller at high altitude, turns $ack
and mo%es to the $ottom roller( =hen ca$le turns $ack it creates a re"lected 5centri"ugal6 "orce( This
"orce can easil $e calculated using centri"ugal theor, or as re"lected mass using a re"lection theor(
The "orce keeps the space station suspended at the top rollerC and the ca$le 5or special ele%ator6 allo!s
the deli%er o" a load to the space station( The station has a parachute that sa%es people i" the ca$le or
engine "ails(

1.2
Fig. /.1. a( #""ered kinetic to!er: ' 3 mo$ile closed loop ca$le, 2 3 top roller o" the to!er, 3 3 $ottom roller o"
the to!er, + 3 engine, , 3 space station, ) 3 ele%ator, * 3 load ca$in, - 3 tensile element 5sta$ili8ing rope6(
+( Gesign o" top roller(
The theor sho!s, that current !idel produced arti"icial "i$ers 5see Re"erences
+3)
"or ca$le
properties6 allo! the ca$le to reach altitudes up to '00 km 5see &ro<ects ' and 26( >" more altitude is
re@uired a multi-stage to!er must $e used 5Fig( ,(2, see also &ro<ect 36( >" a %er high altitude is
needed 5geosnchronous or$it or more6, a %er strong ca$le made "rom nanotu$es must $e used 5see
&ro<ect +6(
The o""ered to!er ma $e used "or a hori8on launch o" the space apparatus 5Fig( ,(36( The %ertical
kinetic to!ers support hori8ontal closed-loop ca$les rotated $ the %ertical ca$les( The space apparatus
is li"ted $ the %ertical ca$le, connected to hori8ontal ca$le and accelerated to the re@uired %elocit(
The closed-loop ca$le can ha%e %aria$le length( This allo!s the sstem to start "rom 8ero altitude, and
go%es the a$ilit to increase the station altitude to a re@uired %alue, and to spool the ca$le "or repair(
The de%ice "or this action is sho!n in Fig( ,(+( The o""ered spool can reel in the le"t and right $ranches
o" the ca$le at di""erent speeds and can change the length o" the ca$le(

Fig. /.2( 4ulti-stage kinetic to!er( Notations are same in Fig(,('(

Fig. /.'a. /inetic space installation !ith hori8ontall accelerated parts( +( '0 3 accelerated missile(
1.'

Fig. /.1. Varia$le ca$le spool( Notations: ' 3 ca$le, 3 3 rollers, + 3 engines, '' 3 ca$le spool(
Ad$antage!. The suggested to!ers and launch sstem ha%e made $ig ad%ances in comparison !ith
the currentl a%ali$le to!ers and rocket sstems:
The allo! a %er high altitude 5up to geosnchronous or$it and more6 to $e reached, !hich is
impossi$le "or solid to!ers(
The are cheaper $ some thousands at times than the current lo! to!ers( No e7pensi%e rockets are
re@uired(
The kinetic to!ers ma $e used "or tourism, po!er, TV and radio signal rela a !ide o%er %er area, as
a radio locator, are as a space launcher(
The o""ered to!ers and space launcher decrease the deli%er cost $ some thousand times 5up to A'3A+
per l$ !eight6(
The o""ered space to!er launcher can $e made in a "e! months, !hereas the modern rocket launch
sstem re@uires some ears "or de%elopment, design, and $uilding(
The o""ered ca$le to!ers and space launcher do not re@uire high technolog and can $e made $ an
non-industrial countr "rom current arti"icial "i$ers(
Rocket "uel is e7pensi%e( The o""ered ca$le to!ers and space launcher can use the cheapest sources o"
energ such as !ind, !ater or nuclear po!er, or the cheapest "uels such as gaseous gas, coal, peat,
etc(, $ecause the engine is located on the 2arthDs sur"ace( The "l!heels ma $e used as an
accumulator o" energ(
There is no necessar to ha%e highl @uali"ied personnel such as rocket specialists !ith high salaries(
=e can launch thousands o" tons o" use"ul loads annuall(
The ad%antages o" the o""ered method are the same as "or the centri"ugal launcher
)
5see also Chapter
36( The suggested method is appro7imatel hal" the cost o" the semi-circle launcher
)
$ecause it uses
onl one dou$le %ertical ca$le( >t also has appro7imatel hal" the deli%er cost 5up to A23+ per kg6,
$ecause it has hal" the air drag and "uel consumption(
0a+le di!cu!!ing. The reader can "ind detail o" the ca$le discussion in Chapter ' and ca$le
characteristics in Re"erences
,3)
( >n the pro<ects '33 !e use onl cheap arti"icial "i$ers !idel produced
$ current industr(
4heory o the @inetic 4o9er and Launcher
'( Lit orce o the kinetic to9er(
a6 To "ind the li"t "orce o" the kinetic support de%ice "rom centri"ugal theor, take a small part o" the
rotar circle and !rite the e@uili$rium
, sin 2
2
2

S
(
) S(
5,('6
1.1
!here ) is rotar ca$le speed QmBsR, ( is circle radius QmR, is angle o" circle part QradR( S is cross-section o"
ca$le areas Qm
2
R, is ca$le stress QnBm
2
R, is ca$le densit QkgBm
3
R(
=hen 0 the relationship $et!een the ma7imum rotar speed ) and the tensile stress o" the closed loop
5cur%e6 ca$le is
S F k )
2 ,
, 5,(26
$6 !here F is the li"t "orce QnR, k ! $ is the relati%e ca$le stress Qm
2
Bs
2
R( The computations o" the "irst
e@uation "or inter%als 03'K, 'K3'0K 5K ! kB'0
*
6 are presented in Figs( ,(, 3 ,()(
=e can "ind the li"t "orce o" the o""ered installation "rom theoretical mechanics( =riting the
momentum o" the re"lected mass in one second !e "ind
2
2 , , 2 6 5 S) F or S) m m) m) m) F , 5,(36
!here m is the ca$le mass re"lected in one second QkgBsR(
>" !e su$stitute e@uation 5,(26 in 5,(36, the e7pression "or li"t "orce F ! 2S !ill $e the same( The computation
o" e@uation 5,(26 "or inter%als 03'K, 'K3'0K 5K ! kB'0
*
6 is presented in Figs( ,(, and ,( )(
2( Lit orce in a con!tant gra$ity ield( >n a constant gra%it "ield !ithout air drag, the li"t "orce o" the o""ered
de%ice e@uals the centri"ugal "orce F minus the ca$le !eight *
( ) " k S " S " ) S S" F * F F
2 6 5 2 6 5 2 2
2
, 5,(+6
!here " is the altitude o" the kinetic to!er QmR(
3( >axi"u" to9er height or "ini"u" ca+le !peed in a con!tant gra$ity ield are 5"rom e@uation 5,(+66:
" )
"
min ma7
,
( 5,(,6
Computations "or K N 03' are presented in Figs( ,(* and ,(-( >n this case the installation does not produce a
use"ul li"t "orce and !ill support onl itsel"(
Fig. /./( Sa"e ca$le speed %ia stress coe""icient K N 03'(
1./
Fig. /.3( Sa"e ca$le speed %ia relati%e stress coe""icient K N '3'0(
c6 =e can "ind the li"t "orce o" the o""ered installation "rom theoretical mechanics( =riting the
momentum o" the re"lected mass in one second !e "ind
2
2 , , 2 6 5 S) F or S) m m) m) m) F , 5,(36
!here m is the ca$le mass re"lected in one second QkgBsR(
>" !e su$stitute e@uation 5,(26 in 5,(36, the e7pression "or li"t "orce F ! 2S !ill $e the same( The computation
o" e@uation 5,(26 "or inter%als 03'K, 'K3'0K 5K ! kB'0
*
6 is presented in Figs( ,(, and ,( )(
2( Lit orce in a con!tant gra$ity ield( >n a constant gra%it "ield !ithout air drag, the li"t "orce o" the o""ered
de%ice e@uals the centri"ugal "orce F minus the ca$le !eight *
( ) " k S " S " ) S S" F * F F
2 6 5 2 6 5 2 2
2
, 5,(+6
!here " is the altitude o" the kinetic to!er QmR(
+( >axi"u" to9er height or "ini"u" ca+le !peed in a con!tant gra$ity ield are 5"rom e@uation 5,(+66:
" )
"
min ma7
,
( 5,(,6
Computations "or K N 03' are presented in Figs( ,(* and ,(-( >n this case the installation does not produce a
use"ul li"t "orce and !ill support onl itsel"(
1.3
Fig. /.5. 4a7imum to!er height %ia relati%e ca$le stress(
Fig. /.2. 4inimum ca$le speed %ia to!er height(
+. @inetic lit orce in a $aria+le gra$ity ield and or the rotary -arth(
( )
( ) , ,
2
2 2 2 2 2
,
2
, , , , ,
2 2
0
2
2 2
0
0 0
2
0
2
2 2
0
0 0
2
2
0
0
0
2
2
2
0
0
2
0
) k ( (
(
(
( k S P Sk P S F
or ( (
(
(
( Sd( (
(
(
P
" ( ( Sd( dm (
(
)
(
(
dm
(
)
dP
(
(

1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_
+
,
_
,
_

5,()6
!here k is the relati%e ca$le stress( =e !ill use a more con%enient %alue "or graphs o" K N '0
3*
k.
4inimum ca$le stress or minimum ca$le speed o" a %aria$le rotar planet e@uals
1.5
( ) ( ) (
2
,
2
2
0
2
2 2
0
0 0
2
min
2
0
2
2 2
0
0 0 min
( (
(
(
( ) ( (
(
(
( k
,
_
,
_

5,(*6
Computation o" these e@uations "or 2arth is presented in Figs( ,(. and ,('0( >" K d , the height o"
the kinetic to!er ma $e $eond the 2arthDs geosnchronous or$it( For 4ars this is K d ', and "or the
4oon it is K d 0(3( #ne point to note "rom Fig( ,(. the o""ered to!er o" a height o" '+,,000 km can $e
maintance !ithout a ca$le rotation, and i" the to!er height is more '+,,000 km, the to!er has a use"ul
li"t "orce that allo!s a paload to $e li"ted using an immo$ile ca$le(
Fig( ,(.( Relati%e ca$le stress %ia altitude "or rotar 2arth !ith %aria$le gra%it(
Fig. /.1.( 4inimum ca$le speed %ia altitude "or rotar 2arth !ith %aria$le gra%it(
,( /. -!ti"ation o ca+le riction in the air.
1.2
This estimation is %er di""icult $ecause there are no e7perimental data "or air "riction o" an in"initel thin
ca$le 5especiall at hpersonic speeds6( A computational method "or plates at hpersonic speed descri$ed in
the $ook "y#ersoni0 and "ih Tem#erature 6as Dynami0s $ K(G( Anderson, p( 2-*
*
, !as used( The
computation is made "or t!o cases: laminar and tur$ulent $oundar laers(
The results o" this comparison are %er di""erent( Tur$ulent "riction is greater than laminar "riction $
hundreds o" times( A$out -0U o" the "riction drag occurs in the troposphere 5"rom 0 to '2 km6( >" the ca$le
end is located on the mountain at + km altitude the ma7imum air "riction !ill $e decreased $ 30U(
>t is postulated that hal" o" the ca$le sur"ace !ill ha%e the laminar $oundar laer $ecause a small !ind or
tra<ector angle !ill $lo! a!a the tur$ulent laer and restore the laminar "lo!( The $lo!ing a!a o" the
tur$ulent $oundar laer is studied in a%iation and is used to restore laminar "lo! and decrease air "riction(
The laminar "lo! decreases the "riction in hpersonic "lo! a$out $ 2-0 timesZ >" hal" o" the ca$le sur"ace
has a laminar laer, it means that !e must decrease the air drag calculated "or "ull tur$ulent laer $ a
minimum o" t!o times(
?elo!, the e@uation "rom Anderson
*
"or computation o" local air "riction "or a t!o-sided plate is gi%en(

( )
2 ( 0
P
,
, ( 0
,
, ( '
) 2
0,.2 ( 0
,
6 5
))+ ( 0
, ,
,
+ ( ''0
'0 +,- ( ' , , ' ,- ( 0 032 ( 0 '
e
T f
e
% f e
9
(
C
(
C
T
)x
(
T
T
T
T
a
)
'
T
T
'
T
T

+

,
_
+ +

D% ! 0(,Cf.l;)
2
S C DT ! 0(,Cf.t;)
2
S . 5,(-6
!here: T;, (e;, ;, ; are the re"erence 5e%aluated6 temperature, Renolds num$er, air densit, and air
%iscosit respecti%el( ' is the 4ach num$er, a is the speed o" sound, ) is speed, x is the length o" the plate
5distance "rom the $eginning o" the ca$le6, T is "lo! temperature, T9 is $od temperature, Cf.l is a local skin
"riction coe""icient "or laminar "lo!, Cf,t is a local skin "riction coe""icient "or tur$ulent "lo!( S is the area o"
skin Qm
2
R o" $oth plate sides, so this means "or the ca$le !e must take 0(,SC D is air drag 5"riction6 QNR( >t can
$e sho!n that the general air drag "or the ca$le is D N 0(,DT 1 0(,D%, !here DT is the tur$ulent drag and D%
is the laminar drag(
From e@uation 5,(-6 !e can deri%e the "ollo!ing e@uations "or tur$ulent and laminar "lo!s o" the %ertical
ca$le
, ,*)) ( 0
+
))+ ( 0
, 0,+* ( 0
+
0,.2 ( 0
, ( 0 , ( 0 , ( ' , ( 0
, ( 0
, ( 0 , ( 0 , ( ' , ( 0
, ( 0
, ( 0
0
- ( 0 2 ( 0 - ( ' 2 ( 0
- ( 0
- ( 0 2 ( 0 - ( ' 2 ( 0
- ( 0
- ( 0
0
0 0
0 0
dh e h )
T
T
d dh e h )
T
T d
D
dh e h )
T
T
d dh e h )
T
T d
D
-h
"
"
-h
"
"
%
-h
"
"
-h
"
"
T

,
_

,
_
,
_

,
_
5,(
.6
!here d is the diameter o" the ca$le QmR, o N '(22, is air densit at " N 0( The laminar drag is less than the
tur$ulent drag $ 2003300 times and !e can ignore it(
2ngine po!er and additional ca$le stress can $e computed $ con%entional e@uations:
,
+
, 2
d
D
S
D
D) P
t t 5,('06
!here P is engine po!er Q<, !R( The "actor o" 2 is $ecause !e ha%e t!o $ranches o" the ca$le: one mo%es up and
the %other mo%es do!n( The drag does not decrease the li"t "orce $ecause in the di""erent $ranches the drag is in
opposite directions(
Computations are presented in Figs( ,('' and ,('2 "or lo! ca$le speed and relati%e ca$le stress K ! 032, in Fig(
,('3 and ,('+ "or high ca$le speed and the stress K ! 03'0(
1.:
Fig. /.11. Air ca$le drag %ia ca$le speed 032 kmBs "or di""erent ca$le diameter(
Fig. /.12( 2ngine po!er %ia ca$le speed 032 kmBs "or di""erent ca$le diameter(
11.
Fig. /.1'( Air ca$le drag %ia ca$le speed 23- kmBs "or di""erent ca$le diameter(
Fig. /.11( 2ngine po!er %ia ca$le speed 23- kmBs "or di""erent ca$le diameter(

3. *eople !ecurity( >" the ca$le is damaged, the people can $e rescued using a parachute !ith %aria$le
area( ?elo! the reader !ill "ind e@uations and computations o" the possi$ilit o" sa%ing people on the
to!er( The parachute area is changed so that o%erload does not go $elod a gi%en %alue 5& \ ,g6(

)*'. B 6 '0000 5 .2'- B
+'+ ( 0 '0 , 22, ( ' '0 0
, , 0 ,
, ( 0
,
2
, ,

" "
D
D
e " for e km " for
&
m
D
#
&
a) C
#
#
a)
C
m
D
m
D
dt
d)
)
d)
d"

5,(''6
!here " is altitude QmR, ) is speed QmBsR, t is time QsecondsR, m is mass QkgR, D is drag QnR, N .(-'
mBs
2
is gra%it, CD is the drag coe""icient, is air densit QkgBm
3
R, a is speed o" sound QmBsR, # is the
parachutes speci"ic load QkgBm
2
R, & is o%erload QgR(
111
Computations are presented in Figs( ,(', to ,('*( The con%entional people 5tourists6 can $e rescued
"rom altitudes up to 2,03300 km( The cosmonauts can outsta an o%erload up -g and ma $e rescued
"rom greater altituds(
Fig. /.1/( Speed %ia altitude "or %aria$le parachute area( 5See hard cop6
Fig. /.13( #%erload %ia altitude "or %aria$le parachute area(
Fig. /.15( &arachute load %ia altitude(
*ro=ect!
*ro=ect E1. @inetic 4o9er o ,eight 1 k"
For this !e can take a con%entional arti"icial "i$er !idel produced $ industr !ith the "ollo!ing
ca$le per"ormances: sa"e stress is N '-0 kgBmm
2
5ma7imum N )00 kgBmm
2
, sa"et coe""icient n N
)00B'-0 N 3(336, densit is N '-00 kgBm
3
, ca$le diameter d N '0 mm(
The special stress is k ! N '0
)
NBm
2
5K ! kB'0
*
N 0('6, sa"e ca$le speed is ) ! k
0(,
N '000 mBs, the
ca$le cross-section area is S ! d
2
B+ N *-(, mm
2
, use"ul li"t "orce is F ! 2S5kD"6N2*('3 tons(
Re@uested engine po!er is P N ') 4= 5e@uation 5,('066, ca$le mass is ' ! 2S" N 2
(
*-(,
(
'0
3) (
'-00
(
+000 N ''30 kg(
Assume that the to!er is used "or tourism !ith a paload o" 20 tons( This means 20000B*, N 2)*
tourists ma $e in the station at same time( =e take 200 tourists e%er 30 minutes, i(e( 200 S +- N .)00
peopleBda( LetDs sa .000 touristsBda !hich corresponds to .000S3,0 N 3(', millionBear(
Assume the cost o" installation is A', million
-
the li"e time is '0 ears, and the maintenance cost is
A' million per ear( The cost o" an installation to ser%ice a single tourist is 2(,B3(', N A0(- per person(
The re@uired "uel 6 ! Pt$ N ')S'0
)
S3,0S2+S)0S)0B5+2S'0
)
S0(36 N 3-(+
(
'0
)
kg( >" the "uel cost is
A0(2, per kg, the annual "uel cost is A.() millions, or .()B3(', N A3(0, per person( ;ere t is annual time
QsR, is "uel heat capa$ilit QKBkgR, and is the engine e""icienc coe""icient(
The total production cost is 0(- [ 3(0, N A3(-, per tourist( >" a trip costs A., the annual pro"it is 5.3
3(-,6S3(', N ')(22 million o" 9S dollars( >" readers do not agree !ith this estimation, calculations can
$e made !ith other data(
*ro=ect 2. @inetic 4o9er o ,eight 5/ k"
For this to!er take the sa"e ca$le stress K N 0(', the cross-section area S N .0 mm
2
5d N '0(* mm6, the
ca$le densit N '-00 kgBm
3
( Then the li"t "orce is F ! 2S5kD"6 N * tons( The re@uired engine
po!er is P N '' 4= 5e@uation 5,('06, Fig( ,('26, ca$le mass is ' ! 2S" N 2S

.0S'0
3)
S'00S*,000 N
2+(3 tons, the ca$le speed is '000 mBs(
*ro=ect '. >ulti-Stage! @inetic 4o9er o ,eight 22/ k"
Current industr !idel produces onl a cheap arti"icial "i$er !ith ma7imum stress N ,003)20
kgBmm
2
and densit ! '-00 kgBm
3
( =e take an sa"e stress N '-0 kgBmm
2
5sa"et coe""icient is n N
)00B'-0 N 3(336, N '-00 kgBm
3
( Then k ! N '000000 NBm
2
or K ! kB'0
*
N 0('( From this ca$le
one can design a one-stage kinetic to!er !ith a ma7imum height '00 km 5paload N 06( Assume !e
!ant to design a to!er height is 22, km high using the current material( =e can design then 3- stage
to!er !ith each stage at height " N *, km and use"ul load capa$ilit '3,# N 3 tons at the to!er top(
>n this case the 3rd 5top6 stage 5',0322, km6 must ha%e a cross-section area S3 ! '3,#BQ25k3"6R N
33(3 mm
2
5d N )(, mm6, and the ca$le mass o" the 3rd stage is '3,0 N 2S3" N . tons( Total mass o"
third stage is '3 N . [ 3 N '2 tons(
The 2nd stage 5*,3',0 km6 must ha%e a cross-section area S2 ! '3BQ25k3"6R N '33 mm
2
5d N '3
mm6, and the ca$le mass o" 2rd stage is '2,0 ! 2S2" N 3) tons( Total mass o" third [ second stages is
'2 N '2 [ 3) N +- tons(
112
The 'st stage 503*, km6 must ha%e cross-section area S' ! '2BQ25k3"6R N ,33 mm
2
5d N 2) mm6,
and the ca$le mass o" the 'rd stage is '',0 N 2S2" N '++ tons( Total mass o" third [ second[ "irst
stages is '0 N +- [ '++ N '.2 tons(
*ro=ect 1. @inetic 4o9er 9ith ,eight 13.,... k"
Assume that nanotu$e ca$le is used, !ith K N ) 5"or this height K must $e more than ,, see Fig( ,(-6(
This means the sa"e stress is N ),000 kgBmm
2
and the ca$le densit is N '000 kgBm
3
( At the present
time 520006 scienti"ic la$oratories produce nanotu$es !ith N 20,000 kgBmm
2
and densit N 0(-3'(-
kgBm
3
( Theor predicts N '00,000 kgBmm
2
( 9n"ortunatel, there are no !idel produced industrial
nanotu$es and the la$orator samples are %er e7pensi%e(
Take a cross-section ca$le area o" ' mm
2
( The re@uired speed is ) ! :k<
0(,
N 5)
(
'0
*
6
0(,
N *(*, kmBs, the
mass o" ca$le is ' ! S" N 320 tons, and the engine po!er 5onl in an installation launch6 is P N ,0
k= 5e@uation 5,('066( =hen "ull altitude is reached the engine can $e turned o"" and the centri"ugal
"orce o" the 2arthDs rotation !ill support the ca$le( 4oreo%er, the installation has a li"t "orce o" a$out
'000 kg, so a use"ul load can $e connected to the ca$le, the engine can $e turned on or slo! speed and
the load can $e deli%ered into space(
*ro=ect /. @inetic 4o9er a! Space Launcher
The suggested installation o" Fig( ,(3 can $e used as a space launcher( The space apparatus is li"ted to
high altitude $ the le"t kinetic to!er, connected to the hori8on line and accelerated( The re@uired
acceleration distance depends on the sa"e acceleration( For a pro<ectile it ma $e '03,0 km 5& N )+3
320g6, "or cosmonauts it ma $e +00 km 5& N -g6, "or tourists it ma $e ''00 km 5& N 3g6(
Di!cu!!ion
The proposed method o""ers a ne!, simpler, cheaper, more realistic method "or space launches than
man others( >t is impossi$le to demand immediatel solutions to all pro$lems( This is onl the start o"
much research and de%elopment o" the associated pro$lems( The purpose here is to o""er a ne! idea
and sho! that it has good prospects, $ut it needs "urther research(
>t is thought that this method has a $ig "uture( >t does not need e7pensi%e rockets as current methods
do, or rockets to launch a counter$alance into space and thousands o" tons o" nanotu$e ca$le as the
space ele%ator does( >t onl needs con%entional ca$le and a con%entional engine located on a planet( >t
is %er important not to dismiss ne! ideas !hen the are "irst contained(
Reerence!
'( Space Technolog T Application( >nternational Forum, parts '-3, Al$u@uer@ue, 4N, '..)3
'..*(
2( G(V( Smitherman Kr(, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2.(
3( A(A( ?olonkin, F;personic 1as-Rocket Launch Sstem(F, A>AA-2002-3.2*, 3-th
A>AABAS42BSA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$ition, *3'0 Kul, 2002(
>ndianapolis, >N, 9SAC >AC-02-S(&(',, =orld Space Congress-2002B#ct( '03'., ;ouston, 9SAC
Kournal A0tual #ro-lems of aviation and aeros#a0e systems, No(', V(-, 2003, pp( +,3,-, /a8an,
Gatona ?each(
)( A(A( ?olonkin, EAsteroids as &ropulsion Sstems o" Space ShipsF, JBIS, Vol( ,-, 33+, pp( .-3'0*(
*( A(A( ?olonkin, ESpace Ca$le LaunchersF, &aper -0,* at Smposium EThe Ne7t '00 earsF, '+3'*
Kul 2003, Gaton, #hio, 9SA(
)( A(A( ?olonkin, ECentri"ugal /eeper "or Space Stations and SatellitesF, JBIS, Vol ,), pp( 3'+-322,
Sept3#ct 2003(
*( K(G( Anderson, "y#ersoni0 and "ih Tem#erature 6as Dynami0s( 4c1ra!-;ill ?ook Co(,'.-.(
-( G(2( /oell, "and-ook of Cost Enineerin, TCS, 1erman, 2000(
.( A(A( ?olonkin, E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, Nos 'B2, 200+, pp(3333.(
11'
0hapter 3
6a! 4u+e ,yper!onic Launcher;
Su""ary
The present chapter descri$es a hpersonic gas rocket, !hich uses tu$e !alls as a mo%ing compressed
air container( Suggested $urn programs 5"uel in<ection6 ena$le use o" the internal tu$e components as a
rocket( A long tu$e 5up to 0(+30(- km6 pro%ides mo$ilit and can $e aimed in !ater( Relati%el
ine7pensi%e o7idi8er and "uel are used 5compressed air or gaseous o7gen and kerosene6( =hen a
pro<ectile crosses the 2arthDs atmosphere at an angle more then ',
o
, loss o" speed and the !eight o" the
re@uired thermal protection sstem are small( The research sho!s that the launcher can gi%e a
pro<ectile a speed o" up to ,3- kmBs( The proposed launcher can deli%er up to -,,000 tons o" paloads
to space annuall at a cost o" one to t!o dollars per pound o" paload( The launcher can also deli%er
a$out ,00 tons o" mail or e7press parcels per da o%er continental distances and ma $e used as an
energ station and accumulator( Guring !ar, this launch sstem could deli%er militar munitions to
targets thousands to tens o" thousands o" kilometers a!a "rom the launch site(
------------------------
P This chapter is $ased on a paper presented at the 3-th A>AA &ropulsion Con"erence, *3'0 Kul 2002,
>ndianapolis, 9SA 5A>AA-2002-3.2*6 and the =orld Space Congress, '03'. #ct( 2002, ;ouston, 9SA
5>AC-02-S(&(',6( Getailed material is pu$lished as A(A(?olonkin, E;personic 1as-Rocket Launcher o"
;igh CapacitF, JBIS, %ol( ,*, No( ,B), 200+, pp( ')23'*2C Kournal A0tual Pro-lems of Aviation and
Aeros#a0e Systems, /a8an, ' 5',6, pp( +,-)., 2003(
>ain No"enclature &"etric !y!te"(<
C# 3 heat capa$ilit at constant pressure C# ! '('', QkKBkg
(o
/R "or air, C# N '(0). "or o7gen,
Cv 3 heat capa$ilit at constant %olume,
6# 3 mass o" the pro<ectile 5paload6QkgR,
K ! C#$Cv 3 coe""icient, k N '(3+ "or airC k N '(2 "or rocket gas,
% 3 length o" launch tu$e QmR,
%r 3 length o" rocket air column QmR,
' 3 mass o" rocket QNR,
'k 3 rocket mass at end o" acceleration QNR,
'o 3 rocket mass at $eginning o" acceleration QNR,
) 3 speed o" rocket QmBsR,
)o 3 speed o" the rocket a"ter initial acceleration QmBsR,
)# 3 pro<ectile speed a"ter $eing shot at sea le%el QmBsR,
) 3 increment o" rocket %elocit QmBsR,
9 3 speed o" gas a"ter no88le QmBsR,
P 3 pressure o" gas "rom no88le QatmR,
Po 3 initial pressure o" gas in tu$e,
111
G 3 amount o" heat QKR,
( 3 gas lo! constant, ( N 2-* "or air, ( N 32, "or rocket gas,
t 3 time QsecondsR,
T 3 a$solute temperature,
o
/,
3 tra<ector angle to a hori8on QdegreesR(
3 "uel rate QkgBsR,
! 'k$'o 3 relati%e mass o" rocket(
%
ntroduction
9n"ortunatel, most specialists, !hen the see pro<ectiles in tu$es, think o" a gun 5cannon6( The kno!
%er !ell that a gun cannot gi%e a pro<ectile speed o" more than '32 kmBsec
'3,
( The also kno! that a
gas gun using hdrogen can gi%e a speed o" up to 33+ kmBs, !hich ho!e%er is still not enough "or space
"light(
A high-speed ground-$ased gun is %er large, comple7 and e7pensi%e, and can shoot onl "rom one
point on the 2arth or in Space
)3'2
, there"ore the do not !ant to read or hear a$out a ne! re%olutionar
method(3
As is sho!n in the Re"erence
'2
the o""ered installation is a gas rocket in a tu$e( >t looks like the solid
tra%eling charge gun
'33'+
, $ut the o""ered tu$e rocket uses air and kerosene as "uel 5not po!der as in the
tra%eling charge gun6(
Short histor o" the high speed gun( The "irst high-speed gun !as the /rupp gun in =orld =ar '( A"ter
=orld =ar >> research into a $ig high-speed gun !as made in pro<ect ;AR&
''
(
The cannon had a cali$er o" ')(+ inches 5+'* mm6, !ith a $arrel length at +,3'2) calipers 5'-(-3,2(,
m6, and the !eight o" the gunpo!der !as *-0 l$s 53,' kg6( 4a7imum pressure reached 3+0 4&a 53+00
atm6( The pro<ectile !eighing 3- l$s 5'* kg6 had speeds up to )0003)'3, "tBs 52 kmBs6( >ra@ made the
most recent attempt to create a $ig cannon, !hich !as destroed $ the 9N(
A gun !ith a solid tra%eling charge !as studied $ the ?allistic Research La$orator
'3, '+
( The used
solid gunpo!der as rocket "uel and a small $ore 5,B- inch65.(, mm6( The tra%eling charge gun !as
initiated at the ?allistic Research La$oratories, A$erdeen &ro%ing 1roup, 4arland( The o$<ecti%e o"
their paper
'3
is to sho! that it is possi$le to $uild a de%ice capa$le o" accelerating small pro<ectiles
5!eight range o" ' to , grams6 to %elocities in e7cess o" 20,000 "tBs 5) kmBs6 !ithout su$<ecting the
pro<ectile to se%ere acceleration "orce( Their result is as "ollo!s(
>n theor there is no upper limit to the %elocit that can $e attained( All that is re@uired is more
propellant and a longer $arrel( ;o!e%er the shot time is a$out + ms and the re@uired "ast $urning rate o"
2000 inchesBsecond is three orders o" magnitude greater than the $urning rate o" solid gun propellants(
This pro$lem could not $e sol%ed $ using a porous 5grains6 propellant 5gunpo!der6( >t !as noted that it
could $e possi$le "or the propellant to detonate( Some e7periments !ith $all po!der in a long tu$e
5analogous to a long grain o" porous propellant6 ha%e indicated that rapid $urning o" the propellant ma
change o%er a detonation(
The suggested method and installation
',,')
uses con%entional compressed air 5as o7idi8er6 and
con%entional kerosene 5as "uel6( The $arrel is long 5up to 0(+3' km6 and the time o" the shot is long 5up
to 0(,3'(2 s6( The in<ection "uel program keeps constant pressure in the rocket 5constant thrust6 and
a%oids detonation( #ther di""erences and ad%antages are sho!n later(
De!cription
Fig( )('a sho!s a design o" the tu$e o" the suggested hpersonic gas-rocket sstem( The sstem is
made up o" a tu$e, a piston !ith a "uel tank and paload, and no88le connected to the piston, and %al%es(
The tu$e rocket engine can $e made !ithout a special no88le 5Fig( )('$6( >n this case, the "uel
11/
e""icienc o" the gas-rocket engine !ill decrease $ut its construction $ecomes simpler(
The tu$e ma $e placed into a "rame 5Fig( )('c6( The "rame is placed into !ater and connected to a
ship "or mo$ilit and aiming(

Fig( )('( a - Space launcher !ith the gas rocket and rocket no88le in the tu$e( The sstem comprises the
"ollo!ing: ' 3 tu$e, 2 3 paload 5pro<ectile6, 3 3 "uel tank, + 3 piston , , 3 "uel pipeline, ) 3 no88le
connected to piston, * 3 rocket air column, - 3 com$ustion cham$er, . 3 in<ectors o" the com$ustion
cham$er, '2 3 tu$e "rame, '+ 3 additional in<ectors, ', 3 lo!er tu$e in<ectors, ') 3 air pipeline, '* 3
lo!er %al%e, '- 3 upper %al%e, '. 3 top %al%e, 20 3 air lock, 2'3 gas pipe, 22 3 electric engines(
$ - Space launcher !ith the gas rocket and no the rocket no88le( c 3 Launcher in "rame(
The tu$e rocket engine can $e made !ithout a special no88le 5Fig( )('$6( >n this case, the "uel
e""icienc o" the gas-rocket engine !ill decrease $ut its construction $ecomes simpler(
The tu$e ma $e placed into a "rame 5Fig( )('c6( The "rame is placed into !ater and connected to a
ship "or mo$ilit and aiming(
The launch se@uence is as "ollo!s( First the mo%a$le piston !ith the "uel tank 5containing li@uid "uel6,
and paload are loaded into the tu$e( The piston is held in place $ the "asteners or closed %al%e '* 5Fig(
)('6( The direction and angle o" the launch tu$e are set(
Val%e '. 5Fig( )('6 is closed and a %acuum 5a$out 0(00, atm6 is created in the launch tu$e space a$o%e
the paloadBpiston to reduce the drag imparted to the paloadBpiston as it mo%es along the launch tu$e(
The tu$e, o" a length o" )30 m and a diameter o" '0 m, contains )' tons o" air at atmospheric pressure(
>" this air is not remo%ed, the paload must $e decreased $ the same %alue( >" air pressure is decreased
do!n to 0(00, atm, the parasitic air mass is decreased to 300 kg( This is an accepta$le parasitic load(
Val%e '* is closed and an o7idi8er 5air, o7gen, or a mi7ture6 is pumped into the space $elo! the
paloadBpiston(
Li@uid "uel 5$en8ene, kerosene6 is in<ected into the space $elo! no88le ) through the launch tu$e
in<ectors 5item ',, Fig( )('6 and ignited( Val%e '* 5Fig( )('6 is opened( The hot com$ustion gas e7pands
113
and pushes the paloadBpiston sstem along the launch tu$e together !ith the air column 5item *6
$et!een the piston and no88le(
=hen the piston reaches the ma7imum gun speed 5a$out ' kmBs6, the compressed air column $egins
to !ork as a rocket engine using one o" the special in<ection "uel programs 5see Re"erence
'2
6(
As the paloadBpiston approaches the end o" the launch tu$e, %al%e '. is opened and the airlock 5item
206 $egins to operate( A"ter the paloadBpiston has le"t the launch tu$e, %al%e '- closes the end o" the
launch tu$e and re-directs the hot com$ustion gases do!n the $pass tu$e 5item 2'6 to %arious tur$o-
machines preparing compressed air "or the ne7t shot and electricit "or customers(
>" a high launch "re@uenc is re@uired, then internal tu$e !ater in<ectors are used to @uickl cool the
launch tu$e(
A"ter the paloadBpiston sstem lea%es the launch tu$e, the paload 5pro<ectile6 separates "rom the
piston and the empt "uel tank( The paload continues to "l along a $allistic tra<ector( At apogee, the
paload ma use a small rocket engine to reach or$it or to "l to an point on 2arth(
The method $ !hich the "uel is in<ected and ignited !ithin the launch tu$e is critical to high-speed
5hpersonic6 acceleration o" the paload( The author has de%eloped the "i%e "uel in<ection programs "or
the launch sstem
'2
(
>n these programs the thrust 5"orce6 is constant at all times, !hich means that pressure and all
parameters in the rocket engine are constant( &arts o" the programs ha%e t!o steps( >n the "irst step the
"uel is in<ected into compressed air at the lo!er part o" the tu$e to support a constant pressure and
pro%ide the initial acceleration o" the rocket 5together !ith air column %r6 to the %elocit )o( >n the
second step the rocket engine $egins to thrust and support the constant pressure and temperature in the
rocket com$ustion cham$er( The result is that the thrust "orce o" the gas-rocket engine remains constant(
>n the re"erence article the author considered onl a simpli"ied model 5Fig( )('$6 !hen a rocket no88le
is a$sent(
>ethod! o -!ti"ation and Re!ult! o 0o"putation
Estimation of missile velo0ity
Take the !ell-kno!n rocket e@uation
P 9
dt
d)
' +
( 5)('6
and its solution
ln
,
_
+
P
9 )
, 5)(26
!here ) N increment o" speed QmBsR, ! 'k$'o N relati%e mass o" rocketC 'k N rocket mass at the end
o" acceleration QkgRC 'o N rocket mass at the $eginning o" acceleration QkgRC N "uel 5gas consumption6
rate QkgBsR 5constant6C 9 N speed o" gas at no88le e7it QmBsR 5constant6, P N "orce o" pressure at no88le
e7it QNR 5constant6(
From the theor o" no88le e7pansion the "ollo!ing relations are kno!n
P ! '0
+
PnSn , ! 090S0 ,
'
2
,
'
2 '0
,
'
2
'
'
0
+
'
0
+

,
_
+

,
_

k
k(T
9
k (T
P
k
# #
0
k
0
k
k
0

!here su$script EcF denotes parameters in a critical 5most narro!6 no88le areaC su$script EoF denotes the
gas parameters in tu$e rocket $e"ore com$ustionC su$script EnF denotes parameters in the no88le e7it, S
is the cross-section area o" the tu$e Qm
2
R, T is the gas temperature in the com$ustion cham$er Q
o
/R, # is
the gas pressure in the rocket QkgBcm
2
R, k, ( are gas constants, g N .(-' mBs
2
is gra%it(
115
>n this chapter the computations are gi%en onl "or the simplest case: the rocket a !ithout special
no88le 5the tu$e is used as a no88le o" constant cross-section area6, !here: S ! Sn ! S0 , 9 ! 90 , Pn !
P0.
Let us su$stitute the a$o%e e7pressions into 5)(26:

( , ln
6 ' 5 2
,
'
2
,
'0
,
'
2
,
6 ' 5 2
,
6 ' 5
2
,
'
2
0
0
+
0
'
'
0
) ) ) (T
k
k
) T
k
T
(T
#
k k
(T k P
9
k k
(T P
k
k(T
9
0
k
0
+
+

+

,
_
+
+
+

5)(36
!here k N ',+, ( N 2-* "or air and k N '(2, ( N 32, "or rocket gas, )o is the initial speed QmBsR(
Su$stituting k ! '(+, ( ! 2-* "or air into the a$o%e e7pressions, !e o$tain the "ollo!ing e@uations:
ln )- ( 3' T ) , 90 ! '-('35T6
0(,
, 590 1 P$6 ! 3'()-5T6
0(,
,
0 ! 0()3+o , #0! 0(,),#o , T0 ! 0(-33T ( 5)(+6
>" !e su$stitute k N '(2, ( N 32, "or rocket gas
ln , ( 3+ T ) , 5)(,6
The conditional temperature T in the com$ustion cham$er !ithout molecular dissociation and !ith a
constant coe""icient o" heat capacit at constant pressure C#, ma $e calculated $ the e@uation 5"or
kerosene6:
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

2'
0)* ( 0 ' '', ( '
2'
'0 2(.,
3
n
n
C
G
T
#
, T ! 2--
o
1 T, 5)()6
!here n N percentage o" o7gen in the air 5n N 2'U3'00U6( W N 0(0)* N 2(.,
(
'0
3
is the amount o"
heat Q<oulesR !hen 0(0)* kg kerosene is "ull com$usted in ' kg o" air containing 2'U o7gen, N
++
(
'0
)
QKBkgR is the heat capacit o" kerosene, '('', N C# is the heat capacit o" gas at a constant
pressure(
The computation gi%es: n N 2'U 5con%entional atmosphere air6, T N 2*)-
o
/C n N +0U, T N +*,0

o
/,
n N )0U, T N ))00
o
/C n N '00U, T H-,0
o
/(
>n this linear model the top temperatures are higher than the temperatures o" molecular dissociation,
ho!e%er the high pressure retards this dissociation( For e7ample, the dissociation o" !ater %apor at
atmospheric pressure starts at temperature o" 2,00
o
/ and "inishes o" +,00
o
/( >" the pressure is '00
atm, the !ater %apor dissociation $egins at 3,00
o
/ and "inishes at ),00
o
/( =e use the pressure "rom
300 to '200 atm 5and more6 !here dissociation is not so much( =e can also use this $ecause in the
rocket no88le, !hen the gas e7pands and the temperature decreases, the molecules recom$ine and the
energ o" the dissociation returns 5comes $ack6 to the gas( =e ha%e the same situation in con%entional
internal com$ustion engines, rocket engines, and guns(
The initial %elocit o" the tu$e rocket is taken as ' kmBs( >t re@uires appro7imatel 'B3 additional
length o" the compressed air rocket column %r N 30 m(
Fig( )(2 sho!s an estimate o" the hpersonic %elocit ) %ia a gi%en initial 5under piston6 pressure #o
and ratio n o" o7gen in the air Qe@uation 5)(,6R, !ith a cargo 5piston plus paload6 !eight o" 'k N 20
tons 5++,000 l$6, a tu$e diameter o" '0 m 5', "t6 5S N *-(, m
2
6 and rocket air column length %r N ', m(
As one can see, the speed o" the pro<ectile reaches *(2 kmBs !hen P N ,00 atm "or con%entional air
5o7gen 2'U6 and reaches -(2 kmBs "or 30U gaseous o7gen( For & N -00 atm the speed is ) N *(, and
-(- kmBs, respecti%el( >n a con%entional tank gun the pressure reaches up to +,00 atm and the
temperature up to +,00
o
C(
112

Fig( )(2( &ro<ectile speed "or a load o" 20 tons, tu$e diameter '0 m, rocket air column ', m and percentage
o7gen in air 2'3)0U(
The high speed o" the pro<ectile is not a surprise $ecause !e can get a %er high mass ratio 'o$'k !
'$ in this launcher( For e7ample, this ratio reaches 30 "or P N ,00 atm, !hile it onl e@uals ma7imum
-3'0 "or a one-stage con%entional rocket( The speci"ic impulse is '-' seconds "or air and 2-0 seconds
"or )0U o7gen( >ncreasing the diameter and the rocket air column increase the charge and pro<ectile
speed( Gecreasing the air column "rom ', to '0 m decreases the pro<ectile speed "rom *(2 to )(, kmBs
5Fig( )(36(
The rocket no88le reduces the re@uired "uel 5increases e""icienc6, $ut this no88le re@uires more tu$e
length( 9n"ortunatel, the $re%it o" this chapter does not allo! the presentation o" the man
computations 5see the note at the end o" the chapter6(
11:
Fig( )(3( &ro<ectile speed "or a load o" 20 tons, tu$e diameter '0 m, rocket air column '0 m and
percentage o7gen in air 2'3)0U(
The high speed o" the pro<ectile is not a surprise $ecause !e can get a %er high mass ratio 'o$'k !
'$ in this launcher( For e7ample, this ratio reaches 30 "or P N ,00 atm, !hile it onl e@uals ma7imum
-3'0 "or a one-stage con%entional rocket( The speci"ic impulse is '-' seconds "or air and 2-0 seconds
"or )0U o7gen( >ncreasing the diameter and the rocket air column increase the charge and pro<ectile
speed( Gecreasing the air column "rom ', to '0 m decreases the pro<ectile speed "rom *(2 to )(, kmBs
5Fig( )(36(
The rocket no88le reduces the re@uired "uel 5increases e""icienc6, $ut this no88le re@uires more tu$e
length( 9n"ortunatel, the $re%it o" this chapter does not allo! the presentation o" the man
computations 5see the note at the end o" the chapter6(
Estimation of tu-e lenth
Calculating acceleration re@uires t!o assessments: acceleration o" the load together !ith the rocket air
column "rom 0 to speed )o N ' kmBsec 5the tu$e is used as a gun6 and the rocket acceleration o" the load
"rom )o to e7it ) $ the rocket air column *(
a6 Length "or the initial acceleration "rom 0 through )o ! ' kmBs 5tu$e is used as a gun6 5unmarked
e@uations sho! the process o" arri%ing at the estimation6:
%' ! )o
2
B2a C t' ! )o$a C a ! F$'o C F ! '0
+
#oS C 'o ! 'k1'f1'a , 'a ! '(22,
.
S#0%r$E ,
,
2
,
'0
,
2,0 6 2,0 5 00'332 ( 0 '
2,0 '
,
2'
0)* ( 0
' 0
'
0
+
0 0
'
t )
%
S #
' )
t
# if #
atm # if
E '
n
'
a f

'
> +
<

5)(*6
!here #o N pressure o" gas in the tu$e QkgBcm
2
R, %r ! length o" the rocket air column QmR, a N
acceleration QmBs
2
R, F N mo%ing "orce Q&R, 'a N mass o" the air column QkgR, '(22, QkgBm
3
R N air
densit in a pressure o" ' atm, 'f N mass o" "uel QkgR, 'k is mass o" the load 5piston [ paload6 QkgR,
'o N "ull mass o" the rocket QkgR, E is the correction o" air compressi$ilit "or Po d 2,0 atm 5"or Po \
2,0 atm E N '6, t' N acceleration time QsecondsR "or distance %' QmR !hen the installation !orks as a
gun(
12.
$6 The length o" acceleration as a rocket a"ter su$stituting e@uation 5)(36 into 5)(+6 and !ith the
numerical data 5k, ( "or air6 is:
( ) [ ] ' ' ln ' ln ,
0
2 0
0 0
0 2
0
2
2 2
+
,
_
,
_
+ +
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
' P
9 t ) dt
'
t P
9 ) % )dt %
t t
5)(-6
!here
t2 ! 5'a 1 'f6$ C ! 09S C ! 'k$'o C
k
(T k P
9
6 ' 5 2 +
+
,
(
'
2 '0 '
'
0
+
,
_
k
0
k (T
#

;ere t2 ! time o" acceleration "or the distance %2 , 0 N gas densit in the no88le, 'o ! 'k 1 'a 1 'f N
initial mass o" rocket, 'k N mass o" shot Qload 5pro<ectile or paload6 [ pistonR, 'k N 20,000 kg, 'a N
mass o" air in the rocket, 'f N mass o" "uel in the rocket Qsee e@uation 5)(*6R(
c6 The "ull length o" the launch tu$e and the acceleration times are:
% ! %' 1 %2 1 %3 , t ! t' 1 t2 , 5)(.6
!here %3!'(3%r 3 length o" air column plus air column "or initial acceleration 530U "rom %r6(
Fig( )(+ represents the $arrel length re@uired "or the speeds in Fig( )(2( At a pressure o" ,00 atm, the
tu$e length e@uals % N ),0 m "or con%entional atmosphere air 5) N *(2 kmBs6 and % N '+00 m "or 3.U
additional o7gen 5total o7gen is )0U6 5) N '0(. kmBs6( This is no surprise, $ecause !e use the SA42
pressure in the shot "or air and o7gen( >" the tu$e length is less then the re@uired length "or a gi%en air
pressure, the use o" o7gen 5"or a gi%en program and the same pressure6 does not gi%e an increase in
speed $ut onl increases the load 5t!o or more times6( The o7gen allo!s the com$ustion time to
increase 5length o" tu$e6 and the e7it pro<ectile speed to increase( For a pressure o" Po N '000 atm using
+0U gaseous o7gen !e can reach a shot %elocit o" a$out '0 kmBs "or a tu$e length o" *00 m 5Fig(
)(+6( This length is accepta$le i" !e place the tu$e in !ater( =e can considera$l decrease the tu$e
length i" !e decrease the rocket air column, $ut the pro<ectile speed is then also decreased( For
e7ample, i" at ,00 atm !e decrease the air column "rom ', to '0 m, the tu$e length decreases "rom ),0
to +30 m 5Fig( )(,6, and speed "rom *(2 to )(+, kmBs 5Fig( )(36(
Fig( )(+( Re@uired tu$e length "or a load o" 20 tons, tu$e diameter '0 m, rocket air column ', m and percentage
o7gen in air 2'3)0U(
121
Fig( )(,( Re@uired tu$e length "or a load o" 20 tons, tu$e diameter '0 m, rocket air column '0 m and
percentage o7gen in air 2'3)0U(
%oss of velo0ity in the atmos#here
The loss o" %elocit o" the pro<ectile in air is small i" the pro<ectile is properl shaped and its tra<ector
is more then ', degrees to the hori8on( For an e7ponential densit o" the atmosphere, at a constant
speed o" sound 5a N 300 mBs6, !e arri%e at the "ollo!ing e@uation as an estimation o" the decrement o"
speed 5unmarked e@uations sho! the process o" computation6:
'#)#
2
B2 !A, ,
sin
0
dh
D
A
"

,
0
0
0
-
dh e
-h

D ! 2
2
oa)#S#$- ,
A$'# ! 2
?
oa)#S#$'#sin ,
#
# # a
'
A
) ) )
2
2

, 5)('06
!here )# N initial pro<ectile speed a"ter shot QmBsR, S# N speci"ic pro<ectile area 5m
2
6, N relati%e
thickness 50('6, N angle o" tra<ector to the hori8on, ! 5h6 densit o" atmosphere 5h 3 altitude6, o
! '(22, kgBm
3
3 atmosphere densit at sea le%el, '# N mass o" pro<ectile QkgR, A N !ork o" passing QKR,
D N !a%e drag o" pro<ectile 5.0U o" total drag6( The drag o" the pro<ectile depends linearl on speed
"or large 4ach num$ers(
>t is sho!n, that the loss o" energ in an e7ponential 2arth atmosphere e@uals the loss o" energ in an
atmosphere !ith constant densit o N '(22, kgBm
3
and altitude h N -.00 m(
The results o" the computation "or di""erent '#$S# QtonBm
2
R are sho!n in Fig( )()( The loss does not
depend on speed $ecause the more the speed then the less the time o" $raking( >t is a$out 303'00 mBs(
122

Fig( )()( Loss o" %elocit I)a QmBsR o" a pro<ectile %ia angle J QdegreesR in the atmosphere %ersus shot angle "or
speci"ic load 2, +, ), - tonBm
2
(
Some people think that passing through the atmosphere makes a pro<ectile heat up consideration(
The kno! that the space EShuttleF needs a lot o" heat protection "or re-entr into the 2arthDs
atmosphere( ;o!e%er, the Shuttle has to decrease its speed )' N - kmBs to )2 N 0(3 kmBs( For a mass m
N 20 tons that e@uals energ 6 5
2
2
2
'
) ) m E B2 N )(+S'0
''
K( All this energ is con%erted into a heat( >n
our case the speed decreases "rom )' N - kmBs to )2 N *(. kmBs, !hich "or a mass m N 20 tons e@uals
energ 6 5
2
2
2
'
) ) m E B2 N 0(')
(
'0
''
K( ;ence this +0 times less(
The same pro$lem e7ists in electromagnetic launcher( Research mentioned in the Re"erences
'*
p( 3.,
sho! that a sharp nose "i%e ton pro<ectile needs onl 0(. kg a lithium re"rigerant "or protection pro<ectile
head !hen crossing the atmosphere at an angle o" ',
o
(
%oad delivered to or-it
The load deli%ered to or$it can $e computed $ the "ollo!ing e@uations:

( )3*- , e7p , ,
cos
,
,
'
, cos 6 2 5 ' , cos ,
'0 .*) ( '.
,
0
0
, 0
2 2
0
)
2
2
km (
9
)
'
'
) ) )
r
)r
) " ( r
e
#
r e r #
(
)
)
)
d k
a " 0 d
a
a a
a 0
0

,
_

5)('' 6
!here 3 ratio o" speed ) to circular speed )0 at a gi%en point QmBsR, (0 3 2arth radius QmR, # 3
parameter o" elliptical or$it, e 3 eccentricit o" elliptical or$it, ra 3 radius apogee QmR, " 3 altitude QmR,
)a 3 speed at apogee QmBsR, 3 tra<ector angle to hori8on, )d 3 re@uired additional speed at apogee
QmBsR, )0," 3 re@uired circular speed QmBsR, 'k$'0 3 ratio o" "inal 5use"ul6 mass to initial mass, 9 3 speed
o" rocket e7haust gas QmBsR(
Results o" computation "or a rocket engine !ith impulse 9 N 2000 mBs are presented in Figs( )(* and
)(-(
12'
Fig( )(*( Apogee altitude %ersus shot angle "or initial pro<ectile speed(
27ample o" use( >" !e ha%e a tu$e diameter o" '0 m
2
, a load o" 20 tons and tu$e pressure o" ,00 atm,
"rom Fig( )(2 and air !e "ind that "or air the shot speed is *(2 kmBs, and "rom Fig( )(+ the re@uired tu$e
length is ),0 m( From Fig( )() the loss o" %elocit in the atmosphere "or a shot angle o" '-
o
and '$A N +
tonBm
2
is +, mBs( From Fig( )(* !e "ind the apogee o" or$it altitude is " N '000 km "or the shot angle o"
'-
o
and speed *',, mBs(
Assume that in 20 tons o" load a piston !eight e@uals , tons and ', tons is the or$it load( From Fig(
)(- "or ) N *(',, kmBs and the shot angle o" '-
o
!e "ind that the use"ul part o" the or$it load is +*U or
a$out * tons( The eigth tons is rocket "uel "or increasing the apogee speed to circular speed at a gi%en
altitude(
121
Fig( )(-( Relati%e use"ul mass o" pro<ectile "or initial speed ,(,3- kmBs and speci"ic impulse 2000 mBs(
27ample o" use( >" !e ha%e a tu$e diameter o" '0 m
2
, a load o" 20 tons and tu$e pressure o" ,00 atm,
"rom Fig( )(2 and air !e "ind that "or air the shot speed is *(2 kmBs, and "rom Fig( )(+ the re@uired tu$e
length is ),0 m( From Fig( )() the loss o" %elocit in the atmosphere "or a shot angle o" '-
o
and '$A N +
tonBm
2
is +, mBs( From Fig( )(* !e "ind the apogee o" or$it altitude is " N '000 km "or the shot angle o"
'-
o
and speed *',, mBs(
Assume that in 20 tons o" load a piston !eight e@uals , tons and ', tons is the or$it load( From Fig(
)(- "or ) N *(',, kmBs and the shot angle o" '-
o
!e "ind that the use"ul part o" the or$it load is +*U or
a$out * tons( The eigth tons is rocket "uel "or increasing the apogee speed to circular speed at a gi%en
altitude(
*roduction co!t o deli$ery
The production cost o" deli%er is the most important "eature o" the suggested launcher( >n E;personic
LauncherF
'2, '.
Fig('- sho!s computations o" deli%er cost %ersus annual paload in thousand tons and
an initial cost o" the installation( The "ollo!ing data !ere used: li"e time o" the installation 20 ears,
cost o" "uel 5kerosene6 A0(2, per liter, re@uested time "or preparing o" a shot 0(, hours, '0 people
!orking !ith a%erage salar o" A20 per hour, paload o" one launch , tons 5'',000 l$6 52,U "rom 20
tons o" piston-pro<ectile sstem6( The load 520 tons6 is: paload 3 , tons, a solid engine "or generating
additional speed o" 3 kmBs at apogee 3 '0 tons, piston - , tons( 4a7imum capa$ilit is -),+00 tons per
ear( The resulting computations are presented in Fig( )(.(
12/
Fig( )(.( Geli%er cost o" paload %ersus annual paload "or installation cost o" A2003'000 million, li"e time 20
ears, annual maintenance A'0 millions per ear, kerosene cost A0(2, per kg(
As one can see, the production deli%er cost ma $e a$out A'32 per kg i" the paload is appro7imatel
,03-0 thousand tons per ear( A$out *0U o" this cost is "uel 5kerosene or gasoline6(
Ex0ess of enery
The hpersonic launcher uses a %er high compression ratio, !hich means that its e""icienc coe""icient
is %er high at a$out -,3.,U( Such e""icienc is higher than other head engines( &art o" this energ is
uses in a load acceleration, and part is lost in non-use"ul gas e7pansion( ;o!e%er, the hpersonic
launcher has a huge e7cess o" shot energ o%er gas compression energ( >" the launcher has a top %al%e,
this energ can $e used "or the production o" compressed air, electricit, o7gen, etc(
Let us estimate this energ( A"ter the shot is "ired the %al%e closes the tu$e( The pressure in the tu$e
and the possi$le !ork o" one kg o" gas can $e computed as "ollo!s 5Fig( )('06:
( , '
'
, ln , '
'
, , , , 3 ( ' ,
2
'
' 2 ' ,
'
2
' 2 ' ,
'
,
+ ,
, +
, ' 2
'
3
3
,
3
3 +
'
3
3 +
'
3
3 2 3
& k
k
A T
k
k
k
k
k k
r
P
k
k
&(T *
P
P
(T *
P
P
k
(T
*
T T
P
T
T
%
%
P P
%
%
T T
T
T
% % T T T
,
_
1
1
1
]
1
,
_

,
_

,
_

5)('2 6
!here T is temperature at marked points,
o
/, T' N 2--
o
/C T is increase in temperature "rom "uel: it
e@uals 2+-0
o
C "or air, +))0
o
C "or adding 20U o7gen, ))'+
o
C "or adding +0U o7genC P is pressure
at marked 5sup inde76 points, atmC * is !ork at marked lengths QKRC *T is isothermal !ork, *A is
adia$atic !orkC ( N 2-* is the thermodnamic coe""icientC k N '(+ is the thermodnamic coe""icientC % is
tu$e length QmRC %3 is tu$e length !here the pressure can $e constant QmRC & is the num$er o" cooling
radiators in the compression process(
123

Fig( )('0( Thermodnamic diagram o" launcher( '3 point o" atmospheric pressureC 2 3 point o" common
air columns %olume and tu$e pressureC 3 3 point a"ter "uel com$ustionC + 3 point o" tu$e %olumeC
, 3 point a"ter gas e7haust(
The result o" computation are presented in Fig( )(''( A ' kg o" gas "or & N +, # N ,00 atm has an
e7cess o" energ o" a$out 2,3, kK( #ur launcher "or # N ,00 atm has a$out ' ! )$E N
'(22,
(
,00
(
*-(,
(
20B'(*2 N ,,. tons o" compressed air, !hich means, a"ter the shot and compressing the
air "or ne7t shot !e ha%e Ea N 2,3,
(
,,. N '+'*0), 4K N '(+
(
'0
'2
K o" e7cess energ(
The re@uired "uel "or a shot is 'f ! 0(0)*
(
,,. N 3*(+, tons( This has an energ E N 'f N
3*(+,
(
'0
3(
++('0
)
N '(),
(
'0
'2
K( The energ o" the pro<ectile is E# ! m)
2
$2 ! 20000
(
*200
2
B2 N 0('++
(
'0
'2
(
The e7cess energ 5!hich can $e used6 is Ea N '(+
(
'0
'2
K ( The total e""icienc 5!ithout loss o"
compressed gas to the atmosphere6 is 5E#1Ea6$E N 5'(+[0('++6B'(), N 0(.3( This is more than an
current heat machine $ecause !e use a %er high compression ratio o" # N ,00 atm( The e7haust gas has
a temperature T N .-0
o
/ 5# N ,00 atm6( 9tili8ation o" this high le%el o" heat can gi%e additional energ(

Fig( )(''( Adia$atic e7pansion 5a"ter shot6 and compression !ork o" ' kg gas "or cooling radiators & N 23-,
charge length 20 m, tu$e length ),0 m(
The result o" computation are presented in Fig( )(''( A ' kg o" gas "or & N +, # N ,00 atm has an
e7cess o" energ o" a$out 2,3, kK( #ur launcher "or # N ,00 atm has a$out ' ! )$E N
125
'(22,
(
,00
(
*-(,
(
20B'(*2 N ,,. tons o" compressed air, !hich means, a"ter the shot and compressing the
air "or ne7t shot !e ha%e Ea N 2,3,
(
,,. N '+'*0), 4K N '(+
(
'0
'2
K o" e7cess energ(
The re@uired "uel "or a shot is 'f ! 0(0)*
(
,,. N 3*(+, tons( This has an energ E N 'f N
3*(+,
(
'0
3(
++('0
)
N '(),
(
'0
'2
K( The energ o" the pro<ectile is E# ! m)
2
$2 ! 20000
(
*200
2
B2 N 0('++
(
'0
'2
(
The e7cess energ 5!hich can $e used6 is Ea N '(+
(
'0
'2
K ( The total e""icienc 5!ithout loss o"
compressed gas to the atmosphere6 is 5E#1Ea6$E N 5'(+[0('++6B'(), N 0(.3( This is more than an
current heat machine $ecause !e use a %er high compression ratio o" # N ,00 atm( The e7haust gas has
a temperature T N .-0
o
/ 5# N ,00 atm6( 9tili8ation o" this high le%el o" heat can gi%e additional energ(
%aun0her as an a00umulator of enery
There is a $ig pro$lem in the electric energ industr( &o!er stations ha%e high e""icienc !hen the
!ork in a constant regime( This means the produce e7cess energ at night and lack energ during the
da( To $alance their energ the electricit industr $uilds special hdro-accumulator stations( These
stations pump !ater into a compensation 5$alancing6 reser%oir !hen the generate e7cess energ and
produce additional energ !hen it is insu""icient(
=e ha%e a gigantic reser%oir "or highl compressed air( =hen the launcher does not ha%e !ork to do, it
can $e used as an accumulator o" energ( The launcher dra!s energ "rom electricit stations, and
pumps compressed air into the tu$e( =hen there is lack o" energ, the launcher produces energ "rom
the compressed air and send it is to customers( >" it uses sea !ater "or cooling the air during
compression and heating the air during e7pansion, the e""icienc o" this method ma $e high 5-03.0U6,
especiall i" !e use cool deap-sea 5T' N *
o
C6 !ater "or cooling and !arm 5T2 N 2032,
o
C6 sur"ace !ater
"or heating( The e@uation "or heating is
(
ln
2
' ,
'
'
'
, '
'
'
2 2 '
2 '
'
2 2 2
'
' '
#
# T T
(
* *
k
k
& (T * #
k
k
& (T *
k
k
& k
k
+
,
_
,
_

5)('3 6,
!here *' N !ork in compression, *2 N !ork e7pansion, #2 N tu$e pressure, N e""icienc coe""icient,
& N num$er o" cooling radiators(
Results o" computation are presented in Fig( )('2( At ,00 atm ' kg air gi%es ,-0 kK !hen it is
isotherm e7pending( >n the tu$e ) ! S% N*-(,
(
),0 N ,'02, m
3
under pressure # N ,00 atm !e ha%e ' !
#) N '(22,
(
,00
(
,('
(
'0
+
BE N 30()
(
'0
)
kg compressed air( This contains E N ,-0
(
30()
(
'0
)
N '*(*+-
(
'0
.
kK
o" energ( The installation can !ork as a '00 4= electric po!er station in during '*(*+-
(
'0
.
B3)00B'0
,
N +.(3 hours and N 0(-- i" & N -, T'!T2(
122
Fig( )('2( Compression and e7pansion !ork %ersus gas pressure 5atm6 o" ' kg gas "or cooling radiators
& N 23-(
6un (e0oil
The recoil o" the launcher can $e computed $ the theoretical mechanics e@uation
m')'!m2)2 , 5)('+ 6
!here m', m2 are mass and )' , )2 are speed o" the pro<ectile and installation respecti%el(
For e7ample, i" the pro<ectile mass e@uals 20 tons and its speed is - kmBsC the !ater inside the
installation "rame ',S',S),0 m
3
is '+()
(
'0
+
tons, the installation speed a"ter the shot !ill $e )2 N
20
(
-000B'+()
(
'0
+
N '(' mBs(
Tu-e 0urvature
Tu$e straightness is checked using a laser $eam and the tu$e supported $ engines located along it( The
ma7imum "orce "rom the tu$e cur%ature can $e calculated using the e@uation
,
-
,
-
,
2
2 2 2
%
h)
n
h
%
(
(
)
n
5)(', 6
!here n is centri"ugal o%erload QgRC ) is pro<ectile speed QmBsRC N .(-' mBs is 2arthDs gra%itC ( is the
radius o" cur%ature QmRC % is length o" the tu$e QmRC h is de%iation o" the tu$e "rom a straight line QmR(
For e7ample: i" the middle o" the tu$e has a de%iation o" 0(' m, its length is '000 m and the pro<ectile
speed in the middle o" the tu$e is ) N ,000 mBs, the centri"ugal o%erload !ill $e n N 2g( This is a %er
small "orce in comparison !ith acceleration along tu$e !hich e@uals a$out '000g(
*all thi0kness
The tu$e !all thickness can $e estimated in the "ollo!ing !a( Take the tu$e length % N ' cm( The
tensile "orce e@uals F ! PD%, !here P is pressure, atm QkgBcm
2
R, D is a tu$e internal diameter QcmR, F is
tensile "orce QkgR( The cross-section area Qcm
2
R o" the tu$e !alls is s ! F$, !here is sa"e tensile stress
QkgBcm
2
R( The !all thickness is s$2(
For e7ample, i" the pressure is P N ,00 atm, the tu$e diameter is D N '0 m N '000 cm, % N 'cm, then
the "orce is F ! PD% N ,00 tons( >" the tu$e is made "rom a composite material !ith ma7imum N ,00
12:
kgBmm
2
, coe""icient 5margin6 o" sa"et ,, and sa"e tensile stress N '00 kgBmm
2
, then the !all thickness
!ill $e 2, cm(
>" the tu$e is made "rom steel !ith ma7imum N 2,0 kgBmm
2
, margin o" sa"et ,, and admissi$le
5sa"e6 tensile stress N ,0 kgBmm
2
, then the !all thickness !ill $e ,0 cm "or a tu$e diameter '0 m(
6as fri0tion
Let us estimate gas "riction around the !all( =e use the method descri$ed $ Re"erence
,
(
?elo!, the e@uation "rom Anderson "or computation o" local air "riction "or a plate is gi%en
( )
,
0,.2 ( 0
,
6 5
))+ ( 0
, ,
,
+ ( ''0
'0 +,- ( ' , , ' ,- ( 0 032 ( 0 '
2 ( 0
P
, , ( 0 ,
, ( '
) 2
e
t f
e
l f e
9
(
C
(
C
T
)x
(
T
T
T
T
a
)
'
T
T
'
T
T

+

,
_
+ +

D% ! 0(,Cf.l;)
2
S , DT ! 0(,Cf.t;)
2
S , x K %r$3, 5)(')6
=here: T;, (e;, ;, ; are re"erence 5e%aluated6 temperature, Renolds num$er, air densit, and air
%iscosit respecti%el( ' is 4ach mum$er, ) is speed, x is the length o" plate 5distance "rom the
$eginning o" the ca$le6, T is "lo! temperature, T9 is $od temperature, Cf.l is a local skin "riction
coe""icient "or laminar "lo!, Cf,t is a local skin "riction coe""icient "or tur$ulent "lo!, S is the area o"
skin Qm
2
R o" $oth plate sides, !hich means "or the ca$le !e must take 0(,S, D is air drag 5"riction6 QNR(
#ur gas column is mo%ed !ith acceleration !hich means 5"rom aerodnamics6, that !e ha%e the
laminar laer(
The results o" computation o" laminar "riction are presented in Fig( )('3( The a%erage "riction is a$out
0(+ tonBm
2
( The "riction area decreases !ith increasing speed( >" the a%erage area is S ! D%r$2 N
3('+S'0S',B2 N 23,(, m
2
, the a%erage !all drag is .+ tons( This is a small %alue in comparison !ith
the dri%e "orce o" 20S
(
'0
+(
0(, N '0
,
tons(
Fig( )('3( =all laminar drag o" ' m
2
%ersus speed "or gas pressure 2003)00 atm(
Ad$antage! o the propo!ed !pace launcher
1'.
#ne ad%antage o" this launch sstem o%er e7isting "i7ed EgunF sstems is that o" placing the launch
sstem in !ater( The installation $ecomes mo$ile and can $e aimed 5$ ad<usting the a8imuth6 at an
point in space or on 2arth( The launch tu$e ma $e integrated into a !atertight enclosed "rame 5Fig(
)('c6( =ater can then $e "orced into and out o" the "rame to control the position o" the launch tu$e like a
su$marine( 2lectric motors ma $e attached to the "rame "or maneu%era$ilit and to maintain the "rame
in a desired location( The launch tu$e is "i7ed inside the "rame $ control ca$les( The a8imuth o" the
launch tu$e, hence the Eaim,F is o$tained $ sinking one end o" the launch tu$eB"rame( The launch tu$e
is $rought into a hori8ontal position to transport the sstem to another location or to conduct
maintenance on the sstem(
Additional ad%antages, each o" !hich is an important inno%ation, that this launch sstem has o%er a
con%entional "i7ed EgunF sstem are listed as "ollo!s:
'6 >n a con%entional EgunF sstem, po!dered "uel is ignited all at once to mo%e the pro<ectile( The
%elocit o" the pro<ectile cannot e7ceed the %elocit o" the com$ustion gases, !hich is usuall the speed
o" sound 5at most ' to 2 kmBs6( >n the proposed launch sstem, the mass o" gas in the launch tu$e is
pushed along !ith the paloadBpiston, !hich later !orks as a rocket engine( This Erocket engineF is
di""erent "rom con%entional rocket engines since the proposed EengineF:
a6 does not ha%e to mo%e hea% tanks o" compressed o7idi8ersC
$6 is not limited $ the speed o" soundC
c6 is allo!ed to reach a %er high ratio o" "uel mass 5compressed air [ "uel6 to paload mass 5up to 30 and
more6C
d6 allo!s the paload to reach hpersonic speeds 5up * to '0 kmBs6(
26 The %acuum 5less 0(0' atm6 a$o%e the paloadBpiston eliminates a signi"icant amount o" air
resistance, !hich could pre%ent the paload "rom reaching high %elocities !hen the launch tu$e is %er
long(
36 The launch tu$e can $e long 50(+ to 2 km6, !hich is not conduci%e in ordinar EgunF sstems( >n
addition, $ placing the launch sstem in !ater, the paload can $e aimed at an point in space or on
the 2arth( A "i7ed con%entional EgunF sstem cannot $e mo%ed or aimed( The use o" !ater also allo!s
the launch sstem to $e hidden $elo! the sur"ace and in the e%ent o" an accident, the high pressures
under the !ater can help contain the e7plosi%e materials and a%oid in<uring people(
+6 Con%entional "uels and o7idi8ers 5such as air or gaseous o7gen6 can $e used !ith the proposed
launch sstem( >n regular rockets "or e7ample, gaseous o7gen can not $e used since the "uel tank
!eights !ould $e too high and li@uid o7gen re@uires special e@uipment "or storage and transportation(
The main ad%antage o" the proposed launch sstem is a %er lo! cost "or paload deli%er into space
and o%er long distances( 27pensi%e "uels, comple7 control sstem, e7pensi%e rockets, computers, and
comple7 de%ices are not re@uired( The cost o" paload deli%er to space !ould drop $ a "actor o" a
thousand( >n addition, large paloads could $e launched into space 5in the order o" thousands o" tons a
ear6 using a single launch sstem( This launch sstem is simple and does not re@uire high-technolog
e@uipment( The launch sstem could easil $e de%eloped $ an non-industriali8ed countr and the cost
o" this launch sstem is ten times lo!er than that o" contemporar rocket sstems(
Computations sho! that i" the launch tu$e is designed to a diameter o" 23* m, a length o" '3+ km, and
gas pressure o" 2003-00 atmospheres, then 3320 tons o" paload per launch could $e deli%ered into
2arth or$it( >" the launch "re@uenc is e%er 30 minutes, then ',3+,,000 tons o" paloads could $e
deli%ered to space per ear at production costs o" A23'0 per kg(
Guring peace time, this launch sstem can $e also used "or the deli%er o" mail or e7press parcels o%er
long distances 5"or e7ample, "rom one continent to another6 and gi%e a pro"it o" A,3'0 millions per da(
The installation can $e also used "or energ storage( ;o!e%er, during !ar, this launch sstem could
1'1
deli%er munitions to targets thousands to tens o" thousands o" kilometers a!a( >t is kno!n that .0U o"
loads deli%ered into or$it are items that can endure high acceleration(
>n this chapter > !anted to sho! the "easi$ilit o" the suggested method( The parameters o" the
launcher are not optimi8ed( Selection o" the tu$e diameter, rocket no88le, and length o" the rocket air
column could possi$l increase the pro<ectile speed and !eight, and decrease the tu$e length and "uel
consumption( The hot gas a"ter the shot ma $e used "or electricit production or as an energ
accumulator(
The author has more detailed research on this concept and inno%ations !hich sol%e pro$lems that
could appear in de%elopment and design o" the suggested Launcher( The author is prepared to su$mit his
research and to discuss the pro$lems !ith serious organi8ations !anting to research and de%elop this
pro<ect(
Di!cu!!ion
The computations in this chapter are not e7act $ut onl estimations to sho! that the suggested simple
gas tu$e rocket can reach a hpersonic speed o" +F- kmBs( ;personic speeds depend onl on the right
gas tu$e rocket design and the right "uel in<ection program( The estimates are made !ith the
con%entional technical accurac o" ,F'0U, e7cept perhaps temperatures 5and pro<ectile speed6 !ith a
high le%el o" o7gen 5more then +0U6 !hen the temperature e7ceeds the con%entional com$ustion
cham$er temperature o" +000
o
/ and the gas dissociation decreases the temperature( ;o!e%er, the
%elocit o" ,(,3* kmBs 5Fig( )(26, !hich is reached $e"ore this temperature, is hpersonic( A more e7act
computation is comple7 and !ould need "inancial support( There are some "actors !hich allo! the
increase in temperature in the com$ustion cham$er and utili8ation it in the tu$e no88le: 5'6 the heat is
not spent on e%aporation and heating o" the li@uid o7gen "rom .0
o
/ to 2--
o
/ 5!e use gaseous
o7gen6C 526 !e use %er high pressure, !hich decreases the temperature dissociation $ appro7imatel
,00
o
/ per e%er '00 atm pressureC 536 !ith the tu$e no88le the recom$ination time is "ast enough 50(,F
' seconds6( >n a con%entional short rocket no88le the gas "lo!s out into the %acuum space and
recom$ination time is not long enough 50(00' seconds6( Also, ioni8ation "or the gi%en temperature is
small(
There are also good margins "or increasing the e""icienc o" the gas tu$e rocket( Some metals 5?e, Li,
?, 4g, Al, Si6 ha%e a heat capa$ilit '(,32 time more then kerosene( ;o!e%er their application is
limited $ecause in the high e7pansion no88le used in a con%entional rocket these metals condense "rom
gas to li@uid and decrease e""icienc o" a no88le( >n our case !e ha%e a no88le that has a small
e7pansion 5or use the rocket !ithout a no88le, as in this chapter6( This means !e can use a li@uid "uel
!ith a high concentration o" the metal po!der and achie%e the high e""icienc 5pro<ectile speed6(
The author has man detailed computations "or di""erent gas tu$e rocket designs and programs "or
"uel in<ection( #rgani8ations interested in these pro<ects can contact to the author
5http<GGBolonkin.narod.ru6( &atent applications: 0.B0'3,00- o" 0'B2')B.-C 0.B3++,23,C '0B0,',0'3(
Reerence!
'( 6un #ro#ulsion te0hnoloy, '..-, A>AA(
2( Develo#ment of "ihDS#eed )ehi0le Pro#ulsion Systems, A>AA, '..)(
3( '2th Smposium &ropulsion Sstem, A>AA,'..,(
+( Space Technolog T Application( >nternational Forum,'..)3'..*, Al$u@uer@ue, 4N, part '-3(
,( Anderson, K(G(, "y#ersoni0 and "ih Tem#erature 6as Dynami0s, NI, '.-.(
)( ;enderson ?(=(, ELi%ermore &roposes Light 1as 1un For Launch o" Small &aloadsF, Aviation
*eek F S#a0e Te0hnoloy, Kul 23, '..0, pgs( .-3..(
*( ;enderson, ?(=(, E=orldDs Largest Light 1as 1unF, Aviation *eek F S#a0e Te0hnoloy, August
'0, '..2, pgs( ,*3,.(
1'2
-( =olkomir, R(, EShooting right "or the stars !ith one gargantuan gas gunF( Smithsontan, Vol( ), No(
'0, p( -+3.', Kanuar, '..)(
.( Tuler, V(4(, L1un $arrel launchingF, S#a0e$Aeronauti0s, Fe$ruar '.,., p( ,23,+(
'0( Seigel, Arnold 2(, ETheor o" ;igh-4u88le-Velocit 1unsF, A>AA,'.*-, p( +0(
''( ?ull, 1(V(, 4urph, C(;(, &aris /anoneu 3 the &aris 1uns and &ro<ect ;AR&, '.--(
'2( ?olonkin A(A(, E;personic Space LauncherF, A0tual Pro-lem of Aviation and Aeros#a0e, /A>,
No( ', 2003, pp( +,-).(
'3( ?aer, &(1(, EThe Tra%eling Charge 1un as a ;per%elocit Launching Ge%iceF, ?allistic Research
La$oratories, 4arland, '.)0(
'+( Vest, G(C(, EAn 27perimental Tra%eling Charge 1unF, ?allistic Research La$orator report No( **3
5'.,'6(
',( ?olonkin A(A(, E;personic 1as-Rocket Launcher o" ;igh CapacitF, IBIS, Vol( ,*, No( ,B), 2003,
pp( ')23'*2(
')( ?olonkin A(A( , E;personic Launch Sstem o" Capacit up ,00 tons per da and Geli%er Cost
A' per l$F, >AC-02-S(&(',, ,3rd >nternational Asronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress-
2002, '03'. #ct( 2002, ;ouston( Te7as, 9SA(
Fig( )('2( Compression and e7pansion !ork %ersus gas pressure 5atm6 o" ' kg gas "or cooling radiators
N N 23-(
1''
0hapter 5
-arthF>oon 0a+le 4ran!port Sy!te"P
Su""ary
This chapter proposes a ne! transportation sstem "or tra%el $et!een 2arth and the 4oon( This
transportation sstem uses mechanical energ trans"er and re@uires onl minimal energ, using an
engine located on 2arth( A ca$le directl connects a pole o" the 2arth through a dri%e station to the
lunar sur"ace( The e@uation "or an optimal e@ual stress ca$le "or the comple7 gra%itational "ield o" the
2arth34oon has $een deri%ed that allo!s signi"icantl lo!er ca$le masses( The re@uired strength
could $e pro%ided $ ca$les constructed o" car$on nanotu$es or car$on !hiskers( Some o" the
constraints on such a sstem are discussed(
-----------------------------------------------------------
; This chapter is $ased on paper ?0(3-F3(3-0032-02 that !as presented to 3+
th
C#S&AR Scienti"ic Assem$l,
The =orld Space Congress 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA( This is onl part o" the original
manuscript 5one %ersion o" the sstem6 presented to the =SC( This part o" =SC manuscript !as pu$lished in as
ENon-Rocket 2arth34oon Transport SstemF, in Advan0ed S#a0e (esear0h, Vol( 3', No( '', pp( 2+-,32+.0,
2003(
%ntroduction
The author o""ers a re%olutionar ne! transportation sstem "or deli%ering paloads and people "rom
the 2arth to the 4oon
'3+
( This method uses mechanical energ trans"er, !ith an engine located on the
2arth and energ reco%er $ simultaneousl mo%ing one ca$in up!ard and another ca$in do!n!ard(
The author has not "ound an analog "or this space mechanical energ trans"er 5transmission to space6 or
similar "acilities "or transporting a paload into space in the technical literature or patents( The o""ered
sstem ma also used as a space ele%ator $et!een 2arth and a geosnchronous station, as a satellite
launcher, "or tra%eling to 4ars, and "or launching or modi"ing the speed or direction o" a space
%ehicle(
Brie hi!tory
There are man articles that de%elop tether methods "or tra<ector change o" space %ehicles
,
and
concepts e7ist "or a space ele%ator
3
( >n the tether method t!o arti"icial $odies are connected $ ca$le
and the sstem is rotated in space around their common gra%itational sstem center( For e7ample, a
t!o-tether sstem "or 4oon tra%el is descri$ed in the current literature
)
, 5p( ).6 and !orks as "ollo!s(
The "irst tether is located near the 2arth, the second is located near the 4oon( ;igh speed aircra"t
5!hich do not e7ist at the present time6 deli%er loads to an altitude o" -03'00 km( ;ere the "irst tether
sstem connects to the load, increases its speed 5ho!e6, and sends it in the 4oonDs direction( A"ter its
"light through space, the second 54oon6 tether sstem must catch this load, decrease its speed, and
drop it onto 4oonDs sur"ace( The main pro$lem !ith this method is that it re@uires energ "or
increasing the rotation o" the tether sstem 5motori8ed tether6( The pro$lems are ho! to rotate it !ith a
"le7i$le ca$le and !hat to do !ith momentum a"ter launch i" the tether sstem is to $e used again( >"
this sstem is used onl one time, it is !orse than con%entional rockets $ecause it loses the second
$od and re@uires a large space source o" energ(
>n the space ele%ator concept, a ca$le is connected $et!een a geosnchronous space station and the
2arthDs e@uator
3
( This ca$le is used to deli%er a paload to the station( The main pro$lems are the %er
large ca$le !eight and deli%er o" the energ to mo%e the load container 5clim$er6(
1'1
The proposed sstem di""ers "rom a con%entional tether sstem $ecause it connects t!o natural
$odies, the 2arth and the 4oon( >t ma $e compared !ith an aerial rope!a in the mountains( >t is
di""erent also "rom a space ele%ator, in that it is connected to the 2arthDs pole, !hereas a space ele%ator
must $e connected to the 2arthDs e@uator(
The proposed sstem di""ers "rom pre%ious concepts in that it has a relati%el simple mechanical
sstem "or trans"erring energ "rom a mechanical engine located on 2arth to a load ca$in located in
space through a series o" ca$le links( Also ne! is the idea o" separating the transport ca$le into su$-
sections, !hich dramaticall decreases the total sstem !eight(
Brie De!cription, 4heory, and 0o"putation o %nno$ation!
The o$<ecti%es o" the proposed sstem are to pro%ide an ine7pensi%e means o" tra%el $et!een the 2arth
and the 4oon, to simpli" space transportation technolog, and to eliminate comple7 hard!are( The
proposed 2arth34oon ca$le transport sstem is sho!n in Fig( *('( The sstem consists o" three ca$les:
a main 5central6 ca$le, !hich supports the !eight o" the entire sstem, and t!o closed-loop transport
ca$les, !hich include a set 5,3'06 o" ca$le chain links connected se@uentiall to one other $ rollers
3, +
5see Fig('(3a6( The sstem is connected at the 2arthDs pole and to an position on the 4oonDs sur"ace
that continuall "aces 2arth( An engine located on a planet 5e(g( the 2arth, $ut it could $e the 4oon6
dri%es the ca$le transport sstem( #n the 2arth, the ca$le is supported in the atmosphere $ a !inged
de%ice, !hich also counteracts the rotation o" the 2arth( The trans"er ca$le sstem trans"ers energ
$et!een load ca$ins mo%ed up and do!n, !hich re@uires the engine mo%ing the ca$le sstem to
o%ercome onl "rictional "orces(
Fig. 5.1( A conceptual 2arth34oon transportation sstem( #ne end is connected to the 2arthDs pole( the
second end is connected to the 4oon( Notation: ' 3 the 2arthC 2 3 2arthDs atmosphereC 3 3 a7is o" 2arth
rotationC + 3 2arth &oleC , 3 2arth34oon ca$le transport sstem in right position 5one e7treme o" the
4oonDs position6C ) 3 2arth34oon sstem in le"t positionC * 3 air $alloonsC - 3 support !ingsC . 3 dri%e
stationC '0 3 4oon(
An optimal 5minimum mass, e@ual stress6 %aria$le diameter ca$le is de"ined "or the main tether( The
main ca$le has a relati%el large $ut %aria$le cross-section area 5diameter6 $ecause it has to support the
total sstem !eight, !hich is se%eral hundred times the load !eight( >n an optimal main ca$le the
cross-section area increases 5"or K N 2, a$out 20 times6 in the altitude range 03',0,000 km, is
1'/
appro7imatel constant in the range ',0,00033-0,000 km, and decreases near the 4oonDs sur"ace,
"rom 20,000 km to the sur"ace(
The mass o" the main ca$le is minimi8ed $ecause its diameter is %aria$le along the distance 5see
the ne7t section "or calculation o" the main ca$le cross-section areas and mass6( The transport ca$les
pull 5mo%e6 the load ca$ins 5one up, the other do!n6 along the main ca$le( As these are mo%ea$le
parts, the must ha%e constant diameter( >" the had to carr a load the "ull distance to the 4oon, their
mass !ould $e %er large( 4 concept separates the "ull distance into su$-distances 5,3'06, !ith
closed-loop links "or e%er su$-distance connected $ rollers( These rollers trans"er the transport ca$le
mo%ement "rom one link to another( >n this case, the mass o" the transport ca$les is minimi8ed $ecause
at e%er local length 5su$-distance6 the ca$le diameter is determined $ the local "orce( Total mass o"
the transport ca$le should $e close to dou$le the mass o" the main ca$le(
The load containers are connected to the transport ca$le( =hen containers come up to the rollers,
the pass the rollers, connect to the ne7t link and continue their motion along the main ca$le( The load
5ca$in6 has special clamps to allo! this trans"er $et!een the di""erent diameter ca$les in each link
'
(
4ost space paloads, like tourists, must $e returned to 2arth( =hen one container is mo%ed up, another
container is mo%ed do!n( The !ork o" li"ting e@uals the !ork o" descent, e7cept "or a small "riction
loss in the rollers( The transport sstem ma $e dri%en $ a con%entional motor located at the 2arth
dri%e station, on a space station, or on the 4oon( =hen paloads are not $eing deli%ered into space, the
sstem ma $e used to trans"er mechanical energ to the 4oon( For e7ample, the 2arth dri%e station
can rotate an electric generator on the 4oon(
The ca$le is supported in the 2arthDs atmosphere $ air $alloons 5around the pole6 and !inged
de%ices 5"ar "rom the pole6( The ma7imum speed o" the sstem in the atmosphere is a$out '.0 mBsec at
the ma7imum distance o" 2*00 km in the right-hand position o" Fig( *('( =hen the ca$le is located in
the le"t-hand position, some !ings ma $e out o" the atmosphere and not so e""ecti%e(
The 4oonDs or$it has eccentricit( 2%er 2. das the 4oonDs distance "rom 2arth changes $ a$out
,0,000 km( Ge%ices sho!n in Fig( ,(+ 5in Chapter ,6 must $e used to change the length 5or link length6
o" the transport ca$les as the 2arth34oon distance changes( The ma $e located at the 2arth dri%e
station, on a space station, in space, andBor on the 4oon( The a%erage speed o" a ca$le length change is
a$out +0 mBs( As the 4oon pulls the transport sstem, it ma $e used to produce mechanical energ( >"
the ca$les can support . tons, the po!er can reach '(- million =atts( The ca$les rotate the electric
generator and negligi$l $rake the 4oonDs mo%ement(
4heory o Apti"al 0a+le ro" -arth to >oon
'( -7uation! or an opti"al ca+le ro" the -arth to the >oon( The gra%itation o" the 2arth, the
4oon and the ca$le mass acts on e%er element o" the ca$le( These "orces create stress in the ca$le
material( The ca$le mass !ill $e minimum i" the stress is constant along the ca$le( The stress e@uals
the "orce di%ided $ the cross-sectional area o" ca$le(
The "orce acti%e in the ca$le is gi%en $:

+ +
(
(
(
(
Ad( F d6 F A F
0 0
0 0

, 5*('6
!here
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_
0
2
2
0
2
0
0 0
(
( D
(
(
(
m m m

, 5*(26
1'3
!here F ! "orce in a gi%en cross-section area QNRC F0 N "orce at 2arth sur"ace Qca$in 5load6 !eight at
earth sur"aceR QNRC d6 N !eight o" a ca$le elementC A N cross-section area o" ca$le Qm
2
RC N tensile
strength in the ca$le QNBm
2
RC ( N distance "rom 2arthDs center QmRC (o N radius o" 2arth QmR 5(0 N )3*-
km6C (m - radius o" 4oon N '*3* kmC N speci"ic !eight o" ca$le QkgBm
3
R at radius (C 0 N speci"ic
!eight o" the ca$le QkgBm
3
R at the 2arthDs sur"aceC o N gra%itation at (0 QmBs
2
R, "or 2arth, .(-' mBs
2
@
m N gra%itation on 4oon sur"ace QmBs
2
R, '()2 mBsec
2
C D N distance "rom 2arth to 4oon QmR, Dmin N
3,),+00 km, Dmax N +0),*00 kmC m N or$ital angle speed o" the 4oon around 2arth QradBsR 2())2
(
'0
3)

radBs(
Let us su$stitute e@uation 5*(26 in 5*('6 and di""erentiate to o$tain:

d(
(
( D
(
(
(
A dA
m m m
1
1
]
1

,
_

0
2
2
0
0 0 0
B

( 5*(36
The solution o" e@uation 5*(36 is
1
]
1

k
( B
A
A
( a
m
6 5
e7p 6 5
0
0
@ 5*(+6
!here

( )
2
0
2
0
2
0 0
2 2
0
0
2 6 5
' '
6 5 ( (
( D ( D
(
(
(
( ( B
m m m

1
]
1

, 5*(,6
!here am is the relati%e cross-section area o" 2arth34oon ca$leC A0 is the ca$leDs cross-section area at
the 2arthDs sur"ace Qm
2
RC k ! 2$3o , the ratio o" ca$le tensile stress to ca$le densit o QNmBkgRC K !
k$'0
*
3 the stress coe""icient(
2( The mass, * QkgR, o" the ca$le is

(
(
m
d( a
k
F
*
0
0
( &5.3(
'. 4he $olu"e, V B"
'
C, o the ca+le i!
(
(
m
d( a
F
)
0
0
( 5*(*6
Figs( *(2a and *(3a represent computations o" ca$le cross-section area and mass o" a single ca$le "or
the ma7imum distance 5+00,000 km6 "rom 2arth to the 4oon and "or di""erent stress coe""icients K(
Figs( *(2 and *(3 are computed "or the stress coe""icient K N 23+(,( These "igures sho!, i" K N 2, the
ma7imum cross-section ca$le area is more then 2' times the cross-section area at 2arth 5Ao N '6( The
ca$le area e@uals '.Ao at the 4oon( The ca$le !eight "or a "orce o" 3 tons is '',200 tons( >" K N +(,
the ma7imum cross-section area is + times more than the cross-section area near 2arth and the ca$le
!eight "or the "orce 5load6 o" 3 tons is decreased to '000 tons( The Figs( *(2 and *(3 are computed "or
some %er strong material a%aila$le in the "uture( These "igures sho! i", "or e7ample, the stress
coe""icient e@uals ',, the re@uired ca$le mass "or a load o" 3 tons is decreased to '20 tons( For the
three-ca$le sstem 5main [ t!o transport ca$les6 this means that the sstem mass is 3)0 tons(
>ncreasing or decreasing the load changes the ca$le mass proportionall(
4oon deli%er !ork o" ' kg load is presented in Fig( *(+(
1'5

Fig. 5.2a. Relati%e area "or a ca$le "rom 2arth to 4oon 5up to +00,000 km6 "or stress coe""icient K N
2 3 +(, (

Fig. 5.2+. Relati%e area "or a ca$le "rom 2arth to 4oon 5up to +00,000 km6 "or stress coe""icient
K N ,330 (
1'2

Fig. 5.'a( The 2arth34oon ca$le mass QtonsR %ersus altitude 5in thousand km6 "or ca$le densit '-00
kgBm
3
, deli%er mass o" 3 tons, K N 23+(,(
Fig. 5.'+( The 2arth34oon ca$le mass %ersus altitude 5in thousand km6 "or ca$le densit '-00 kgBm
3
,
deli%er mass o" 3 tons, K N ,330(
Fig, 5.1. 5see hard cop6( 4oon deli%er !ork Q4KR o" ' kg load %ersus altitude in thousand km(
4echnical *ara"eter! o *ro=ect!
The "ollo!ing are some data "or estimating the characteristics o" the ca$le sstem( The sstem has
three ca$les: one main and t!o transport ca$les( 2ach transport ca$le can maintain a "orce 5load6 o" 3
tons( This means that the ca$le can support t!o 3 ton loads, one going up and one going do!n( The
1':
material o" the ca$le is assumed to ha%e K N +( The main ca$le has the optimal cross-sectional area "or
an e@ual stress ca$le( The transport ca$les are appro7imatel optimal "or '0 links( The main ca$le has a
minimum cross-section area A0 o" 0(+2 mm
2
5diameter d N 0(*3 mm6 and ma7imum cross-section area
Am o" '(. mm
2
5d N '(,) mm6( The mass o" the main ca$le !ould $e '300 tons( The total mass o" the
main ca$le plus the t!o transport ca$les 5"or deli%ering a mass o" 3000 kg6 is a$out 3.,0 tons "or the
transport sstem sho!n in Fig( *('( >" the ca$le can $e made "rom nanotu$es !ith K N '0, the total
mass !ill $e )), tons, and i" the ca$le has K N ',, the total ca$le mass !ould $e 3)0 tons( The ca$ins
that ride on the ca$le transport sstem are assumed to ha%e a mass o" 3 tons( 2ach !ould $e capa$le o"
carring a paload o" either people or cargo( =ith suita$le de%elopment, trans"er speeds o" ) kmBsec
might $e reached( This could allo! a single ca$le sstem to trans"er a$out '000 tons o" cargo per ear
to and "rom the 4oon( The ca$in speed is controlled $ an engine located at the 2arth pole dri%e
station( >" one ca$le is damaged the other t!o ca$les can $e used to rescue people and to repair the
in<ured ca$le(
0onclu!ion
There are a lot o" pro$lems that must $e sol%ed $e"ore the proposed 2arth34oon transport sstem can
$e $uilt( The chie" o" these is producing a cheap strong ca$le and composite materials o" appropriate
strength "or the rollers and transmission !hich can operate at high speed( Another pro$lem is the
design o" connectors that !ould allo! the paload to pass the rollers !ithout stopping( The purpose o"
this !ork is to dra! attention to the possi$ilities o" "urther studies o" this sstem, !hich has a great
promise "or "uture applications(
Ne! materials could make the suggested transportation sstem realistic "or trips $et!een the 2arth and the
4oon !ith little e7penditure o" energ( The author is prepared to discuses the pro<ect details !ith serious
organi8ations that ha%e similar research and de%elopment goals( The same ideas !ere o""ered $ author in patent
applications 0.B*-.,.,. o" 2B23B0', 0.B-*3,.-, o" 0)B0'B0', 0.B.*+,)*0 o" '0B''B0', and patent 9S ),+.+,'+3
o" '2B'*B02(
Reerence!
'( ?olonkin A(A(, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF( &aper ?0(3-F3(3-0032-02
presented to 3+th C#S&AR Scienti"ic Assem$l, The =orld Space Congress 2002, '03'. #ct
2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
2( ?olonkin A(A(, ENon-Rocket 2arth34oon Transport SstemF, Advan0ed S#a0e (esear0h, Vol(
3', No( '', pp( 2+-,-2+.0, 2003(
3( ?olonkin A(A(, ENon-Rocket Transport Sstem "or Space Tra%elF, >?>S, Vol( ,), No( *B-, 2003,
pp( 23*32+.(
+( ?olonkin A(A(, E?olonkinDs 4ethod 4o%ement o" Vehicles and >nstallation "or >tF, &atent 9S
),+.+,'+3 ?', 2002(
,( Cosmo, 4(L( and Loren8ini 2(C( 5eds(6( Tethers in S#a0e "and-ook( 3rd ed( Smithsonian
Astro#hysi0al L-servatory, Gecem$er, '..*(
)( Smitherman G(V( Kr(, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2., 9(S( National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, =ashington, GC, 2000(
*( 1alasso, F(S( , Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osites, 1ordon and ?ranch Science &u$lisher, Ne!
Iork,'.-., p(',-(
-( Car-on and "ih Perform Fi-ers Dire0tory and Data Book, London T Ne! Iork: Chapman T
;all, )th ed(, '..,(
.( Gresselhous, 4(S( Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, 2000(
11.
0hapter 2
-arthF>ar! 0a+le 4ran!port Sy!te";
Su""ary
The author o""ers and computes a ne! permanent ca$le transport sstem that links a pole o" the 2arth
!ith 4ars or$it( This sstem connects 2arth and 4ars "or '3'(, months e%er '(*32 ears !hen the
are located at the nearest distance and allo!s the trans"er o" people and loads to 4ars and $ack( The
sstem has man ad%antages $ecause it uses a transport engine located on 2arth, $ut it also re@uires the
high strength ca$le made "rom nanotu$es( This chapter contains theor o" an optimal e@ual stress
ca$le, that connects the 2arth and 4ars or$it, as !ell as computed parameters o" the suggested sstem(
-------------------------------
P&resented as paper ?#(+-C3(+-003)-02 to The =orld Space Congress-2002 '03'. #ct( 2002, ;ouston, Te7as,
9SA( Getailed material !as pu$lished in A0tual Pro-lems of Aviation and Aeros#a0e Systems( No( 2 5')6, %ol( -,
2003(
%ntroduction
The author has proposed a ne! transport sstem "or deli%ering paloads and people to 4ars( The
author has not "ound an analog o" similar "acilities "or transporting a paload into space in the
literature and patents(
111
The present method does not re@uire rockets( The installation has a ca$le transport sstem and uses
kinetic energ "rom the 2arthDs or$it( The suggested transport sstem is dri%en $ an engine located on
the 2arthDs sur"ace(
>n the proposed method, a ca$le transport sstem is permanentl connected "rom the 2arthDs pole to
4ars or$it( This !a, a space ship mo%ed to 4ars o$tains its energ "rom the 2arthDs or$it 5not 2arthDs
rotation6( =hen the ship returns to the 2arth, it o$tains its energ "rom an on$oard engine or "rom an
engine located on 2arth(
This chapter contains the theor o" an optimal e@ual stress ca$le "or the comple7 2arth3Sun34ars
gra%itational "ield and results o" computations o" the pro<ect(
The pro<ect uses arti"icial materials like nanotu$es and !hiskers that ha%e a ratio o" tensile strength to
densit e@ual 20 million meters or greater
+, ,, )
( Theor predicts a nanotu$es !ith speci"ic tensile stress
o" '00 million meters( That !ill signi"icantl impro%es the parameters o" the suggested pro<ect(
The authorDs other non-rocket closed methods are presented in Re"erences
*, -
and in chapters o" this
$ook(
Brie De!cription
The chapter contains the theor and results o" computation "or a special pro<ect( This pro<ect uses
three ca$les 5one main ca$le and t!o "or dri%ing loads6 mass "rom arti"icial material: !hiskers,
nanotu$es, !ith the speci"ic tensile strength 5ratio o" tensile stress to densit6 k ! $ N 20
(
'0
*
5K N 206
or more( Nanotu$es !ith the same or $etter parameters are a%aila$le in scienti"ic la$oratories( The
theoretical limit o" nanotu$es o" S=NT tpe is a$out k N '00
(
'0
*
5K N '006(
A proposed centri"ugal 4ars ca$le transport sstem is sho!n in Figs( -(' and -(2( The sstem
includes the optimal e@ual stress ca$le !hich has a length appro7imatel e@ual to the minimum
distance o" the 2arth to 4ars or$it( The installation has a transport sstem !ith chains connected $
rollers and t!o transport ca$les(
Fig. 2.1( The o""ered 2arth34ars
or$it Transport Sstem( a( Sun3
2arth34arsC $( 2arth34arsC c(
Connection to 2arth pole(
Notations: '3 2arth, 2 3 4ars, 3 3
Sun, + 3 2arth pole, , 3 2arth3
4ars ca$le transport sstem in
right position, ) 3 2arth34ars
ca$le transport sstem in le"t
position, * 3 air $alloon, - 3
support !ing, . 3 dri%e station, '0
3 2arth or$it, '' 3 4ars or$it, '2 3
2arth atmosphere, '3 3 a7is o"
2arth rotation(
112
1/
111
15 12
Fig. 2.2( Ca$les o" transport sstem( Notations: '++ 3 space ship, ', 3 rollers, '* 3 transport ca$le, '-
3 main ca$le(
The upper ends o" the ca$les are located near 4ars or$it and the lo!er ends o" the ca$les are
connected to the 2arthDs pole( The are supported in the 2arthDs atmosphere $ air $alloons 5near the
&ole6 and !inged de%ices at a ma7imum distance o" up to 2-00 km( The rotar speed o" the ca$les
changes "rom 8ero 5at the pole6 to '.0 mBs 5at the end o" the ma7imum distance in the atmosphere6(
These !inged de%ices can support ca$les !hen the are located !ithin the lo!er atmosphere(
The installation !ould ha%e a de%ice, that allo!s the length o" the ca$les to $e changed( The de%ice
!ould consist o" a spool, motor, $rake, transmission, and controller( The "acilit could ha%e
mechanisms "or deli%ering people and paloads to 4ars and $ack using the suggested transport
sstem(
The deli%er de%ices include: containers 5passenger ca$ins, space ships, etc(6, ca$les, motors, $rakes,
and controllers(
The space ca$in can temporaril land on the sur"ace o" the 4ars "or loading and per"orming research(
The space ca$in has a small rocket engine "or maneu%ering and landing on the sur"ace o" 4ars(
2%er t!o ears 4ars comes !ithin a minimum distance "rom 2arth( For a$out '3'(, months the
ca$le transport sstem 5CTS6 can $e used to deli%er people and loads to 4ars( The space ship mo%es in
ad%ance to the upper end o" the CTS, then !hen 4ars arri%es, the %ehicles land on its sur"ace and the
people !ork on "or 4ars '3'(, monthsC a"ter!ards the space ships return to 2arth( =hile li%ing on
4ars, the people can "l "rom one place to another !ith speeds o" a$out 230 mBs 5including 4ars
round trip at lo! altitude6 in their space ca$in 5ship6( 27ploring using the CTS !ould not re@uire
rocket "uel(
4heory o -arth3>ar! e7ual !tre!! ca+le
'( =riting the e@uation o" e@uili$rium "or a small element o" the 2arth34ars ca$le
Ad(
(
(
Ad( ( Ad(
( (
(
Ad(
( (
(
dA
s
s
m
mo
m
e
2
0 0
2
2
0
2
0
0 0

,
_
,
_
,
_
( 5-('6
Gi%iding the le"t and right sides o" e@uation 5-('6 $ oA and taking the integral "rom 5(m 3 (mo6 to
(, the e@uation o" the optimal e@ual stress ca$le "rom the 2arth to 4ars ma $e !ritten and sol%ed as
gi%en $elo!

'
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_

2
2
2
2
2 2
0
2
' '
' ' ' '
'
e7p
mo m
mo m
s s
e mo m e
o o
mo m
mo m
( ( (
( ( (
(
( ( ( ( (
(
( ( (
(
k A
A
a
5-(26
2( The mass o" ca$le is
11'

(
(
ad(
k
F
*
0
0
( 5-(36
3( The %olume o" ca$le is
(
(
ad(
F
v
0
0
( 5-(+6
;ere: a 3 relati%e cross-section area o" ca$leC A 3 cross-section area o" ca$le Qm
2
RC Ao 3 near 4ars or$it
cross-section area o" ca$le Qm
2
RC o 3 gra%itation at the planet sur"ace (0 QmBs
2
R, "or 2arth o ! .(-'
mBs
2
C m N 3(*2 mBs
2
3 gra%itation on 4ars sur"aceC s N 2*+ mBs
2
3 gra%itation on Sun sur"aceC Fo 3
"orce QNR 5ship mass6C k ! $sym-ol 4=B Mf NSym-olN Ms 4=g 3 ratio o" ca$le tensile stress to densit
QNmBkgRC K ! kB'0
*
3 stress coe""icient Qmillion metersRC ( 3 radius "rom Sun center to gi%en cross-
section o" ca$le QmRC (o N )(3*-S'0
)
3 radius o" 2arth QmRC (e N '+(.,S'0
'0
3 Sun32arth distance QmRC
(mo N 3(3.S'0
)
3 radius o" 4ars QmRC (m N 22(-S'0
'0
- radius o" 4ars or$it QmRC (s N ).)S'0
)
3 radius
o" Sun QmRC v 3 %olume o" the ca$le Qm
3
RC * 3 mass o" the ca$le QkgRC 3 ca$le tensile strength QNBm
2
RC
N 2S'0
3*
3 angular speed o" 2arth or$it QradBsecondRC 3 densit o" ca$le QkgBm
3
R(
Figs( -(3 to -(, represent the computation "or the shortest distance 5*- million km6 "rom 2arth to
4ars(
Readers can "inds the per"ormances o" current ca$les and a discussion o" ca$le pro$lem in
Re"erences
+ to -
( (
*ro=ect
-arth->ar! non-rocket tran!port !y!te"
The "ollo!ing are some data estimations o" the 4ars transport sstem, !hich pro%ides an ine7pensi%e
paload trans"er $et!een the 2arth and 4ars( The sstem has three ca$les( 2ach ca$le can hold a "orce
o" 3 tons( All ca$les ha%e optimal cross-sectional areas o" e@ual stress(
Results o" computation "or K N 203,0 are presented in Figs( -(33-(,( >" material o" the ca$le has
speci"ic strength k N 20S'0
*
5K N 206, the ratio o" the ma7imum cross-section area 5near 2arth6 to the
minimum cross-section area o" the ca$le 5near 4ars or$it6 is +(+ 5Fig( -(36, at the 2arthDs sur"ace this
ratio e@uals 3(', 5Fig( -(,6( >" the space ca$in has a mass o" 3 tons, the mass o" the main ca$le is
3+,000 tons 5Fig( -(+6( The total mass o" the main ca$le plus the t!o container ca$les 5"or deli%ering a
mass o" 3000 kg6 e@uals a$out ''0,000 tons( >" one ca$le is damaged, t!o others !ill $e used "or
assuring peopleDs sa"et as !ell as "or repairing the original ca$le(
&atent
applications are
0.B*-.,.,. o"
2B23B0',
0.B-*3,.-, o"
0)B0'B0',
0.B.*+,)*0 o"
'0B''B0', patent
9S ),+.+,'+3 o"
'2B'*B02(
111
Fig. 2.'. Relati%e ca$le area o" 2arth34ars transport sstem %ia distance to 4ars or$it in
million kilometers(
11/

Fig. 2.1. 2arth34ars ca$le mass %ia stress coe""icient K(

113

Fig. 2./(2arth34ars initial 5near 2arth6 relati%e ca$le area %ia the stress coe""icient K(
*ro=ect
-arth->ar! non-rocket tran!port !y!te"
The "ollo!ing are some data estimations o" the 4ars transport sstem, !hich pro%ides an ine7pensi%e
paload trans"er $et!een the 2arth and 4ars( The sstem has three ca$les( 2ach ca$le can hold a "orce
o" 3 tons( All ca$les ha%e optimal cross-sectional areas o" e@ual stress(
Results o" computation "or K N 203,0 are presented in Figs( -(33-(,( >" material o" the ca$le has
speci"ic strength k N 20S'0
*
5K N 206, the ratio o" the ma7imum cross-section area 5near 2arth6 to the
minimum cross-section area o" the ca$le 5near 4ars or$it6 is +(+ 5Fig( -(36, at the 2arthDs sur"ace this
ratio e@uals 3(', 5Fig( -(,6( >" the space ca$in has a mass o" 3 tons, the mass o" the main ca$le is
3+,000 tons 5Fig( -(+6( The total mass o" the main ca$le plus the t!o container ca$les 5"or deli%ering a
mass o" 3000 kg6 e@uals a$out ''0,000 tons( >" one ca$le is damaged, t!o others !ill $e used "or
assuring peopleDs sa"et as !ell as "or repairing the original ca$le(
&atent applications are 0.B*-.,.,. o" 2B23B0', 0.B-*3,.-, o" 0)B0'B0', 0.B.*+,)*0 o" '0B''B0',
patent 9S ),+.+,'+3 o" '2B'*B02(
0onclu!ion
The o""ered transport sstem is not a !ell-kno!n tether sstem $ecause it does not ha%e the main
attri$utes o" a standard tether sstem: "ree rotation in space and connection t!o artiicial $odies( #ur
sstem does not rotate and it is onl temporaril connected to a second natural $od( >t ma $e
compared !ith an aerial rope!a in mountains( ;o!e%er it is as di""erent "rom an aerial rope!a as a
current airplane is di""erent "rom a childrenDs paper airplane(
The o""ered transport sstem is not a con%entional space ele%ator( The con%entional space ele%ator
connects the 2arthDs e@uator to a space station located on the geosnchronous 2arth or$it( The o""ered
sstem is connected to a pole o" the 2arth( >t is impossi$le "or space ele%ator, $ecause it !ill not !ork
i" it is connected to the 2arthDs pole( The space ele%ator must rotate a space station using the 2arthDs
energ( >t means the 2arth end o" the space ele%ator "u!t $e connected to the 2arthDs e7uaor( #ur
sstem is rotated using mo%ement o" the 2arth along the 2arthDs or$it around the Sun(
The o""ered sstem has a ne! simple mechanical tran!er sstem "or trans"erring energ "rom the
2arth mechanical engine 5located on 2arth6 to a load ca$in, located in space( The sstem has a ne!
idea 3 separating the ca$le transmission into su$-sections, !hich dramaticall decreases the ca$le
!eight( This transport sstem ma $e applied to the space ele%ator and it can sol%e the main pro$lem
o" the space ele%ator: ho! to trans"er energ "or mo%ement o" the load car$ine( This idea can also $e
applied to $uilding space to!ers, "or ca$le space launchers and "or trans"erring mechanical energ
o%er long distancis on 2arth(
Ne! materials could make the suggested transportation sstem realistic "or trips $et!een the 2arth
and the 4oon in the "uture !ith little e7penditure o" energ( The author is prepared to discuses the
pro<ect details !ith serious organi8ations that ha%e similar research and de%elopment goals(

115
Reerence!
4. 2dited $ 4(L( Cosmo and 2(C( Loren8ini( Tethers in s#a0e hand-ook( 3rd 2dn( Smithsonian
Astronomic #$ser%ator, Gecem$er, '..*(
?. S(=( Xiegler and 4(&( Cartmell, E9sing 4otori8ed Tethers "or &aload #r$ital Trans"erF, Journal
of S#a0e0raft and (o0kets, Vol( 3-, No ), 200'.
B. G(V( Smitherman Kr(, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2.(
O. F(S( 1alasso, Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osite, 1ordon and ?ranch Science &u$lisher, '.-.(
>. Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers Dire0tory and Data Book , '..,, London3Ne! Iork,
Chapman T ;all(
P. 4(S( Gresselhous, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer-&ergamon, NI, '..)32000(
Q. A(A( ?olonkin, ECa$le 2arth34ars Transport SstemF, &resented as paper ?#(+-C3(+-003)-02 to
The =orld Space Congress-2002, '03'. #ct( 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
R. A(A( ?olonkin, ECa$le 2arth34ars Transport SstemF, A0tual Pro-lems of Aviation and Aeros#a0e
Systems. No( 2 5')6, %ol(-, 2003(
112
0hapter :
@inetic Anti-6ra$itator;
Su""ary
This Chapter descri$es a method and de%ices, that pro%ides a repulsi%e 5repel, push, opposed to
gra%itation6 "orce $et!een gi%en $odies( The $asic concept is that a strong, hea% ca$le is pro<ected
up!ards using a motori8ed !heel on the ground( The up!ards momentum o" the ca$le is trans"erred to
the apparatus $ means o" a pulleBroller mechanism, !hich sends the ca$le $ack do!n to the motor(
The momentum trans"erred "rom the ca$le to the apparatus produces a push "orce !hich can suspend
the apparatus in the air or li"t it( There is an e@ual and opposite "orce on the motori8ed !heel on the
ground( The push "orce can $e great 5up to tens o" tons6 and operate o%er long distances 5up to
hundreds o" kilometers6( This "orce produces great accelerations and %elocities o" gi%en $odies
5%ehicles6( =hat !a tThis de%ice is called a kinetic 5mechanical6 anti-gra%itator 5kinetic repulsator or
repellor6 $ecause gra%itation attracts an t!o $odies, !hereas the o""ered de%ice repels an t!o $odies(
The o""ered method can $e applied to: VT#L aircra"t, non-rocket space apparatus, "lng, !alking,
and <umping 5pogo-stick6 superman 5%ehicles6, long arm 5long hand6, high altitude crane, high to!er
5up to 200 km6, and "or construction o" Space 2le%ator !ithout rockets(
-----------------
PThe main idea o" this Chapter !as presented as >AC-02->AA('(3(03, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical
Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct( 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA, and the "ull
manuscript accepted as A>AA-200,-+,0+, +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson,
Ari8ona, 9SA(
No"enclature
- C atmospheric e7p( coe""( 5"or e7ample, an altitude " in the inter%al 0C'0 km, - 'B.2'-6,
D C a%erage air drag QNR,
D% C laminar air drag QNR,
DT C tur$ulent air drag QNR,
d C ca$le diameter Qm or mmR,
F C repulsi%e 5li"t6 "orce QNR,
C gra%it, o N .(-' mBs
2
is gra%it on the 2arthDs sur"ace,
" C the height o" the kinetic de%ice 5top end o" the ca$le6 QmR,
k ! $ C relati%e ca$le stress Qm
2
Bsec
2
R, K ! kB'0
*
,
% C ca$le length $et!een an 2arth support and the o$<ect 5load6 QmR,
%s ! %
0.-
s C ca$le sur"ace parameter,
m, m0 C the ca$le mass QkgR,
m' C mass o" apparatus QkgR,
m2 C mass o" a repulsi%e engine QkgR,
n C num$er o" the installation ca$les 5n N 2C +C -C etc(6,
P C engine po!er Q=R,
PT C po!er o" tur$ulent drag Q=R,
P% C po!er o" laminar drag Q=R,
( C circle radius QmR,
11:
) C ca$le speed QmBsR,
)s C ship speed QmBsR(
)' C apparatus speed QmBsR,
v C o$<ecti%e speed QmBsR,
(o N ),3*- km C 2arth radius,
S C ca$le cross-section areas 5one $ranch or all $ranches6 Qm
2
R,
s C perimeter o" all ca$le cross-section areas QmR,
C angle o" circle part QradR,
C ca$le tensile stress QNBm
2
R,
C ca$le densit QkgBm
3
R,
C air %iscosit QkgBs(mR,
C air densit at altitude " 5"or e7ample, at " N 0 km, o N '(22, kgBm
3
, N '(*-.+
(
'0
C,
6(
%ntroduction
At present, !e kno! some methods o" "light on 2arth and in space( 2arth atmospheric de%ices
5aircra"t, helicopters6 push do!n the airC space apparatus pushes a!a a rocket gas( These methods
ha%e man disad%antages( For e7ample, !e need an atmosphere o" su""icient densit or rocket "uel( =e
cannot $e immo$ile and suspended "or a e7tended period o" time at a gi%en point o%er the sur"ace o" a
planet that has gra%it $ut no atmosphere(
The !inged and li@uid rocket methods o" "light ha%e reached the peak o" their de%elopment( >n the
last 30 ears there has $een no increase the air speed, no !ide application o" VT#L aircra"t, no
signi"icant decrease in load space deli%er cost, no commonpossi$le accessi$le space tourism, and no
non-or %ehicle indi%idual "lights into the atmosphere( Space launches are %er e7pensi%e(
The a%iation, space, and energ industries need re%olutionar ideas, !hich !ill signi"icantl impro%e
the capa$ilit o" air and space %ehicles(
#ther than rockets, one method "or reaching space is the space ele%ator( >t is %er comple7,
e7pensi%e and technologicall impossi$le at the present time(
?elo! it is o""ering a ne! method
', 2, 3
( This method produces a push 5repulsi%e, repel, opposed to
gra%itation6 "orce $et!een gi%en $odies, "or e7ample, $et!een the ground and a "ling %ehicle( The
$asic concept is that a strong, hea% ca$le is pro<ected up!ards using a motori8ed !heel on the
ground( The up!ards momentum o" the ca$le is trans"erred to the %ehicle $ means o" a pulleBroller
mechanism( This mechanism creates a push "orce and that also sends the ca$le $ack do!n to the motor(
The momentum 5push "orce6 trans"erred "rom the ca$le to the %ehicle can suspend it in the air or li"t it(
This "orce is e@ual and opposite to the "orce on the motori8ed !heel on the ground( The push
5mechanical6 "orce opposes the gra%itational "orce $et!een these $odies 5"or e7ample, the ground and
a "ling %ehicle6( This "orce is created $ a linear thin ca$le mo%ed $et!een the gi%en $odies( This
repulsi%e "orce has the opposed direction on the gra%itational "orce $et!een gi%en $odies( >t n>s," there
is noig a roller and air "riction and the distance $et!een the gi%en $odies is not changed, the suggested
pusher does not re@uestre@uire energ 5e7cept "or the initial start and !heel "riction6( >"=hen the
distance is changedincreased, thespend energ is spent, !hen the distance is indecreased, and !e gain
energ !hen the distance decreased( For some people this push "orce $et!een a gi%en $odies ma $e
surprising $ecause the $odies are connected onl $ the "le7i$le thin long ca$le( ?ut there are no
%iolations o" the la!s o" phsics C !e trans"er a momentum $et!een the $odies through the mo%ed
mo%ing ca$le( =hen this momentum in a unit o" time 5"orce6 is more thaen the gra%it "orce, the $od
$odies !ill remo%e a!a one "rom one otherC !hen the momentum is less thaen the gra%it "orce, the
$odies !ill $e dra!n together(
1/.
The o""ered method makes it eas to achi%e a large push 5repulsi%e, repel6 "orce o%er long distances,
to accelerate a %ehicle in "light or keep it at a gi%en distance and to e@uili$rate e@uali8e the gra%it
"orce( This chapter contains some applications o" this method(
The suggested method is di""erent "rom a 2000-km space launcher 5ca$le into tu$e6 at an altitude o"
-0 km o""ered $ /( Lo"tstrom in, pu$lished in 2002
+
( These di""erences are discrt$ed discussed in the
EGiscussionF section(
Brie de!cription o the inin!tallationno$ation
Some %ariants o" the installation are sho!n in Figs( .(' to .(,( The installation includes 5see notations
in "ugFig( .(' and others6: a linear closed-loop ca$le, top and $ottom rollers, an con%entional engine,
and a load( Getails o" the top roller is are sho!n in Fig( .(2, the $ottom 5lo!er6 dri%er roller is sho!n
in Fig( .(3( The small rollers 5Fig( .(36 press on the ca$le and together !ith the large roller and engine
mo%e the ca$le( The possi$le ca$le cross-section areas are sho!n in Fig( .(3c( Fig( .(+ sho!s the anti-
gra%itator in a slope position(
The spool mechanisms are sho!n in Fig( .(,a,$( The allo! reeling and unreeling o" the le"t and
right ca$le $ranches or di""erent speeds as !ell as changing the length o" the closed-loop ca$le !ithout
stopping o" the installation( The spool ma $e one o" t!o %ariants: a mo$ile spool 5Fig( .(,a6 or a
motionless spool 5Fig( .(,$6(
The installation !orks in the "ollo!ing !a: the engine rotates the lo!er dri%er roller and
contentiousl continuousl sends up!ards the closed-loop ca$le up!ards at high speed( The ca$le
reaches a top roller 5!hich ma $e at high altitude6, turns $ack $ the top roller and mo%es to the
$ottom lo!er dri%er roller( =hen the ca$le turns $ack, it creates a push 5repulsi%e, repel, re"lecti%e,
centri"ugal, momentum6 "orce( This repulsi%e "orce can easil $e calculated using centri"ugal theor
5see the theoretical section o" this chapter6(

Fig. :.1. &ush de%ices 5kinetic anti-gra%itators6 !ith closed-loop ca$les: a 3 single ca$le !ith $race, b C dou$le
ca$les are mo%ed in opposite directions and located in one plane, c 3 installation !ith "our closed-loop ca$les
in di""erent plates and !ithout $races, d 3 load crank !ith a minimum three ca$les( Notations are: 'C one
1/1
closed-loop ca$leC 2 3 the second closed-loop ca$leC 3 3 lo!er rollersC + 3 top rollersC , 3 suspended o$<ectC ) 3
engineC * 3 push 5li"t6 "orceC - 3 spreader, . C $races(
The push "orce can also $e calculated against the mo$ile ca$le mass using momentum or re"lection
theories 5see the theoretical section6(
The ca$le turns '-0 degrees around pulles( That turn produces a centri"ugal "orce !hich supports or
mo%es the load( ;o!e%er, Ne!tonDs la!s sa that "or e%er action there is an e@ual and opposite
reaction( >n this case, the action comes "rom the !heel as this is !hat is pushing the ca$le and
producing the net negati%e gra%it "ield direction "orce on the ca$le( To do that, the !heel mo%es 5is
pressed6 $ the ca$le producing the reaction, !hich adds up to 5similar to ho! the ca$le loads6 an
e@ual load in the positi%e gra%it direction( This means the ca$le !ill push the !heel $ack to!ard the
source o" the gra%it 5in this case to the ground6(
Fig. :.2( Top roller o" kinetic anti-gra%itator 5Notation as in Fig( .('6(
Fig. :.'. Gri%e roller o" kinetic anti-gra%itator( Notations are: 20 3 engineC 2' 3 dri%e rollerC 22 5'6 3 "le7i$le
ca$leC 23 3 large gear !heelC 2+ 3 small gear !heelsC 2,,2) 3 directi%e rollers( a 3 side %ie!, + 3 "ront
%ie!, c 3 ca$le cross-section(
1/2
Fig. :.1( /inetic anti-gra%itator in slope position(
The repulsi%e "orce points in a %ertical direction and it must $e more than the gra%itational "orce o"
the ca$le and load( This anti-gra%it "orce keeps the load or space station suspended on the top rollerC
and the load ca$le 5or special ele%ator6 allo!s the deli%er o" a load to the space station( The rollers
and ca$le ma ha%e high speed and stress( The must $e made "rom a strong 5"or e7ample, composite6
material( >n this case, the rollers ha%e the same permitted stress 5and permitted rotar speed6 as the
ca$le( The permitted 5sa"et assurance6 speed 5o" the ca$le or roller6 is the speed permitted 5admitted,
sa"et6 $ the ma7imum material strength di%ided $ an assurance "actor(
The moment o" "riction in the top roller can $e compensated $ gu lines as in Fig( .('a, or $ the
second closed-loop ca$le rotating in an opposed direction to the "irst ca$le 5Fig(' $,c,d6 and located in
one plane 5Fig( .('a6(
A lo! altitude 5up to '0 km6 pusher ma ha%e its ca$le made "rom con%entional steel !ire 5or steel
"i$er6( This ca$le has a smaller permitted ma7imum speed and air drag( >t re@uires less po!er "or
rotation than a light ca$le made "rom arti"icial "i$ers 5see EApplicationsF section in this chapter6(

Fig. :./a. Re%ol%ing spool( Notation are: 30 3 ca$le spoolC 3' 3 directi%e rollersC 32 3 spool engine( The le"t
and right ca$les can ha%e di""erent speeds(
1/'

Fig. :./+. 4otionless spool 5the le%er rotates around the spool6( Notation are: 30 3 ca$le spoolC 3' 3 directi%e
rollers, 32 3 motor, 33 3 re%ol%ing le%er( The le"t and right ca$les can ha%e a di""erent linear speeds(
As sho!n in the theoretical section, the current !idel produced arti"icial "i$ers allo! reaching
altitudes o" up to '00 km 5see also &ro<ects ' and 2 in E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF
3
6( >"
more altitude is re@uired a multi-stage to!er must $e used 5Fig( 2 and &ro<ect 3
3
6, and %er high
altitude is needed 5geosnchronous or$it or more6, a %er strong ca$le made "rom nanotu$es30 must $e
used 5&ro<ect +
3
, &ro<ect +6(
The closed-loop ca$le can ha%e $e o" %aria$le length( This allo!s starting "rom 8ero altitude,
increasing the load 5station6 altitude to a re@uired %alue, and spooling the ca$le "or repair( >" !e
change the length o" the ca$le 5"or e7ample, using the spool6 the ca$le !ill li"t the load to high altitude
or into space(
The de%ices "or this action are sho!n in Fig( .(,( The o""ered spools allo! a reeling and 5unreeling6
the le"t and right $ranches o" the ca$le !ith di""erent speeds and to changeing the length o" the ca$le(
The ad%antages o" the proposed method are the same as "or the centri"ugal launcher
,
( The suggested
design has appro7imatel hal" the construction cost o" the semi-circle launcher
,
$ecause it uses %ertical
ca$les 5not circle ca$les
,
6( >t also has appro7imatel hal" the production deli%er cost 5up to A2C+ per
kg6, $ecause it has hal" the air drag and "uel consumption 5the straight line is 3('+ times shorter than
the circle6(
27periments re@uisted $ author and cames out $ 4r( 1regor Lishanski in 2002C 2003 sho! the
re%ol%ing straight closed-loop ca$le is sta$ile in the %ertical and hori8ontal positions(
4heory o the kinetic anti-gra$itatorinno$ation
1. *u!h orce or i""o+ile o+=ect
3
.
a( Repulsive repel! push" #orce in space $ithout %ravitation. =e can "ind the push "orce
o" the kinetic anti-gra%itator "rom centri"ugal theor 5Fig( .(,c6
1/1

Fig( :(/c( Forces o" the rotar circle ca$le(
=e "irst take a small part o" the rotar circle ca$le and !rite the e@uili$rium rotation "or centri"ugal
"orce and tensile stress
, sin 2
2
2

S
(
) S(
5.('6
!here N angle o" the circle part QradR( =hen 0 the relationship $et!een ma7imum rotar speed
) and tensile strength o" a closed-loop 5cur%ed6 ca$le is
S F k )
2 ,
, 5.(26-5.(36
!here F is the repulsi%e 5li"t6 "orce QNR, k ! $ is to relati%e ca$le stress Qm
2
Bs
2
R, S is the area o" one
$ranch o" the ca$le cross section Qm
2
R( The more con%enient %alue o" K N '0
C*
k is used "or graphs(
2@uation 5.(26 is "ound in the Re"erences
,
"or a circle centri"ugal ca$le launcher 5chapter 36( The
computation o" ) %ersus k "or inter%als o" 0 C +K 5K ! kB'0
*
6 is presented in the same pu$lication
5chapter 3, Fig( 3('06( For e7ample, the ca$le has the cross-section area S N ' mm
2
, stress N '00
kgBmm
2
( T!o ca$les can keep a load o" 200 kg at high altitude((
=e can "ind the li"t "orce using re"lection theor 5see te7t$ooks on theoretical mechanics6( =riting
the momentum o" the re"lected mass in one second gi%es
F ! m)C 5C m)6N2m), m ! S), or F ! 2S)
2
. 5.(+6
;ere m is the ca$le mass re"lected in one second QkgBsR( >" e@uation 5.(26 is su$stituted into 5.(+6, the
e7pression "or the repulsi%e 5li"t6 "orce F ! 2S !ill $e same(
$6 &epulsive #orce in constant %ravit' #iel(. >n constant gra%it "ield !ithout air drag, the repulsi%e
"orce o" the o""ered de%ice e@uals the centri"ugal "orce F minus the ca$le !eight *
( ) " k S " S " ) S S" F * F F
2 6 5 2 6 5 2 2
2
, 5.(,6
!here " is the height o" the kinetic de%ice 5top end o" the ca$le6 QmR(
c6 &epulsive #orce in varia)le %ravit' #iel( an( rotar' *arth. ?elo! it is sho!n a !a o" "inding the
"inal e@uation "or the "orce F(
( )
( ) ( ,
2
2 2 2 2 2
,
2
, , , , ,
2 2
0
2
2 2
0
0 0
2
0
2
2 2
0
0 0
2
2
0
0
0
2
2
2
0
0
2
0
) k ( (
(
(
( k S P Sk P S F
or ( (
(
(
( Sd( (
(
(
P
" ( ( Sd( dm (
(
)
(
(
dm
(
)
dP
(
(

1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_
+
,
_
,
_

5.()6
The minimum ca$le stress or a minimum ca$le speed o" a re%ol%ing planet is
1//
( ) (
2
2
0
2
2 2
0
0 0
2
min min
( (
(
(
( ) k
,
_

5.(*6
>" K d , the height o" the kinetic to!er ma $e more thean the 2arthDs geosnchronous or$it( For
4ars this is K d ', "or 4oon it is K d 0(3( The Fig( ,('0 5chapter ,6 sho!s, that the o""ered de%ice o"
!ith a height o" '+,,000 km can keep its position !ithout ca$le rotation 5mo%ement6, and i" the de%ice
height is more than '+,,000 km, the mo%eless de%ice has a use"ul li"t "orce( That allo!s the li"ting o" a
paload using an immo$ile non-mo%ing ca$le( =e can stop the ca$le rotation and create the space
ele%ator(
2. Repul!i$e orce or a "o+ile o+=ect( For a mo$ile o$<ect the repulsi%e "orce is
( )
2
2 v ) S F t 5.(-6
!here v is the o$<ecti%e speed QmBsR( The mineus E+ E is taken !hen the ca$le length is increased, the
plus
E[F is taken !hen the ca$le length is decreased( From e@uation 5.(-6 it "ollo!s that the ma7imum
o$<ect speed o$tained "rom the ca$le cannot e7ceed the ca$le speed( 2@uation 5.(-6 is used "or
launching and landing o" "light apparatus(
'. Re!tore orce( =hen the ca$le is de%iated "rom a %ertical position in the gra%it "ield, the
restore "orce is
2
0
r
m
F F ( 5.(.6
1. Air drag o the ca+le. The computation o" ca$le drag is not de%eloped( No e7perimental data
are a%aila$le air drag o" a %er long ca$le(
a6 The air drag o" a dou$le !u+!onic ca$le can $e estimated using the drag e@uations "or plates 5the
Renolds num$er is included6:
6( 5 , ( 0 , 0,.2 ( 0 , ( 0 , ))+ ( 0 , ( 0
- ( 0 - ( ' 2 ( 0 - ( 0 - ( 0 , ( ' , ( 0 , ( 0
T % T %
D D D s % ) D s % ) D + 5.('0
6
The ca$le has onl one side, as opposed to a plate !hich has t!o sides, that !a the multiplier 0(, is
inserted 5Fig( .('06(
1/3

Fig. :.3( Air ca$le drag %ersus ca$le speed "or the ca$le sur"ace parameter %s ! %
0.-
s ! 0.'C 0(, (
Fig. :.5( 2ngine po!er %ersus ca$le speed "or the ca$le sur"ace parameter %s ! %
0(-
s ! 0('C 0(,.
The po!er P o" ca$le air drag D is
+ + ) P P ) D ) D D) P
% T % T
, 6 5 , ( 0 6 5 , ( 0 5.(''6
1/5
The po!er o" tur$ulent drag PT and o" laminar drag P%, respecti%el is
, 0,.2 ( 0 , ( 0 , ))+ ( 0 , ( 0
- ( 0
+ ( '
2 ( 0 - ( 0 - ( 0
2, ( '
, ( 0 , ( 0
s % P s % P
T %
,
_
,
_
5.('26
!here the total ca$le perimeter s o" the round ca$les is
"
nF
s

2
( 5.('36

4ost o" the engine po!er 5-0C .0U6 takes the tur$ulent ca$le drag( >n Sspace there is no air, thus no
air drag and !e can use a %er long ca$le( >" the altitude " is small 5up to , C ) km6, !e can ignore the
"actor "( >n this case, the ca$le depends on the relation 5
0(.
'(+
6( As ou see, a ca$le !ith lo!
tensile stress and high densit 5"or e7ample, con%entional steel ca$le6 re@uests there@uires less
po!er, $ecause the sa"e ma7imum ca$le speed is small 5) 2,0 C 3,0 mBs6( ;o!e%er, the re@uest
re@uired ca$le !eight increases '0C ', times( The round and single closed-loop ca$le 5n N 26 re@uests
re@uires minimum po!er( The plate and semi-circle ca$les re@uest re@uire more po!er, $ut the ma
$e more suita$le "or a dri%e mechanism(

Fig. :.2a( Ca$le drag %ersus ca$le speed "or the ca$le sur"ace parameter %s ! %
0(-
s ! 'C ,(
1/2
Fig. :.2+( 2ngine po!er %ersus ca$le speed "or the ca$le sur"ace parameter %s ! %
0(-
s ! 'C ,(
+( Air drag o !uper!onic and hyper!onic dou+le ca+le.
?elo!, the e@uation "rom Anderson
)
2- "or the computation o" local air "riction "or a t!o-sided plate
is gi%en(

( )
,
0,.2 ( 0
,
6 5
))+ ( 0
, ,
,
+ ( ''0
'0 +,- ( ' , , ' ,- ( 0 032 ( 0 '
2 ( 0
P
,
, ( 0
,
, ( '
) 2
e
T f
e
% f e
9
(
C
(
C
T
)x
(
T
T
T
T
a
)
'
T
T
'
T
T

+

,
_
+ +

D% ! 0(,Cf.l;)
2
S, DT ! 0(,Cf.t;)
2
S, D N0(,DT10(,D%, . 5.('+6
=here
)
: T;, (e;, ;, ; are the re"erence 5e%aluated6 temperature, Renolds num$er, air densit,
and air %iscosit respecti%el( ' ! )$a is the 4ach num$er, a is the speed o" sound QmBsR, ) is
ca$le speed QmBsR, x is the length o" the plate 5distance "rom the $eginning o" the ca$le6QmR, T is
"lo! temperature Q
o
/R, T9 is $od temperature Q
o
/R, Cf.l is a local skin "riction coe""icient "or laminar
"lo!, Cf,t is a local skin "riction coe""icient "or tur$ulent "lo!( As S is the area o" skin Qm
2
R o" $oth
plate sides, it means "or the ca$le !e must take 0(,SC D is the general air drag 5"riction6 QNR( >t ma
$e sho!n, that the general air drag "or the ca$le is D N 0(,DT 1 0(,D%, !here DT is the tur$ulent
drag and D% is the laminar drag(
For a hori8ontal ca$le, the "riction drag can $e computed uding e@uation 5.('06 !here ! ;,
! ;.
From e@uation 5.('+6 !e can deri%e the "ollo!ing e@uations "or tur$ulent and laminar $oundar
"lo!s o" a $ertical ca$le
1/:
, ,*)) ( 0
+
))+ ( 0
, 0,+* ( 0
+
0,.2 ( 0
, ( 0 , ( 0 , ( ' , ( 0
, ( 0
, ( 0 , ( 0 , ( ' , ( 0
, (( 0
, ( 0
0
- ( 0 2 ( 0 - ( ' 2 ( 0
- ( 0
- ( 0 2 ( 0 - ( ' 2 ( 0
- ( 0
- ( 0
0
0 0
0 0
dh e h )
T
T
d dh e h )
T
T s
D
dh e h )
T
T
d dh e h )
T
T s
D
-h
"
"
-h
"
"
%
-h
"
"
-h
"
"
T

,
_

,
_
,
_

,
_

5.(',6
!here s is the ca$le perimeter( The laminar drag "or high speed is ,03300 times less thean the
tur$ulent drag ,0-300 times and !e can ignore it(
2ngine po!er and additional ca$le stress can $e computed using con%entional e@uations:
,
+
, 2
d
D
S
D
D) P
t t
5.(')6
The "actor 2 is needed $ecause !e ha%e t!o $ranches o" the ca$le: one mo%es up and the other mo%es
do!n( The drag does not decrease the repulsi%e 5li"t6 "orce $ecause in the di""erent $ranches the drag is
in the oppositeed directions(
/. Computations o" e@uation 5.(-6 are presented in Figs( .() to .(- "or lo! ca$le speeds and in
Fig( .(. and .('0 "or high ca$le speeds "or di""erent %alue %s ! %
0(-
s (
3. For space apparatus that starts "rom a planet !ith no atmosphere 5asteroid6, !hich has a mass
much greater thean the apparatus mass, speed is calculated using e@uation
2 '
2 '
'
, ( 0
m m
m m
) )
+
+
, 5.('*6
Fig. :.:( Air ca$le drag %ersus ca$le speed "or the ca$le sur"ace parameter %s ! %
0(-
s ! ,03200(
13.
Fig. :.1.( 2ngine po!er %ersus ca$le speed "or the ca$le sur"ace parameter %s ! %
0(-
s ! ,03200(
>" the space ship uses asteroid ru$$le 5or ships gar$age6 to create thrust %ia a repulsi%e engine, the
ship speed is 5in an immo%a$le coordinate sstem !ith the origin located in the sstemDs center o"
gra%it6(
2 '
3
3
m m
m
) )
s
+
( 5.('-6
Ad$antage! o oered "ethod

The ad%antages o" the proposed method are tremendous( =e can "l out o" the atmosphere !ithout
aircra"t, helicopters, dirigi$les, and rockets( The installation is %er simple 5onl an engine and a thin
ca$le6 and %er light, especiall !hen the ca$le is made "rom the arti"icial "i$er, a "ortiori, "rom
nanotu$es( =hen the ca$le is located outside the atmosphere, it does not re@uire po!er "or rotation,
e7cept "or a small amount o" po!er to compensate "or the "riction in the rollers( =e can create a $ig
"orce 5up to tens or hundreds o" tons6 and to operate at long distances 5tens o" kilometers in the 2arthDs
atmosphere and hundreds o" kilometers in space6(
The kinetic anti-gra%itator ma ha%e applications in man "ields o" ci%ilian and militar li"e: "lights
on 2arth, in space, to planets and asteroids, launching space ships, li"ting loads at high altitude,
pro$lems o" communication, o$ser%ation, searching, and rescues( The same idea ma $e used to
trans"er mechanical energ o%er long distances
*
3, "or mo%ing aircra"t in the air
-
' or ground %ehicles
using an engine located at a large distance, "or $uilding simple air $ridges o%er straits, canals, and
mountains instead o" tunnels or con%entional $ridges
.
', and so on( Some o" these pro$lems are
considered $elo!(
Application!
Con%entional steel ca$le has a ma7imum tensile stress o" N 300 kgBmm
2
and densit o" N *.00
kgBm
3
, and "i$er steel ca$le has a tensile strength o" a$out N 2000 kgBmm
2
( At present, currentl
131
industr !idel produces cheap arti"icial "i$ers !ith a ma7imum tensile stress o" N ,003)20 kgBmm
2
and densit
'0,''
N -003'-00 kgBm
3
( =hiskers ha%e N 20003-000 kgBmm
2
and densit
'0
N 20003
+000 kgBm
3
, and nanotu$es, created in scienti"ic la$oratories, ha%e N 20,000 kgBmm
2
N 2
(
'0
''
NBm
2

and densit N -00 3'-00 kgBm
3
( Theor
''
predicts that nanotu$es can ha%e N '00,000 kgBmm
2
and
densit N -00 3'-00 kgBm
3
( =e !ill consider a dou$le closed-loop ca$le in pro<ects $elo!( =e !ill
also use the con%entional steel ca$le that has con"irmed 5sa"et, permitted6 tensile stress o" N ,03'00
kgBmm
2
or the con%entional "i$ers !ith a ma7imum con"irmed strength o" N 200 kgBmm
2
and densit
N '-00 kgBm
3
( This means the sa"et "actor is 33) or 2(,33('( The use o" !hiskers or nanotu$es
dramaticall impro%es the parameters o" the kinetic anti-gra%itator "or long distances(
1. ?4AL &?ertical 4akeo and Landing( con$entional aircrat 5Fig( .(''6( Let us to estimate the
parameters o" the kinetic anti-gra%itator "or con%entional aircra"t( Assume the mass o" the aircra"t is '
N 20 tons, the takeo"" speed is less than or e@uals to )m N -0 mBs 5the most aircra"t ha%e takeo"" speeds
o" ,03*0 mBs6, sa"et stress o" the arti"icial "i$er ca$le is N 200 kgBmm
2
and densit is N '-00
kgBm
3
, and the start and leanding acceleration is a N 3 30 mBs
2
( This acceleration is accepta$le "or
the general population 5!ith the training, people can keep !ithstand - permanentl and ') "or a
short time6( The re@uired ca$le length is % ! )m
2
B2a N -0
2
B)0 N '0* m( The total cross-section area o"
all arti"icial ca$le is S ! 'a$56 N 2000030B5'02006 N 300 mm
2
, and one $ranch o" the "our-ca$le
sstem has a diameter o" d N '0 mm( Ca$le mass is m ! S% N 300'0
3)
'0*'-00 N ,- kg( The
ca$le speed is )0 N 5200'0
*
B'-006
0(,
N '0,+ mBs Qsee e@uation 5.(26R( >" the roller is made "rom the
same 5!ith ca$le6 composite material as the ca$le, the !ill maintain this speed( Time o" acceleration
is t N )$a N -0B30 N 2(* seconds( The engine po!er e@uals the kinetic energ di%ided $ time P ! ')
2
B2t N 20000-0
2
B22(* N 23*0+ k=( This %alue is t!o to three times more thean the po!er o" a tpical
aircra"t engine( ;o!e%er, the start engine ma $e located on the ground and has can ha%e an po!er( >"
!e !ant to use an aircra"t engine 5"or ca$le dri%e6, !e must decrease the start acceleration $ 233
times or use a "l!heel( >n landing, this energ !ill return to the "l !heel $ecause the distance
$et!een the ground and the apparatus is reduced 5see the description o" inno%ation6(
2. Non-rocket !pace apparatu!( The same results !ill appl "or a space ship starting "rom an
asteroid or planet !ithout atmosphere( ;o!e%er, i" the "inal speed is high, !e must use the e@uation
5.(-6(
Fig. :.11( Slope takeo"" 5a6 and landing 5+6 o" con%entional aircra"t using the kinetic anti-gra%itator( Notations
are: +0 3 aircra"t, +2 3 aircra"t start tra<ector(
132
'. Flying H!uper"anI 5Fig( .('2a6( Tak<ng on altitude " N '00 m, the ma7imum load is ' N 200 kg
5this is enough "or superman, his girl-"riend, an engine and a parachute "or sa"et6( The steel ca$le has
tensile stress N '00 kgBmm
2
and densit N *.00 kgBm
3
( The re@uest re@uired total cross-section
area o" all ca$les is S ! '$ N 2 mm
2
, ca$le diameter is d N '() mm, the perimeter o" the "our ca$les
is s N '0 mm( The ca$le mass is m ! S% N 2'0
3)
'00*-00 N '(,) kg, and ca$le speed is
3,) *.00 '0 B
.
) mBs( Area parameter is %s N %
0(-
s N '00
0(-(
0(0' N 0(+ ( The ca$le drag is
D N 3' N 5Fig( .() or e@uations 5.(''6 3 5.('266, and the re@uested re@uired engine po!er is P N ''
k= 5Fig( .(*6( The ca$le can $e made "rom transparent "i$ers and in an case it !ill $e in%isi$le "rom a
long distance( The s
1. Jalking H!uper"anI or $ehicle 5Fig( .('2$6( The lo!er rollers can $e made separatel and ha%e
separate controls( This allo!s the supermen to !alk, run, and mo%ed !ith high speed( For e7ample, i"
the pre%ious E"ling supermanF descri$ed a$o%e takes one step 5length '00 m6 in during 2 seconds, he
!ill has%e a speed o" '-0 kmBhour(

Fig. :.12( a6 Fling superman using the kinetic anti-gra%itator( +6 Legged 5!alking6 superman using t!o
kinetic anti-gra%itators(
/( Ku"ping &pogo-!tick( H!uper"anI 5Fig( .('3a6( Assume the short kinetic anti-gra%itator gi%es a
man o" mass ' N '00 kg the speed ) N *0 mBs !ith acceleration a N 3 ! 30 mBs
2
( The ca$le length is
% ! )
2
B2a N *0
2
B230 N -2 m( The time o" acceleration t N )$a N *0B30 N 2(33 seconds( The total cross-
section areas o" all ca$les is S ! 'a$ N '0030B200'0
*
N '(, mm
2
, and the ca$le mass is m ! S% N
'(,'0
3)(
-2
(
'-00 N 230 g( The <ump distance at an angle N +,
o
!ithout air drag 5it is small at this
speed6 is J ! )
2
$ N *0
2
B'0 N +.0 m, the altitude is " N )
2
sin$2 ! Q=
2
sin +,
o
B20 ! '*3 m, <ump time
is a$out '0 seconds( The re@uest re@uired startinged thrust is 300 kg, and the start 5<ump6 po!er is
a$out P N E$t ! m)
2
B2t ! '00*0
2
B22(33 ! '0, k=, $ut the started energ !ill $e restored in laending
e7cept "or the air drag loss o" '0320U( >" !e ha%e an energ accumulator, a the permanent po!er o" ,
3'0 k= !ill $e enough "or this de%ice(
13'
3. Ku"ping $ehicle( Assume the kinetic anti-gra%itator gi%es a %ehicle o" mass ' N '000 kg the
speed o" ) N 200 mBs !ith acceleration a N - ! -0 mBs
2
5!hich is accepta$le "or militar soldiers6(
The ca$le length is
% ! )
2
B2a N 200
2
B2B-0 N 2,0 m( The time o" acceleration t N )$a N 2(, seconds( The <ump distance at
an angle o" +,
o
!ithout air drag 5it is not %er much "or a streamlined $od6 is a$out + km, the altitude
is '(+ km, and the <ump time is a$out 20 seconds( The cross-section area o" all the ca$les is S ! 'a$
N '000-0B200B'0
*
N +0 mm
2
( Ca$le mass is m ! S% N +0'0
3)(
2,0'-00 N '- kg( The re@uest
re@uired started thrust is - tons, and the <ump po!er is a$out P N -000 k=, $ut the started energ !ill
$e restored in landing e7cept "or the air drag loss o" '0320U( >" !e ha%e an energ accumulator, an
engine !ith ,003-00 k= po!er !ill $e enough "or this de%ice( The %ehicle can ha%e a small !ing
5area 2 m
2
6 and glide "rom an altitude o" '(+ km "or a the distance o" '+3'* km to the selected place "or
the ne7t <ump(
5. Long ar" &long hand( 5Fig( .('3$6( The proposed method allo!s us to create a Elong armF
!hich suspends a %ideo camera, or !eapon alo"t( Assume the load mass o" the long hand is ' N 2 kg
and the hand has a length o" ' km( The hand uses a steel ca$le !ith N '00 kgBmm
2
and N *(. gBcc(
4a7imum speed isS
3,) *.00 '0 B
.
) mBs(
The cross-section area is S N '$ N 2B'00 N 0(02 mm
2
, d N 0(0-, s N ' mm, and the ca$le mass is m !
S% N 0(02'0
3)
S'000*.00 N ',- g( The cross-section area parameter is %s N %
0(-
s N '000
0(-(
0(00' N
0(2, ( The ca$le drag is D N 20 N 5Fig( .() or e@uations 5.(''6 3 5.('266, and the re@uest re@uired
engine po!er P N )(- k= 5Fig( .(*6( The operator 5a(g( a soldier6 can o$ser%e regions !ithin a radius
' km radius and immediatel appl the !eapon i" it necessar( The radius ma $e increased up to '0
km( >" usinges the a more po!er"ul kinetic anti-gra%itator !ith that can hold a load o" 200 kg !ith and
installed in end o" ca$le a net and catcher installed at the end o" the ca$le, the operator can catch the
soldier and deli%er him or her to another place( This ma $e %er use"ul "or rescue and anti-terrorist
operations(

Fig. :.1'( a6 ESupermanF using the <ump kinetic anti-gra%itator 5,06( +6 The super-hand 5,26, !hich allo!s
operatione at long distances o" '3'0 km(
2. ,igh altitude crane( The construction o" skscrapers needs high cranes( Consider the design o" a
crane o" % ! " N ,00 m height using the o""ered method( Take the use"ul load as ' ton and the steel
ca$le as ha%ing sa"e tensile stress o" N ,0 kgBmm
2
and ca$le densit o" N *(. gBcc( The total cross-
section ca$le area is 5e@uation 5.(+66 S ! F$53"6 N 22 mm
2
( The ca$le mass is m ! S" N 2'0
3
)
S,00*.00 N -* kg, and sa"e ca$le speed is ) ! 56
0(,
N 2,0 mBs( >" the installation has "our ca$les o"
131
diameter d N 2() mm each, the total perimeter o" the "our ca$le is s ! +d N 33(2 mm, the parameter %s
! %
0(-
s N ,00
0(-
0(0332 N +(-, the ca$le air drag is D N 200 N 5Fig( .(), e@uation 5.('066, and the re@uest
re@uired po!er to support ca$le rotation is P N ,0 k= 5Fig( .(*, e@uation 5.('266( This is the highest
5,00 m6 and the lightest 5-* kg6 crane in the !orld ha%ing a load capa$ilit o" ' ton(
:. ,igh to9er. Consider the design o" a high to!er o" % ! " N + km using the o""ered method(
Take the use"ul load as 30 tons and the steel ca$le as ha%ing a sa"e tensile stress o" N ,0 kgBmm
2
and
ca$le densit o" N *(. gBcc( The total cross-section 5all $ranches6 o" the ca$le area is 5e@uation 5.(+66
S ! F$5 D"6 N ')30 mm
2
( Ca$le mass is m ! S" N ,'(, tons, and sa"e ca$le speed is ) ! 56
0(,
N
2,0 mBs( >" the installation has "our ca$les, the diameter o" one ca$le is d N 23 mm, the total perimeter
o" the "our ca$le is s ! +d N 0(2-. m, the parameter %s ! %
0.-
s N +000
0(-(
0(2-. N 220, the ca$le air drag
is D N .,00 N, and the re@uest re@uired po!er to support ca$le rotation is P N 2(3 4=( This is highest
5+ km6 and the lightest 5,2 tons6 to!er in the !orld, !hich has a load capa$ilit o" 30 tons at the top(
,ote: the computation "or the same to!er in
3
E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF !ith an
arti"icial "i$er ca$le, ha%ing a sa"e tensile stress o" N 200 kgBmm
2
and densit o" N '-00 kgBm
3
,
gi%es the re@uired speed o" ) N '000 mBs and po!er P N '' 4=( =e ha%e changes onl the ca$le
material 5"rom arti"icial "i$er to steel6( As a result, the re@uired support po!er decreases $
appro7imatel , times, and the total production cost "or deli%er o" one tourist decreases "rom A3(3, to
A'(+( This happens $ecause the re@uired speed decreases "rom '000 mBs to 2,0 mBsec, decreasinges the
re@uest re@uired po!er and "uel consumption( The po!er depends on the third order 5)
2(-
, see e@uation
5.('266 o" speed(
This sho!s, that the parameters o" the considered e7ample are %er "ar "rom optimal( #n the other
hand, the ca$le mass increases "rom '('3 tons up to ,'(, tons(
'0( 4he con!truction o the Art!utano$ !pace ele$ator 9ithout rocket!. The space ele%ator, "irst
proposed $ I( Artsutano% in '.,., ma $e a promising $reakthrough in space( ;o!e%er, the space
ele%ator needs an e@uali8er !eiting hundreds o" tons, and thousands o" tons o" ca$le( Also, deli%er
using rockets into geosnchronous or$it is %er e7pensi%e( =hen nanotu$es $ecome cheaper the
o""ered kinetic anti-gra%itator !ill allo!s the construction o" the space ele%ator !ithout rockets( The
author sho!s in
3
E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchingsF that i" K ! $'0
*
d , the ca$le space to!er
5ca$le mast6 can $e up to ',0,000 km hogh or more( This is enough to reach geosnchronous or$it
53*,000 km6(
Di!cu!!ion
>n 2002 Lo"tsrom
+
pu$lished a description o" a space launcher( The o""ered de%ice has the "ollo!ing
technical and phsical di""erences "rom the Lo"tstrom installation(
The Lo"tstrom installation has a the 2000-km long launch path located at an altitude o" -0 km, !hich
accelerates the space %ehicle to space speed( The Lo"tstrom space launcher is a loop ca$le o" comple7
path enclosed in an immo$ile tu$e( The ca$le is made "rom ru$$er-iron material and is mo%ed using an
electromagnetic linear engine( The ca$le is turned $ electromagnets(
The idea o""ered in this article is the kinetic de%ice !hich creates a push 5repulsi%e, repel6 "orce
$et!een t!o gi%en $odies 5"or e7ample, $et!een a planet and the apparatus6( This "orce supports a
$od at a gi%en altitude( The $od is connected to the ca$le $ rollers( Tthat slides along the ca$le( The
ca$le can $e made o" arti"icial "i$er and mo%ed $ the rollers and an engine( The kinetic anti-
gra%itator supports an $od at altitude 5"or e7ample, to!ers6 and ma also $e used to launch %ehicles(
The Lo"tstrom de%ice is onl a space launcher and cannot permanentl support a $od at altitude or
to!ers 5he did not !rite anthing a$out this6(
The kinetic anti-gra%itator creates a permanent controlled "orce( >" the distance $et!een $odies does
not changes, the kinetic anti-gra%itator re@uests re@uires onl a small amount o" energ to compensate
a "or the "riction in the rollers and air(
13/
0onclu!ion
Tit o%er he supposed o""ered method, thed kinetic anti-gra%itator, ma $e applied in man "ields and
ma ha%e a $ig "uture( The method does not need special technolog( Current cheap and !idel
produced materials such as steel or arti"icial "i$er can $e used to operate up to an altitude o" *,322,
km( The kinetic anti-gra%itator is simple and does not need comple7 e@uipment( >" the installation is
designed correctl, LishanskiDs e7periments sho! that the high speed closed-loop straight-line ca$le is
sta$le in an direction including the hori8ontal position(
&e#erences
'( ?olonkin, A(A(, fTheor o" Flight Vehicles !ith Control Radial ForceD( Collection E(esear0hes of
Fliht Dynami0sF, E4ashinostroenieF &u$lishers, 4osco!, '.),, pp( *.3''- 5in Russian6(
2( ?olonkin, A(A(, ETransport Sstem "or Geli%er o" Tourists at Altitude '+0 kmF( >AC-02-
>AA('(3(03, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'.
#ct( 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
3( ?olonkin, A(A(, E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF, JBIS 5Journal of British Inter#lanetary
So0iety6, Vol( ,*, No 'B2, pp( 3333., 200+(
+( Lo"strom /(;(, EThe Launch Loop: A Lo! Cost 2arth-to-;igh-#r$it Launch SstemF,
http<GG999.Launchloop.co"Glaunchloop.pd 520026(
,( ?olonkin, A(A(, ECentri"ugal /eeper "or Space Stations and SatellitesF, Journal of the British
Inter#lanetary So0iety 5JBIS6, Vol( ,), No .B'0, pp( 3'+332*, 2003(
)( Anderson, K(G(, "y#ersoni0 and "ih Tem#erature 6as Dynami0s( 4c1ra!-;ill ?ook Co(
*( ?olonkin, A(A(, E;igh 2""icienc Trans"er o" 4echanical 2nergF, A>AA-200+-,))0, >nternational
2nerg Con%ersion 2ngineering Con"erence, Rhode >sland, ')3'. Aug( 200+(
-( ?olonkin, A(A(, EAir Ca$le TransportF, Journal of Air0raft, Vol( +0, No( +, Kul3August 2003(
.( ?olonkin, A(A(, EAir Ca$le Transport and ?ridgesF, TN *,)*, >nternational Air T Space
Smposium 3 The Ne7t '00 Iears, '+-'* Kul 2003, Gaton, #hio, 9SA(
'0( Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers, Girector, London-NI, '..,, Chapman T ;all, )
th
ed(
''( Gresselhous, 4(S(, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, NI, 2000(
'2( ?olonkin A(A(, E/inetic Anti-1ra%itatorF, A>AA-200,-+,0,, +'st &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2
Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
133
Chapter '0
0entriugal Space Launcher!;
Su""ary
The purpose o" this chapter is to dra! attention to the idea o" sling rotar launchers( This idea allo!s
the $uilding o" ine7pensi%e ne! space launcher sstems, to launch missiles, pro<ectiles, and space
apparatus, and to use man tpes o" energ( This chapter descri$es the possi$ilities o" this method and
the conditions !hich in"luence its e""icienc( >ncluded are "our pro<ects: a non-rocket sling pro<ectile
launcher, a space sling launcher, a spaceship "or launching using con%entional supersonic, and a space
ship using su$sonic aircra"t( The last t!o onl re@uire lo!-cost ca$le made "rom arti"icial "i$er, using
!hiskers that are produced in industr no! or increasingl per"ected nanotu$es that are $eing created
in a scienti"ic la$oratories(
---------------------
PThe detailed !ork !as presented as A>AA-200,-+03, at the +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2 Kul, 200,,
Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
No"enclature
A 3 general !ork, QKR,
A' 3 acceleration !ork "or space apparatus 5s(a(6,
A2 3 sling acceleration !ork,
A3 C s(a( air drag !ork,
A+ 3 sling air drag !ork,
A, 3 acceleration and air drag !ork o" le%er 5disk6( Value A, e@uals 0 "or the aircra"t launcher and it
ma $e estimated "or the le%er using con%entional calculations,
a 3 the speed o" sound QmBsR,
0 3 the relati%e thickness o" the sling 50 N 0(0* to 0('6,
0% 3 the li"t coe""icient o" the s(a( 50% N 0 3 '6,
D 3 the %ehicle drag QNR,
D0 3 air drag o" the sling,
N .(-' mBs
2
is the 2arthDs gra%it,
" 3 the altitude QmR,
S" 3 the change in altitude QmR,
Sh 3 the additional altitude o" the s(a( QmR,
k 3 the strength coe""icient Qm
2
Bs
2
R,
k' 3 the aerodnamic e""icienc o" the s(a(,
% 3 the %ehicle li"t "orce QNR, and
% 3 the %ehicle range QmR,
%0 3 the sling li"t "orce QNR,
' 3 the "l!heelDs mass QkgR,
135
m 3 mass o" space apparatus QkgR, or
m 3 the %ehicle mass QkgR,
n 3 centri"ugal o%erload QgR,
n' 3 the %ertical o%erload o" the s(a( QgR,
P 3 the engine po!er Q=R,
( 3 radius o" the s(a( tra<ector QmR,
(0 3 le%er radius QmR,
(- 3 the range o" $allistic tra<ector QmR,
S 3 cross-section sling area Qm
2
R,
S0 3 the sling cross-section area near the le%er Qm
2
R,
0
S
3 the relati%e cross-section area near the le%er Qm
2
R,
S0 3 the sling !ing area( Qm
2
R,
Ss 3 the sling cross-section area at the sling center o" gra%it Qm
2
R,
S9 3 the re@uired area o" the s(a( !ing Qm
2
R,
T 3 the thrust o" the lead aircra"t or "orce on the le%er QNR,
t 3 the acceleration time QsecondsR,
t# 3 the time $et!een launches QsecondsR,
St 3 the elapsed time QsecondsR,
) 3 the speed QmBsR, and
) 3 the speed o" the s(a( QmBsR,
)0 - speed o" the le%er end QmBsR,
)0 3 the a%erage sling speed or speed o" the center o" gra%it o" the sling QmBsR,
)a 3 the a%erage speed o" the s(a( QmBsR,
S) 3 the change in s(a( speed QmBsR,
0 3 the sling attack angle QradR,
2 3 sling stress QNBm
2
R,
2f 3 the sa"e stress on the "l!heel QNBm
2
R,
3 3 the densit o" the sling QkgBm
3
R,
3f 3 the densit o" the "l!heelQkgBm
3
R,
T 3 the air densit QkgBm
3
R,
J 3 the tra<ector angle QradR(
SJ 3 the change in the tra<ector angle QradR,
Ja 3 the a%erage tra<ector angle QradR,
the su$script E-F means the initial %alue o" the $allistic tra<ector(
%ntroduction
At present, rockets are used to carr people and paloads into space
'
( #ther than rockets, one method
o" reaching space is the space ele%ator
2
( This is %er comple7, e7pensi%e and technologicall
impossi$le at the present time( #nce industr produces lo!-cost nanotu$es, the author has sho!n that
the space ele%ator ma $e easil $uilt !ithout rockets 5pro<ect +6
3
( Also o""ered is a transport sstem
"or the space ele%ator
+
( The author has also proposed a centri"ugal keeper and launcher "or space
stations and satellites
,
, a hpersonic tu$e air rocket o" high capacit
),.
, optimall in"lated space to!ers
o" 33'00 km height
*
, using asteroids as a propulsion sstem "or space ships
-
, a multi-re"lection $eam
launcher
'0
, a ne! method o" "light 3 a kinetic anti-gra%itator
''
, and has researched optimal tra<ectories
and space ca$le launcher
'2, '3
( 4an o" them are in this $ook(
132
The space ele%ator re@uires %er strong nanotu$es, as !ell as a rocket and the high technolog
needed "or the initial de%elopment( The tu$e air rocket and non-rocket sstems re@uire more detailed
research( The electromagnetic transport sstem, suggested $ 4ino%ich
'+
, is not realistic at the present
time( This re@uires a %acuum underground tunnel ',30 kilometers long located at a depth o" +0
kilometers( The pro<ect re@uires a po!er cooling sstem 5$ecause the temperature is %er high at this
depth6, a comple7 electromagnetic po!er sstem, and a huge impulse o" energ that is greater than the
po!er o" all o" the electricit generator stations on 2arth( The $eam propulsion sstem
',
needs %er
po!er"ul lasers and magnetic sails
')
ha%e man pro$lems( The author is suggesting a %er simple and
ine7pensi%e method and installation "or launching paloads into space(
The presented !ork is a ne! space launcher sstem "or achie%ing high supersonic speeds(
The main di""erence "rom a con%entional centri"ugal launcher is the light, strong sling that dramaticall
increases the apparatus speed( The sling launcher can produce supersonic %ehicle speed in the 2arthDs
atmosphere and space %ehicle speed in a %acuum( This method uses a strong sling 5ca$le6, a po!er
5dri%e6 station, con%entional engines 5mechanical, electrical, gas tur$ines6, and "l!heels 5"or energ
storage6 located on the ground(
A con%entional high-speed aircra"t ma also $e used in this manner to launch pro<ectiles and
space $allistic space ships(
De!cription o %nno$ati$e Launcher
6round !ling launcher. The installation includes 5see notations in Fig( '0('6: a to!er, a le%er 5or
disk6, a sling 5ca$le6, con%entional engines and "l!heels 5dri%e station6( #ptimall, the installation is
located on a mountain 5high altitude6 to reduce air drag on the sling and apparatus and "or a lo!er
slope o" initial tra<ector angle( A !inged space apparatus 5space ship, missile, pro$e, pro<ectile, etc(6
is connected to the end o" the sling(

13:
Fig( '0('. Sling rotar launcher( a6 launcher located on mountain, $6 top %ie! o" installation, c6 acting "orces,
d6 side %ie!( Notations: ' 3 to!er, 2 3 le%er or disk, 3 3 engine, + 3 sling, , 3 space apparatus 5s(a(6, ) 3
circular launch tra<ector, * 3 point o" disconnection, - 3 direction o" launch, '' 3 centri"ugal "orce o"
space apparatus, '2 3 drag o" s(a(, '3 3 speed o" s(a(, '+ 3 centri"ugal "orce o" sling, ', 3 drag o" sling, ')
3 le%er "orce(

Fig( '0(2( Launching a space ship using aircra"t( a6 slinging slope start, $6 upper start, c6 installation "orces(

15.
Fig( '0(3( Forces acting on the sling launcher( a6 top %ie!, $6 cone launching !hen li"t "orce o" sling e@uals
sling !eight 5side %ie!6, c6 cone launching !hen sling li"t "orce is more than sling !eight 5side %ie!6, d6
cross section o" the sling( Notation: 20 3 sharp thin sling, 2' 3 head protection, 22 3 sta$ili8er o" sling(

Fig( '0(+( a6 Space "light tra<ector( Notations: '* 3 aircra"t, '- 3 tra<ector o" space ship(
$6 graph o" ship speed 5pro<ect 36( c6 graph o" ship o%erload 5pro<ect 36( d6 change o" o%erload graph in
pro<ect +(
The installation !orks in the "ollo!ing !a 5Fig( '0('6( The engine rotates the "l!heels( =hen the
"l!heels accumulate su""icient energ, the rotate as a le%er( The le%er accelerates the space apparatus
5Es(a(F6( The apparatus ma $e located on the le%er and the sling is increased a"ter the start( The
apparatus speed increases( >t is greater than the le%er speed in the ratio ($(0, !here ( is the radius o"
the apparatus tra<ector circle, (0 is the radius o" the le%er 5or disk6( =hen the apparatus reaches its
chosen speed, the !inged apparatus is disconnected "rom the sling at the desired point o" the circle(
=hile the !inged apparatus is "ling in the atmosphere, it can increase its slope and correct its
tra<ector( >" the apparatus has a hpersonic 5supersonic6 "orm, the speed loss is small
'3
(
The o""ered launcher is di""erent "rom con%entional centri"ugal catapults, !hich ha%e a pro<ectile in
a le%er( This launcher has a long sling and the pro<ectile is in the sling( The sling increases the le%er
speed man times and decreases the mass o" the le%er( Con%entional catapults made "rom nanotu$es
ha%e a huge mass and re@uires gigantic energ to !ork( This sling is also made "rom nanotu$es 5"or
space speed6, $ut its mass is small(
>" the circle is parallel to the 2arthDs sur"ace, the !inged apparatus disconnects "rom the ca$le,
con%erts the linear and centri"ugal acceleration into %ertical acceleration 5!hile it is "ling in the
atmosphere6 and lea%es the 2arthDs atmosphere(
The po!er station houses the engine( >t can $e an engine, "or e7ample, a gas tur$ine, or an electrical
or mechanical motor( The po!er dri%e station also has an energ storage sstem 5"l!heel
accumulator o" energ6, a transmission dri%e train and a clutch mechanism(
The installation can $e set on a slope, and launch a pro<ectile at an angle to the hori8on 5Fig( '0('6(
The attained speed ma $e up to eight or more kmBs 5see pro<ect 2 $elo!6( >" the planet does not
ha%e an atmosphere, a small installation 5!ith a small le%er6 can gi%e the pro<ectile a %er high speed,
limited onl $ the po!er o" the engine and the strength o" the sling(
151
#n the 2arthDs sur"ace the launcher can $e located under a special co%er 5or in a tu$e6 in a %acuum(
Aircra"t sling launcher( Another design o" this sling launcher is presented in Figs( '0(2 to '0(+( A
small spacecra"t 5' 3 2 tons6 is connected to a large, high-speed aircra"t( The aircra"t "lies in a circle,
increasing the sling length and accelerating the ship to high speed( The attained speed depends largel
on the speci"ic strength o" the sling, the ma7imum aircra"t speed and the thrust o" the aircra"t( For large
e7isting aircra"t operating in the atmosphere, the launch speed ma reach up 2 kmBs( This is enough
"or the M-pri8e "light, reaching an altitude o" up to '00 km and su""icient "or a spaceship "or tourists
5see pro<ects 33+ $elo!6(
Ad%antages( The suggested launch ca$le sstem has ad%antages compared to the current rocket
sstems, as "ollo!s:
'( The sling launcher is man times less e7pensi%e than modern rocket launch sstems(
No e7pensi%e rockets are needed( #nl motor and ca$le are re@uired(
2( The sling launcher reduces the deli%er cost $ se%eral thousand times 5to as lo! as A, to A'0
per pound6( 5No rocket, cheaper "uel(6
3( The sling launcher could $e constructed !ithin one to t!o ears( The aircra"t sling launcher
re@uires onl a ca$le and a spaceship( 4odern rocket launch sstems re@uire man ears "or
RTG and construction(
+( The sling launcher does not re@uire high technolog and can $e made $ an non-industrial
countr(
,( Rocket "uel is e7pensi%e( The ground sling launcher can use the cheapest sources o" energ,
such as !ind, !ater, or nuclear po!er, or the cheapest "uels such as gas, coal, peat, etc(,
$ecause the engine is located on the 2arthDs sur"ace( Fl!heels ma $e used as an accumulator
o" energ(
)( >t is not necessar to ha%e highl @uali"ied personnel, such as rocket specialists !ith high
salaries(
*( The "are "or space tourists !ould $e small(
-( There is no pollution o" the atmosphere "rom to7ic rocket gas(
.( Thousands o" tons o" use"ul paloads can $e launched annuall(
Shortcomings o" sling space launchers:
'( The need "or a %er strong sling 5ca$le6, made "rom car$on !hiskers or still-to-$e manu"actured
long nanotu$es(
2( The 2arth ground sling launcher ma $e used onl "or ro$ust loads $ecause high centri"ugal
acceleration is imposed on the paload( Such paloads normall account "or *03-0U o" space
paloads(
Ca$le 5sling6 discussion( The e7perimental and industrial "i$ers, !hiskers, and nanotu$es are
considered in Chapters '32(
The reader can "ind a more complete ca$le discussion o" ca$le and ca$le characteristics in the
Re"erences
33'3, '*320
(
4heory o the Sling Launcher
Formulas "or 2stimation and Computation 5in metric sstem6
'( Centri"ugal "orce, C, cross-section area o" the sling at the s(a(, S, and the speed o" the s(a(, ), are
calculated using con%entional e@uations
0 0
2
, , ,
)
)
(
( mC
S
C
n
(
)
C
( 5'0('6
2( #ptimal relati%e sling cross-section area, S , along radius, r is
, ,
2
e7p , , '
2
e7p
2
0 0
2
2
'
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
k 9here
k
)
S S S S
(
r
k
)
S
5'0(26
152
The results o" computation Qe@uation 5'0(26R are presented in Figs( '0(, and '0()( For lo! k the relati%e
area, S , is %er large( For e7ample, a con%entional "i$er !ith k N 2 S '0
)
re@uires this parameter to $e
2(*2 "or a speed o" ) N '+'0 mBs(
Fig( '0(,( Relati%e cross-section area o" sling "or di""erent ratio is & ! )
2
B2k in e@uation 5'0(26(
Fig( '0()( Relati%e cross-section area o" sling !ith
0
S in r N 0 %ia sling end speed and a stress coe""icient
K ! 4=
3Q
k Qe@uation 5'0(26R(
3( Air drag 5Fig( '0(*6 o" space apparatus, D, and air drag o" the sling, D0, are appro7imated as
"ollo!s:
15'
0 0 0 0
S
0 0 0 0
S a) %
0
S
( S S a) 0 D
k
mn
D 2 , , 2 B + ,
2
'
'
( 5'0(36
Additional drag "orces arising "rom the sling li"t "orce are small, and are ignored in this analsis(
The sling has a %aria$le speed o" "rom 0 to ), and a %aria$le !ing area( To simpli", !e assume
the a%erage %alue as near the slingDs center o" gra%it( >n an e""ort to decrease air drag, the sling has
a sharp "orm and is sta$ili8ed $ a sta$ili8ing tail 5Fig( '0(3d6( The space apparatus and sling also
ha%e a thin ceramic co%er "or protection against the short periods o" launch heating( 4ore e7actl,
the sling drag ma $e calculated $ integration(
Fig( '0(*( Air drag o" one s@uare meter o" !ing sling 5!ith relati%e pro"ile thickness 0 N 0(0-6 $ased on
speed and altitude Qe@uation 5'0(36R(
'( Flight angle o" cone( To decrease the sling drag, the !ing apparatus and the sling ha%e an attack
angle and li"t "orce( The clim$ at high altitude !here the air has lo! densit 5Fig( '0(3$6( The
sling mo%es along a cone sur"ace( The sling li"t "orce ma $e more than the sling !eight and then
the sling !ill $e cur%ed at the top, as sho!n in Fig( '0(3c( >n this case, the "astest part o" the ca$le
!ill $e in the lo!-densit upper atmosphere( The additional sling drag "rom the li"t "orce is small
and !e ignore it here(
The additional altitude, Sh, o" the s(a( ma $e "ound "rom the e@uation:
n
n
(
h '
sin
'

( 5'0(+6
,( >n a %acuum, the ratio ( $ (0 ma $e large( ;o!e%er, !hen the sling mo%es in the atmosphere, the
common pro<ection o" all "orces perpendicular to the sling must $e greater than 8ero( #nl in this
case ma the sstem $e accelerated( This gi%es rise to t!o ine@ualities 5the necessar a00eleration
ineEualities6
s s 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
% S m ( ) C ( ( ( (
( ) C D D C m mC k C

+ + > + + >
, B , B sin , B sin
B , 6 cos5 cos 6 sin5 sin , cos 6 B 5 sin
2
0 0
2
'
,5'0(,6
!here C0 is the a%erage centri"ugal acceleration o" the sling QmBs
2
R, m0 is the sling mass QkgR, and %s
is the sling length QmR(
151
)( 2ngine po!er and the necessar mass o" the "l!heel ma $e estimated $ the "ollo!ing
e@uations:
) k
%
a) 0
m n
S S nm S T
t
A
P
A
'
t
) D
A t
k
m
A
) m
A
m)
A A A A A A A
%
9
# f
f
0 0 0 0
2
,
2
, , ,
2
,
+
, ,
2
,
2
,
2
' '
0 0
+
'
3
2
2
2
' , + 3 2 '

+ + + +
(5'0()6
The %alue o" A, e@uals 0 "or the aircra"t launcher and ma $e estimated "or the le%er using
con%entional calculations(
*( 2stimation o" tourist tra<ector o" the space %ehicle(
a6 The %erticall accelerated part o" the tra<ector( The purpose o" this part o" the tra<ector is to
increase the tra<ector slope, J, relati%e to the hori8on( The tra<ector ma $e computed $ the
"ollo!ing di""erential e@uations:
cos , sin , sin
)
m)
%
m
D
) ) "

( 5'0(*6
Changes in the tra<ectories parameter ma $e estimated using e@uations o$tained "rom con%entional
aircra"t e@uations 5'0(*6
( ) t n
)
t
k
n
)
)
"
t
a
a
a
a a

,
_
cos , sin ,
sin
'
'
'
, 5'0(-6
!here n' is the %ertical o%erload o" the a(s QgR(
$6 The $allistic part o" the space %ehicle 5apparatus6 tra<ector ma $e calculated $ con%entional
e@uations as "ollo!s:
- -
-
-
- -
-
- -
-
)
(
t
)
(
)
"

cos
,
2 sin
,
2
sin
2 2 2

, 5'0(.6
!here the su$script E-F means the initial %alue o" the $allistic tra<ector, and (- is the range o" the
$allistic tra<ector(
Projects
Gescri$ed $elo! are details and estimates o" "our pro<ects:
5'6 &ro<ectile launcher "or long distances, using a sling made "rom currentl a%aila$le arti"icial "i$ers(
526 Space pro<ectile launcher, !ith a sling made "rom !hiskers(
536 Tourist "lights using supersonic aircra"t !ith a sling made "rom nanotu$es(
5+6 Tourist "lights using su$sonic aircra"t !ith a sling made "rom !hiskers(
These pro<ects are not optimi8ed( The onl illustrate the method and rough estimations "or
installations "or di""erent purposes( =e sometimes indicate thrust 5"orces6 in kilograms or tons, and
stress in kgBmm
2
( For reader re"erence, ' kg N .(-' N '0 N 5Ne!ton6, ' ton '0
+
N, and ' kgBmm
2

'0
*
NBm
2
6(
*ro=ect 1
&ro<ectile launcher "or long distances, using a sling made "rom e7isting arti"icial "i$er 5Fig( '0('6
Assume the mass o" the pro<ectile 5load6 is m N '00 kg N 0(' ton, the re@uired "inal pro<ectile speed
is ) N 2,,00 mBs, the length o" the le%er 5or disk radius6 is (0 N '0 m, the ma7imum le%er speed is )0 N
-00 mBs, the sa"e sling stress is 2 N '-0 kgBmm
2
, and the sling densit is 3 N ',-00 kgBm
3
( The
15/
coe""icient k ! 2$ 3 N 0(' '0
*
( >" aerodnamic e""icienc is k' N )(,, a speed o" 2,,00 mBs is su""icient
"or a pro<ectile range o" 2000 km Qe@uation 5'0()6R(
The radius o" the circle is ( ! (0)$)0 N '0 2,00 B -00 N 3'(2, m( Con%entional gas tur$ines
ha%e a $lade tip speed o" up to )00 to -00 mBs in a high-temperature gas "lo!
2'
( #ur le%er 5or disk6
made "rom current composite material can maintain a speed o" -00 mBs, $ecause the le%er radius is
larger and is not e7posed to high temperature( These parameters are not optimal( #ur purpose is onl to
sho! that the o""ered launcher is possi$le using current technolog( >ndustr !idel produces cheap
arti"icial "i$er !ith N ,00 3 )20 kgBmm
2
( The sa"et coe""icient is n N )20B'-0 N 3(++(
Computations( The ma7imum centri"ugal o%erload o" the pro<ectile is C ! )
2
$ ( N ) 2, '0
)
B 3'(2,
N 2 '0
,
mBs
2
N 2 '0
+
( This o%erload and acceleration are the same as these o" a con%entional
cannon( 4a7imum centri"ugal "orce e7erted on the pro<ectile is F ! m C N '0
2(
2
(
'0
,
N 2
(
'0
*
N N 2,000
tons( The sling cross-section area near the pro<ectile is S ! F$2 N 2,000 B 0('- N '',''' mm
2
N ''' cm
2
(
The sling cross-section area near the le%er is S N 23, S= N S
(
S N 0(2,, m
2
, Qe@uation 5'0(26R( The
a%erage cross-section area is Sa N 0(,
(
50(0''' [ 0(2,,6 N 0('33 m( >" the relati%e sling thickness is 0 N
0(', the a%erage sling !idth is - N 5Sa.$06
0(,
N '(', m( The !ing sling area is Sk ! -
.
( N '(', 30 N
3+(, m
2
, Qe@uation 5'0(36R( Assume the sling center o" gra%it is at (0 N 0(3,( N '2(, m, )0 N 0(3,)
N -*, mBs( Sling mass is m0 ! 3Sa( N '-00 0('33 30 N *,'-2 kg N *(2 tons( The sling centri"ugal
acceleration is
0 0 0
( ) C B
2
N -*,
2
B '' N ).() '0
3
mBs
2
, the sling centri"ugal "orce is F0 ! m0C0 N
*'-,2
(
).()
(
'0
3
N ,
(
'0
-
N N ,0,000 tons( For T N '(22,, a N 330 mBs, k' N ,, the sling air drag is D0 N
2+(, tons Qe@uation 5'0(36R, and the pro<ectile air drag is onl D ! m$k' N '00B, N 20 kg(
The angle (0$( N '0 B 3'(2, N 0(32 rad, and the angle (=$(0 N '0 B '' N 0(.' 5Fig( '0(3a6(
The acceleration ine@ualit 5'0(,6 is +)'+0 d 2+( This is accepta$le(
Assuming an acceleration time o" t N 2, seconds, the !ork o" acceleration and air drag o" the
installation are "ollo!s: pro<ectile acceleration !ork A' N 0(3'2 S'0
.
K, sling acceleration !ork A2 N
2(*, S'0
.
K, a 30 ton disk 5le%er6 acceleration !ork A3 N 0(2

S'0
.
K, sling drag !ork A+ N '(3+

S'0
.
K,
Qe@uation 5'0(36R( =e neglect pro<ectile and disk drag( The total launch energ is A N +() S'0
.
K( The
"l!heel mass is ' N .(2 tons( >" the time $et!een launches is t# N 30 min N '-00 seconds, the
re@uired engine po!er is P ! A$t# N +()'0
.
B '-00 N 2(,) 4=( This is the po!er o" a con%entional
a%iation tur$o engine(
=ithout energ recuperation, the launchers e""icienc 5con%ersion o" mechanical energ into
pro<ectile speed6 is *U( =ith energ recuperation 5kinetic energ o" the sling and disk is used "or
"l!heels support6, the launcher e""icienc reaches 3)U(
Di!cu!!ion o pro=ect 1
Compare the o""ered sling launcher !ith the $ig cannon 5&ro<ect ;AR&
22
6 $uilt and tested a"ter =orld
=ar >>( The cannon $arrel had a diameter o" +2(+ cm, and a length o" up -)3'2) cali$ers 5,- m6(
=eight o" the gun po!der !as 3+2 kg, pro<ectile !eight !as '*+ kg, and the pro<ectile speed !as
',-+0 m Bs( The range !as '-3 km and the altitude ,0 km "or a ,0
o
angle o" sight( A speed o" 3,200 mBs
!as reached "or a pro<ectile !eight o" 20 kg and a length o" '2) cali$ers( 4a7imum pressure !as 3+0
4&a( The cannon cost a$out A'0 million 5'.+)6(
The o""ered sling launcher installation can launch a !inged pro<ectile and has a range o" up to % ! k4
)
2
$ 2 N )(, 2,,00
2
B 20 N 2,03' km
'2
( >mpro%ed sling material !ill permit this capa$ilit( The end o"
the sling has a speed o" a$out *() 4 54ach6 "or a short time 5some "e! seconds6 and ma $e protected
$ con%entional methods such as the Shuttle coating 5ceramic co%er or other heat resistant material6(
153
*ro=ect 2

Space pro<ectile launcher !ith a sling made "rom !hiskers 5Fig( '0('6
9sing a space sling launcher !ith a sling made "rom !hiskers that has a tensile strength rating o" 2 N
3,00 kgBmm
2
and a sling densit o" 3 N '-00 kgBm
3
, the stress coe""icient !ill $e k ! 2$3 N 3(. '0
*(
Assuming the mass o" the pro<ectile 5load6 is m N ',000 kg N ' ton, the re@uired "inal pro<ectile speed is
) N - kmBs, the length o" the le%er is (0 N ,0 m, the ma7imum le%er speed is )0 N -00 mBs, then the
ma7imum radius ( ! (0) $ )0 N ,0S

-000 B -00 N ,00 m( Con%entional gas tur$ines ha%e a tur$ine
$lade tip speed o" up to )003-00 mBs in high temperature gas( #ur le%er, made "rom current composite
material, can !ithstand a speed o" more than -00 mBs, $ecause the le%er 5or disk6 radius is larger and it
is protected "rom high temperature( The sling material attains a speed o" 2+ ( )
0
) kmBs
33'3
(
The parameters used $elo! are not optimal( #ur purpose is onl to estimate the o""ered launcher
properties(
Computation( The ma7imal centri"ugal o%erload o" the pro<ectile is C ! )
2
$ ( N )+ '0
)
B ,00 N '2-
'0
3
mBs
2
N '2(- '0
3
g( This acceleration is less than that achie%ed $ a con%entional cannon(
4a7imal centri"ugal "orce around the pro<ectile is F ! mC N '0
3
'2- '0
3
N 2- '0
)
N N '2,-00
tons( The sling cross-section area near the pro<ectile is S ! F$2 N '2,-00 B 3(, N 3,))0 mm
2
N 3)() cm
2
(
The sling cross-section area near the le%er is S N ,, S= N '-' cm
2
Qe@uation 5'0(26R( =e assume the
slingDs center o" gra%it is at (0 N 0(,(, )0 N 0(,), and Ss 5S1S06 B 2 N '0. cm
2
( The sling mass is m0
! 3Ss( N ',-00 0(0'0. ,00 N .(-' tons( Sling centri"ugal acceleration is
0 0 0
( ) C B
2
N +,000
2
B 2,0
N )+ '0
3
mBs
2
, sling centri"ugal "orce is F0 ! m0C0 N .,-'0 )+ '0
3
N )2- '0
)
N N )2,-00 tons(
For a sling o" relati%e thickness 0 N 0(', $ N 33 cm, the sling !ing area is Ss N '), m
2
Qe@uation 5'0(36R(
For T N '(22, and a N 330 mBs, the sling air drag is D0 N ,+(+ tons, "or k' N , the pro<ectile air drag is
onl D ! m$k' N ',000B, N 200 kg( The angle (0$( N ,0 B ,00 N 0(' rad, the angle (0 $ (0 N ,0 B
2,0 N 0(2 5Fig( '0(3a6(
The acceleration ine@ualit 5'0(,6 is '3--0 d ,3(+ !hich is accepta$le(
Assuming an acceleration time o" t N 2, seconds(, then the !ork o" acceleration and air drag o" the
installation are: pro<ectile acceleration A' N 32 '0
.
K, sling acceleration A2 N *-(, '0
.
, '00 tons disk
5le%er6 acceleration A3 N '0 '0
.
K, sling drag A+ N '33(, '0
.
K, disk drag A+ N +0 '0
.
K Qe@uation
5'0()6R( >gnoring pro<ectile drag, the common launch energ is A N 300 '0
.
K( The "l!heel mass is
' N 30 tons "or material similar to the sling( >" the time $et!een launches is t# N 3 hours N '0,-00
seconds, the re@uired engine po!er is P ! A $ t# N 300

7'0
.
B'0,-00 N 2*(- 4=( This is the po!er o" 2
or 3 large a%iation tur$o engines(
=ithout energ recuperation, the launcherDs e""icienc 5trans"er o" mechanical energ into
pro<ectile speed6 is '0U, and !ith energ recuperation 5kinetic energ o" the sling and disk is used "or
"l!heel support6, the launcher e""icienc reaches 30U( Launch capa$ilit is - tons o" paload, e%er
da(
-cono"ic -iciency
Assume a cost o" A'00 million "or the installation
23
, a use"ul li"e o" 20 ears, and an annual
maintenance cost o" A2 million( >" each launch has a paload o" ' ton, and there are - launches per da
"or 300 das a ear, then the annual paload capacit is 2,+00 tons( The launch cost "or each kg o"
paload is * '0
)
B 2(+ '0
)
N A2(.Bkg plus "uel cost( >" '0,000 liters o" "uel are used e%er da and the
"uel price is A0(2, per liter, then the "uel cost is A2,00 per da, resulting in a launch capa$ilit o" -,000
kgBda or A0(3' per kg( This results in a total cost o" A3(2 per kg o" paload( >" the re%enue generated
is $ased on sales o" A23(2 per kg o" paload in space, then the operating pro"it !ould $e a$out A+-
million per ear(
155
The reader ma calculate using other assumptions( >n e%er reasona$le case, the cost o" deli%er
!ould $e hundreds o" times less e7pensi%e then deli%er $ e7isting rockets( >t is emphasi8ed that the
primar e""orts o" this article are not economical estimations, $ut a ne! concept in space launch
capa$ilit(
Di!cu!!ion
Currentl, there are !hiskers that ha%e parameters close to those re@uired "or this pro<ect( >ndustrial
production o" nanotu$es !ill soon allo! the design o" a $etter space sling launcher( The heating
pro$lem o" the sling end ma $e sol%ed $ head protection, gi%en that the heat !ill $e imposed "or
onl a "e! o" seconds( The heating o" the pro<ectile and the pro$lem o" speed loss in the atmosphere
are considered else!here
),'3
( >t is sho!n that the speed loss is small, a$out '00 to 2,0 mBs( There is also
a speed Ereser%eF o" +)0 mBs pro%ided $ the 2arthDs rotation i" the launch is made near the e@uator(
*ro=ect '
The laun0her for s#a0e tourists 9ith a slin made from nanotu-es :Fi. 4=.?<
Let us consider a ship !hich "lies to an altitude o" '00 km, carring 3 people( The "ollo!ing is an
estimation o" a sling launcher installation !hich achie%es these o$<ecti%es( =e !ill use the method
depicted in Fig( '0(2, !here ship acceleration is pro%ided using a sling and a supersonic aircra"t(
>t is kno!n that the a%erage person can !ithstand centri"ugal "orces o" 3 to +g( A trained 5or in
good health6 person can !ithstand up to * to -g, and "or short periods up to ')g( =ith the proposed
sling launcher, !e assume centri"ugal "orces o" n N *(-g, a permissi$le o%erload "or trained people(
=e assume that the mass o" the spaceship is m N ',,00 kg N '(, ton( The %ehicle has onl a
small engine and "uel "or maneu%era$ilit during landing and hal" o" its total !eight is paload 5'0
people6( >t ma $e sho!n that the necessar ship speed "or reaching an altitude o" '00 km is ) N ',)00
to ',*,0 mBs( Assuming the speed ) N ',*,0 mBs, n N *(-g(
Computation( The re@uired radius o" the circle is ( ! )
2
$ n N ',*,0
2
B *- +0 km( Assume a sling
length o" % N 3, km( >" speed o" the supersonic aircra"t is )0 N )00 mBs, the "light radius is (0 N ()0 $ )
N '3(- km( Constructing the sling "rom car$on nanotu$es !ith the permitted stress o" ` N .,000
kgBmm
2
, the sling densit is 3 N ',-00 kgBm
3
( The coe""icient k ! 2$3 N '0 '0
*
, S N '(0) ', aircra"t
thrust T N F N *(- '(, N ''(* tons( The re@uired sling cross-section area is S ! F $ 2 N ''(* B . N '(3
mm
2
S0( 4ass o" the sling is m0 ! 3S% N -00 '(3 0
3)
3,000 N -2 kg(
Take 0 N 0(0-( Then - ! 5S$06
0(,
N + mm, Ss - % N 0(00+ 3,,000 N '+0 m
2
( Assume the sling has
the li"t "orce and "orm sho!n in Fig( '0(2$, !ith con%e7it to!ard the top( The supersonic aircra"t has
an altitude o" ', km, the a%erage altitude o" the slingDs center o" gra%it is " N 2, km 5air densit T N
0(0+' kgBm
3
6 and the space ship has a altitude o" 30 km 5air densit T N 0(0'- kgBm
3
6( Speed o" the
slingDs center o" gra%it is )0 N ','-' mBs, the speed o" sound at this altitude is a N 2., mBs( The sling
drag is Qe@uation 5'0(36R D0 N + 0(0-
2
0(+' 2., ','-' '+0 B 2 N 2(,) tons( (0 ! (= 1 0(, 5( D
(06 N 2* km, C0 N ,'() mBs
2
Qe@uation 5'0(,6R( Calculating angles, sin N (0 $ ( N '3(- B +0 N 0(3+, ,
sin (0 $ 2( N 0(). ( Calculating the acceleration ine@ualit 5'0()6, this "igure is +(2 d 2(0+( This
is accepta$le( Assume !e increase the sling length !ith speed ',0 mBs( Then the time o" unt!isting
!ill $e t N 3,,000 B ',0 N 233 seconds + min( The ma7imum o%erload o" *(- is imposed on the
passengers "or onl a "e! seconds(
152
#n disconnection, the !inged spaceship has an a%erage %ertical acceleration o" n +g( The
integration o" e@uation 5'0(-6 during t N ,0 seconds "or a%erage k' ! )(, indicates that the angle o"
tra<ector increases "rom 0 to ,*(3
0
, the altitude increases up to ,. km, and the speed decreases to
',2,0 mBs( An alternate !a is to compute using e@uation 5'0(.6, as a $allistic tra<ector out o" the
atmosphere( The result is an altitude o" '', km, a range o" '+, km, and a time o" 2', seconds( A"ter
the $allistic part o" the tra<ector, the %ehicle enters the atmosphere again, increases its %ertical
acceleration up to 3g and its tra<ector angle to near 0
o
, "ling into the atmosphere and landing( The
graphs o" tra<ector, "light acceleration and "light time are sho!n in Fig( '0(+a, $ and c( The total time
out o" the 2arthDs gra%itational "ield is a$out + minutes and the ma7imum altitude is '', km 5Fig(
'0(+a6(
Di!cu!!ion
Accepta+le aircrat( Gata "or large e7istent and old supersonic aircra"t are sho!n in Ta$le '0('(
Ta$le '0('
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name 4a7(!eight 4a7( speed 4a7( altitude 2ngine thrust
5tons6 5mBs6 5km6 5tons6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T9-'++ '., ).+ '- ,'
Concorde '-, )03 ') +-
T9-')0 2*, )00 ', )-
M?-*0 2++ .00 2' )'
SR-*'A ** .3, 2+ 2.
F-'''A +' *3- ') ''
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: KaneDs(
Con%entional aircra"t ha%e the "ollo!ing characteristics: their empt !eight is 303+0U o" their
total !eight 5or take-o"" !eight6, the "uel "or long range is 303+0U, and the paload is 303+0U(
An sa"e %ertical o%erload "or passengers and large militar aircra"t 5$om$ers6 is 2(, to 2()gC the
aerodnamic e""icienc in supersonic speed is )3*(,, the ma7imum thrust is a$out 2,U o" the
ma7imum !eight "or an aircra"t !ith a ma7imum speed o" 24 54ach num$er6 and 3,U "or aircra"t
!ith a ma7imum speed o" 34(
For our purposes, !e concede a supersonic aircra"t !ithout a paload and !ith onl a small
amount o" "uel, resulting in a net !eight o" a$out hal" the take-o"" !eight( >n "lights !ith speed ) N )00
mBs and radius ( N '3(- km, the o%erload e@uals )
2
$( N 2() g( >" the aircra"t !eight is ,0U o" its take-
o"" !eight, this means that the real aircra"t o%erload is onl n' N 0(,
(
2() N '(3 g(
The re@uired additional thrust "or our space %ehicle increases "rom 8ero to ma7imum Tmax !
n*S N *(- .(-' ',,00 '(0) N N '2(2 tons ( The re@uired aircra"t thrust "or aerodnamic
e""icienc k' N )(- and aircra"t !eight *a N '., tons is T ! n' *a $ k' N '(3 '., B )(- N 3*(3 tons
!hen the engine is in its cruise regime( The additional thrust necessar is onl re@uire "or +03,0
15:
seconds( This ma $e pro%ided $ a $rie" $oost o" the engine per"ormance 5take-o"" regime, plus
in<ection o" "uel through a <et engine no88le6( This is done at high aircra"t speed( The thrust ma $e
temporaril increased $ up to ,03-0U( >n our case, in the cruise regime, the engines pro%ide thrust o"
'., B )(- N 2-(* tons( >n $oost regime, the pro%ide '(- 2-(* N ,'(* tons( The di""erence is ,'(*33*(3
N '+(+ d '2(2 tons( This is enough( >" the $oost thrust pro%ided is less, then the re@uired thrust ma $e
o$tained $ the installation o" an additional out$oard suspended air or rocket engine(
The end o" the sling has a high speed 5,(.46 "or a short period and ma $e protected $ a ceramic
skin( The main technical pro$lem is producing the necessar high-strength sling( There is as et not
commercial production o" cheap, long nanotu$es( A lo!-strength sling can not $e used, $ecause people
cannot tolerate the o%erload 5minimal radius is +0 km, "or the initial speed o" ',*,0 mBs and the
o%erload *(- g6, !hich has a large air drag and so the acceleration ine@ualit 5'0(,6 is unsatis"ied(
;o!e%er, our parameters are not optimal and the o""ered space launch needs "urther RTG( For
e7ample, the slope circle tra<ector 5Fig( '0(26 impro%es all "light parameters(
*ro=ect 1
The launch o" space tourists accelerated $ su$sonic aircra"t !ith a sling made "rom !hiskers
5See Fig( '0(26
The pre%ious pro<ect design has its dra!$acks: it re@uires a sling made o" nanotu$es and a supersonic
aircra"t( Let us consider the pro<ect !hich uses a sling made "rom !hiskers and a commercial su$sonic
aircra"t( This ma $e reali8ed at the present time( To reduce the sling length, !e install a small rocket
engine in the spaceship(
To estimate a sling installation !hich satis"ies these conditions, !e use the method depicted in Fig(
'0(2, !here the rocket ship acceleration is pro%ided $ the sling along !ith a current su$sonic aircra"t(
Assume the !eight o" the spaceship is m N 2 tons, !here +,0 kg o" this is a rocket "uel and ',,,0 kg is
space $od and paload( The num$er o" passengers is '0, including a pilot( The sa"e o%erload is n N
*(- g(
The ship has a rocket engine and a small amount o" "uel to increase the speed a"ter separating
"rom the sling and to increase the tra<ector angle $ one radian 5,*(3
o
6( Assume the speed a"ter the
sling acceleration is ) N ',000 mBs(
Computation( The re@uired radius is ( ! )
2
$ n N ',000
2
B *- '2(- '3 km( Assume the sling
length % N '' km( >" the speed o" the supersonic aircra"t is )0 N 2), mBs 5) N 0(-.46, the "light radius
is (0 N ()0 $ ) N 3(+ km( The aircra"t o%erload in this "light radius is n' !)
2
$ (0 N 2('( 9sing a sling
made "rom CD !hiskers !ith a ma7imum stress o" 2 N -,000 kgBmm
2
, the densit is 3 N 3,,00 kgBm
3

Qsee Re"erence
'*
R, p(',-( Assume sa"e stress is 2 N 2,000 kgBmm
2
( The coe""icient k ! 2$3 N 0(,*2 '0
*
,
S N '(0., ma7imum aircra"t thrust T N F0 N 2 *(- '(0. N '* tons( The centri"ugal "orce "rom the
aircra"t is F ! m n N ',(3 tons( The re@uired sling cross-section areas are S ! mn $ 2 N 2(* - B 2 N
*(- mm
2
, S0 ! '(0. *(- N -(, mm
2
, and Sa N -(', mm
2
( The mass o" the sling is m0 ! 3 Sa % N 3,,00
-(', '0
3)
'',000 N 3-, kg(
Assuming 0 N 0(0-, that - ! 5Sa $06
0(,
N '0 mm, Ss -% N 0(0' '',000 N ''0 m
2
( Assume the sling
has a li"t "orce and "orm as in Fig( '0(2$ !ith con%e7it to the top( The su$sonic aircra"t has an altitude
o" '2 km, the a%erage altitude o" the slingDs center o" gra%it is " N ', km 5air densit T N 0('.'
kgBm
3
6 and the spaceship has an altitude o" '* km 5air densit T N 0('+2 kgBm
3
6( Speed o" slingDs center
o" gra%it is )0 N )'- mBs, and the speed o" sound at this altitude is a N 2., mBs( The sling drag is
Qe@uation 5'0(36R D0 N + 0(0-
2
0('.' 2., )'- ''0 B 2 N +(. tons( (0 ! (0 1 0(,5( C (06 N -('
km, C0 N '(-, mBs
2
Qe@uation 5'0(,6R( Calculating the angles, sin N (0 $ ( N 3(+ B '2(- N 0(2* rad, sin
12.
(0 $ 2( N 0(,+ ( The ine@ualit 5'0()6 is ,(2 d +(2, !hich is accepta$le( Assume !e increase the sling
length !ith a speed o" '00 mBs( Then the time o" unt!isting !ill $e t N '',000 B '00 N ''0 seconds 2
minutes( The ma7imum o%erload *(- !ill $e imposed on the passengers "or onl a "e! seconds 5Fig(
'0(+6(
A"ter spaceshipDs disconnection the a%erage %ertical acceleration is n *(- g( The integration o"
e@uation 5'0(*6 during t N '+ seconds "or an a%erage k' N )(, sho!s that the angle o" tra<ector
increases "rom 0 to ,*(3
o
5' rad6, the altitude increases up to '.(' km, and the speed decreases to )2 N
-.0 mBs( Guring the ne7t part o" the "light, the rocket engine turns on and accelerates the space %ehicle
!ith a constant o%erload o" *(- g and !ith a constant slope o" tra<ector( The changes in the tra<ector
parameters ma $e estimated $ the "ollo!ing e@uations:
2
, , sin
'
, ln
2
'
)
) ) t ) " t
k
n )
m
m
n
)
t
a a
e e

+
,
_

, 5'0('06
!here me N ',,,0 kg is the "inal mass o" the space %ehicle, k' is the aerodnamic e""icienc o" the ship,
and J is the angle o" tra<ector(
The result o" computation are gt N .(33 seconds, S) N )23 mBs, and g" N ''(2 km( At the end o" the
acceleration part o" the tra<ector, !e !ill ha%e ) N -.0 [ )23 N ','3 mBs, altitude " N ', [ + [ ''(2 N
30(2 km, and the tra<ector angle J N ' rad N ,*(3
o
(
The $allistic part o" the tra<ector gi%es Qe@uation 5'0( .6R additional altitude "- N -2(+ km, $allistic
distance (- N 2'2 km, gra%it 8ero time t- N 2)0 seconds N +(3 min( The total altitude is " N 30(2 [
-2(+ N ''2(+ km( The total time o" "light !ith o%erload *(- g is '+ [ .(3 N 23(3 seconds(
A"ter the $allistic part o" the tra<ector, the %ehicle re-enters the atmosphere, increasing %ertical
acceleration up to 3g or less and angle tra<ector "rom -,*
o
up to near 0
o
, "ling into the atmosphere
and landing( The graph o" "light acceleration is sho!n in Fig( '0(+d( The amount o" time out o"
gra%itation is a$out + minutes( The ma7imum altitude is '', km(
Di!cu!!ion
Re7uired aircrat( Gata on some large e7isting commercial su$sonic aircra"t are gi%en in ta$le '0(2(
Ta$le '0(2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name 4a7(!eight 4a7( speed 4a7( altitude 2ngine thrust
5tons6 5mBs6 5km6 5tons6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?oeing *+* 3.* 2), '+ .-
Air$us 230 2), '+ ,-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: KaneDs(
121
Con%entional su$sonic aircra"t ha%e the "ollo!ing characteristics: their empt !eight is 303
+0U o" the total ma7imum !eight 5or take-o"" !eight6, "uel "or a long range "light is 303+0U, and the
paload is 303+0U( An sa"e %ertical o%erload "or passenger aircra"t is 2(, g( The aerodnamic
e""icienc at supersonic speed is '0 3 '+, the ma7imum thrust is 2,U o" the ma7imum !eight "or an
aircra"t than has a ma7imum speed o" 0(.24( The take-o"" regime o" the engine gi%es a thrust o" a$out
,0U more than the cruising regime(
For our purposes, !e consider a su$sonic aircra"t, !ithout a paload and onl a small amount o"
"uel, resulting in a net !eight e@ual to a$out hal" that o" normal take-o"" !eight( =hen an aircra"t has a
speed o" ) N 2), mBs and tra<ector radius o" (0 N 3(+ km, the o%erload is )
2
$ (0 N 2(' g( >" the
aircra"t !eight is ,0U o" its take-o"" !eight, this means that the true aircra"t o%erload is onl n' N 0(,
2(' N '(0, g(
The re@uired additional thrust "or our space %ehicle increases "rom 8ero to ma7imum Tmax ! nmS
N *(- .(-' 2,000 '(0. N N '* tons( The re@uired aircra"t !ith thrust "or aerodnamic o" e""icienc
k' N '2 and an aircra"t !eight o" *a N 3.* tons, results in T ! n' *a $ k' N '(0, 3.* B '2 N 3+(* tons in
cruise regime( >" the engine !orks in take-o"" regime, the additional thrust !ill $e 0(, 3+(* N '*(3,
tons, !hich is su""icient "or the sling launcher( The additional thrust is necessar onl "or -03''0
seconds( >" !e use a middle-si8ed aircra"t, this thrust ma also $e o$tained "rom a $rie" engine $oost
5take-o"" engine regime, plus additional "orce generated $ the in<ection o" "uel $ the <et engine no88le
applied in com$at aircra"t6, or the installation o" an additional out$oard suspended air or rocket engine(
The end o" the sling has a speed o" 3(+4 "or a short time, and ma $e made o" or protected $ heat
resistant material(
These parameters are not optimal, and the o""ered space launch needs "urther research(
-cono"ic eiciency
#ur pro<ects presented here are intended "or large-scale commercial implementation, !ith -3. tourists
per "light and can $e reused up to ',000 times(
Let us estimate the cost o" a space ticket per passenger, i" the space ship takes - passengers(
A "ull loaded long-distance ?oeing *+* carries +00 passengers, "or an a%erage passenger ticket cost o"
A200, and a "light "rom Ne! Iork to London takes a$out - hours( This translates to a cost o" a$out
A',,000 per hour o" "light( #ur "light !ill $e a$out '(, hours, costing a$out A22,,00( Assuming the
space ship costs A3 million to $uild and is designed "or ',000 "lights, the a%erage depreciation cost per
"light is A3,000( Assuming the maintenance cost "or ' "light is A+,,00, the total cost o" ' "light !ould
$e A30,000( The net actual cost per passenger is A30,000 B - N A3,-,0( At the present time !ith e7isting
rocket technolog, it costs A20 million( =ith the proposed success"ul M-pri8e pro<ects, the pro<ected
cost per passenger is A0(* to A2 million(
6eneral di!cu!!ion
&ro<ect ' descri$es the suggested method "or deli%ering pro<ectiles to a distance o" up to 2000 km,
using current technolog and ine7pensi%e, currentl a%aila$le materials( The space launcher 5pro<ect 26
re@uires !hiskers, and it ma $e used "or non-human space paloads( The M-pri8e space "lights
5pro<ect 36 re@uires a sling made o" nanotu$es or !hiskers 5pro<ect +6 and, in all pro$a$ilit, the
122
installation o" an additional out$oard air or rocket engine on a currentl-e7isting su$sonic or
supersonic aircra"t(
>ndustr no! produces !hiskers, and science la$oratories can make nanotu$es that ha%e high tensile
strength
20
( Theor indicates that these %alues are onl '0U o" the potential strength( =e need to
de%elop the means to manu"acture a long, thin ca$le, such as the strings or threads produced "rom
cotton or !ool, "rom !hiskers and nanotu$es(
The "i$er industr at the present time produces "i$ers !hich are theoreticall emploed in the
authorDs concept pro<ects( ;o!e%er, !hiskers, and especiall nanotu$es, strongl impro%e the
possi$ilities o" this method( The increase the potential speed and decrease the ca$le mass and drag
5rotation energ6( These pro<ects are unusual "or specialists and others no!, $ut there are ad%antages,
and it is $elie%ed that the ha%e good commercial potential(
A re%ie!er dre! the authorDs attention to the Slingaton Launcher descri$ed $ G(A( Tidman
2+
( This
launcher is %er di""erent "rom the sling launcher in this chapter( TidmanDs launcher is a %acuum circle
tu$e $ul$-like "orm !ith a circle diameter up ' km( The rocket and space ship are located inside this
tu$e( The tu$e has $ig mass and makes oscillation like a con%entional hula-hoop( This oscillation helps
to mo%e the inside apparatus( The !eaknesses o" this design are its large installation mass, large
re@uired po!er, %er $ig "riction 5huge centri"ugal "orce presses the %ehicle to the !all o" the tu$e6,
pro$lems !ith e7it o" the %ehicle into atmosphere "rom the %acuum tu$e, etc(
? contrast, the sling launcher descri$ed here is %er simple( >t has onl the le%er, motor and sling
and it is all located in the atmosphere(
4an people ask a$out heating pro$lems !hen a %ehicle returns into the atmosphere( The recall the
heating tile de"ects o" the ESpace ShuttleF and think that this pro$lem is %er trou$lesome "or the
suggested %ehicles( ;o!e%er, there is a $ig di""erence $et!een a re-entr space %ehicle and a launch
space %ehicle( The re-entr %ehicle has high speed and enormous kinetic energ, !hich must $e
dispersed( >t has a $ul$ous "uselage and !ing edges, and slides along the 2arthDs atmosphere "or a long
time( The o""ered pro<ectiles sa%e energ 5speed6 during "light( The ha%e sharp edges, "l in the
atmosphere "or a short time and ha%e a small pro<ected area(
Reerence! or 0hapter 1.
'( Space Technolog and Application( >nternational Forum 5STA>F6 , Al$u@uer@ue, 4N, 9SA, '..)3'..*(
2( Smitherman G(V( Kr(, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2., 2000(
3( ?olonkin A(A(, E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF, Journal of the British Inter#lanetary So0iety
:JBIS<, Vol( ,*, No 'B2 , pp( 3333., 200+(
+( ?olonkin A(A(, ENon-Rocket Transport Sstem "or Space Tra%elF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No *B-( pp( 23232,+,
2003(
,( ?olonkin A(A(, ECentri"ugal /eeper "or Space Stations and SatellitesF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No .B'0, pp( 3'+-
32*(
)( ?olonkin A(A(, E;personic 1as-Rocket Launcher o" ;igh CapacitF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No ,B), pp( ')23'*2(
*( ?olonkin A(A(, E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers !ith 33'00 km ;eightF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No 3B+, -*-
.*(
-( ?olonkin A(A(, EAsteroids as &ropulsion Sstems o" Space ShipsF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No .B'0, pp( .-3'0*,
2003(
.( ?olonkin A(A(, F;personic 1as-Rocket Launch Sstem(F, A>AA-2002-3.2*, 3-th A>AABAS42B
SA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$ition, *3'0 Kul, 2002, >ndianapolis, >N, 9SA(
'0( ?olonkin A(A(, E4ulti-re"le7 &ropulsion Sstems "or Space and Air Vehicles and 2nerg Trans"er "or Long
GistanceF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No( ''B'2, pp( 3*.33.0(
''( ?olonkin A(A(, E/inetic Anti-1ra%itatorF, A>AA-200,-+,0+, +'st &ropulsion Con"erence, '0-'2 Kul, 200,,
12'
'2( ?olonkin A(A(, E#ptimal Tra<ectories o" Air and Space VehiclesF, Kournal Air0raft Enineerin and S#a0e
Te0hnoloy 5AEAT6, Vol( *), No( 2, 200+, pp( '.332'+(
'3( ?olonkin A(A(, ESpace Ca$le LaunchersF, &aper No( -0,* presented at the Smposium EThe Ne7t '00
earsF, Gaton, #;, 9SA, '+3'* Kul, 2003(
'+( 4ino%ich 4(, E2lectromagnetic Transportation Sstem "or 4anned Space Tra%elF, 9S &atent ^+,*.,,''3, 3
Kanuar '.-.(
',( ?eamed 2nerg &ropulsion( First >nternational Smposium on ?eamed 2nerg &ropulsion( 4el%ille, Ne!
Iork, 2003( American >nstitute o" &hsics(
')( Xu$rin R(4(, EThe 9se o" 4agnetic Sails to 2scape "rom Lo! 2arth #r$itF, JBIS, No( ', '..3, pp( 33'0(
'*( 1alasso F(S(, Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osites, 1ordon and ?ranch Scienti"ic &u$lisher, '.-.(
'-( Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers, Girector, '..,(
'.( Con0ise En0y0lo#edia of Polymer S0ien0e and Enineerin, 2d( K(>(/rosch!it8, '..0(
20( Gresselhous 4(S(, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, 2000(
2'( Anderson K(G(, "y#ersoni0 and "ih Tem#erature 6as Dynami0s( 4c1ra!-;ill ?ook Co(, '.-.(
22( ?ill 1(V(, 4urph, C(;(, &aris /anoneu 3 the &aris 1uns and &ro<ect ;AR&, KFF.'-'2**, '.--(
23( /oell G(2(, "and-ook of Cost Enineerin, TCS, 1erman, 2000(
2+( Tidman G(A(, EConstant - Fre@uenc ;per%elocit SlingsF, Journal Pro#ulsion and Po9er 5JPP6,
2003, 0*+--+),-, %ol( '., No( +, pp( ,-'-,-*(
2,( ?olonkin A(A(, ESling Rotar Space LauncherF, A>AA-200,-+03,, +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2 Kul,
200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
121
0hapter 11
A!teroid! a! *ropul!ion Sy!te" o Space Ship!;
Su""ary
Currentl, rockets are used to change the tra<ector o" space ships and pro$es( Sometimes space pro$es
use the gra%it "ield o" a planet( ;o!e%er, there are onl nine planets in the solar sstem, all separated
$ great distances( There are tens o" millions o" asteroids in outer space( This chapter o""ers a
re%olutionar method "or changing the tra<ector o" space pro$es( This method uses the kinetic or
rotar energ o" asteroids, comet nuclei, meteorites or other space $odies 5small planets, natural planet
satellites, space de$ris, etc(6 to increase 5to decrease6 ship 5pro$e6 speed up to '000 mBs 5or more6 and
to achie%e an ne! direction in outer space( The "light possi$ilities o" space ships and pro$es are
increased $ a "actor o" millions(
-----------------------
P Getailed description is in JBIS, %ol, ,), No 3B+, 2003, pp( .-3'0*(
%ntroduction
At the present time, rockets are used to carr people and paloads into space
'
( #ther than rockets,
methods used to reach space speed include the space ele%ator
2
, tethers
3, +
, the electromagnetic sstem
,
,
and the tu$e rocket
., '0
( The space ele%ator is not technicall "easi$le at the present timeC it !ould
re@uire su$stantial costs "or de%elopment( >n particular, the space ele%ator concept re@uires e7tremel
strong nanotu$es( Tethers are %er comple7 and !ould re@uire t!o arti"icial $odies( 2lectromagnetic
sstems are also comple7 and e7pensi%e( The author has pre%iousl discussed se%eral other non-rocket
launch methods 5see other author proposals and articles6 that are potentiall lo! cost, $ut !hich
re@uire much additional research( These include ca$le launchers
)3'0
, circle launchers
''
, and in"lata$le
to!ers
'2
(
There are man small solid o$<ects in the Solar Sstem called asteroids( The %ast ma<orit are "ound
in a s!arm called the asteroid $elt, located $et!een the or$its o" 4ars and Kupiter at an a%erage
distance o" 2(' to 3(3 astronomical units 5A96 "rom the Sun( Scientists kno! o" appro7imatel ),000
large asteroids o" a diameter o" ' kilometer or more, and o" millions o" small asteroids !ith a diameter
o" 3 meters or more( Ceres, &allas, and Vesta are the three largest asteroids, !ith diameters o" *-,, ''0
and +,0 km 5)2', 3*-, and 33) miles6, respecti%el( #thers range all the !a do!n to meteorite si8e(
>n '..' the 1alileo pro$e pro%ided the "irst close-up %ie! o" the asteroid CaspraC although the 4artian
moons 5alread seen close up6 ma also $e asteroids, captured $ 4ars( There are man small
asteroids, meteorites, and comets outside the asteroid $elt( For e7ample, scientists kno! o" ',000
asteroids o" diameter larger than one kilometer located near the 2arth( 2%er da ' ton meteorites !ith
12/
mass o" o%er - kg "all on the 2arth( The or$its o" $ig asteroids are !ell kno!n( The small asteroids
5"rom ' kg6 ma $e also located and their tra<ector can $e determined $ radio and optical de%ices at a
distance o" hundreds o" kilometers(
Radar o$ser%ations ena$le to discern o" asteroids $ measuring the distri$ution o" echo po!er in time
dela 5range6 and Goppler "re@uenc( The allo! a determination o" the asteroid tra<ector and spin
and the creation o" an asteroid image(
4ost planets, such as 4ars, Kupiter, Saturn, 9ranus, and Neptune ha%e man small moons that can $e
used "or the proposed space transportation method(
There are also the asteroids located at the sta$le Lagrange points o" the 2arth34oon sstem( These
$odies or$it !ith the same speed as Kupiter, and might $e %er use"ul "or propelling spacecra"t "urther
out into the solar sstem( Comets ma also $e use"ul "or propulsion once a su$stantial spacecra"t speed
is o$tained( >t seems likel that the kinetic and rotational energ o" $oth comets and asteroids !ill
e%entuall "ind application in space "light(
4ost asteroids consist o" car$on-rich minerals, !hile most meteorites are composed o" ston-iron(
The present idea
)3-
is to utili8e the kinetic energ o" asteroids, comets, meteorites, and space de$ris to
change the tra<ector and speed o" space ships 5pro$es6( An space $odies more than '0U o" a shipDs
mass ma $e used, $ut here mainl $odies !ith a diameter o" 2 meters 5) "eet6 or larger are considered(
>n this case the mass 5203'00 tons6 o" the space $od 5asteroid6 is some '0 times more than the mass
o" pro$e 5' ton, 2000 l$6 and the pro$e mass can $e disregarded(
0onnection >ethod
The "ethod includes the "ollo!ing main steps:
5a6 Finding an asteroid using a locator or telescope 5or looking in catalog6 and determining its main
parameters 5location, mass, speed, direction, rotation6C selecting the appropriate asteroidC
computing the re@uired position o" the ship !ith respect to the asteroid(
5$6 Correcting the shipDs tra<ector to o$tain the re@uired positionC con%ergence o" the ship !ith the
asteroid(
5c6 Connecting the space apparatus 5ship, station, and pro$e6 to the space $od 5planet, asteroid,
moon, satellite, meteorite, etc(6 $ a net, anchor, and a light strong rope 5ca$le6, !hen the ship is
at the minimum distance "rom the asteroid(
5d6 #$taining the necessar position "or the apparatus $ mo%ing around the space $od and
changing the length o" the connection rope(
5e6 Gisconnecting the space apparatus "rom the space $odC spooling the ca$le(
The e@uipment re@uired to change a pro$e 5spacecra"t6 tra<ector includes:
5a6 A light strong ca$le 5rope6(
5$6 A de%ice to measure the tra<ector o" the spacecra"t !ith relati%e to the space $od(
5c6 A de%ice "or spacecra"t guidance and control(
5d6 A de%ice "or the connection, deli%er, control, and disconnection and spooling o" the rope(
De!cription o #tili8ation
The "ollo!ing descri$es the general "acilities and process "or a natural space $od 5asteroid, comet,
meteorite, or small planet6 !ith a small gra%itational "orce to change the tra<ector and speed o" a
space apparatus(
123

Fig. 11.1. &reparing "or emploment o" the asteroid( Notations: ' 3 space ship, 2 3 asteroid, 3 3 plane o"
maneu%er( + 3 old ship direction, , 3 corrected ship direction( a6 Reaching the plane o" maneu%erC $6
Correcting the "light direction and reaching the re@uested radiusC c6 Connection to the asteroid(
Figs( ''('a,$,c sho! the preparations "or using a natural $od to change the tra<ector o" the space
apparatusC "or e7ample, the natural space $od 2, !hich is mo%ing in the same direction as the
apparatus 5perpendicular to the sketch, Fig( '0('a6( The ship !ants to make a maneu%er 5change
direction or speed6 in plane 3 5perpendicular to the sketch6, and the position o" the apparatus is
corrected and mo%ed into plane 3( >t is assumed that the space $od has more mass than the apparatus(

Fig. 11.2. a6 Catching a small asteroid using netC $6 Connection to a $ig asteroid using an
anchor and ca$le( Notation: ' 3 space ship, 2, - 3 asteroid, 3 3 net !ith in"lata$le ring, + 3 ca$le
5rope6, , 3 load ca$in, ) 3 %al%e, . 3 anchor(
125

Fig. 11.'( a6 Anchor 5harpoon "ork6( Notation: 2 3 asteroid, 20 3 $od o" anchorC 22 3 cumulati%e
charge 5shaped charge6, 2+ 3 rope spool, 2) 3 canal is made $ shaped charge, 2- 3 rope keeper,
30 3 rope, 32 3 rocket impulse engine, !hich implants the anchor into the asteroid, 3+ 3 anchor
catchers( $6 Anchor connected to the asteroid(
=hen the apparatus is at the shortest distance ( "rom the space $od, it connects to the space $od
means o" the net 5Fig( ''(2a6 or $ the anchor 5Fig( ''(2$6 and rope( The apparatus rotates around the
common center o" gra%it at the angle !ith angular speed and linear speed ) 5Fig( ''(+6( The
cardioids o" additional speed and direction o" the apparatus are sho!n in Fig( ''(+ 5right side6( The
ma7imum additional %elocit is ) ! 2)a, !here )a is the relati%e asteroid %elocit !hen the
coordinate center is located in the apparatus(
Fig( ''(+$ sho!s the case !here the space $od mo%es in the opposite direction to the apparatus !ith
%elocit ).
Fig( ''(2a sho!s ho! a net can $e used to catch a small asteroid or meteorite( The net is positioned
in the tra<ector o" the meteorite or small asteroid, supported in an open position $ the in"lata$le ring
and connected to the space apparatus $ the rope( The net catches the asteroid and trans"ers its kinetic
energ to the space apparatus( The space apparatus changes its tra<ector and speed and then
disconnects "rom the asteroid and spools the ca$le( >" the asteroid is large, the astronaut team can use
the asteroid anchor 5Figs( ''(2$, ''(36(
The astronauts use the launcher 5a gun or a rocket engine6 to "ire the anchor 5harpoon "ork6 into the
asteroid( The anchor is connected to the rope and spool( The anchor is implanted into the asteroid and
connects the space apparatus to the asteroid( The anchor contains the rope spool and a disconnect
mechanism 5Fig( ''(36( The space apparatus contains a spool "or the rope, motor, gear transmission,
$rake, and controller( The apparatus ma also ha%e a container "or deli%ering a load to the asteroid and
$ack 5Fig( ''(2$6( #ne possi$le design o" the space anchor is sho!n in Fig( ''(3( The anchor has a
$od, a rope, a cumulati%e charge 5shared charge6, the rocket impulse 5e7plosi%e6 engine, the rope
spool and the rope keeper( =hen the anchor strikes the asteroid sur"ace the cumulati%e charge $urns a
deep hole in the asteroid and the rocket-impulse engine hammers the anchor $od into the asteroid(
The anchor $od pegs the catchers into the !alls o" the hole and the anchorDs strength keeps it attached
to the asteroid( =hen the apparatus is to $e disconnected "rom the asteroid, a signal is gi%en to the
disconnect mechanism(
122

Fig. 11.1( 9sing the kinetic energ o" an asteroid to change the space ship tra<ector 5speed and direction6( #n
the right are cardioids o" the additional %elocit and its direction( The ship can get this %elocit "rom the
asteroid( Notations: ' 3 space ship, 2 3 asteroid, ) 3 di""erence $et!een %elocities o" space ship and
asteroid( a6 Case !hen the asteroid has the same direction as the shipC $6 Case !hen the asteroid has the
opposite direction to the ship a(

>" the asteroid is rotated !ith angular speed 5Fig( ''(,6, its rotational energ can $e used "or
increasing the %elocit and changing the tra<ector o" the space apparatus( The rotar asteroid spools
the rope on its $od( The length o" the rope is decreased, $ut the apparatus speed is increased 5see a
momentum theor in phsics6(
The ship can change the length o" the ca$le( =hen the radius decreases, the linear speed o" the
apparatus increasesC con%ersel, !hen the radius increases the apparatus speed decreases( The
apparatus can o$tain energ "rom the asteroid $ increasing the length o" the rope(
The computations and estimations sho! the possi$ilit o" making this method a realit in a short
period o" time 5see pro<ects than "ollo!s6(

Fig. 11./( 9sing the rotar energ o" a rotating asteroid( Notations: ' 3 space ship, 2 3 asteroid, +0 3
connection ca$le(

The ship can change the length o" the ca$le( =hen the radius decreases, the linear speed o" the
apparatus increasesC con%ersel, !hen the radius increases the apparatus speed decreases( The
apparatus can o$tain energ "rom the asteroid $ increasing the length o" the rope(
The computations and estimations sho! the possi$ilit o" making this method a realit in a short
period o" time 5see pro<ects than "ollo!s6(
An a$andoned space %ehicle or large piece o" space de$ris in 2arth or$it can also $e used to increase
the speed o" the ne! %ehicle and to remo%e the a$andoned %ehicle or de$ris "rom or$it(
12:
4heory and 0o"putation
'( The di""erential e@uation can $e "ound "rom the e@uili$rium o" a small ca$le part under centri"ugal
"orce( This e@uation "or optimal 5e@ual stress "rom centri"ugal "orce6 ca$le is
da$A ! :
2
$<(d( .
>ts solution is the ca$le e@ual stress
a5(6!A$Ao!e7p5)
2
B2k6 ! e7p5
2
(
2
$2k6 . 5''('6
!here a 3 relati%e cross-section area o" ca$leC A 3 cross-section area o" ca$le Qm
2
RC A0 3 initial
5near pro$e6 cross-section area o" ca$le Qm
2
RC ) 3 speed o" pro$e or space ship a$out asteroid QmBsRC
k ! $ 3 ratio o" ca$le tensile stress to densit QNmBkgRC K ! k$'0
*
3 coe""icientC ( 3 radius "rom
the common gra%it center: asteroid [ pro$e QmRC - angular speed o" a pro$e around asteroid
QradBsRC 3 tensile strength QNBm
2
RC 3 densit o" ca$le QkgBm
3
RC
2( 4ass * QkgR o" ca$le is

(
k r
(
dr e
k
F
dr r a A *
0
2 B
0
0
0
2 2
6 5

,
5''(26
!here r 3 %aria$le QmRC Fo 3 "orce "rom the pro$e QNR
3( Relati%e ca$le mass *r ! *$ *s is
dr
k
r
)
n
k
n
B B B *
n v
r

1
1
]
1
,
_
+
B
0
2
2
2
2
e7p 6, ' 5
, 5''(36
!here the integration inter%al is Q0, )
2
$nR, n ! Fo$ is the o%erload, ) is the circle apparatus
speed around the common center o" gra%it, *s is ship 5pro$e6 mass, is 2arth gra%itation
QmBs
2
R, N .(-' mBs
2
(
1. Circular %elocit o" ship around asteroid
( ! )
2
$n , ) ! 5n(6
0(,
( 5''(+6
Computations are represented in Figs( ''()3''(-(
/( Relati%e mass o" ca$le !ith constant cross-section area "or small speed
*r ! *$*s ! )
2
$ ! )
2
$k . 5''(,6
3. Finding the additional %elocit the space %ehicle has recei%ed "rom the asteroid(
Let us take the coordinate a7is along the positi%e direction o" the asteroid speed and !rite the
momentum and energ la!s o" the asteroid-apparatus sstem "or this a7is
m')' 1 m2)2 ! m'u' 1 m?u2 , 5''()6
0(,m')'
2
[ 0(,m2)2
2
! 0(,m'u'
2
1 0,m2u2
2
L A, 5''(*6
!here m', )' are the mass and speed o" the asteroid respecti%el $e"ore connection to apparatusC m2 ,
)2 are the mass and speed o" the apparatus respecti%el $e"ore connection to asteroidC u' is speed o"
the asteroid a"ter disconnection "rom the apparatusC u2 is speed o" the apparatus a"ter disconnection
"rom the asteroidC A is energ 5!ork6 applied $ the apparatus to change the length o" the
connection ca$le(
Let us locate $eginning o" the a7is o" at the apparatus 5this means )2 N 06 and appl the %aria$le )
- )' . asteroid speed around apparatusC u ! u2 3 the additional apparatus speedC and m ! m2$m' 3 the
relati%e apparatus mass.
Su$stitute u' "rom 5''()6 into 5''(*6, !e recei%e the @uadratic e@uation a$out u
5m1'6u
2
C 2)u 1 2A$m'm ! = ( 5''(-6
Solution o" this e@uation is
u ! b) t Q)
2
1 2A5m1'6$mm'R
0(,
cB5m1'6 ( 5''(.6
>n%estigating this e@uation, i" A ! 0 5the apparatus does not change the length o" the connection
ca$le6 and the asteroid mass is large 5m 06, the ma7imum additional speed o" the apparatus is u !
1:.
2) in the asteroid direction and ) ! 0 in the opposite direction( >" A 0, the ma7imum !ork
5energ6 apparatus can recei%e "rom the asteroid $ increasing the connection ca$le length, is less
than
A mm')
2
$25m 1 '6 ( 5''('06
>" the apparatus e7pends internal energ 5decreases the length o" the connection ca$le6, the
additional apparatus speed is limited onl $ the sa"e ca$le strength and apparatus o%erload( The
apparatus does not lose mass to increase its speed(
>" apparatus is disconnected in a direction !ith an angle o" to the asteroid speed direction, the
additional apparatus speed is
) ! )5' 1 cos 6. 5''(''6
!here ) is initial speed o" the asteroid around the space ship QmBsR 5coordinate center is located at
the space apparatus6C ) is additional speed recei%ed $ the ship "rom the asteroid QmBsRC is the
angle $et!een the old %elocit %ector o" the asteroid and the ne! %elocit %ector o" the apparatus(
The additional kinetic energ o" the apparatus is then
Ek ! 0(,m2:)<
2
( 5''('26
5. The kno!n "ormulas $elo! ma $e use"ul:
, , 2 , ( ,
3 '
2
2
0 0
' 2
, ( 0
0
' 2 2 3 3

,
_

,
_
(
( ) )
(
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o
5''('36
!here )' is the circular speed around the 2arth, )2 is the escape speed, (o is the 2arthDs radius, and
( is the radius o" 2arthDs geosnchronous or$it(
*ro=ect
The capa$ilit to change the tra<ector and speed o" a space %ehicle using an asteroid is sho!n in Fig(
''(+( The space ship could o$tain a ma7imum additional speed e@ual to t!ice the speed di""erence
$et!een the space %ehicle and the asteroid 5speed o" the asteroid around the space ship6( >" the length
o" the connection ca$le is changed, the speed o" the space ship could change $ more than dou$le the
speed di""erence( >" the asteroid is rotating, the space ship can also o$tain an additional speed increase
"rom the rotation( The additional speed "rom one asteroid is also limited 5"or a manned ship6 $ the
mass o" the ca$le( For an additional speed o" ',000 mBs and K N 0(2, the mass o" ca$le !ould e@ual ,U
o" the mass o" the space apparatus( For an additional speed o" 2,000 mBs, the mass o" ca$le !ould
e@ual 23U o" the mass o" the space apparatus( To tra%el to an asteroid, a connection de%ice ma $e
mounted onto the transport ca$le( The ca$le ma $e used man times(
The results o" computation "or di""erent cases are sho!n in Figs( ''()3''(''(

1:1
Fig. 11.3( Asteroid ca$le relati%e ratio %ia circle speed and coe""icient K - 0('3 0(+(
Fig. 11.5( Relati%e ca$le asteroid mass %ia circle speed in mBs and coe""icient K N 0('3 0(+ (
1:2
Fig. 11.2( Ca$le radius in km %ia circle speed in mBs and o%erload n N +3')(
Fig. 11.:( Asteroid ca$le relati%e ratio %ia circle speed and coe""icient K - '3 +(
1:'
Fig. 11.1.( Relati%e ca$le asteroid mass %ia circle speed in mBs and coe""icient K N '3 +(
Fig. 11.11( Ca$le radius in km %ia circle speed in mBs and o%erload n.
Di!cu!!ion
>" the change in the shipDs speed is less than '000 mBs, the con%entional !idel produced "i$er 5sa"e
K N 0('6 can $e used( The ca$le mass is a$out -U o" the shipDs mass( A"ter disconnection the ca$le !ill
$e spooled and can $e used again( The reader can make estimations "or other cases( Radio or optical
de%ices can locate asteroids at distance o" thousands o" kilometers( Their speed, direction o" "light and
mass can $e computed( The ship 5pro$e6 can make small corrections to its o!n tra<ector to o$tain the
re@uired position relati%e to the asteroid( All $ig asteroids !ith a diameter o" more than ' kilometer are
listed in astronautic catalogs and their tra<ectories are !ell kno!n( #ne thousand o" them are located
near the 2arth( For those, !e can compute in ad%ance the intercept parameters( At the present time,
long-range space apparatus uses the gra%it o" a planet to change its tra<ector( ;o!e%er, the solar
sstem has onl nine planets, and the are located %er "ar "rom one another( The emploment o"
asteroids increases this possi$ilit a million times o%er(
-!ti"ation o the pro+a+ility o "eeting a !"all a!teroid. >t is kno!n that e%er da a$out a ton o"
meteorites !ith a mass greater than - kg "all into the 2arthDs atmosphere( The 2arthDs sur"ace area is
a$out ,'2 million km
2
( >" the a%erage mass o" meteorites is '0 kg, then the 2arth encounters '00
meteorites per da or one meteorite a da "or e%er , millions km
2
( >" a space pro$e has a mass
around '00 kg, a '0 kg meteorite has enough mass "or it to $e emploed to change the direction and
speed o" the space pro$e( 1round locators can detect a ' kg space mass at distances up to thousands o"
km( >" the space ship can detect o%er a range o" '000 km, it means it can see a space $od !ith an
area o" one million km
2
, or a$out one meteorite in e%er , das( >" one meteorite in ten is suita$le "or
emploment, it means e%er ,0 das the space apparatus !ill meet an eligi$le meteorite near the 2arth(
The likelihood is ten times greater in the asteroid $elt $et!een 4ars and Kupiter( For ),000 $ig
asteroids, !e can compute the intercept parameters no!( This num$er is e7pected to increase as more
small asteroids are registered(
There are a$out -,000 "ragments o" old rockets and space e@uipment near the 2arth( The tra<ectories
o" these are kno!n( The also can $e used to accelerate space apparatus( >n this case !e !ill ha%e a
dou$le $ene"it: to accelerate the current space apparatus and remo%e space gar$age into the 2arthDs
atmosphere 5or into outer space6( This space gar$age is dangerous "or current ships and the pro$lem
increases e%er ear(
1:1
Note that the kinetic energ o" space $odies ma $e used i" the space $od has a di""erent speed or
direction( >t is di""icult to use a tether sstem 5"or e7ample, the last stage o" a rocket and the Shuttle
ship6 $ecause the ha%e the same speed and direction(
0a+le. >" the re@uired change o" speed is less than ',000 mBs, then ca$le "rom current arti"icial
"i$ers can $e used( >n chapter ' the reader !ith "ind a $rie" o%er%ie! o" the research in"ormation
regarding the proposed e7perimental test "i$ers
'.-22
(
0onclu!ion
The a%aila$ilit o" $oth current and ne! materials makes the suggested propulsion sstem and pro<ects
more realistic "or a long trip to outer space !ith a minimum e7penditure o" energ
23
(
'( Space technolog T Application( >nternational Forum, '..)-'..*, Al$u@uer@ue, 4N, parts, '33(
2( G(V( Smitherman, Kr(, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2.(
3( 2dited $ 4(L( Cosmo and 2(C( Loren8ini, Tethers in S#a0e "and-ook( 3
rd
2dition( Smithsonian
Astronomic #$ser%ator, Gecem$er,'..*(
+( S(2( Xiegler and 4(&( Cartmell, E9sing 4otori8ed Tethers "or &aload #r$ital Trans"erF, Journal
of S#a0e and (o0kets, Vol( 3-, No( ), 200'(
,( 4(R( &almer, EA Re%olution in Access to Space Through Spino"" o" SG> TechnologF, IEEE
Transa0tions on 'aneti0, Vol( 2*, No ', Kanuar '..', p( ''320(
)( A(A( ?olonkin, ETheor o" Flight Apparatus !ith Control Radial ForceF( Collection (esear0hes of
Fliht Dynami0, 2d( >(V( #stosla%sk, 4osco!, 4ashinostroenie, '.),, pgs( *.3''- 5in Russian6(
*( EAsteroids as 2ngine o" Space ShipsF 5Suggestions o" American scientist Ale7ander ?olonkin6,
U*eekly &e9sV, 2- April '..-, >srael 5in Russian6(
-( A(A( ?olonkin, E2mploment o" Asteroids "or 4o%ement o" Space Ship and &ro$esF, >AC-02-
S()(0+, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct
.( A(A( ?olonkin, F;personic 1as-Rocket Launch Sstem(F, A>AA-2002-3.2*, 3-th A>AABAS42B
SA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$ition, *3'0 Kul, 2002, >ndianapolis, >N, 9SA(
'0( A(A(?olonkin, E;personic Launch Sstem o" Capa$ilit up ,00 tons per da and Geli%er Cost
A' per l$F, >AC-02-S(&(',( ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3
2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
''( A(A(?olonkin, E>ne7pensi%e Ca$le Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, >AC-02-V(&(0*( ,3rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002,
;ouston, Te7as(
'2( A(A(?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 4issile Rope LauncherF, >AC-02->AA(S(&('+( ,3rd >nternational
Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as(
'3( A(A(?olonkin, ENon-Rocket Space Rope Launcher "or &eopleF, >AC-02-V(&(0)( ,3rd >nternational
Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as(
'+( A(A(?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, C#S&AR 02-A-0222), 3+th
Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6, The =orld Space Congress 3
2002, '0-'. #ct 2002B;ouston, Te7as(
',( A(A(?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4ars Transport SstemF, C#S&AR 02-A-0222+( 3+th
2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as(
')( A(A(?olonkin, ETransport Sstem "or Geli%er Tourists at Altitude '+0 kmF, >AC-02->AA('(3(03(
,3
rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002,
1:/
;ouston, Te7as(
'*( A(A(?olonkin, E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers o" ;igh ;eightF( C#S&AR 02-A-0222-( 3+th
2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as(
'-( F(S( 1alasso, Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osite, 1ordon and ?ranch Scienti"ic &u$lisher, '.-.(
'.( Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers, Girector, '..,(
20( 4(S( Gresselhous, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, 2000(
2'( Con0ise En0y0lo#edia of Polymer S0ien0e and Enineerin( 2d( K(>( /rosch!it8, '..0(
22( Ne!sletter Chim(T Rng(, - #ct(, 200'(
23( A(A( ?olonkin, EAsteroids as &ropulsion Sstems o" Space Ships, JBIS, Vol( ,), No( 3B+, 2003, pp(
.-3'0*(
The reader can "ind the in"ormation a$out asteroids in the "ollo!ing pu$lications:
Go$ro%olskis, A(R(, I0arus, 22, 2+ 5'..06C Scotti, K(V( T 4elosh, ;(K(, Nature, '3/, *33 5'..36C
=eissman, &(, &ature, '2., 2+2 5'.-)6C =eidenschilling, S(K(, &ature, '32, *2' 5'..+6C Sekanina, G( T
Ieomans G(/(, Asronomi0al Journal, :., 233, 5'.-,6C Sekanine, G(, S0ien0e, 232, 3-2 5'..36C
;udson, R( T #stro, S(, S0ien0e, 23', .+0 5'..+C #stro, S(, (ev.'od. Phys(, 3/, '23, 5'..,6C #stro, S(
et al, &ature, '5/, +*+ 5'..,6C ;ills, K( and Leonard, &(, Astro#hys. J(, 1.:, +0' 5'..,6C Solem, K( and
;ills, K(, Astro#hys. J., 111, '3-2 5'..)6(
1:3
Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters 1:5
0hapter 12
>ulti-relex *ropul!ion Sy!te"! or Space and Air
?ehicle! and -nergy 4ran!er or Long Di!tance;
Su""ary
y

The purpose o" this chapter is to dra! attention to the re%olutionar idea o" light multi-re"lection( This
idea allo!s the design o" ne! engines, space and air propulsion sstems, storage sstems 5"or a $eam
or solar energ6, transmission o" energ 5o%er millions o" kilometers6, creation o" ne! !eapons, etc(
This method and the main inno%ations !ere o""ered $ the author in '.-3 in the "ormer 9SSR( No!
the author sho!s the immense possi$ilities o" this idea in man "ields o" engineering 3 astronautics,
a%iation, energ, optics, direct con%ersion o" light 5laser $eam6 energ to mechanical energ 5light
engine6, to name a "e!( This chapter considers the multi-re"le7 propulsion sstems "or space and air
%ehicles and energ transmission o%er long distances in space(
--------------------------
P A detailed manuscript !as pu$lished $ A(A( ?olonkin, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No( ''B'2( 200+, pp( 3*.33.0,
200+(
%ntroduction
Short hi!tory( The relati%el con%entional !a to send a spacecra"t on an interstellar <ourne is to
use the solar sail
'
or a laser sail
2
( This method is not e""ecti%e $ecause the light intensit is %er lo!,
!ith onl one re"lection( There has $een a lot o" research in this area and into solar sails in general(
A( /antro!it8 o""ered the con%entional method "or using a laser $eam "or space propulsion
3
( ;e
trans"erred energ using laser $eam to a space %ehicle, con%erted light energ into heat and e%aporated
a material, then o$tained thrust "rom the gas pressure o" this e%aporated material( There is much
research on this method
+
( ;o!e%er, it is comple7, has lo! e""icienc, has limited range 5di%ergence o"
the laser $eam6, re@uires special material located on $oard the space ship, and re@uires a %er po!er"ul
laser(
>n '.-3 the author o""ered another method: that o" using light $eam energ, then the direct
con%ersion o" light energ into mechanical pressure 5"or an engine6 or thrust 5"or launchers and
propulsion sstems6 $ multiple re"lections
,
(
The author "ound onl one !ork related to this topic, pu$lished in 200'
)
( ;o!e%er our !ork is %er
di""erent "rom this( #ur suggested sstem has se%eral inno%ations !hich make the proposed method
1:2
possi$le impro%e its parameters millions o" times( The di""erence $et!een our suggested sstem and
the pre%ious sstem
)
is anal8ed in the EGiscussionF section, $elo!(
The re"lection o" light is the most e""icient method to use "or a propulsion sstem( >t gi%es the
ma7imum possi$le speci"ic impulse 5light speed is 3
(
'0
-
mBs6( The sstem does not e7pend mass(
;o!e%er, the light intensit in "ull re"lection is %er small, a$out 0()'0
3)
kgB k=( >n '.-3 the author
suggested the idea o" increasing the light intensit $ a multi-re"le7 method 5multiple re"lection o" the
light $eam6 and he o""ered some inno%ations to dramaticall decrease the losses in mirror re"lection
5including a cell mirror and re"lection $ a super3conducting material6( This allo!s the sstem to make
some millions o" re"lections and to gain some Ne!tons o" thrust per k= o" $eam po!er( This allo!s
"or the design o" man important de%ices 5in particular, $eam engines
*
6 !hich con%ert light directl
into mechanical energ and sol%e man pro$lems in a%iation, space, energ and energ transmission(
>n the last ears achie%ements in optic materials and lasers ha%e decreased the losses "rom re"lection(
The author returned to this topic and made it his primar area o" research( ;e sol%ed the main
pro$lems: the design o" a highl e""icient re"lector 5cell mirror6, a light lock, "ocusing prismatic
light!eight mirrors and lenses, a laser ring, and a $eam trans"er o%er %er long distances 5millions o"
km6 !ith onl %er small $eam di%ergence, light storage, a $eam ampli"ier, a modulator o" light
"re@uenc, $alloon suspension o" mirrors, and so on(
?rie" in"ormation a$out light and light de%ices( A short description o" electromagnetic radiation can
$e "ound in the pu$lication
*
( A con%entional mirror can re"lect a ma7imum o" .-3..U o" the incident
light energ o" some $ands o" light !a%es( This gi%es a ma7imum o" 2003300 re"lections !hich is not
enough "or propulsion sstems and engines( ?ecause the light pressure is so lo! 5a$out 0()
(
'0
3)
kgB k=
6, !e need at least a million re"lections(
There is a !ell-kno!n method "or increasing mirror re"lection( The laers o" a @uarter-!a%e optical
thickness o" high and lo! re"racti%e-inde7 materials increase the re"lectance( A"ter more than '2
laers, the re"lecti%e e""icienc o" a dielectric mirror approaches '00U, !ith %irtuall no a$sorption or
scattering( 4a7imum re"lectance occurs onl in a region around the design !a%elength( The si8e o" the
region depends on the design o" the stack o" multiple dielectric coatings( #utside this region the
re"lectance is reduced( For e7ample, at one-hal" the design !a%elength it "alls to the le%el o" the
uncoated su$strate( The dielectric mirror is also designed "or use at a speci"ic angle o" incident
radiation( At other angles, the per"ormance is reduced, and the !a%elength o" ma7imum re"lectance is
shi"ted(
9n"ortunatel, this dielectric mirror method is not suita$le "or mirrors mo%ing relati%e to each other
as the re"lected "re@uenc is shi"ted slightl, and this "re@uenc shi"t accumulates o%er multiple
re"lections( Also con%entional mirrors tend to re"lect the $eam o"" in some other direction i" the
mirrors are not kept in per"ect alignment to the $eam( The authorDs proposed cell mirror re"lects the
$eam in the same direction !hich is %er important "or decreasing the $eam di%ergence( The small
cells pro%ide high re"lectance and small a$sorption(
A narro! laser $eam is the most suita$le "or a light engine and light propulsion( There are man
di""erent tpes o" lasers !ith di""erent po!ers 5peak po!er up to '0
'2
=6, !a%elength 50(23*00 hm6,
e""icienc 5'U up to a$out .,U6, and pulse rate 5up to some thousands o" impulses per second6 or
continuous operations( >n pu$lications in the Re"erences the reader !ill "ind a $rie" description o" the
laser
*
or more detail
-
(
At the present time !e are seeing signi"icant ad%ances in high-po!er !eapons-class lasers
*
( The laser
po!er reaches ' million !atts(
For our computation the $eam di%ergence is %er important( The laser $eam di%ergence
-
5see p( +6 is
D D

'3 ( '
2

, 5'2('6
!here J is the angle o" di%ergence QradR, W is the !a%elength QmR, and D is an aperture diameter QmR(
>n particular, the diameter o" the laser $eam ma $e increased $ an optical lens "or reducing the $eam
1::
di%ergence( The aperture diameter ma $e also increased $ o""ered laser rin 5Fig( '2('6( The re"le7
capacit ma $e impro%ed $ using a super conducti%e material
,
5this idea needs additional research6(
4ore detailed in"ormation is in pu$lication in the re"erences
*3 .
(
De!cription o inno$ation

>ulti-relex launch in!tallation o a !pace $ehicle( >n a multiple re"lection propulsion sstem a set
o" tasks appear: ho! to increase a mirrorDs re"lecti%it, ho! to decrease the light dispersion 5"rom
mirror imper"ections and non-parallel sur"aces6, ho! to decrease the $eam di%ergence, ho! to in<ect
the $eam $et!een the mirrors 5!hile keeping the light $et!een the mirrors "or as long as possi$le6,
ho! to decrease the attenuation 5a mirror, prism material, etc6, ho! to increase the $eam range, and
ho! much "orce the sstem has(
To sol%e o" these pro$lems, the author proposes
,
, a special Ecell mirrorF !hich is %er re"lecti%e and
re"lects light in the same direction "rom !hich it came, a Ulaser ringV !hich decreases the $eam
di%ergence, Ulight locksF !hich allo!s the light $eam to enter $ut keep it "rom e7iting, a E$eam
trans"erV, a E"ocusing prismatic thin lensE, prisms, a set o" lenses, mirrors located in space, on
asteroids, moons, satellites, and so on(
Cell mirrors( To achie%e the ma7imum re"lectance, reduce light a$sorption, and preser%e $eam
direction the author uses special 0ell mirrors !hich ha%e millions o" small +,
o
degree prisms 5' in Fig(
'2('a,g6( Cell mirror are retrore"lector cells or cu$e corner cells( A light ra incident on a cell is
returned parallel to itsel" a"ter three re"lections 5Fig( '2('g6( >n the mirror, pro%ided the re"racti%e inde7
o" the prism is greater than 2 5'(+'+6, the light !ill $e re"lected $ total internal re"lection( The
small losses ma $e onl "rom prism 5medium6 attenuation, scattering, or due to small sur"ace
imper"ections and Fresnel re"lections at the entrance and e7it "aces( Fresnel re"lections do not result
losses !hen the $eam is perpendicular to the entr sur"ace( No entr losses occur !here the $eam is
polari8ed in parallel o" the entr sur"ace or the entr sur"ace has an anti-re"lection coating !ith
re"lecti%e inde7
(
2 0 '
n n n
;ere n0, n2 are re"lecti%e inde7es o" the %acuum and prism respecti%el(
These cell mirrors turn a $eam 5light6 e7actl $ack at '-0
o
i" the $eam de%iation is less ,3'0
o
"rom a
perpendicular to the mirror sur"ace( For incident angles greater than sin
3'
5n'Bn26, no light is transmitted,
an e""ect called total internal re"lection( ;ere n is the re"racti%e inde7 o" the medium and the lens 5n i
'3+6( Total internal re"lection is used "or our re"lector, !hich contains t!o plates 5mirrors6 !ith a set
o" small corner cu$e prisms re"lecting the $eam "rom one side 5mirror6 to the other side 5mirror6 5Fig(
'2('$,c, "6( 2ach plate can contain millions o" small 5303'00 hm6 prisms "rom highl e""icient optic
material used in optical ca$les
.
( For this purpose a superconducti%it mirror
,
ma also $e used,
%aser rin( The small lasers are located in a round ring 5Fig( '2('c6( A round set o" lasers allo!s us
to increase the aperture, resulting in a smaller di%ergence angle J. The entering round $eam 5. in Fig(
'2('a6 has slip J 5or jB26 to the %ertical( The $eam is re"lected millions o" times as is sho!n in Fig(
'2('$,c and creates a repulsi%e "orce F( This "orce ma $e %er high, tens o" NBk= 5see the
computation $elo!6 "or motionless plates( >n a %acuum it is limited onl $ the a$sorption 5d?6 o" the
prism material 5see $elo!6 and $eam di%ergence( For the mo$ile mirror 5as "or a launch %ehicle6 the
!a%elength increases and $eam energ decreases as the mirrors mo%e apart(
This sstem
,
can $e applied to a space %ehicle launch on a planet that has no atmosphere and small
gra%it 5"or e7ample, the 4oonC high gra%it re@uires high $eam po!er6(
%iht lo0k( The "irst design o" liht lo0k allo!s the laser $eam to enter, $ut closes the e7it o" a
returned ra( The $eam 5. in Fig( '2('d6 o" continuous laser passes through a multi-laer dielectric
mirror 5'0 in Fig( '2('d6( The entering $eam runs the "ull length $et!een mirrors 5Fig( '2('$,c6,
re"lects a million times, and enters "rom the other side 5'' in Fig( '2('d6( For mo%ing 5separating6
2..
mirrors the !a%elength is changed $ecause the $eam gi%es up energ to the mo%ing mirrors 5see
computations

Fig( '2('( Space launcher( Notations are: ' 3 prism, 2 3 mirror $ase, 3 3 laser $eam, + 3 mirror a"ter chink
5optional6, , 3 space %ehicle, ) 3 lasers 5ring set o" lasers6, * 3 %ehicle 5ship6 mirror, - 3 planet mirror, . 3
laser $eam, '0 3 multi-laer dielectric mirror, '' 3 laser $eam a"ter multi-re"lection 5!a%elength k'' d k. 6,
'2 3 additional prism, '3 3 entr $eam, '+ 3 return $eam, ', 3 %aria$le chink $et!een main and additional
prisms( 5a6 &rism 5cell, corner cu$e6 re"lector( 5$6 ?eam multi-re"lection, 5c6 Launching $ multi-re"lection,
5d6 The "irst design o" the light lock, 5e6 The second design o" the light lock, 5"6 Re"lection in the same
direction !hen the $eam is not perpendicular to mirror sur"ace, 5g6 4irror cell 5retrore"lector cell or cu$e
corner cell6( A light ra incident on it is returned parallel to itsel" a"ter three re"lections(
computations6(
2.1

Fig( '2(2( Laser $eam long-distance trans"er( Notations are: '2 3 lens, '+ 3 $ounds o" laser ras, ', 3 light
recei%er, ') 3 di%ergence ra( 5a6 "ocused $eam, 5$6 "ocused $eam !ith angle J !hich has part S !ithout
di%ergence, 5c6 "ocused $eam !ith angle 0(,J !hich has minimum di%ergence at a long distance, 5d6 $eam
!ith a plate !a%e "ront, 5e6 1aussian $eam !ith normal distri$ution o" $eam "ront, 5"6 FresnelDs 5prism6 lens,
5g6 lens "or changing the $eam direction(
computations6( As a result the !a%elength increases 5k'' d k.6 !hen the distance increases, and the
!a%elength decreases 5k'' \ k.6 !hen the distance decreases( The mirror 5'0 in Fig( '2('d6, is designed to
pass the laser $eam 5. in Fig( '2('d6 and to re"lect $ack the EusedF ra 5'' in Fig( '2('d6( >" the $eam is
not re"lected $ the mirror 5'0 in Fig( '2('d6, it enters into the laser and !ill $e re"lected $ack $ the
laserDs internal mirror(
The second design o" the liht lo0k is sho!n in Fig( '2('e( This contains an additional prism '2 and
an impulse laser( =hen laser $eam '3 enters the sstem, the additional prism '2 is pushed into the
main prism '( =hile the $eam runs $et!een the mirrors, the additional prism is disconnected "rom the
main prism and the return $eam '+ cannot go $ack in( >t tra%els inside the re"lected mirrors !ith a lot
o" re"lections i" the mirrors ha%e the right "ocuses( The chink, ',, $et!een the additional and main
prisms ma $e %er small, a$out a light !a%elength 5' micron6( A pie8oelectric plate can $e used to
mo%e the additional prism(
A continuous or pulse laser ma $e used "or the "irst light lock and a pulse laser ma $e used "or the
second lock( =e compute a%erage laser po!er(
The details o" attenuation o" light propagating through an optical material are considered in phsics
te7t$ooks( To increase the num$er o" re"lections, !e use a set o" %er small prisms and a highl
e""icient optical material 5d? N 0('30(,6(
Space $eam trans"er( Space -eam transfer is sho!n in Fig( '2(2a( The "irst lens has a large aperture
"or the laser $eam and "ocuses the $eam !hich decreases the di%ergence angle J. The other FresnelDs
lens then continues to "ocus the $eam 5Fig( '2(2a6(
2.2
Non-"ocused $eam is lose intensit through di""racted ras $ut -eam transfer has a special "ocusing
lens( >" the "ocus is located at a distance S' ! D$2J, the $eam does not ha%e losses through up to a
di""racted ras in this distance S, $ut a"ter the distance S the di%ergence angle $ecomes 2J 5Fig('2(2$6(
>" !e need to transmit energ a distance % less than S 5"or e7ample, in launching6, this method is "ine
since the distance $et!een the mirrors % AA S and the $eam is re"lected man times !ithout loss( >" !e
!ant to trans"er the energ o%er %er long distance, the method sho!n in Fig( '2(2c ma $e $etter( >n
this method the $eam is "ocused on point at a distance S2 ! D$J( The $eam has small amounts o"
di""raction e%er!here, $ut the losses are smaller a"ter a distance '(,S' than in the case o" Fig( '2(2$(
>" an intermediate lens !ith a much larger diameter than the initial lens 5Fig( '2(2$,c6 is added mid!a,
it is possi$le to decreases the $eam di""raction energ losses to a %er small %alue(
The distri$ution o" energ in a gross section area o" the $eam is also important "or di%ergence and
di""raction losses( The plate "ront 5Fig( '2(2a6 o" the !a%e and plate distri$ution o" energ and
di%ergence 5Fig( '2(2d6 are !orst and gi%e the ma7imum o" energ losses( A normal distri$ution o"
$eam energ and a 1aussian $eam is $etter $ecause the losses o" $eam energ trough di""raction are
reduces at the edges 5Fig( '2(2e6(
2nerg trans"er is done in the "ollo!ing !a( First the FresnelDs lenses 5collimators6 5Fig( '2(2"6,
FresnelDs prisms 5Fig( '2(2g6, and mirrors are 5permanentl6 located in space 5Fig( '2(3a6( Their
tra<ectories and the recei%ing space %ehicleDs tra<ector in space are kno!n( Through commands "rom
2arth, a space ship or the %ehicleDs computer, the mirrors and lenses are turned to the re@uired angles
5angular position6( A small pilot ra ma $e used "or aiming and "ocusing( The re@uired angular
changes are small 5"or "ocusing and small corrections in direction6 and ma $e made $ pie8oelectric
controlled plates( A"ter the pilot ra reaches the space %ehicle as re@uired, the "ull po!er $eam is
transmitted to the space %ehicle( This $eam ma $e used to launch %ehicles "rom an asteroid or small
mass planetar satellites 5Fig, '2('c6, to change the %ehicleDs tra<ector 5Fig, '2(3$6, or to increase the
acceleration o" the space %ehicle near an asteroid 5Fig( '2(3c6 using the multi-re"le7 method 5Fig(
'2(3a,$,c6( This $eam energ ma $e also used $ the space %ehicle "or its rocket engine and internal
po!er re@uirements( The distance $et!een lenses ma reach tens o" millions o" kilometers 5see
computation $elo!, Fig( '2('36( The a%erage distances o" the nearest planets "rom the Sun are: Venus
'0- 7'0
)
km, 2arth ',0S'0
)

km, 4ars 22-S'0
)
km( Trans"er e""icienc o" sstem ma $e a$out 0(*3
0(. 5see computation $elo!6(
A%iation and energ air trans"er( This method ma $e used "or the trans"er o" energ to air, land, sea,
and ocean %ehicles 5Fig( '2(+6( The trans"er $eam passes through the atmosphere onl once and loses
little energ( The %ehicle ma use light 5multi-re"le76 engines
,, *
( A multi-re"le7 engine trans"ers
5con%erges6 the $eam 5light6 energ directl into mechanical energ 5rotates the propeller6 !ith high
e""icienc(
2.'

Fig( '2(3( Space energ trans"er o%er long distance( a( Trans"erring thrust "rom 2arth to space ship $ laser
$eam, $( 9sing o" satellites 5or moons6 to change the %ehicleDs tra<ector, c( 9sing o" asteroid "or
launching o" ship( Notations are: 20 3 Sun, 2' 3 2arth, 22 3 laser $eam, 23 3 FresnelDs lens, 2+ 3
mirror, 2) 3 FresnelDs prism, 2- 3 Space %ehicle, 30 3 planet, 32, 3+ 3 planet satellite, 3) 3 multi-
re"lection, +0 3 asteroid(

Fig( '2(+( ?eam energ trans"er to air, land, and sea %ehicles( Notations are: ,0 3 $eam energ station, ,2 3
control mirror suspended "rom a tethered air $alloon, ,+ 3 mirror suspended "rom planet satellite, ,) 3
aircra"t, ,- 3 ground track, )0 3 car, )2 3 sea 5ocean6 ship, )+ 3 $eams(
The sstem should include $eam energ station5s6, control mirrors suspended "rom air $alloons at an
altitude o" '23'- km 5or on satellites6, and a control sstem( The energ station sends the $eam to the
nearest mirror( The mirror re"lects it to other mirrors 5or lenses, or prisms6( These mirrors distri$ute the
$eam to the sstemDs customers 5aircra"t, ground %ehicles, ri%er or sea ships, and so on6( These
customers ma ha%e light 5multi-re"le76 engines
,, *
and directl con%ert the light 5electromagnetic
radiation6 into mechanical !ork( The control sstem guides the energ distri$ution( >n a clear
atmosphere, the e""icienc o" this energ deli%er sstem is high( >t is important that the air is clean
and clear at the initial, mainl %ertical distance 5"rom the energ station to the "irst mirror6( At times o"
rain or smoke 5"rom "ires, etc(6 a $ackup method should $e in place, perhaps using or$iting satellite
mirrors( At altitudes o%er '2 km the atmosphere is general clear( This method allo!s us to deli%er
energ o%er some thousands o" kilometers 5see computation $elo!, Fig( '2('+6( >n !ar time the $eam
2.1
ma $e "ocused and used against the enem(
4heory &e!ti"ation( o "ulti-relex launching and +ea" tran!er
Special theor, methods and computation "or this case are de%eloped $elo!(
Attenuation o" $eam( The attenuation o" light passingpropagating through an optical material is
caused either $ a$sorption or $ scattering( >n $oth a$sorption and scattering, the po!er is lost o%er a
distance, X, "rom the po!er &5X6, propagating at that point( So !e e7pect an e7ponential deca:
&5X6 ! &5=6e7p53yX6 . 5'2(26
The attenuation coe""icient, y, is normall e7pressed in d? km
3'
, !ith ' d? km
3'
$eing the e@ui%alent
o" 2(3S'0
3+
m
3'
( A$sorption is a material propert in !hich the optical energ is normall con%erted
into heat( >n scattering processes, some o" the optical po!er in the guided modes is radiated out o" the
material(
Attenuation in some current and some potential %er lo! loss materials that ha%e $een created "or
"i$er communication has a d? %alue o" up to a N 0(000' 5
*
, Fig( 3 or Fig( A3(3 in this $ook6( ;o!e%er,
some o" these materials are highl reacti%e chemicall and are mechanicall unsuita$le "or dra!ing
into a "i$er( Some are used as in"rared light guides, none are presentl used "or optical communication,
$ut ma $e use"ul "or our purposes( #ur mechanical propert and !a%elength re@uirements are less
stringent than "or optical communications( =e use in our computation a N 0('-0(+ d? km
3'
( The
con%entional optical material !idel produced $ industr "or optical ca$le has an attenuation
coe""icient o" 2 d? km
3'
(
Change in $eam po!er( The $eam po!er !ill $e reduced i" one 5or $oth6 re"lector is mo%ed, $ecause
the !a%elength changes( The total relati%e loss o" the $eam energ in one dou$le ccle 5!hen the light
ra is mo%ed to the re"lector and $ack6 is
E ! 5'32365'32Y65'l2v6Z , 5'2(36
!here v ! )$0, ) is the relati%e speed o" the mirrors QmBsR, 0 N 3S'0
-
mBs is the speed o" light( =e take
the E[F !hen the distance is reduces 5$raking6 and take E3 E !hen the distance is increased 5as in
launching, a use"ul !ork "or light6, 3 is the light loss through prism attenuation, Y is the loss
5attenuation6 in the medium 5air6 5in clean air Y ! 0(333S'0
3)
m
3'
6, v is the loss 5use"ul !ork6 through
relati%e mirror 5lens6 mo%ement, m is the loss through di%ergence and di""raction(
4ulti-re"le7 light pressure( The light pressure, T, o" t!o opposed high re"lectors a"ter a series o"
re"lections, n, to one another is
(
2
, ((( ,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
0
'
3 0
3
2 0
2
0
'
0
0
n
n
E
0
&
T E
0
&
T E
0
&
T E
0
&
T
0
&
T

5'2(+6
=hen E N const, this is a geometric series( The sum o" n mem$ers o" the geometric series is
( ' ,
'
' 2
, (
'
' 2
0 0
<

E
E 0
&
T then n If
E
E
0
&
T
n
5'2(,6
Limitation o" re"lection num$er( >" the re"lector is mo%ed a!a, the ma7imum num$er o" re"lections,
n, is limited $ cell si8e, l, $ecause the !a%elength, W, is increased and that cannot $e more than the cell
si8e( This limit is
v
l
n
2
6 B ln5
0
, 5'2()6
!here l is the cell !idth QmR, Wo is the initial !a%elength QmR(
>" the re"lector is mo%ed "or!ard to another position the !a%elength is reduced, $ut it cannot $e less
than the !a%e length o" [-ras $ecause the material transmits the [-ras 5the material lessens the
re"lecti%e capa$ilit6(
This limit is a$out Wmin N '0 nanometers( The ma7imum num$er o" $rake re"lections is
2./

v
n
2
6 B ln5
min 0

(
5'2(*6

Coe""icient o" e""icienc( The e""icienc coe""icient, \, ma $e computed using the e@uation

0
B & T)
, 5'2(-6
Focusing the $eam( >" the lens used in "ocused at a range S', the distance, S, !ithout ra di%ergence is
5Fig( '2(2$6:

( ++3 ( 0
+
,
2
,
2
2 2

D D
S
D
D
S
5'2(.6
;ere, D is the diameter o" the lens or mirror QmR( This distance is e@ual to the lens "ocus distance "or
the case in Fig( '2(2$ 5S' ! S6( >n the case Fig( '2(2c 5trans"er o%er %er long distance6, the optimal
"ocus distance is S2 ! 2S'(
Some computations( The computation o" e@uation 5'2(.6 is presented in Figs( '2(, and '2()( As ou
!ill see, the necessar "ocus distance ma $e high(
The %alues in e@uation 5'2(36 can $e computed as
, '0 0333 , ' , , 00023 ( 0
)
% m m l al yX

5'2('06
!here a is the attenuation coe""icient in d? Qkm
3'
R 5
*
, "ig(36, m is initial %alue o" the !a%elength !hich
can $e located in cell si8e l QmR(
The loss through di%ergence, m, "or the case in Fig( '2(2$,d is
(
6 5 -
' B ' ,
6 5 +
6 5 2 ,
66 5 2 2 B 5
6 2 B 5
2
2 2
2
S % for
D
S % k
D
S % k
S %
S % D
D
>
,
_
5'2(''6

;ere % is the distance $et!een the mirrors 5lenses6 QmR, and, k is the "ocus coe""icient( >n case in Fig(
'2(2$ 5!here the "ocus distance is D$2J6 k N 0 !hen % A S 5"or trans"er6 or n A S$% 5"or re"lection6
and k N 2 !hen % / S, or n / S$%C in the case in Fig( '2(2c 5S is a$sent, S N 06 k N 0(, i" the "ocus
distance is D$JC k N ' i" "ocus distance is in"init 5no "ocusing6(
The relati%e $eam po!er along its tra<ector "or plate po!er distri$ution as in Fig( '2(2d is
2 B '
' ' 0
D S % 9hen & and S % 9hen & & & >
( 5'2('26

The "orce coe""icient, A, sho!s ho! man times the initial light pressure is increased( For % A S' it is
'
'
E
E
A
n
( 5'2('36
2.3

Fig( '2(,( Focus distances Q'0
)
km, million kmR %ersus lens diameters '3'0 m and !a%elength W N 0(23'
microns(
Fig( '2()( Focus distances %ersus lens diameters D N '3'00 m and !a%elength W N 0(23' microns(
The multi-re"le7 launch o" a space %ehicle "rom a small planet !ith lo! gra%it, are !ithout an
atmosphere 5the 4oon or an asteroid6 ma $e computed using the "ollo!ing e@uations 5"or "ocusing
Fig( '2(2$ and $eam distri$utions Fig( '2(2d6:
( , ( , , ,
, 6 2 ' 65 2 ' 5 ,
2
ln
, , ,
'
' 2
'
' 2
' ' ' '
3 3 ' 2
'
'
'
' 0 0
2
'
'
t t t % % % t ) % ) ) ) t
'
T
) E E
v E
v
m
n n n n
%
S
n
E
E
E
0
&
E
E
0
&
T
i i i i i i i
n
n
n
i
+ + +
,
_
+ + +

5'2('+6
;ere the "irst element in T is the thrust !hen the $eam runs the distance S' !ithout di%ergence(
2.5
Fig( '2(*( Thrust 5N6 %ersus distance QmR "or %ehicle speed ) N '03200 mBs, attenuation coe""icient a N 0(, d?,
cell si8e m N 30, mirror diameter D N '00 m, $eam po!er & N ' k=(
The second element in T is the thrust !hen the $eam runs the distance !ith di%ergence( ' is space
%ehicle mass QkgR, is the planetDs gra%it QmBs
2
R( =hen n3 A n', !e take n ! n3 and compute T using
e@uation 5'2(,6( >" n3 / n', !e compute T using e@uation 5'2('+6(
Computation o" thrust, T 5the "irst part o" e@uation 5'2('+66 and the e""icienc coe""icient, \, e@uation
5'2(-6 are presented in Figs( '2(* and '2(-(
Fig('2(-( 2""icienc coe""icient %ersus distance QmR "or %ehicle speed ) N '03200 mBs, attenuation coe""icient a
N 0(, d?, cell si8e m N 30, mirror diameter D N '00 m, $eam po!er & N ' k=(
The thrust and the e""icienc coe""icient decrease !hen the distance is a$o%e a some critical %alue,
then a portion o" the energ $eam lea%es the space $et!een the mirrors through di""raction(
The computation "or a %ertical 5the !orst case6 launch e@uation 5'2('+6 o" a space %ehicle "rom the
2arthDs 4oon 5the 4oon has gra%it N '()2 mBs
2
6 is presented in Figs( '2(. to '2('2 5W N ' micron6(
The po!er re@uired to launch "rom the 2arthDs 4oon is @uite high $ecause, as the %ehicleDs speed
increases, the energ trans"er e""icienc is reduced( >n the initial launch state that e""icienc starts at \
N 0(.*( A"ter acceleration 5limit is ')g, g N .(-' mBs6 "or a distance o" % N 23'0 km the e""icienc
2.2
decreases 5Fig( '2('06( The accelerating is high "or onl 0('32 seconds 5')g is accepta$le "or trained
cosmonauts6( The mission designers could limit the ma7imum acceleration to -g !ithout signi"icantl
losing speed(
The mirror diameter is large $ecause small mirror diameters decrease the attaina$le speed( Starting
"rom an asteroid or a planetDs moon, that has lo! gra%it, impro%es the attaina$le speed(
9n"ortunatel, the multi-re"le7 launch "rom planets !ith an atmosphere does not !art !ell $ecause the
multi-re"lected ras tra%el long distances in a gas medium and lose a lot o" energ(
?elo! is the e@uation "or computing the $eam po!er "rom the di%ergence and distance !hen the
1aussian $eam has normal distri$ution 5Fig( '2(2"6: For case ' 5the "ocus is into point 2S', Fig( '2(2c6
( 0 ,
2
, 2
2
'

1
1
]
1
,
_
+
S
D % D
D
s &

5'2(',6
;ere ] is the pro$a$ilit "unction o" normal distri$ution(
Fig( '2(.( Vertical launch o" a space %ehicle "rom the 2arthDs 4oon 54oon gra%it is N '()2 mBs
2
6( Space ship
speed 5mBs6 %ersus distance 5km6 is computed "or relati%e $eam po!er & N ,3,0 k=Bkg, attenuation
coe""icient a N 0(, d?, cell si8e m N 30, mirror diameter D N '00 m( Acceleration is limited to ') 5g N .(-'
mBs
2
6(
2.:
Fig( '2('0( Vertical launch o" a space %ehicle "rom the 2arthDs 4oon 54oon gra%it is N '()2 mBs
2
6( 2""icienc
coe""icient %ersus distance is computed "or relati%e $eam po!er & N ,3,0 k=Bkg, attenuation coe""icient
a N 0(, d?, cell si8e m N 30, mirror diameter D N '00 m(
Fig( '2(''( Vertical launch o" a space %ehicle "rom the 2arthDs 4oon 54oon gra%it is N '()2 mBs
2
6( Space ship
speed 5mBs6 %ersus time 5seconds6 is computed "or relati%e $eam po!er & N ,3,0 k=Bkg, attenuation
coe""icient a N 0(, d?, cell si8e m N 30, mirror diameter D N '00 m, W N ' micron(
Fig( '2('2( Vertical launch o" a space %ehicle "rom the 2arthDs 4oon 54oon gra%it is N '()2 mBs
2
6( Limited
5\')g N ')S.(-' N ',* mBs
2
6 acceleration is computed "or relati%e $eam po!er & N ,3,0 k=Bkg,
attenuation coe""icient a N 0(, d?, cell si8e m N 30, mirror diameter D N '00 m, W N ' micron(
For case 2 5the "ocus is located at point S, Fig( '2(2$6
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
>
2
'
2 ' 2 '
6 5 +
2 ( ' ,
S % D
D
s & S % *hen & S % *hen
( 5'2(')6
;ere s is a relati%e distri$ution %alue( The results o" computations "or space 5%acuum6 are presented
in Fig( '2('3( >t is sho!n that the "ocused $eam tra%els !ithout ma<or losses i" the distance $et!een the
mirrors 5"or mirror diameter D N '003200 m6 is '03'- millions kilometers, and ma tra%el up to '00
21.
million km !ith an e""icienc o" a$out 0(2( This means the "ocused $eam can permanentl trans"er
5!ithout losses6 energ "rom the 2arth to the 4oon or $ack 5a distance p" 0(+S'0
)
km6, and "or 233
months 5!ith e""icienc 0(26 e%er t!o ears, to 4ars at a distance o" )03',0S'0
)
km(
For computation o" the relati%e $eam po!er in air at altitude ", !e ma use e@uations 5'2(',6 and
5'2(')6 corrected "or air attenuation( That is
% - 9here - & & - & &
"
a a
0
)
2 2 ' '
'0 33+ ( 0 , 6 ' 5 , 6 ' 5

( 5'2('*6
;ere T", To are the air densit at altitudes " and " N 0 respecti%el(
The computation "or an atmospheric $alloon lens located at " N ', km 5T"$To ! 0(',.6 is presented in
Fig( '2('+( As can $e seen, the $eam energ ma $e trans"erred $ mirrors located on an air $alloon to
distances +000 km out, !ith on e""icienc o" 0(- ( >" the energ is trans"erred through a satellite the
range is not limited and the e""icienc ma reach 0(.- ( An smog, mist, ha8e, rain, or clouds 5in the
region o" the po!er station6 decreases the e""icienc( ;o!e%er, these aerosols are a$sent at altitudes
a$o%e '2 km( =e must there"ore ha%e po!er stations in di""erent locations to circum%ent !eather
phenomena(
Fig( '2('3( Relati%e $eam po!er o" the normal 51aussian6 distri$ution 5s N ` N 2(,6 5Fig( '2(2"6 in a %acuum
%ersus distance in million kilometers $et!een lenses "or "ocusing at D$?J 5- - , case '6 and D$J 5-, case 26(
211
Fig( '2('+( Relati%e $eam po!er o" the normal 51aussian6 distri$ution 5s N ` N 2(,6 5Fig( '2(2"6 in air 5altitude
" N ', km6 %ersus distance in kilometers $et!een lenses "or "ocusing at D$2J 5- -6 and at D$J 5-6(
The computed parameters are not optimal( #ur purpose is to demonstrate the method o" computation(
Computations 5Fig( '2(* and '2(-6 are made "or a $eam po!er &0 N ' k=( For $eam po!er &0 N '0,
'00, '000 k= !e must multipl the "orce in Figs( '2(* and '2(- $ '0, '00, and '000 respecti%el(
Di!cu!!ion

Comparing the E4ulti-?ounce Laser-?ased SailF sstem
)
!ith the proposed method 3 the E4ulti-
Re"le7 &ropulsion SstemF(
'( The E4ulti-?ounce SailF uses the !ell kno!n multi-laer mirror !hich has high re"lectance onl in
a region around the design !a%elength( #utside this region the re"lectance is reduced( For e7ample,
at one-hal" the design !a%elength it "alls to that o" the uncoated su$strate( As sho!n in this !ork,
the !a%elength changes $ a small amount at each re"lection in the mo$ile mirror( This means that
a"ter enough re"lections the multi-laer mirror has lost its high re"lecti%it( >t is impossi$le to use the
multi-laer mirror "or a multi-$ounce space sail that is mo%ing( The author has proposed the
inno%ati%e ne! cell-mirror "or !hich the re"lecti%it does not depend on !a%elength "or !a%elengths
that are less then a cell length(
2( The multi-laer mirror
)
is e7tremel large 5' km6, !ith e7tremel small thickness 5')00 nm6,
densit 5'0 gmBm
2
6 and !eight 5*-,0 kg6( A %er small angle o" de%iation at the multi-laer mirror
sur"ace 5one thousandth o" a degree6 under $eam pressure, leads to complete de"ocusing at a distance
o" some millions o" kilometers( This means the mirror
)
!ill make onl one re"lection( The a%erage
mirror angle !ill also $e changed permanentl "or a mo%ing space ship(
>t is impossi$le to e7actl control 5turn6 the orientation o" this gigantic and %er thin sail(
The ne! cell-mirror re"lects the laser $eam $ack in e7actl the same direction i" the sur"ace and sail
de%iation are less then ,'0 degrees( This means the mirror directoral control is not necessar on the
space cra"t( Also, there ma $e imper"ections in the sur"ace "ilm and the mirror control is not
necessar(
3( The ma7imum re"lection at multi-laer mirror is ..(., QRe"erence
)
R( The re"lection o" the cell-mirror
is 5'0(+
(
'0
3.
6 or '0
-
times $etter than the multi-laer mirror( The ma7imum re"lection %alue o" the
multi-laer mirror is onl '000 QRe"erence
)
R( Value "or re"lections o" the cell-mirror are in the
millions(
+( The diameter o" the multi-laer mirror is ' km, the si8e o" our cell mirror is '00 m(
,( The gigantic multi-laer mirror gi%es an acceleration o" onl 0(33 mBs
2
( This is not enough to launch
itsel" "rom 2arth 52arthDs gra%it is .(- mBs
2
6, 4ars 53(*2 mBs
2
6 or the 4oon 5'()2 mBs
2
6( The
authorHs cell-mirror gi%es an acceleration o" 20 mBs
2
, and its si8e is '00 times smaller( >" !e !ere to
made cell-mirror ' km in diameter, the capa$ilit o" a space ship !ould $e "antastic(
The author sho!s here onl some o" the ad%antages o" one inno%ation 5changing "rom the !ell-
kno!n multi-laer mirror to the ne! 0ellDmirror6( There are man de"iciencies o" the pre%ious sstem
)

!hich make its application %irtuall impossi$le( For e7ample, !ith the multi-laer mirror the laser is
located on the 2arthDs sur"ace and its $eam mo%es 5"rom the laser to the ship and $ack to the laser6
through the 2arthDs atmosphere a lot o" times( The computation sho!s that the $eamDs energ !ill
@uickl $e lost due to a$sorption and scattering $ the 2arthDs 5or 4ars6 atmosphere !hen it tra%els a
long distance though it( >n our sstem the $eam mo%es through the atmosphere onl once time and
re"lects $et!een the 4oon mirror and the space ship o" all other times( This is insured $ the
inno%ation o" the liht lo0k(
212
Another de"icienc o" the laser-$ased sail sstem is that !hen the space ship is close to 2arth, the sail
!ill re"lect the $eam $ack to the laser( >" the e""icienc o" the propulsion sstem !ere su""icient, the
laser might $e damaged or destroed( This pro$lem is a$sent in the author sstem $ecause it uses a
Lliht lo0kL, !hich closes the return path o" laser $eam(
The suggested laser rin 5a set o" small lasers located in a circle6, -eam transfer and selfDfo0used
mirror and Fresnel7s lens decrease the $eam di%ergence and increase the $eam trans"er distance( >t is
possi$le to install the cell-mirror on the 4oon or on 4ars and trans"er a laser $eam to them and then to
make a space ship decelerate(
The other sstem
)
re@uires a nuclear electric po!er station 5o" se%eral 1iga =atts &o!er6 to $e $uilt
and to deli%er it, and a super po!er"ul laser on 4ars(
> do not mean to critici8e other small mistakes in the !ork
)
as, "or e7ample, the computation o"
multiple re"lection acceleration 5thrust6 is not correct( The $eam energ a"ter e%er re"lection !ill $e
decreased and the ship acceleration also !ill $e decreased( For a large num$er o" re"lections this
decrease is @uite large 5see the e@uations in this chapter6(
The idea o" a multiple re"lection engine and cell and superconducti%it mirrors !as pro$a$l o""ered
"irst $ author in '.-3
,
( ?ut as > kno!, this !ork
)
5200'6 !as the "irst research on this topic !hich is
important(
6eneral di!cu!!ion( The o""ered multi-re"le7 light launcher, space and air "ocused energ trans"er
sstem is %er simple 5needing onl special mirrors, lenses and prisms6, and it has a high e""icienc(
#ne can directl trans"er the light $eam into space acceleration and mechanical energ( A distant
propulsion sstem can o$tain its energ "rom the 2arth( ;o!e%er, !e need %er po!er"ul lasers(
Sooner or later the industr !ill create these po!er"ul lasers 5and cell mirrors6 and the ideas presented
here !ill $ecome possi$le( The research on these pro$lems should $e started no!(
4ulti-re"le7 engines
*
ma $e used in a%iation as the energ can $e trans"erred "rom the po!er
stations on the ground to the aircra"t using laser $eams( The aircra"t !ould no longer carr "uel and the
engine !ould $e lighter in !eight so its load capa$ilit !ould dou$le( The industr produces a one
4ega!att 5'000 k=6 laser no!( This is the right si8e "or mid-!eight aircra"t 5'03'2 tons6(
The linear light engine does not ha%e a limit to its speed and ma $e used to launch space e@uipment
and space ships in non-rockets method descri$ed in
'032.
( This method is certain also to ha%e man
militar applications(
'( R(L( 1ar!in, NSolar Sailing - A practical 4ethod o" &ropulsion !ithin the Solar Sstem,L Jet
Pro#ulsion, Vol( 2-, 4arch '.,-, pp( '--3'.0(
2( R(L( For!ard, N&luto - The 1ate!a to the Stars,N 'issiles and (o0kets, Vol( '0, April '.)2, pp(
*03*,(
3( A( /antro!it8, E&ropulsion to #r$it $ 1round-?ased LasersF, Astronauti0s and Aeronauti0s,
Vol('0, pp( *+3*), 4a, '.*2(
+( Beamed Enery Pro#ulsion( First >nternational Smposium on ?eamed 2nerg &ropulsion(
4el%ille, Ne! Iork, 2003( American >nstitute o" &hsics(
,( A(A( ?olonkin, ELight &ressure 2ngineF. &atent 5Author Certi"icate6 ^ ''-3+2', '.-,, 9SSR,
5priorit on , Kanuar, '.-36(
)( R(A( 4et8ger and 1( Landis, E4ulti-?ounce Laser-?ased SailsF, &roceedings o" the shape
Technolog and Application, Forum-200', Al$u@uer@ue, Ne! 4e7ico, 200', A>& Con"erence
&roceedings, Vol( ,,2, pe( 3.* QFile: STA>F 200' ?R(
*( A(A( ?olonkin, ELight 4ultre"le7 2ngineF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No( .B'0, pp( 3,333,.(
-( &(=( 4ilonni, K(;( 2$erl, %asers, Kohn =ile T Sons, NI(
.( R(1( Griggers, 5ed(6, En0y0lo#edia of L#ti0al Enineerin(, Ne! Iork, 4arcel Gekker, >nc(
21'
'0( A(A( ?olonkin, E2arth Accelerator "or Space Ships and 4issilesF( JBIS, Vol( ,), No( ''B'2, pp(
3.+3+0+, 2003(
''( A(A( ?olonkin, E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No( 'B2, pp( 3333., 200+(
'2( A(A( ?olonkin, E?olonkin Anti-1ra%itatorF, A>AA-200,-+,0+, +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '0-'2
Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA (
'3( A(A( ?olonkin, EAir Ca$le TransportF, Journal of Air0raft, Vol( +0, No( 2, 4arch-April, 2003(
&atent 9S ),+.+,'+3 ?'(
'+( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket Space Rope Launcher "or &eopleV, >AC-02-V(&(0), ,3rd >nternational
Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as,
9SA(
',( A(A, ?olonkin, UNon-Rocket 4issile Rope LauncherF, >AC-02->AA(S(&('+, ,3rd >nternational
Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002B;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
')( A(A( ?olonkin, E#ptimal tra<ector o" air %ehiclesF, AEAT, ^2, 200+, pp( '.332',(
'*( A(A( ?olonkin, , E>ne7pensi%e Ca$le Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, >AC-02-V(&(0*, ,3rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct( 2002,
;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
'-( A(A( ?olonkin, U2mploment Asteroids "or 4o%ement o" Space Ship and &ro$esF( >AC-02-S()(0+,
,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct( 2002,
'.( A(A( ?olonkin, UNon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(3-F3(3-0032-02,
02-A-0222), 3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6( The
=orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
20( A(A( ?olonkin, UNon-Rocket 2arth-4ars Transport SstemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(+-C3(+-003)-02,
3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6( The =orld Space
Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
2'( A(A( ?olonkin, UTransport Sstem "or Geli%er Tourists at Altitude '+0 kmF( >AC-02->AA('(3(03,
22( A(A( ?olonkin, EAsteroids as &ropulsion Sstems o" Space ShipsF, JBIS, Vol( ,-, No 3B+, pp( .*3
'0*, 2003(
23( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket Transportation Sstem "or Space Tra%elF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No *B-, pp(
23'32+., 2003(
2+( A(A( ?olonkin, ECentri"ugal /eeper "or Space Stations and SatellitesF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No .B'0, pp(
3'+332*, 2003(
2,( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, Advan0es in S#a0e (esear0h, Vol(
3'B'', pp( 2+-,32+.0, 2003, 2lse%ier(
2)( A(A( ?olonkin, E2arth Accelerator "or Space Ships and 4issilesF( JBIS, Vol( ,), No( ''B'2, pp(
3.+3+0+(
2*( A(A( ?olonkin, E/inetic A%iationF, A>AA-200,-)22'(
2-( A(A( ?olonkin, ELong Gistance Trans"er o" 4echanical 2nergF, A>AA-200+-,))0(
2.( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket Transport Sstem 2arth-4arsF, A0tual #ro-lems of aviation and
aeros#a0e systems, /a8an, Russia, Vol( -, No( 25')6, 2003(
30( A(A( ?olonkin, E4ulti-Re"le7 &ropulsion Sstems "or Space and Air Vehicles and 2nerg Trans"er
"or Long GistanceF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No( ''B'2( 200+, pp( 3*.33.0, 200+(
211

0hapter 1'
-L-04RAS4A4%0 J%ND *RA*#LS%AN;
Su""ary
A method "or space "lights in outer space is suggested $ the author( Research is present to sho!s
that an open high charged 5'00 4VBm6 $all o" small diameter 5+3'0 m6 made "rom thin "ilm collects
solar !ind 5protons6 "rom a large area 5hundreds o" s@uare kilometers6( The proposed propulsion
sstem creates man Ne!tonDs o" thrust, and accelerates a '00 kg space pro$e up to )03'00 kmBs "or
'003-00 das( The '00 kg space apparatus o""ers "lights into 4ars or$it o" a$out *0 das, to Kupiter
a$out ',0 das, to Saturn a$out 2,0 das, to 9ranus a$out +,0 das, to Neptune a$out ),0 das, and
to &luto a$out -,0 das( The author de%eloped a theor o" electrostatic !ind propulsion( ;e has
computed the amount o" thrust 5drag6, to mass o" the charged $all, and the energ needed "or initial
charging o" the $all and discusses the $all discharging in the space en%ironment( ;e also re%ie!s
apparent errors "ound in other articles on these topics( Computations are made "or space pro$es !ith a
use"ul mass o" '00 kg(
------------------------------------------------------------------
@ey 9ord!: 2lectrostatic !ind propulsion, Solar !ind(
P The !ork !as presented as A>AA-200,-3-,* at the +'st &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'3 Kul 200,, Tucson,
Ari8ona, 9SA(
-------------------------------------------------------------
Correspondence to: CTR, A( ?olonkin, '3'0 A%enue R, ^F-), ?rookln, NI ''22., 9SA, TBF *'--33.-+,)3,
a?olonkinn<uno(com , or a?olonkinngmail(com , http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru
%ntroduction
0urrent "ethod o !pace light
At present, !e use onl one main method o" launch "or e7tra-planetar "light 3 that is li@uid or solid
"uel rockets( This method is %er comple7, e7pensi%e, and dangerous(
The current method o" "light has reached the peak o" its de%elopment( >n the last 30 ears it has not
allo!ed cheap deli%er o" loads to space, or made tourist trips to the cosmos a""orda$le, much less
indi%idual "lights to the upper atmosphere( Space "lights are %er e7pensi%e and not concei%a$le "or
a%erage people( The main method used "or electric energ separation is photomontage cells( Such solar
cells are e7pensi%e and ha%e a lo! energ storage capacit(
The a%iation, space, and energ industries need re%olutionar ideas !hich !ill signi"icantl impro%e
21/
the capa$ilit o" "uture air and space %ehicles( The author has o""ered a series o" ne! ideas Q'3+* R
particularl in manuscripts presented to the =orld Space Congress5=SC6-'..2, '..+ Q++-+*R, and to
=SC-2002, '03'. #cto$er 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA Q+3 ,, *3'3R and in his articles, patent
applications Q'3+*, ,33,*R(
>n this chapter a method and installations "or "uture space "lights are proposed( The method uses an
open high charged $all made "rom thin "ilm !hich collects solar !ind "rom a large area( The o""ered
propulsion sstem creates man Ne!tonDs o" thrust, and accelerates a'00 kg space apparatus to high
speeds( This allo!s it, in an accepta$le time o" '003-00 das, to reach speeds o" up to tens o" kmBs
5,03'00 kmBs6( A "light to 4ars !ould take onl *0das, to Kupiter a$out ',0 das, to Saturn a$out
2,0 das, to 9ranus a$out +,0 das, to Neptune a$out ),0 das, and to the "arthest planet, &luto, a$out
-,0 das(
,i!tory o inno$ation
Guring '.-23'.-3 in series o" patent applications Q2.3+'R the author o""ered some methods and
installations "or space propulsions and electric generators using solar !ind( >n '.-* these ideas !ere
pu$lished in Report 2ST> Q+2R( >n '..0 the author pu$lished $rie" in"ormation a$out this topic Q+3R
5see pp( )*3-06 and in '..23'..+ he reported on "urther researches at the =orld Space Congresses-
'..2, '..+, 2002 Q++3+*R( >n 2003 N( #midi and ;( /arima$adi pu$lished an article on a similar topic
Q+-R( Gi""erences $et!een the ideas and results in this chapter and their !ork Q+-R are raised in the
Giscussion section(
%nor"ation a+out Solar Jind
The Sun emits plasma !hich is a continuous out!ard "lo! 5solar =ind6 o" ioni8ed solar gas through
out our solar sstem( The solar !ind contains a$out .0U protons and electrons and some @uantities o"
ioni8ed o-particles and gases( >t attains speeds in the range o" 3003*,0 kmBs and has a "lo! densit o"
,S'0
*
3 ,S'0
-
protonsBelectronsBcm
2
s( The o$ser%ed speed rises sstematicall "rom lo! %alues a 3003
+00 kmBs to high %alues o" ),03*00 kmBs in ' or 2 das and then returns to lo! %alues during the ne7t
3 to , das 5Figure '$6( 2ach o" these high-speed streams tends to appeal at appro7imatel 2*-da
inter%als or to recur !ith the rotation period o" the Sun( #n das o" high Sun acti%it the solar !ind
speed reaches '000 5and more6 kmBs and its "lo! densit '0
.
3 '0
'0
protonsBelectronsBcm
2
, -3*0
particles in cm
3
( The Sun has high acti%it periods some das each ear(
The pressure o" the solar !ind is %er small( For "ull $raking it is in the inter%al 2(,S'0
3'0
] )(3S'0
3.

NBm
2
( This %alue is dou$le !hen the particles ha%e "ull re"lection( The interstellar medium also has
high energ particles( Their densit is a$out ' particleBcm
3
(The interaction o" the solar !ind !ith the
2arthDs magnetosphere is sho!n in Figure'a(
De!cription o the propo!ed *ropul!ion Sy!te"
Aered Space *ropul!ion Sy!te"

The suggested propulsion sstem is %er simple( >t includes a hollo! $all made up o" a thin, strong,
"ilm 3 co%ered conducti%e laer or a $all o" thin net( The $all is charged $ high %oltage static
electricit !hich creates a po!er"ul electrostatic "ield around it( Charged particles o" solar !ind o" like
charges repel and particles !ith the unlike charges attract( A small proportion o" them run through the
$all, a larger proportion "lo! round the $all in hper$olic tra<ector into the opposite direction, and
another proportion are de%iates "rom their initial direction in hper$olic cur%es( As a result the charged
$all has drag !hen the $all speed is di""erent "rom solar speed 5Figures 2, 36( The drag also occurs
213
!hen the particles and the $all ha%e the same electrical charge( >n this case the particles are repelled
"rom the charged $all 5Figure 36 and $rake it( This solar !ind drag pro%ides

Figure 'a 5up6( >nteraction o" solar !ind !ith 2arthDs magnetosphere(
Figure '$ 5do!n6( Speed and densit %ariations o" solar !ind in the 2arthDs or$it( The speed is in kmBs,
the densit is in protonsBcm
3
(
(
thrust in our proposed propulsion sstem( The pressure o" solar !ind is %er small, $ut the o""ered
sstem 5a charged $all o" radius )3'0 m6 collects particles 5protons or electrons6 "rom a large area 5an
area o" tens o" kilometers radius "or protons and hundreds o" kilometers "or electrons6, creates a thrust
o" some Ne!tonDs and a '00-kg space ship reaches speeds o" tens o" kmBs in ,03300 das 5see theor
and computation $elo! and Re"erences Q2., +23+*R6(
215
Figure 2( a - >nteraction $et!een solar !ind and the electrostatic "ield o" a charged $all( Notations are: '3 solar
!ind 5protonsBelectrons6, '2 3 charged particles 5protonsBelectrons6C '3 3 electricall charged $all 5$alloon6C '+
3 line o" turn o" angle a o" a particle that is attracted 5attracted "orce o" unlike charges6C ', 3 line o" turn o" angle
o" a particle that is repelled 5repulsi%e "orce o" like charges6C ( 3 radius o" interaction or neutral radius, r' 3
radius o" integration, )s 3 !ind speed, ) 3 ship speed( $ 3change o" particle direction caused $ electric $all "ield(
0 3 collection area 5top %ie!6(
Figure 3$ 5up6( A %er large sphere, e%en o" a thin "ilm, can hold a massi%e charge( ;ere is an 2cho $alloon
satellite o" the earl f)0s, 30 meters 5'00 "eet6 acrossC note the men "or scale( =ith suita$le insulation and
charge protection a %er light sphere can hold enormous energies !ithin(
Credit: NASA(http:BBdaton(h@(nasa(go%B>4A12SBS4ALLB1&N-2002-000203(<pg(
212
Figure 3a( 5Go!n( Le"t6 ;per$olic tra<ector o" protons around static negati%e charge 5or electrons around
positi%e charge6 5unlike charges6( Notations are: ' 3 solar !ind 5charged particles6C 2 3 hollo! negati%el
charged $all o" thin "ilmC 3 3 hper$olic tra<ector o" charged particlesC + 3 positi%el charged particles
5protons6( 5Right6( Tra<ector o" particles ha%ing the same charge as the $all( Notations are: , 3 negati%el
charged particles(
Steera+ility o the Sy!te" and 0ontrol o 4hru!t
The magnitude o" thrust is determined $ the controlled $all charge %alue, and the de%iation o" this
thrust "rom the direction o" the Sun is controlled using one o" the t!o methods sho!n in Figure +( >n
the "irst method the inclination o" a plane "ormed $ $alls in a triangle is changed $ ad<usting the
ca$le length, -, and the thrust T is de%iated "rom the direction o" the Sun 5Figure +a6( >n the second
method the propulsion sstem has a clindrical capacitor, 20 5Figure +$,c6, !hich accelerates the
particles on one side and $rakes or turns $ack the particles on the opposite side 5"or the opposite side
the capacitor !orks as an electrostatic mirror, Figure +c6( As a result the thrust is de%iates "rom the
direction o" the Sun( A collection o" three $alls ena$les the thrust to $e de%iated $ up to '0 degrees
5Figure +a6, and an additional net capacitor ena$les de%iation o" up to 20330 degrees 5Figure +$6(
Figure +( T!o methods o" controlling o" the thrust direction: a 3 control using three $alls( Notations are:
* 3 spaceship 5pro$e6C - 3 links 5ca$les6 connected to the space ship and the electrostatic $alls( . 3ca$le
connection o" $allsC '0 3 T3 thrust o" the propulsion sstemC $ 3 control o" thrust direction $ capacitor
5electrostatic mirror6( c 3 top %ie! o" capacitor( The other notations are presented in Figure 3a(
(
Di!charge o -lectro!tatic Ball
The solar !ind has high speed at a large distance "rom the $all( This means the particles ha%e a
tra<ector close to a hper$olic cur%e in the $allDs area o" in"luence and most o" them !ill "l again into
in"init( #nl a proportion o" them !ill tra%el through the $all( These particles decrease its speed and
can discharge the $all( ;o!e%er, their speed and kinetic energ are %er large $ecause the are
accelerated $ the high %oltage o" the $allDs electric "ield 5some tens or hundreds o" 4V6( The
necessar $all "ilm is %er thin 5onl o" microns6( The particles pierce through the $all( >" their loss o"
speed is less then the solar !ind speed, their tra<ector !ill $e close to a hper$olic cur%e and the !ill
"l into space( >" their loss o" a speed is more than the solar !ind speed, their tra<ector !ill $e close to
an ellipse, so the !ill return to the $all and a"ter man re%olutions the can discharge it i" their
perigee is less then the $allDs radius( This discharge ma $e compensated using special methods(
21:
There are some possi$le methods "or decreasing this discharge 5Figure ,a,$,c6: a6 A $all made o" netC
$6 a charged clindrical capacitor located in "ront o" the $all to de"lect the particles "rom the $allC c6 a
capacitor located $ehind $all to increase the speed o" the particles to hper$olic speed 5this is a particle
accelerator6 and to re"lect the returning particles(
Figure ,( T!o methods o" decreasing the $all discharge: a 3 a charged clindrical capacitor located in the "ront
o" the $all de"lects particles "rom the $allC $ 3 a capacitor located $ehind the $all adds speed to the particles and
re"lect the returned particles( c 3 top %ie! o" capacitor( Notations are: 30 3clindrical capacitor, 3' 3 $ack
capacitor 5particles accelerator and electrostatic mirror6
*ro+le" o Blockading o the Ball 0harge
?lockading o" the charge on the $all $ unlike particles is the main pro$lem !ith this method( The
charge on the $all attracts unlike particles and repels like particles( The opposite charge particles
accumulate near the $all and $lock its charge( As a result onl the area near the $all de"lects and
re"lects the particles( That area man times less than the area o" interaction o" the $all are the particles
!hen there is no $lockading( The "orces are thus greatl reduces( #midi and /arima$adi Q+-R
apparentl had not seen this and all their results seem to $e !rong( There are other apparent errors in
their te7t !hich a""ect all their other results 5see Giscussion section6(
The author o" this !ork proposed t!o models "or estimation o" the e""icient charge area 5diameter o"
neutral !orking charge6( >n the "irst model the radius o" the e""icient area is computed as the area
!here particles o" like charge to the $all are a$sent and the densit o" opposite-charge 5unlike6 particles
is the same as the solar !ind( This model gi%es the lo!er limit o" the e""icient area( >n the second
model the radius o" the e""icient area is computed as the area !here the densit o" unlike particles is
less than the solar !ind densit $ecause the unlike particles inside the e""icient area ha%e generall
higher %elocit than a those outside this area( The neutral area 5neutral sphere6 in model 2 is large than
in model '( 4odel 2 is $etter, $ut this pro$lem needs more detailed research(
The proposed sstem could $e used as a thermonuclear propulsion sstem and a thermonuclear
electric generator( The suggested idea ma $e use"ul in the design o" thermonuclear propulsion sstems
and electric generators( The solar !ind particles approach the $all !ith %er high energ 5hundreds o"
4V6( Their densit near the $all a7is and $ehind the $all ma also $e high( An energ o" ,3', 4V is
enough "or a nuclear reaction( This ma$e a proton3proton reaction or protons !ith an other matter
5central electrode6( >n last case the clindrical capacitor 5Figure )a6 is located $ehind the $all( This
capacitor changes the particle speed 5energ6 to the re@uired %alue( The capacitor has a central
electrode made o" matter !hich gi%es a nuclear reaction 5product6( The products o" the reaction are
re"lected $a para$olic electrostatic mirror in one direction( That "orms the thermonuclear propulsion
sstem( The products o" nuclear reaction ma $e photons and the mirror ma $e a light re"lector, in
22.
!hich case !e ha%e a photon propulsion sstem( The electrostatic mirror is made "rom a thin netC the
light re"lector is made "rom a thin "ilm !ith a re"lecti%e laer( The do not in"luence the particle "lo!
to the central electrodes $ecause the particles ha%e %er high speed and energ( The energ o" the
charged particles can $e con%erted to electrical energ $ $raking o" the electrostatic "ield as the author
has proposed Q3'3+*R( These tasks need more detailed research(
Figure )a( Nuclear propulsion sstem using solar !ind 5or interstellar particles6( Notations are: ,0 3space
apparatusC ,' 3 ca$le connecting the space apparatus and the $allC ,2 3 collector particles and thermonuclear
reactorC ,3 3 re"lector o" reaction products or light photons( #ther notations are the same as pre%ious Figs(
Application a! %nterplanetary *ropul!ion Sy!te"
The pre%iousl proposed 5no-nuclear6 propulsion sstem does not allo! speeds to $e reached more
than the ma7imum speed o" the solar !ind 3 '000 kmBs( This is not enough "or an interstellar trip( For
an interstellar %oage the speed must $e a$out '00,000 kmBs( The thermonuclear !ind propulsion
sstem does increase propulsion capa$ilit( The space speed can $e greater than the !ind speed and the
space ship can there"ore mo%e against the solar !ind(
The interstellar medium also contains high energ particles 5cosmos ras6 a densit o" a$out one
particle per cu$ic centimeter( These particles can $e collected "rom a large area $ the electrostatic $all
and used $ the thermonuclear propulsion sstem( The author calls on all nuclear scientists to research
these possi$ilities( The thermonuclear propulsion sstem and po!er thermonuclear electric generator
ma $e easier to design "or space than "or the 2arth $ecause !e ha%e a natural high %acuum and a
multitude o" natural particles in space, and the suggested method and installation sol%e a ma<or
pro$lem o" thermonuclear reaction 3 o$taining high energ particles and collecting them in a small
%olume !ith high densit( &ossi$le "orm o" interplanetar "light sstem is sho!n in Figure )$(
221
Figure )$( &ossi$le "orm o" interplanetar "light sstem,
4heory o the Solar Jind %n!tallation. >ain -!ti"ation! and 0o"putation!.
1.6eneral 4heory

>nterplanetar space has a magnetic "ield( The motion o" the charged particles in the magnetic and $all
electric "ield is descri$ed $ the Loren8 "orce la!:
md)$dt ! E:E1)^ B<, 5'6
!here m 3 mass o" particles QkgR, ) 3 speed o" particles QmBsR 5%ector6, t 3 time QsR, E 3 chargeQCR, E 3
electric intensit o" charged $all "ield QVBm, or NBCR 5%ector6, B 3 interplanetar magnetic "ield QTR
5%ector6(
For a charged $all the electric intensit is E N kG$r
2
, !here the coe""icient k i .S'0
.
QNm
2
BC
2
R, G is
$all charge QCR, r is distance "rom the $all center QmR(
The "irst element on the right os e@uation 5'6 is electrostatic 5Coulom$Ds6 "orceC the second element is
Loren8 "orce(
The interplanetar magnetic "ield, B, at ' A9 5A9 3 Astronomical 9nit, ',0S'0
)
km, radius o" 2arth
or$it6 is tpicall %er small at '0 nT and makes an angle o" +,
o
!ith the Sun32arth line 5i(e(, the radial
direction6( For a tpical !ind speed, Vs , the second element is small 5 + mVBm6( >n a "ull %acuum
5!ithout space plasma6 the electric intensit "rom ' C o" the $all at a distance o" '000 km is '0
32

VBm( 4oreo%er, the Loren8 "orce does not increase the radial speed( it onl de"lects the particleDs
tra<ector "rom the radial line( ?ecause o" that !ecan ignore the Loren8 "orce(
The charged $all repels the like charged particles( >n particular, a negati%el charged $allrepels the
space plasmaDs electrons( (
It is #ossi-le to find the minimum distan0e !hich solar !ind electrons can approach a negati%el
charged $all( The "ull energ o" a charged particle 5or $od6 is the sum o" the kinetic and potential
electric energ( An change o" energ e@uals 8ero:

, 0
2
,
' '
, , , 0
2
2
0
2
2

,
_
r
kEG m)
r
kEG
r
kEG E
r
EG
k F Fdr E E
m)
F
r
F F
526
222
=here m is the mass o" a particle QkgR 5mass o" a proton is m# N '()*
(
'0
32*
kg, mass o" an electron is
me N .(''
(
'033' kg6C ) is the speed o" particle QmBsR 5"or solar !ind )s N 3003'000 kmBs6C E# is the
potential energ o" a charged particle in the electric "ield QKRC F is the electric "orce, NC E is the
electrical charge o" a particle QCR 5E N '()S'0
3'.
C "or electrons and protons6C k N .S'0
.
is coe""icient,
r is the distance "rom a particle to the center o" the $allQmRC G is $all charge QCR(
From e@uation 526 the minimum distance "or a solar !ind electron is 5m ! me , ) ! )s6:

m
EE a
K
k
E a
G
m
kEG
K 9here
) m
EE a
)
K
m)
kEG
r
s e s
2 2
2
2
2 2 min
, , ,
2 2 2

( 536
=here K is a coe""icientC me is electron massC )s is the solar !ind speed QmBsRC a is the radius o" $all
QmRC E is electrical intensit at the $all sur"ace QVBmR( The ma7imum electrical intensit o" negati%e
charge is a$out '0
-
3 2S'0
-
VBm in a %acuum(
For a N ) m, 2 N '0
-
VBm, )s N +S'0
,
mBs !e ha%e rmin i -S'0
)
km( #ther %alues are presented in
Figure *a,$(
2. -!ti"ation o >ini"u" Neutral Sphere around a 0harged Ball
a6 4odel '( Constant &article Gensit
The charge densit o" the unlike space plasma particles inside a neutral sphere is e@ual to the densit
o" solar !ind( The minimum radius o" the neutral sphere is

, '0 ,
+
3
+
3
,
3
+
)
2
3
&E d
kd
E a
d
G
( d ( G
n n

5+6
!here d is densit o" solar !ind QCBm
3
RC (n is the minimum radius o" the neutral sphere QmRC & is the
num$er o" particles in cm
3
(
The solar !ind charge densit ma $e taken $ linear interpolation "rom Ta$le ' "or a distance "rom
the Sun e@uals to ' A9 N ',0 million km(
22'
Figure *a( 4inimum distance o" a single electron "rom a negati%el charged $all !ith electric
intensito"
E N '00 million %oltsBm(
Figure *$( 4inimum distance o" a single proton "rom positi%el charged $all !ith electric intensit o"
E N '00 millions %oltsBm(
Computation o" the minimum radius o" the neutral sphere is presented in Fig( -(
Ta$le '( Gistance "rom Sun is 'A9
)s , mBs 0 +S'0
,
'0
)

&, cm
3
0 '0 *0
221
Figure -( Radius o" the neutral sphere in 4odel ',!hen particle densit in the sphere e@uals space plasma
densit(
+( >odel 2. ?aria+le *article Den!ity.
Gensit o" the unlike particles inside the neutral sphere !ill $e less than the densit o" solar !ind
particles $ecause the particles are strongl accelerated $ the $all charge to speed appro7imatel the
speed o" light( The ne! densit and ne! corrected radius can $e computed in the "ollo!ing !a:
'6 The speed o" protons along a $all radius is
,
' '
2 6 5
0
2
0
2
,
_
+
r r
K ) r )
r
5,6
!here )= ! )s 3 proton speed at an initial radius o" ( // (n , and (n is the radius o" the neutral sphere(
26 &article charge densit,

, , B '0 ,
6 5
0
2 ) 0
S
S
s s &E d
r )
)
d d
#o
r
#o #

5)6
!here S is distance "rom the Sun in A9C S= N ' A9C s is relati%e distance "rom the SunC d#o is densit at
' A9(
36 Charge o" the neutral sphere along a sphere radius is

(
6 5
+
0
2
0
dr
r )
r
) d G G
(
r
#o r

5* 6
+6 The radius o" the neutral sphere can $e "ound "rom the condition Gr N 0( For our estimation !e
!ill "ind it using the stronger condition Gr N 0(,W, and call it the e""icienc radius (e o" charge
E(
22/
Results o" computation are presented in Figure .(
Figure .( Radius o" the neutral sphere in 4odel 2 %ia distance "rom the Sun, !hen particle densit is %aria$le
!ith
radius in the neutral sphere and depends on the %aria$le speed o" accelerated particles(
As ou can see the e""icienc radius in 4odel 2 is signi"icantl more than in 4odel '(
'. -!ti"ation o -lectro!tatic Sail Drag
All protons in the neutral sphere change the direction o" their tra<ectories "rom 0
o
to '-0
o
(
The drag 5thrust6, D, o" the electrostatic sail can $e estimated $ the e@uation

, , B '0
2 2 2 )
) ) ) s ( ) &m C D
s # e # # D

5-6
!here )# is relati%e speed o" the pro$e QmBsRC CD is the drag coe""icient( >" not all particles change their
direction, CD N 0C i" all particles turn to .0
o
, CD N 'C i" all particles turn to '-0
o
, CD N 2( =e take CD N
'(, "or our computation( ) is the pro$e speed QmBsR( =hen ) AA )s , the relati%e speed is )# K )s (
Results o" computation o" the sail drag "or )# K )s using e@uation 5-6 are presented in Figure '0 and
''(
223
Figure '0( Grag o" the electrostatic sail %ersus $all radius at the 2arthDs or$it 5at ' A96 "or the solar !ind
speed +00 kmBs and electrical intensit E N '00 million %oltsBmeter(
Figure ''( Grag o" the electrostatic sail %ersus distance "rom the Sun 5in A96 "or $all radius a N 23'0m, solar
!ind
speed +00 kmBs and electrical intensit E N '00 million %oltsBmeter(
1. -!ti"ation o the Ball Stre!!, 0o$er 4hickne!! and Ball >a!!.

The $all has tensile stress "rom the like electric charge( =e need to "ind the $all stress and the
re@uired thickness o" the $all co%er( >" the $all is in a %acuum and the $all charge, G, is constant, its
$all internal "orce is

( )
(
2
, ,
2
,
2
, '0 .
+
'
, ,
2
,
2 2
2
2
2
.
0
2
k
aE
f
k
E a
G
a
kG
f
a
kG
* k
k
a
C
C
G
*
a
*
f

5.6
225
!here f is the tensile "orce inside the $all QNRC * is the charge energ QKRC C is the capacit o" the $all
as a sphere capacitor QFRC E is electrical intensit QVBmR(
The internal $all pressure is
,
-
, + ,
2
2
k
E
# a S
S
f
#

5'06
!here # is the internal pressure QNBm
2
R, S is the $all sur"ace area Qm
2
R(
The thickness o" the $all co%er, p, is
,
')
,
2
, 2
2
2

k
E a a#
a # a
5''6

=here _ is co%er thickness QmRC 2 is sa"e co%er stress QNBm
2
R( The $all mass i

k
E a
' a S S '
s s
+
, + ,
2 3
2
( 5'26
=here 's is the $all 5sail6 mass QkgRC a is the $all co%er densit QkgBm
3
RC 2 is sa"e stress o" the $all
co%er QNBm
2
R(
Computation o" the $all thickness and $all mass are presented in Figs( '2 and '3(
Figure '2( Thickness o" $all co%er %ersus $all diameter "or di""erent sa"e co%er stress %alue, electrical
intensit E N '00 million %oltsBm(
/. -!ti"ation o *ro+e Acceleration, Speed, and Flight 4i"e
=e estimate these %alues onl "or a pro$e mo%ing along the SunDs radius( The e@uations are
,
'
,
6 5
6 5
,
6 5
ds
)
dt ds
) ' '
( D
d)
' '
( D
A
s
e
s
e
e

+
5'36
222
!here A0 3 pro$e acceleration QmBsRC D 3 pro$e drag QNRC ' 3 pro$e mass QkgRC 's 3 sail5$all6 mass
5Figure '36 QkgRC ) 3 radial pro$e speed QmBsRC t 3 "light time QsRC s 3 distance "rom Sun QmR(
The result o" computation "or a N ) m, E N '0
-
VBm, ' N '00 kg, 2 N '-0 kgBmm
2
, 3 N'-00 kgBm
3
, s N
' 3 +0 A9 are presented in Figs( '+, ',, '), and '*(
The $all 5sail6 !eight increases as a cu$ic %alue and the total acceleration reaches a ma7imum( Figure
'+ sho!s optimal $all radius "or current materials(
Figure '3 5up6( 4ass o" $all co%er %ersus $all diameter "or di""erent sa"e ratioDs o" stressBco%er densit
and 2lectric intensit E N '00 million %oltsBm(
Figure '+ 5do!n6( &ro$e acceleration %ersus $all radius "or use"ul pro$e mass ' N '00 kg, and the sail
!eight computed "or sa"e co%er stress 2 N '-0 kgBmm2, co%er densit 3 N '-00 kgBm3,
electric
intensit E N '00 million %oltsBmeter, at a distance "rom the Sun o" ' A9 52arth or$it6(
22:
Figure ', 5do!n6( &ro$e acceleration %ersus distance "rom the Sun and $all radius "or use"ul pro$e mass ' N
'00 kg, and sail !eight computed "or sa"e co%er stress 2 N '-0 kgBmm
2
, co%er densit 3 N '-00 kgBm
3
, electric
intensit E N '00 million %oltsBmeter, at a distance "rom the Sun o" ' 3 +0 A9(
Figure ') 5up6( &ro$e %elocit %ersus distance "rom Sun and the $all radius "or use"ul pro$e mass ' N '00 kg,
and sail !eight computed "or sa"e co%er stress 2 ! S N '-0 kgBmm
2
3
, electrical
intensit E N '00 million %oltsBmeter, at a distance "rom Sun ' 3 +0 A9, )# K )s(
2'.
Figure '*( &ro$e trip time %ersus distance "rom the Sun and the $all radius "or use"ul pro$e mass
' N '00 kg, and sail !eight computed "or sa"e co%er stress 2 ! S N '-0 kgBmm
2
3
,
electrical intensit E N '00 million %oltsBmeter, at a distance "rom the Sun o" ' 3 +0 A9, )# K )s(
The proposed pro$e can reach 4ars or$it in a$out *0 das 5and reaches a speed o" ,0 kmBs6, Kupiter
in a$out ',0 das, Saturn in a$out 2,0 das, 9ranus in a$out +,0 das, Neptune in a$out ),0 das,
and the "arthest planet &luto 5,-00 million km6 in a$out -,0 das( The "inal 5interstellar6 speed is a$out
'00 kmBs( The parameters o" the pro$e 5spaceship6 are not optimal, $ut ma $e impro%ed(
3. -!ti"ation o A+!orption o *article! +y Ball 0o$er
The particle 5proton6 track in the matter can $e computed in "ollo!ing !a 5p( .,3, ta$le ++(' Q,0R6,
l ! (t $3, 5'+6
!here l is track distance o" the particles QcmRC (t ! (t :` < is magnitude 5"rom ta$le6 QgBcm
2
RC 3
is matter densit QgBcm
3
R( The magnitude o" (t depends on the kinetic energ 5%oltage6 o" the
particles( For protons the %alues o" (t are presented in Ta$le 2(
Ta$le 2( 4agnitude o" (t as a "unction o" accelerated %oltage ` ! aE , %olts(
`, 4V '00 200 300 +00 ,00 )00 *00 '000 2000 3000 ,000
(t gBcm
2

'0 33(3 ),(- '0, '+. '.* 2+- 3*0 .'0 '+)3 2,+3
The proton energ is ` ! aE ( For magnitudes a N ) m, E N '0
-
VBm, proton energ ` N )00S'0
)
V
and $all co%er densit 3 N '(- gBcm
3
the proton track is l N '.*B'(- N '0. cm( The re@uired $all co%er
thickness is onl 230 microns 5see Figure'26( All protons !ill run across the $all co%er( ;o!e%er, i" the
losses o" speed in the $all co%er are less )s N +00 kmBs, the protons !ill lea%e a neutral sphere( >n other
cases, the can rotate in a neutral sphere, cross the co%er thousands o" times, lose their energ and
discharge the $allDs charge(
The sa"e $all co%er thickness ma $e estimated using the "ollo!ing method( The solar !ind proton
energ is
2'1
2
2
s #
d
) m
E 5',6
For )s N +00S'0
3
mBs the proton energ is Ed N +S'0
3'*
K N +S'0
3'*
S0()2,S'0
'.
eV N-+0 eV(
>" the loss o" proton energ is proportional to the co%er thickness, the ma7imum sa"e co%er thickness
5!hich !ill not discharge the $all6 !ill $e
( ,
6 5
ma7
ma7
E a `
`
l ) E
or
l
` E
s d
d

5')6
For a N ) m, E N '0
-
VBm the re@uired $all co%er thickness is _max N '(,3 micron( For a N +, '0 m _max
N '(22, '(*3 microns respecti%el(
This magnitude is less than the $all thickness re@uired "or the charge stress 5see Figure'26 "or current
co%er matter( 4ethods o" decreasing the co%er discharge are o""ered in the description section(
For electrons the thickness o" hal" a$sorption ma $e calculated using e@uation 5p( .,- Q,0R6

( R cm Q , R, gBcm Q 6 5 0., , 0
, ( 0
2 B 3
s
r
(
d aE
A
a
(
5'*6
;ere a is the nuclear charge o" the $all matterC A is the mass num$er o" the $all matter(
5. -!ti"ation o %nitial -xpenditure o -lectrical -nergy Needed to 0harge the Ball
The $all must $e charged !ith electrical energ o" high %oltage 5millions o" %olts6( Let us estimate the
minimum energ !hen the charged de%ice has '00U e""icienc( This energ e@uals the !ork o"
mo%ing o" the $all charge to in"init, !hich ma $e computed using e@uation

k
E a
*
k
a
C
k
E a
G
C
G
*
a
G G
k dr
r
G G
k Fdr *
a a
2
, , ,
2
,
2 3 2 2
0
2 '
2
2 '
0

, 5'-6
!here * is $all charge energ QKRC C is $all capacitance QFRC G is $all charge QCR( The result o" this
computation is presented in Figure '-( As can $e seen this energ not great as it is a$out ' 3 20 k=h
"or a $all radius o" a N , m and the electrical intensit is 2, 3 '00 4VBm( This energ ma $e restored
through $all discharge $ emitting the charge into space using a sharp edge(
Figure '-( >nitial e7penditure o" electrical energ needed to charge the space apparatus, a N ' 3 - m, electrical
intensit is 2,3'00 4VBm and coe""icient o" e""icienc '(
2'2
2. Short Note! a+out 4her"onuclear *ropul!ion ro" Solar Jind

=hen particles are mo%ed to!ard the $all, the gain a huge amount o" energ e@ual to the %oltage 5
aE 6 o" the charged $all in in"inite space ` ! aE 5'00 3 '000 4eV6, approaching the speed o" light(
The particle reactions ha%e the greatest e""icienc !hen the particles mo%e in opposite directions( Their
energ is then more than the energ o" most common thermonuclear reactions 5, 3 20 4eV6( The
electric "ield o" the $rake capacitor can decrease this energ to the re@uired %alue( The particles ma $e
used "or a proton3proton reaction 5as inside the Sun6, or proton3electrode, or electron3electrode
thermonuclear reaction, !here the central electrode is made "rom a suita$le matter( The solar !ind also
contains alpha3particles and ions o" other elements 5up to '0U6( These are accelerated to high energ
and can take part in the thermonuclear reaction(
The thermonuclear reaction also needs a certain concentration o" the "ree particles( These are
concentrated in the area o" the central electrode( This concentration, Gx, can $e computed( The angle o"
de%iation o" the initial 5in in"init6 solar !ind particles is small 5a$out ' 3 2 degrees6 and the diameter
o" the central area 5ma7imum concentration near the electrode6 is small 5possi$l less than ' mm6,
meaning the thermonuclear cross-section is large( The La!son criterion is e7ecuted $ecause the
collision time is in"init( =e ha%e continuous particle "lo! and do not use internal apparatus energ( >
call on nuclear e7perts to research the possi$ilit o" thermonuclear reactions in the proposed engine
5and generator6( This thermonuclear engine is impossi$le on 2arth !here the solar !ind is $locked $
the atmosphere and the 2arthDs magnetic "ield, $ut it is possi$le in e7tra-planetar space, in a high
%acuum( >t ma $e a !a o" achie%ing not onl interplanetar trips, $ut also interstellar apparatus
!here a space-cra"t is accelerated to a relati%istic %elocit(
:. -!ti"ation o 0harging the Ball
The main inno%ation in the proposed idea is the open electric charge o" one sign and high intensit( To
o$tain this open charge, it is necessar to send an opposite charge into in"inite space( This is possi$le i"
!e accelerate the opposed particles 5protons, electrons, ions6 !ith energ o" more than
aE N '003'0
3
4V 5a is $all diameter QmR, E is electrical intensit Q4VBmR6( >t can $e carried and using
simple electrostatic accelerators or linear accelerators 5electric guns6( Their design "or use in space is
easier than "or 2arth $ecause outer space has a high %acuum and a high allo!a$le electrical intensit(
For e7ample, the allo!a$le electrical intensit is onl 3 4VBm on the ground $elong the 2arthDs
atmosphere and d'00 4VBm in a space %acuum( A Van de 1ra"" accelerator on the ground needs a
special high pressure camera and special %acuum camera, $ut in space the are not needed( ?elo! are
data o" some ground accelerators o" protons 5p6 and electrons 5e6(
2lectrostatic accelerators 5Tandem Van de 1ra"", Tandem pelletron, Vi%itro6 accelerate particles
5p, d, o , e6 up to 2033, 4V, linear accelerators 5p6 up to ,0 3 -00 4eV, electron linear accelerators
5e6 up to '00 1eV and alter-gradient snchrotron 5 p, e6 up to .00 1eV 5 p6 5%( '3, p( '30 Q,'R6(
These data sho! there is no signi"icant pro$lem in designing a high e""icienc space charging gun
!hich !ill mo%e charges to in"init and create the open charged $all( The energ "or this charging is
not high 5see Figure '-6(
These and other possi$le pro$lems are discussed in the ne7t section( #ne o" possi$le "orm o" o""ered
space propulsion used the solar !ind is sho!n in Figure'.(
2''
Figure '.( &ossi$le "orm o" o""ered propulsion used the solar !ind(
Di!cu!!ion
1. *o!!i+le Li"itation! o oered !olar 9ind !y!te"

The a$o%e computations suggest a range o" possi$ilities "or acceleration using solar !ind( The
pressure o" solar !ind is %er small $ut charged particles ma $e collected $ the open charged $all
"rom a $ig region( The !ill the gi%e enough thrust "or mo$ile space apparatus( The can accelerate the
direct a$le apparatus to speeds o" a$out '00 kmBs and o""er "lights to "ar planets o" the Solar sstem in
a short time( >" the thermonuclear engine 5and the electric generator6 is possi$le, thermonuclear !ind
propulsion !ill permit us to reali8e interstellar trips( This is a re%olutionar $reakthrough in interstellar
space(
=hat restrictions ma appear in detailed researches to limit these possi$ilitiese The author sees the
"ollo!ing pro$lems:
a6 Gischarging o" the $all( The author o""ers some methods 5Figure ,6 "or reducing o" this
discharging( Getailed computation is needed(
$6 Gesign o" an accepta$le charging gun( This is a technical pro$lem !hich can $e sol%ed $
current technolog(
c6 Source o" energ(
d6 Research and de%elopment into the o""ered space thermonuclear propulsion sstem and po!er
generator(
2. 0o"pari!on 9ith Ather Jork! a+out Solar Jind *ropul!ion Sy!te"
The author suggested a series o" solar !ind propulsion sstems and generators in '.-23'.-3and later
Q2.3+*R( These !orks included also the nuclear propulsion sstem and electric generators, and particle
and solar !ind electrostatic mirrors( >n American scienti"ic literature the author "ound onl !ork
pu$lished in 2003 Q+-R( The proposed methods, installation and results ha%e the "ollo!ing di""erences:
a6 The o""ered propulsion installation design is %er di""erent "rom !ork Q+-R( Authors
o" !ork Q+-R use a magnetic "ieldC > use onl an electric "ield( The use a con%entional spherical
capacitor !ith t!o skins 5laers6 and polarit 5unlike6 charges 5see Figure ) Q+-R6( These
2'1
authors !rote 5p( )6: ESo, "rom the point o" 2&S po!er consumption, it is highl desira$le to
keep the charge separation distance as small as possi$le !hile achie%ing accelerationF(
>n m opinion this design cannot !ork e""icientl, $ecause the main part o" the electric"ield is inside
the capacitor( The authors Q+-R understood that !hen the !rote 5p( )6C Fone charge laer is e7posed to
the solar !ind electric "ield the other is e7posed to a considera$l reduced electric "ield(F4 proposed
propulsion design has a single-skin $all, one tpe o" charge 5the opposite charge is e7pelled in in"init6,
and an open electric "ield e""ecti%e o%er long distance( The intensit o" this "ield is decreased as 'Br
2
( >"
the charges in the other sstem Q+-R are dipolar their intensit !ill $e small and decrease as 'Br
3
( This
means, the authorDs electric "ield should $e stronger $ thousands o" times o%er long distance(
$6 The !ork Q+-R contains onl common speculation( >t doesnDt contain theor, initial data,
detailed numerical results( The authors gi%e onl some pictures o" solar !ind distur$ances( >n
Figure 3, p( + the apparatus speed is t!ice the !ind speed 5ee6( No e7planation is gi%en "or this
strange result(
#midi and /arima$ad Q+-R use the %er high speci"ic charges o" up to 300 3 ,00 C Q0(' 3' 5and more6
CBkg "or "ull spacecra"t massR( This re@uires a %er large spherical capacitor and %er high electrical
intensit !hich is impossi$le in phsics( The !rote: fthis technolog !ould initiall $e applied to the
propulsion o" micro spacecra"t !here charge le%els o" a lo! C !ould $e su""icient(E

4 results are %er di""erent "rom these Q+-R( The authors do not sho! their calculationDs, $ut sa
their apparatus !ith its propulsion can reach a speed o" )+ kmBs at a distance 33 A9 o" , ears( This
means the acceleration is 0(000+ mBs and the thrust is %er small(
There are also man articles a$out magnetic sails using solar !ind drag into a magnetic "ield o" a
gigantic superconducti%e ring 5diameter )03',0 km6( 9n"ortunatel, no theor currentl e7ists to allo!
computation o" magsail drag( >t is $eond the capa$ilit o" current technolog( The reader can "ind
in"ormation a$out the space magsail in Re"erence Q,2R(
0onclu!ion
The proposed ne! propulsion mechanism di""ers "rom pre%ious concepts in %er important respectsC
including the coupling to the protons o" the solar !ind using an open single-charge $all( The opposite
charge is e7pelled into in"inite space( This inno%ation increases the area o" in"luence $ up to hundreds
o" kilometers "or protons and allo!s the ac@uisition o" signi"icant %ehicle thrust( This thrust is enough
to accelerate a hea% space cra"t to %er high speed and permits %er short "light times to "ar planets(
The o""ered re%olutionar propulsion sstem has a simple design, !hich can gi%e use"ul acceleration
to %arious tpes o" spacecra"t( The o""ered propulsion sstem creates man Ne!tons o" thrust, and can
accelerate a '00 kg space pro$e up to )03'00 kmBsec in '003-00das(
>n the o""ered !ind propulsion sstem the particles run a!a "rom the $all, $rake and return in
in"init "or initial speed( These premises must $e e7amined using more comple7 theories to account "or
the "ull intersection $et!een the suggested installation and solar !ind 5including thermonuclear
reactions6( This !ould $e a re%olutionar $reakthrough in interplanetar space e7ploration(
The author has de%eloped the initial theor and the initial computations to sho! the possi$ilit o" the
o""ered concept( ;e calls on scientists, engineers, space organi8ations, and companies to research and
de%elop the o""ered perspecti%e concepts(
Reerence!
Q'R A(A( ?olonkin, ETheor o" Flight Vehicles !ith Control Radial ForceF( Collection Researches o" Flight
2'/
Gnamics, &u$lic house E4ashinostroenieF, 4osco!, '.),, pp(*.3''- 5in Russian6(
Q2R A(A( ?olonkin, EAir Ca$le Transport and ?ridgesF, TN *,)*, >nternational Air TSpace Smposium 3
The Ne7t '00 Iears, '+3'* Kul 2003, Gaton, #hio, 9SA(
Q3R A(A( ?olonkin, E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF, K?>S 5 Kournal o" ?ritish >nterplanetar Societ6,
Vol( ,*, No 'B2, pp( 3333., 200+(
Q+R A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket Space Rope Launcher "or &eopleF, >AC-02-V(&(0), ,3rd>nternational
Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress3 2002, '03'. #ct2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
Q,R A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 4issile Rope LauncherF, >AC-02->AA(S(&('+, ,3rd>nternational
Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
Q)R A(A( ?olonkin, E#ptimal tra<ector o" air %ehiclesF( A2AT 5 Aircra"t 2ngineering and Aerospace
Technolog6, Vol( *), No( 2, pp( '.332'+, 200+ (
Q*R A(A( ?olonkin, E>ne7pensi%e Ca$le Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, >AC-02-V(&(0*, ,3rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct( 2002, ;ouston,
Te7as, 9SA(
Q-R A(A( ?olonkin, E;personic Launch Sstem o" Capa$ilit up ,00 tons per da and Geli%er Cost A' per
L$F( >AC-02-S(&(',, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'.
#ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
Q.R A(A( ?olonkin, E2mploment Asteroids "or 4o%ement o" Space Ship and &ro$esF(>AC-02-S()(0+, ,3rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress3 2002, '03'. #ct( 2002, ;ouston,
Te7as, 9SA(
Q'0R A(A( ?olonkin, A(A(, E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers o" ;igh ;eightF( C#S&AR-02C'('-003,-02,
3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6( The =orld Space Congress 3
2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
Q''R A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(3-F3(3-0032-02, 02-A-
0222), 3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6( The =orld Space
Q'2R A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4ars Transport SstemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(+-C3(+-003)-02,
3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6(The =orld Space Congress 3
2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA
Q'3R A(A( ?olonkin, ETransport Sstem "or deli%er Tourists at Altitude '+0 kmF( >AC-02->AA('(3(03, ,3rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 32002, '03'. #ct( 2002, ;ouston,
Te7as, 9SA(
Q'+R A(A( ?olonkin, E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers !ith 3-'00 km ;eightF, K?>S, Vol(,), pp( -*3.*,
2003(
Q',R A(A( ?olonkin, EAsteroids as &ropulsion Sstems o" Space ShipsF, K?>S, Vol( ,-, pp(.*3'0*, 2003(
Q')R A(A( ?olonkin, A(A( F;personic 1as-Rocket Launch Sstem(F, A>AA-2002-3.2*,3-th A>AABAS42B
SA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$it, *3'0 Kul,2002( >ndianapolis, >N, 9SA(
Q'*R A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket Transportation Sstem "or Space Tra%elF, K?>S, Vol( ,),No *B-, pp( 23'3
2+., 2003(
Q'-R A(A( ?olonkin, A(A(, E;personic Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, Actual pro$lems o" a%iation and
aerospace sstems, /a8an, No( '5',6, %ol( -, 2003, pp( +,3,-(
Q'.R A(A( ?olonkin, ECentri"ugal /eeper "or Space Stations and SatellitesF, K?>S, Vol( ,),pp( 3'+332*, 2003(
Q20R A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, Ad%ances in Space Research, Vol( 3'B'',
pp( 2+-,32+.0, 2003, 2lse%ier(
Q2'R A(A( ?olonkin, E2arth Accelerator "or Space Ships and 4issilesF( K?>S, Vol( ,), pp(3.+3+0+, 2003(
Q22R A(A( ?olonkin, EAir Ca$le TransportF, Kournal o" Aircra"t , Vol( +0, No +, Kul3August2003(
Q23R A(A( ?olonkin, E;igh Speed Catapult A%iationF, A>AA-200,-)22', A>AA Atmospheric Flight
4echanic Con"erence, ',3'- August, 200,, 9SA(
Q2+R A(A( ?olonkin, E;igh 2""icienc Trans"er o" 4echanical 2nergF, A>AA-200+-,))0, >nternational
2nerg Con%ersion 2ngineering Con"erence, Rhode >sland, ')-'. Aug(200+(
Q2,R A(A( ?olonkin, ELight 4ulti-Re"le7 2ngineF, Kournal K?>S, Vol( ,*, No .B'0, pp( 3,333,., 200+(
2'3
Q2)R A(A( ?olonkin, 4ulti-Re"le7 &ropulsion Sstem, K?>S, Vol( ,*, No( ''B'2, pp( 3*033.0, 200+(
Q2*R A(A( ?olonkin, ESling Rotar Space LaunchersF, +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'3Kul, 200,, Tucson,
Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-+03,(
Q2-R A(A( ?olonkin, E/inetic Anti-1ra%itatorF, +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'3 Kul,200,, Tucson, Ari8ona,
9SA( A>AA-200,-+,0+(
Q2.RA(A( ?olonkin, ESpace &ropulsion using Solar =ing and >nstallation "or >tF( Russian patent application
^3)3,.,,B23 '2)+,3, '. August, '.-3 5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
Q30R A(A( ?olonkin, E>nstallation "or #pen 2lectrostatic FieldF( Russian patent application ^3+)*2*0B2'
''))*), . Kul, '.-2 5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
Q3'R A(A( ?olonkin, E1etting o" 2lectric 2nerg "rom Space and >nstallation "or >tF( Russian patent
application ^3)3-)..B2, '2)303, '. August, '.-3 5in Russian6(Russian &T#(
Q32R A(A( ?olonkin, E&rotection "rom Charged &articles in Space and >nstallation "or >tF( Russian patent
application ^3)++')- '3)2*0 o" 23 Septem$er '.-3, 5in Russian6(Russian &T#
Q33R A(A( ?olonkin, E4ethod o" Trans"ormation o" &lasma 2nerg in 2lectric Current and >nstallation "or >tF(
Russian patent application ^3)+*3++ '3))-'o" 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
Q3+R A(A( ?olonkin, E4ethod o" &ropulsion using Radioisotope 2nerg and >nstallation "or >tF( Russian patent
application ^3)0'')+B2, 0-).*3 o" ) Kune, '.-3 5in Russian6,Russian &T#(
Q3,R A(A( ?olonkin, ETrans"ormation o" 2nerg o" Rare"action &lasma in 2lectric Current and >nstallation "or
itF( Russian patent application ^3))3.''B2,',.**, o" 23 No%em$er '.-3 5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
Q3)R A(A( ?olonkin, E4ethod o" a /eeping o" a Neutral &lasma and >nstallation "or itF( Russian patent
application ^3)002*2B2, 0-)..3 o" ) Kune '.-3 5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
Q3*R A(A( ?olonkin, Radioisotope &ropulsion( Russian patent application ^3+)**)2B2,'').,2 o" . Kul '.-2
5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
Q3-R A(A( ?olonkin, ERadioisotope 2lectric 1eneratorF( Russian patent application ^3+).,''B2, '').2* o"
. Kul '.-2 5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
Q3.R A(A( ?olonkin, ERadioisotope 2lectric 1eneratorF( Russian patent application ^3)200,'B2, '0-.+3 o"
'3 Kul '.-3 5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
Q+0R A(A( ?olonkin, E4ethod o" 2nerg Trans"ormation o" Radioisotope 4atter in 2lectricit and
>nstallation "or itF( Russian patent application ^3)+*3+3B2, '3)).2 o" 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6( Russian
&T#(
Q+'R A(A( ?olonkin, E4ethod o" stretching o" thin "ilmF Russian patent application^3)+))-.B'0 '3-0-,
o" 2- Septem$er '.-3 5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
Q+2R A(A( ?olonkin, ENe! =a o" Thrust and 1eneration o" 2lectrical 2nerg in SpaceF( Report 2ST>, '.-*,
'0. p( 5So%iet Classi"ied &ro<ect6(
Q+3R A(A( ?olonkin, EA%iation, 4otor and Space GesignsF( 2merging Technolog in the So%iet 9nion, '..0,
Gelphic Ass(, >nc(, pp( 323-0, 52nglish6(
Q++R A(A( ?olonkin, EA Space 4otor 9sing Solar =ind 2nergF( The =orld Space Congress, =ashington,
GC, 9SA, 2- Aug( 3 , Sept(, '..2, >AF-0)',(
Q+,R A(A( ?olonkin, EThe Simplest Space 2lectric 1enerator and 4otor !ith Control 2nerg and ThrustF,
+,th >nternational Astronautical Congress, Kerusalem( >srael( #ct( .3+,'..+, >AF-.+-R('(3)- (
Q+)R A(A( ?olonkin, ESpace 2lectric 1enerator, run $ Solar =ingF( The =orld Space Congress,
=ashington, GC, 9SA, 2- Aug(3, Sept(, '..2, >AF-.2-0)0+(
Q+*R A(A( ?olonkin, ESimple Space Nuclear Reactor 4otors and 2lectric 1enerators Running on Radioacti%e
Su$stancesF( The =orld Space Congress, =ashington, GC,9SA, 2- Aug( 3, Sept(, '..2, >AF-.2-0,*3(
Q+-R N(#midi and ;(/arima$adi, E2lectrostatic &lasma SailF, A>AA 2003-,22*, 2003(
3.
th
A>AABAS42BSA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$it 20323 Kul 2003,;urtis%ille,
Ala$ama( See also this !ork in N>AC site http:BBniac(usra(edu , #midi "inal report !here director N>AC
2'5
4r( Cassano%a a!arded this !ork A*,000(
Q+.R V(>( Feodose%, ?ase o" Rocket Flight Techni@ues, 4osco!, EScienceF, '.-' 5in Russian6(
Q,0R >(/( /ikoin, 5ed6, Girector, Ta$les o" phsic %alues, 4osco!, Atomi8dat, '.*) 5in Russian6(
Q,'R 4c1ra!-;ill 2ncclopedia o" Science T Technolog(
Q,2R L( Funaki, et( al, ETrust &roduction 4echanism o" 4agnetoplasma SailF, A>AA 2003-+2.2(
Q,3R A(A( ?olonkin, E2lectrostatic Solar =ind &ropulsion SstemF, A>AA-200,-3),3( +' &ropulsion
Con"erence, '0-'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
Q,+R A(A( ?olonkin, E2lectrostatic 9tili8ation o" Asteroids "or Space FlightF, A>AA-200,-+032(
+' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
Q,,R A(A( ?olonkin, ERadioisotope Space Sail and 2lectric 1eneratorF, A>AA-200,-+22,( +' &ropulsion
Con"erence, '03'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
Q,)R A(A( ?olonkin, E1uided Solar Sail and 2lectric 1eneratorF, A>AA-200,-3-,*(+' &ropulsion
Con"erence, '03'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
Q,*R A(A( ?olonkin, E&ro$lems o" 2lectrostatic Le%itation and Arti"icial 1ra%itF, A>AA-200,-++),(
+' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
Q,-R A(A( ?olonkin, Femtotechnolog and Re%olutionar &ro<ects, Lam$ert, 200*, iS?N: .*--3--+*3-222.-0(
Q,.R ?olonkin A(A(, ENe! Concepts, >deas, and >nno%ation in Aerospace, Technolog and ;uman ScienceF,
N#VA, 200), ,02 pgs(
Q)0R ?olonkin A(A(, E4acro-&ro<ects: 2n%ironment and Technolog F, N#VA, 200*, ,3) pgs(
2'2
0hapter 11
-lectro!tatic #tili8ation o A!teroid! or Space Flight;
Su""ary
This chapter o""ers a electrostatic method "or changing the tra<ector o" space pro$es( The method
uses electrostatic "orce and the kinetic or rotar energ o" asteroids, comet nuclei, meteorites or other
space $odies 5small planets, natural planet satellites such a moons, space de$ris, etc(6 to increase or
decrease shipB pro$e speed $ '000 mBs or more and to achie%e an ne! direction in outer space( The
"light possi$ilities o" spaceships and pro$es are there$ increased $ a "actor o" millions(
--------------------
PThe "ull te7t !as presented $ the author as &aper A>AA-200,-+032 at the +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2
Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
%ntroduction
( The method includes the "ollo!ing main steps 5Fig( '+('6:
5a6 Finding an asteroids using a locator or telescope 5or looking in a catalog6 an asteroid and
determining its main parameters 5location, mass, speed, direction, rotation6C selecting the
appropriate asteroidC computing the re@uired position o" the ship !ith respect to the asteroid(
5$6 Correcting the shipDs tra<ector to o$tain the re@uired positionC con%ergence o" the ship !ith the
asteroid(
5c6 Charging the asteroid and space apparatus $all using a charge gun(
5d6 #$taining the necessar apparatus position and speed "or the apparatus $ "ling it around the
space $od and changing the charge o" the apparatus and space $od 5asteroids6(
5e6 Gischarging the space apparatus and the space $od(
The e@uipment re@uires "or changing a pro$e 5spacecra"t6 tra<ector includes:
5a6 A charging gun(
5$6 Ge%ices "or "inding and measuring the asteroids 5space $odies6, and computing the tra<ector o" the
spacecra"t relati%e o" the space $od(
5c6 Ge%ices "or spacecra"t guidance and control(
5d6 A de%ice "or discharging o" the apparatus and asteroids 5space $od6 5see Fig( '+('6(
meteorite, small planet6, or other spaceship !ith a small gra%itational "orce to change the tra<ector and
speed o" a space pro$e(
Fig( '+(2a,$,c,d( sho! the preparations "or using a natural $od "or changing the tra<ector o" the
space apparatusD, "or e7ample, the natural space $od 2, !hich mo%es near the space apparatus( The
2':
ship needs to make a maneu%er 5change direction or speed6 in plane 3 5perpendicular to the sketch6,
and the position o" the apparatus is corrected and it is mo%ed into the re@uired plane 3 using small
rocket impulses( >t is assumed that the natural elected o$<ect has more mass than the arti"icial
apparatus, and the space $od speed is close to that o" the apparatus 5the di""erence can $e as much as
'000 mBs6(
Fig( '+('( 4ethod o" electrostatic maneu%ers o" the space apparatus( Notations: ' 3 space apparatus, 2 3
charged $all, 3 3 asteroid, + 3 charged gun, , 3 ne! apparatus tra<ector, ) 3 discharging the apparatus and
asteroid(
meteorite, small planet6, or other spaceship !ith a small gra%itational "orce to change the tra<ector and
speed o" a space pro$e(
Fig( '+(2a,$,c,d( sho! the preparations "or using a natural $od "or changing the tra<ector o" the
space apparatusD, "or e7ample, the natural space $od 2, !hich mo%es near the space apparatus( The
ship needs to make a maneu%er 5change direction or speed6 in plane 3 5perpendicular to the sketch6,
and the position o" the apparatus is corrected and it is mo%ed into the re@uired plane 3 using small
rocket impulses( >t is assumed that the natural elected o$<ect has more mass than the arti"icial
apparatus, and the space $od speed is close to that o" the apparatus 5the di""erence can $e as much as
'000 mBs6(
21.

Fig( '+(2( 4aneu%ers o" electrostatic space apparatus( a 3 preparing "or maneu%er, correcting the plane o"
maneu%erC $ 3 correcting the apparatus tra<ector in the maneu%er planeC c 3 charging the apparatus and
asteroids, changing apparatus tra<ector and %elocit, discharging apparatus and asteroidC d 3 the case o"
like charges 5!hich repel6(
Notations: ' 3 space apparatus 5$all6C 2 3 asteroidC 3 3 plane o" maneu%erC + - initial apparatus
tra<ectorC , 3 primar correction o" the tra<ector in the maneu%er planeC ) 3 charge impulse "rom
apparatus to asteroid using charge gunC * 3 ne! apparatus tra<ectorC - 3 discharge impulse "rom
apparatus 5return part o" charge energ6 using sharp edge(
>n the earl computed point o" the tra<ector the space apparatus sends the asteroid a charge !hich
takes root on asteroid sur"ace, electri"ing it( The apparatus also is charged 5!ith unlike or like
charges6( >" the apparatus and asteroid ha%e unlike charges, the !ill $e attracted one to another 5Fig(
'+(2c6( >" the ha%e like charges, the !ill repel such other 5Fig( '+(2d6( The electrostatic "orce changes
the apparatus tra<ector and speed( The tra<ector gains a ne! direction !ith a ne! %elocit( =hen the
tra<ector has the selected direction and speed, the apparatus is then discharged and lea%es the asteroid(
The charge energ returns to the apparatus( >" e""icienc e@uals ', this energ !ill $e less !hen the
ne! apparatus speed is more than $e"ore, e@ual !hen the speeds are same, and more !hen the
apparatus speed is less than the pre%ious speed(
Charging is done using a special charge gun, !hich accelerates charged particles 5electrons or ions6 to
the re@uired speed, and discharging is done using the edge o" a pike( The return energ is an electric
current through the pikeDs edge( The apparatus can also utili8e the asteroidDs speed and asteroid kinetic
energ $ mechanical connection as descri$ed herein
'3)
(
An a$andoned space %ehicle or large piece o" space de$ris in the 2arthDs or$it can also $e used to
increase the speed o" the ne! %ehicle and to remo%e the a$andoned %ehicle or de$ris "rom or$it 5see
point , in the Theor and Computation section6(
The charging e@uipment ma $e used to land the apparatus on an asteroid 5small planet6 sur"ace and
to launch the apparatus "rom an asteroid 5see point , in the Theor and Computation section6( The
apparatus $all is usuall charged !ith negati%e charges $ecause negati%e charges 5electrons6 are
emitted "rom an open sur"ace !hich does not ha%e a high resistance electric co%er, !hen the electrical
intensit 5in a %acuum6 is o%er '00 4VBm(
4heory and 0o"putation &in "etric !y!te"(
'( The electrostatic "orce $et!een charged $odies is
211
, , , ,
2
2
2
2 ' 2
2 '
k
E a
G
r
G
k F G G G if
r
G G
k F 5'+('6
!here F is the "orce QNRC k is a coe""icient, k N .'0
.
C G is the charge QCRC r is the distance $et!een the
center o" charges QmRC a is radius o" the charged $all apparatus QmRC E is the electrical intensit at the
$allDs sur"ace Q%oltsBmR 5it ma $e up '003200 4VBm in the %acuum and negati%e charge, and is more
"or positi%e charge6(
2( Computation o" space apparatus tra<ectories( Assume the asteroid mass is man times greater than
the apparatus mass and start the origin o" the coordinate sstem at the asteroidDs center o" gra%it( The
initial apparatus position is sho!n in Fig( '+(3(

Fig( '+(3( >nteraction $et!een the charged $all apparatus and the charged asteroid( Notations are: ' 3 space
apparatus and electricall charged $all 5$alloon6C 2 3 asteroidC rA 3 initial radius, )A 3 initial apparatus
speed(
=e assume the charging happens instantl and the charges are constant up to point o" discharge(
The e@uations "or computation o" the hper$olic 5e d '6 apparatus tra<ector are 5asteroid mass dd
apparatus mass6:

( ,
2
,
'
,
'
2
,
cos '
, ,
2
,
, ' , ' arctan 2 , , cos ,
2
,
2
ma7
min
ma7
min
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
#
)
A
r
K
" )
e
#
r
e
#
K
T
e
#
r
K
0
#
r
K
" )
e e
0
K
"
K
0
e ) r 0
r
K
) "
m
kEG
K
k
A A
A
A
+
+

,
_
+
+
> +

5'+(26
;ere: K 3 coe""icient QconstantRC m 3 apparatus mass QkgRC E 3 electrical charge o" the space apparatus
QCRC G 3 electrical charge o" the asteroid QCR, !hich is con%entionall E ! GC " 3 coe""icient o"
apparatus energ 5kinetic and electric potential6 around the asteroidC )A 3 relati%e speed o" the asteroid
a$out spaceship QmBsR at the initial radius rA 5moment o" charge impulse6C )5r6 3 spaceship speed
QmBsR, 0 3 momentum constant, e 3 eccentricit o" the apparatus tra<ector 5e d ' "or a hper$olic
tra<ector, e N ' "or para$olic tra<ector, 0 \ e \ ' "or an elliptical tra<ector, e N 0 "or a circle6, 3 the
angle $et!een )A and perpendicular to rA at the moment o" charging 5see Fig( '+(26, 3 angle $et!een
the asmptotes o" the hper$olic tra<ector, 3 3 "inal de%iation o" the hper$olic tra<ector "rom the
initial direction QradiansRC # 3 parameter o" the hper$olic tra<ector QmRC r 3 %aria$le radius-%ector at
the tra<ector point QmRC rmin 3 minimum distance o" the charge apparatus center "rom the asteroid QmRC
)max 3 ma7imum apparatus speed relati%e to the asteroid QmBsRC Ak 3 ma7imum centri"ugal acceleration
o" apparatus QmBs
2
R(
The constant 5"6 ma $e "ound "rom the initial position 5rA6 and initial speed o" the apparatus 5)A6
5see the second "ormula in 5'+(266( Sign E3F is used "or attraction, sign E[F is used "or repelling
charges(
212
Note than the tra<ector ma $e circular or elliptical and the apparatus can or$it "or a long time
around the asteroid(
Readers can "ind initial "ormulas "or gra%it "ields in space mechanics and phsics te7t-$ooks and
modi" them "or electrical charged $odies 5electric "ields6( Formulas in e@uation 5'+(26 are used "or
de%iation o" the charged apparatus $ the electricall charged asteroid(
Computations o" a tpical parameter o" tra<ector %ersus parameter rA "or space apparatus o" mass '00
kg are presented in Figs( '+(+ 3 '+(*(
Fig( '+(+( 4a7imum turn angle o" tra<ector, 3, %ersus the initial charge distance to asteroid and radius o" the
charged $all "or electrical intensit o" '00 million %oltsBmeter, initial apparatus speed 200 mBs, and
apparatus mass '00 kg, b N qB+(
Fig( '+(,( 4inimum radius o" tra<ector %ersus the initial charge distance to the asteroid and radius o" the
charged $all "or electrical intensit '00 million %oltsBmeter, initial apparatus speed 200 mBs, and apparatus
21'
mass '00 kg, b N qB+(
Fig( '+()( 4a7imum speed o" the space apparatus %ersus the initial charge distance to the asteroid and radius o"
the charged $all "or electrical intensit '00 million %oltsBmeter, initial apparatus speed 200 mBs, and
apparatus mass '00 kg, b N qB+(
Fig( '+(*( 4a7imum acceleration 5in 6 o" space apparatus %ersus the initial charge distance to the asteroid and
radius o" the charged $all "or electrical intensit '00 million %oltsBmeter, initial apparatus speed 200 mBs,
and apparatus mass '00 kg, b N qB+(
3( >nitial e7penditure o" electrical energ needed to charge o" the $all( The $all must $e charged !ith
electrical energ o" high %oltage 5millions o" %olts6( Let us estimate the minimum energ, !hen
charged the de%ice has '00U e""icienc( This energ is e@uals to the !ork o" mo%ing o" the $all charge
to in"init( This ma $e computed using the e@uation
,
2
, , ,
2
2 3 2 2
k
E a
*
k
a
C
k
E a
G
C
G
* 5'+(36
211
!here * is $all charge energ QKRC C is $all capacitance QFRC G is $all charge QCR(
The result o" this computation is presented 5same6 in Fig( '3('-( As ou can see this energ is not
enormous 3 it is a$out ' 3 '0 k=h "or a $all radius o" a N 23+ m and electrical intensit o" 2,3'00
4VBm( This energ 5e@ual, or less, or more6 ma $e returned !hen the $all is discharged $ emitting
o" the charge into space using a sharp edge(
The energ 5!ork6 re@uirement "or the separation o" unlike charges 5apparatus 3 asteroid, E ! G6 can
$e computed $ the "ollo!ing e@uations 5"or e""icienc e@ual to '6:
,
_
,
_
f A
f
A
A
r
a
r r
kG *
m)
m)
*
r a
kG dr
r
G
k *
A
' '
,
2 2
,
' '
2
2
2
2
2
2
, 5'+(36D
!here S* is increment in energ QKRC )f is apparatus speed on the moment o" discharge QmBsRC rf 3 is
the distance to the asteroid at the moment o" discharge QmR( Charging the asteroid re@uires less energ
$ecause it is located at a limited distance "rom the space apparatus( The increment S* ma $e either
positi%e, 8ero, or negati%e(
+( The $all stress, co%er thickness and $all mass( The $all has tensile stress "rom the like electric
charges( The e@uations are same '3(.-'3('2 o" chapter '3(
The computations o" the $all thickness and $all mass are presented in Figs( '3('2, '3('3(
,( Landing on and launching the space apparatus "rom asteroids and small planets(
>" the apparatus and the asteroid ha%e like charges, the !ill repel each other( This can $e used to
$rake the apparatus "or landing on the asteroid or "or launching the apparatus "rom the asteroid sur"ace(
The change in apparatus speed can $e computed using the "ollo!ing e@uations:
km
E a
)
k
E a
a
G
k
m)
k
E a
G
2 3 2 3 2 2 2
2
,
2
,
, 5'+(+6
!here ) is the initial 5"or $raking6 or "inal 5"or launching6 speed o" the apparatus QmBsR( Computations
o" $raking 5landing6 and launch speed are presented in Fig( '+(-( The launch speed can $e @uite high,
at up to ')00 mBs or more(
Fig( '+(-( Launch and landing 5$raking6 speed o" apparatus %ersus the charged $all radius and the electrical
intensit 5in million o" %oltsBmeter6(
*ro=ect
21/
As a pro<ect !e can take the space apparatus o" the mass '00 kg( All its parameters and maneu%er
capa$ilities can $e estimated "rom the "igures a$o%e(
Di!cu!!ion
'( 2stimation o" pro$a$ilit o" meeting a small asteroid( This pro$lem !as considered in chapter ''(
Note that the kinetic energ o" space $odies ma $e used through mechanical connections
+
i" the space
$od has a di""erent speed or direction( ;o!e%er, electrostatic apparatus can use space $od that has
the same direction and speed "or its acceleration i" the apparatus has electrical energ 5through
charging and discharging the space $od6(
2( Charging the $all( This pro$lem !as considered in chapter '3, point .(
3( ?lockading o" the $all charge( ?lockading o" the charge on the $all and the asteroid $ unlike
solar !ind particles ma $e a pro$lem !ith this method( The charge on the $all attracts unlike particles
and repels like particles and opposite-charge particles accumulate near the $all and $lock its charge( As
the result the e""icient area near the $all is less than electrostatic theor predicts( The area has a radius
o" a$out *32, km in 2arth or$it( The electrostatic "orces can $e reduced( The method o" computation
"or a neutral 5e""icient6 area is o""ered $ author else!here
,
5see aso chapter '36( This pro$lem is not
important "or suggested method $ "ollo!ing reasons:
'( The apparatus tra<ector is usuall located inside the neutral sphere(
2( The maneu%ers are usuall made "ar "rom the Sun !here the solar !ind intensit 5densit o" space
plasma6 is %er small(
3( The maneu%ers are made @uickl(
&ossi$le dra!$acks o" the method ma include the mass o" the charge gun, electrical energ storage,
and the mass o" $all $ecause the apparatus has $ig centri"ugal acceleration(
Reerence!
'( A(A( ?olonkin, ETheor o" Flight Apparatus !ith Control Radial ForceF( Collection (esear0hes of Fliht
Dynami0, 2d( >(V( #stosla%sk, 4osco!, 4ashinostroenie, '.),, pp( *.-''- 5in Russian6(
2( EAsteroids as 2ngine o" Space ShipsF 5Suggestion o" American Scientist Ale7ander ?olonkin6, *eekly
&e9s( 2- April '..-, >srael 5in Russian6(
3( A(A( ?olonkin, E2mploment o" Asteroids "or 4o%ement o" Space Ship and &ro$esF( >AC-02-S()(0+, ,3rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '0F'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as,
9SA(
+( A(A( ?olonkin, EAsteroids as &ropulsion Sstems o" Space Ship, Kournal o" ?ritish >nterplanetar Societ
5K?>S6, Vol,,), No(3B+, 2003, pp(.--'0*(
,( A(A( ?olonkin, E2lectrostatic Solar =ind &ropulsion SstemF, A>AA-200,-3),3( +' &ropulsion
Con"erence, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
)( A(A( ?olonkin, E2lectrostatic 9tili8ation o" AsteroidsF, A>AA-200,-+032( +' &ropulsion Con"erence,
*(
213
0hapter 1/
-lectro!tatic Le$itation on the -arth and Artiicial
6ra$ity or Space Ship! and A!teroid!;
Su""ary
The author o""ers and researches the conditions !hich allo! people and %ehicles to le%itate on the
2arth using the electrostatic repulsi%e "orce( ;e sho!s that $ using small electricall charged $alls,
people and cars can take "light in the atmosphere( Also, a le%itated train can attain high speeds( ;e has
computed some pro<ects and discusses the pro$lems !hich can appear in the practical de%elopment o"
this method( >t is also sho!n ho! this method ma $e used "or creating arti"icial gra%it 5attraction
"orce6 into and out o" space ships, space hotels, asteroids, and small planets !hich ha%e little gra%it(
-------------------
P&resented as paper A>AA-200,-++), at +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'3 Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(

%ntroduction
&eople ha%e dreamed a$out a "ling "reel in the air !ithout an apparatus "or man centuries( >n
ancient $ooks !e can "ind pictures o" "ling angels or 1od sitting on clouds or in hea%en( At the
present time ou can see the same pictures on !alls in man churches(
&hsicist is kno! onl t!o methods "or creating repulsi%e "orce: magnetism and electrostatics(
4agnetism is !ell studied and the use o" superconducti%e magnets "or le%itating a train has $een
!idel discussed in scienti"ic <ournals, $ut repulsi%e magnets ha%e onl a short-range "orce( The !ork
215
!ell "or ground trains $ut are $ad "or air "light( 2lectrostatic "light needs po!er"ul electric "ields and
po!er"ul electric charges( The 2arthDs electric "ield is %er !eak and cannot $e used "or le%itation( The
main inno%ations presented in this chapter are methods "or creating po!er"ul static electrical "ields in
the atmosphere and po!er"ul, sta$le electrical charges o" small si8e !hich allo! le%itation 5"light6 o"
people, cars, and %ehicles in the air( The author also sho!s ho! this method can $e utili8ed into and
out o" a space ship 5space hotel6 or on an asteroid sur"ace "or creating arti"icial gra%it( The author
$elie%es this method has applications in man "ields o" technolog(
4agnetic le%itation has $een !idel discussed in the literature "or a long time( ;o!e%er, there are
"e! scienti"ic !orks related to electrostatic le%itation( 2lectrostatic charges ha%e a high %oltage and can
create corona discharges, $reakthrough and rela7ation( The 2arthDs electrostatic "ield is %er !eak and
useless "or "light( That is !h man inno%ators think that electrostatic "orces cannot $e use"ul "or
le%itation(
The authorDs "irst inno%ations in this "ield !hich changed this situation !ere o""ered in 5'.-26
'
, and
some practical applications !ere gi%en in 5'.-36
2
( The idea !as pu$lished in '..0 p( *.
3
( >n the
"ollo!ing presented !ork, these ideas and inno%ations are researched in more detail( Some pro<ects are
also presented to allo! estimation o" the parameters o" the o""ered "light sstems(
Brie de!cription o inno$ation
>t is kno!n that like electric charges repel, and unlike electric charges attract 5Fig( ',('a,$,c6( A large
electric charge 5"or e7ample, positi%e6 located at altitude induces the opposite 5negati%e6 electric charge
at the 2arthDs sur"ace 5Figs( ',('d,e,",g6 $ecause the 2arth is an electrical conductor( ?et!een the upper
and lo!er charges there is an electric "ield( >" a small negati%e electric charge is placed in this electric
"ield, this charge !ill $e repelled "rom the like charges 5on the 2arthDs sur"ace6 and attracted to the
upper charge 5Fig( ',('d6( That is the electrostatic li"t "orce( The ma<orit o" the li"t "orce is determined
$ the 2arthDs charges $ecause the small charges are con%entionall located near the 2arthDs sur"ace(
As sho!n $elo!, these small charges can $e connected to a man or a car and ha%e enough "orce to li"t
and supports them in the air(
The upper charge ma $e located on a column as sho!n in Fig( ',('d,e,",g or a tethered air $alloon 5i"
!e !ant to create le%itation in a small to!n6 5Fig( ',('e6, or air tu$e 5i" !e !ant to $uild a $ig
high!a6, or a tu$e suspended on columns 5Fig( ',('",g6( >n particular, the charges ma $e at t!o
identicall charged plates, used "or a non-contact train 5Fig( ',(3a6(
Fig. 1/.1. 27planation o" electrostatic le%itation: a6 Attraction o" unlike chargesC $,c6 repulsion o" like chargesC
d6 Creation o" the homogeneous electric "ield 5high!a6C e6 2lectrical "ield "rom a large spherical charge C
",g6 2lectrical "ield "rom a tu$e 5high!a6 5side and "ront %ie!s6( Notations are: ', . 3 column, 2 3 2arth 5or
212
other6 sur"ace charged $ induction, 3 3 net, + 3 upper charges, , 3 lo!er charges, ) 3 le%itation apparatus, -
3 charged air $alloon, . 3 column, '0 3 charged tu$e(

A li"ting charge ma use charged $alls( >" a thin "ilm $all !ith ma7imum electrical intensit o" $elo!
3'0
)
VBm is used, the $all !ill ha%e a radius o" a$out ' m 5the man mass is '00 kg6( For a ' ton car,
the $all !ill ha%e a radius o" a$out 3 m 5see the computation $elo! and Fig( ',(2g,h,i6( >" a higher
electric intensit is used, the $alls can $e small and located underneath clothes 5see $elo! and Fig(
',(2 a,$,c6(
The o""ered method has $ig ad%antages in comparison to con%entional %ehicles 5Figs( ',(' and ',(26:
'6 No %er e7pensi%e high!as are necessar( Ri%ers, lakes, "orests, and $uildings are not
o$stacles "or this method(
26 >n gi%en regions 5Figs( ',(' and ',(26 people 5and cars6 can mo%e at high speeds 5man up *0
kmBhour and cars up to 2003+00 kmBhour6 in an direction using simple e@uipment 5small $alls
under their clothing and small engines 5Fig( ',(2a,$,c66( The can per"orm %ertical takeo""s and
landings(
36 &eople can reduce their !eight and mo%e at high speed, <ump a long distance, and li"t hea%
!eights(
+6 ?uilding high altitude homes !ill $e easier(
This method can $e also used "or a le%itated train and arti"icial gra%it in space ships, hotels, and
asteroids 5Fig( ',(3a,$6(
Fig. 1/.2. Le%itation apparatus: a,$6 Single le%itated man 5mass up to '00 kg6 using small highl charged $alls
2( a6 Sitting positionC $6 Reclining positionC c6 Small charged $all "or le%itating carC d6 Small highl charged
$allC e6 Small highl charged clindrical $eltC "6 Small air engine 5"or!ard and side %ie!s6C g6 Single
le%itated man 5mass up to '00 kg6 using a $ig non-highl charged $all !hich doesnDt ha%e an ioni8ed 8one
5sitting position6C h6 The some man in a reclining positionC i6 Large charged $all to le%itate a car !hich
doesnDt ha%e an ioni8ed 8oneC <6 >nstallation "or charging a $all using a Van de 1raa"" electrostatic generator
5dou$le generator potentiall reaches '2 4V6 in hori8ontal position( Notations: ' 3 manC 2 3 charged
li"ting $allC + 3 handheld air engineC , 3 carC ) 3 engine 5tur$o-rocket or other6C * 3 conducting laerC - 3
insulator 5dielectric6C . 3 strong co%er "rom "rom arti"icial "i$ers or !hiskersC '0 3 laggingC '' 3 air
propellerC '2 3 pre%enti%e netsC '3 3 engineC '+ 3 control kno$s(
21:

Fig. 1/.'. Le%itated train on 2arth and arti"icial gra%it into and on space ships and asteroids( a6 Le%itated trainC
$6 Arti"icial gra%it on a space ship( Notation: a6 ' 3 trainC 2 3 charged platesC 3 3 insulated columnC $6 ' 3
charged space $odC 2 3 space shipC 3 3 man(
A space ship 5hotel6 de"initel needs arti"icial gra%it( An slight carelessness in space can result in
the cosmonaut, instruments or de%ices dri"ting a!a "rom the space ship( &resentl, the are connected
to the space ship $ ca$les, $ut this is not com"orta$le "or !orking( Science kno!s onl t!o methods
o" producing arti"icial gra%it and attracti%e "orces: rotation o" space ship and magnetism( ?oth
methods are $ad( The rotation creates arti"icial gra%it onl inside the space ship 5hotel6( #$ser%ation
o" space "rom a rotating ship is %er di""icult( The magnetic "orce is onl e""ecti%e o%er a %er short
distance( The magnets stick together and a person has to e7pend a large e""ort to mo%e 5it is the same
as !hen ou are mo%ing on a "loor smeared !ith glue6(
>" then is a charge inside the space ship and small unlike charges attached to o$<ect else!here, then
!ill "all $ack to the ship i" the are dropped(
The same situation occurs "or cosmonauts on asteroids or small planets !hich ha%e %er little gra%it(
>" ou charge the asteroid and cosmonauts !ith unlike electric charges, the cosmonauts !ill return to
the asteroid during an !alking and <umping(
The author ackno!ledges that this method has pro$lems( For e7ample, !e need a high electrical
intensit i" !e !ant to use small charged $alls( This pro$lem 5and others6 is discussed $elo!(
4heory o an electro!tatic lit orce and re!ult! o co"putation!
5in metric sstem6
a( Brie inor"ation a+out electric charge!, electrical ield!, and electric corona( 2lectric charge
creates an electrical "ield( 2%er point this "ield has a %ector o" magnitude called electrical intensit, E,
measured in %oltsBmeter( >" the unlike charges 5or non-insulated electrodes under %oltage6 are located in
an air atmosphere !ith a sur"ace atmospheric pressure and the electrical intensit is less than E0 N 53 to
+6'0
)
VBm, the discharge current !ill $e %er small( >" E d E0 N 3'0
)
VBm and !e ha%e a closed-loop
high-%oltage circuit 5or non-in!ulated electrode!6, electric current appears( The current increases
"ollo!ing an e7ponential la! !hen the %oltage is increased( >n a homogeneous electric "ield 5as
$et!een plates6, the increasing %oltage makes a spark 5"lasho%er, $reakthrough, lighting6( A non-
homogeneous electric "ield 5as $et!een a sphere and plate or an open sphere6 makes an electric
corona( 2lectrons $reak a!a "rom the metal negati$e electrode and ioni8e the air( &ositi%e ions hit
the non-insulated positi%e electrode and knock out electrons( These unlike ions can cause a particle
$lockade 5discharge6 o" the main charge( The e""icienc o" ioni8ation $ positi%e ions is much less than
"or electrons o" the same energ( 4ost ioni8ation occurs as a result o" secondar electrons released at
the negati%e electrode $ positi%e ion $om$ardment( These electrons produce ioni8ation as the mo%e
"rom the strong "ield at the electrode out into the !eak "ield( This, ho!e%er, lea%es a positi%e-ion space
2/.
charge, !hich slo!s do!n the incoming ions( That has the e""ect o" diminishing the secondar electron
ield( ?ecause the positi%e ion mo$ilit is lo!, there is a time lag $e"ore the high "ield conditions can
$e restored( For this reason the discharge is some!hat unsta$le(
The air contains a small amount o" "ree electrons( These electrons can also create an electric corona
around the po!iti$e non-in!ulated electrode, $ut under higher %oltage than the negati%e electrode( The
e""ect here is to ena$le the "ree electrons to ioni8e $ collision in the high "ield surrounding this
electrode( #ne electron can produce an a%alanche in such a "ield, $ecause each ioni8ation e%ent
releases an additional electron, !hich can then could "urther ioni8ation( To sustain the discharge, it is
necessar to collect the positi%e ions and to produce the primar electrons "ar enough "rom the positi%e
electrode to permit the a%alanche to de%elop( The positi%e ions are collected at the negati%e electrode,
and it is their lo! mo$ilit that limits the current in the discharge( The primar electrons are thought to
$e produced $ photo-ioni8ation(
The particular characteristics o" the discharge are determined $ the shape o" the electrodes, the
polarit, the si8e o" gap 5$all6, and the gas or gas mi7ture and its pressure( >n high %oltage electric lines
the corona discharge that surrounds a high-potential po!er transmission line represents po!er loss and
limits the ma7imum potential !hich can $e used(
The o""ered method is %er di""erent "rom the con%entional cases descri$ed in te7t$ooks( The charges
are i!olated using an insulator 5dielectric6( The cannot emit electrons in the air( There is not a closed
circuit( This method is nearer to single polarit electrets, !hen like charges are inserted into an
insulator
,
( 2lectrets ha%e tpical sur"ace charges o" a$out 2 N '0
3-
CBcm
2
, &2T& up to '(+'0
3*
CBcm
2
Qp('*R
,
, and TSG !ith plastici8ed &V? up to '(,'0
3,
CBcm
2
Qp(2,3R
,
( This means the electrical
intensit near their sur"ace reaches 5E ! 2ck2, k ! .'0
.
6 )'0
)
VBm, -0'0
)
VBm, and -,00'0
)
VBm
respecti%el( The charges are not $lockaded and the discharge 5hal"-li"e time6 continues "rom '00 das
up to se%eral ears( >n humid air the electrets lose part o" their properties, $ut in dr air the regain
them(
Natural 2arth radioacti%it and cosmic ras create a$out '(,3'0(+ ions into ' cm
3
e%er second 5see
p( '00+6
*
( These ions graduall recom$ine $ack into con%entional molecules(
>n a %acuum the discharge mechanism is di""erent( >n non-insulated negati%e metal electrodes, the
electrons ma $e e7tracted "rom the conducting electrode $ the strong electric "ield( The critical
sur"ace electric intensit, Eo, is a$out '00'0
)
VBm at the non-insulated negati%e electrode( This
intensit is a$out '000 times more at the positi%e electrode $ecause the are ions %er di""icult to tear
a!a "rom the solid material( Conducting sharp edges increase the electric intensit( That is !h it is
$etter to charge the planet or asteroid sur"ace !ith positi%e charges( A %er sharp spike allo!s the
electrical energ o" the charged $all to $e regaired(
+( Si8e o corona &ioni8ed !phere( and !aety o a +all o electric inten!ity( The si8e o" the corona
ma $e "ound as a spherical area !here the electrical intensit is more than sa"e air intensit
0
a 0
0
0
a
0
a
0
0
0
E
E
a
(
(
kE
a kE
(
k
a E
E E
(
kE
E E , , , ,
2 2
2
, 5',('6
!here E 3 electrical intensit o" the charge, QVBmRC E0 3 electrical intensit at the $eginning o" the
corona, QVBmR, E0 3'0
)
C Ea 3 electrical intensit at the $all sur"ace, QVBmRC a 3 $all radius, mC (0 3
radius o" corona, QmRC k N .'0
.
(
To "ind the sa"e electrical intensit, Ea, "or a negati%el charged $all in an insulated co%er "rom the
point o" rupture 5spark6 into a neutral en%ironmentthe "ollo!ing e@uation can $e used:
i a
i
a
a
i i i i
E E for
E
E
a
k
E a
E E
a a
kE
E `
a a
kE
` ` `

,
_
+

,
_
+

, 0 , '
, ,
' '
, ,
' '
,
2
, 5',(26
2/1
!here ` 3 $all %oltage, QVRC `i 3 sa"e %oltage o" $all insulator, QVRC Ei 3 sa"e electrical intensit o" $all
insulator, QVBmRC _ 3 thickness o" the $all co%er, QmRC d 3 dielectric constant(
>n e@uations 5',('6 and 5',(26 the last "ormulas are the "inal result(
Exam#le5 The $all is co%ered $ 4lar !ith Ei N ')0 4VBm, d N 3 5see Ta$le ',('6( Then Ea N 3')0
N +-0 4VBm, and the relati%e radius o" the ioni8ed sphere Qe@uation 5',('6R is 5+-0B36
0(,
N '2()( >" a N
0(0, m, the real radius is (0 N '2()0(0, N 0()3 m(
c( For a cylindrical ca+le or +elt( The radius o" the corona 5ioni8ed clinder6 can $e "ound using the
same method:

0
a 0
0
0
a
0 0
0
a a
0
0
E
E
a
(
(
E
E
a ( E
(
aE
k
aE
(
k
E E E , , ,
2
,
2
,
, 5',(36
!here e is the linear charge, QCBmR(
To "ind using the same method Qe@uation 5',(26R the sa"e intensit, Ea, "or a negati%el charged ca$le
5$elt, tu$e6 in an insulated co%er "rom point o" rupture into a neutral en%ironment the "ollo!ing
e@uation can $e used

i a
i a a
a
i
i
i i i i
E E
k
E
k
E
k
E
a a
k E
k
E
a a
for
a k
a a E
E
a
a
k E `
a
a
k ` ` `
,
_
,
_
+

,
2 2
,
2
,
2
,
2
, 0
,
6 B ' ln5 2
B
, ln 2 , , ln 2 ,
( 5',(+6
d( Di!charging +y corona( ?elo!, the author makes computations to sho! ho! the milliards 5'0
.
'Bm
3
6 o" charged particles in"luence the main charge(
>" ' m
3
o" air contains d like-charged 5electrons or ions6 particles and the charge densit is constant,
the charge, E, o" a sphere !ith radius r is
ed r E
3
3
+

, 5',(,6
!here e N '()'0
3'.
C C 3 charge o" one particle 5electron or single charged ion6C d 3particle densit(
#n the other side, the main charge, Eo, !ill $e partiall $lockaded until the intensit at radius r
$ecomes E0. As a result the e@uation is
0
3
+
,
0
2 3 2
0
+ E r
k
E
dr e r
k
E
E E
0 0
, 5',()6
!here k ! .'0
.
( The e@uation 5',()6 has onl one real root( The results o" this computation are
presented in Figs( ',(+ and ',(,, !hich sho! that a large densit onl decreases the main charge( ?ut
onl e7periments can sho! !hat causes this discharge to take place(
2/2
Fig. 1/.1( 2""icienc charge %ersus the main charge and densit o" charged particles in the en%ironment 5ioni8ed
8one6(
Fig. 1/./( Critical radius o" main charge %ersus the main charge and densit o" charged particles in the
en%ironment 5ioni8ed 8one6(
e( So"e data a+out the +all "aterial( The properties o" electrical insulation %ar depending on the
impurities in the material, temperature, thickness, etc( and di""erent "or the same material !ith a
di""erent dieletric( For e7ample, the resisti%it o" "used @uart8 is '0
',
#hm(cm "or T N 20
o
C, the
resisti%it o" the @uart8 "used 5"rom crstal6 reaches a$out '0
2+
#hm(cm "or T 20
o
C 5see p( 23' and
p( 32., "ig(20(2 in pu$lication
)
6(
?elo! are properties o" some materials recalculated in the metric sstem 5Ta$le ',('6(
4a+le 1/.1. &roperties o" %arious good insulators 5recalculated in metric sstem6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2/'
>nsulator Resisti%it Gielectric strength Gielectric Tensile strength
#hm-m( 4VBm( Ei constant, r kgBmm
2
, `'0
*
NBm
2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- -------
Le7an '0
'*
3'0
'.
3203)+0 3 ,(,
/apton ; '0
'.
3'0
20
'203320 3 ',(2
/el-F '0
'*
3'0
'.
-032+0 233 3(+,
4lar '0
',
3'0
')
')03)+0 3 '3(-
&arlene '0
'*
3'0
20
2+03+00 233 )(.
&olethlene '0
'-
3,'0
'-
+03)-0P 2 2(-3+('
&ol 5tetra- '0
',
3,'0
'.
+032-0PP 2 2(-33(,
"luoraethlene6
Air 5' atm, ' mm gap6 - + ' 0
Vacuum 5'(3'0
33
&a, - -03'20 ' 0
' mm gap6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PFor room temperature ,003*00 4VBm(
PP +003,00 4VBm(
Source: 2ncclopedia o" Science T Technolog
.
5Vol( ), p( '0+, p( 22., p( 23'6(
&ote5 Gielectric constant can reach +(, 3 *(, "or mica 5E is up 200 4VBm6C ) 3 '0 "or glasses 5E N +0 4VBm6 and .00 3
3000 "or special ceramics 5marks are C4-', T-.006 Q20R p(32 5E N '3 3 2- 4VBm6( Gielectric strength apprecia$le depends
"rom sur"ace roughness, thickness, purit, temperature and other conditions o" material( >t is necessar to "ind good insulate
materials and reach conditions !hich increase the dielectric strength(
For small $alls, the tensile stress is important "or reducing the !eight 5$ecause like charges tear the
$all6( The author $elie%es that an arti"icial "i$er ha%ing a ma7imum tensile stress at ,003)20 kgBmm
2

5"i$er6 or !hiskers up to 2000 kgBmm
2
is $etter( These "i$ers can also $e used to strengthen $alls
insulated $ a dielectric 5"or e7ample, as an additional co%er, Fig( ',(2d6(
( 4he hal-lie o the charge(
5'6 S#heri0al -all( Let us take a %er comple7 conditionC !here the unlike charges are separated only
$ an insulator 5charged spherical condenser6:
ka
t t
ak
E
E
t
ak
E E
k
a
C
(C
dt
E
dE
C
a
dt
dE
(
C
E
`
a
(
kE
E E ` ` (i
h h
+
).3 ( 0 , * ( 0 ).3 ( 0
2
'
ln
+
,
2
'
,
+
e7p
, , , 0 , ,
+
, , , 0
0
0
2 2

,
_

+
5',(*6
!here: th 3 hal"-li"e time, QsecRC ( 3 insulator resistance, Q#hmRC i 3 current, QARC ` 3 %oltage, QVRC _ 3
thickness o" insulator, QmRC E 3 electrical intensit, QVBmRC E 3 charge, QCRC t - time, QsecondsRC T 3
speci"ic resistance o" insulator, Q#hm-meter, smRC a 3 internal radius o" the $all, QmRC C 3 capacit o"
the $all, QCRC k N .'0
.
(
Exam#le5 Let us take tpical data: T N'0
'.
-m, k N .'0
.
, _$a N 0(2, then th N '(2+'0
)
seconds N '++
das(
526 "alfDlife of 0ylindri0al tu-e( The computation is same as "or tu$es 5' m charged clindrical
condenser6:
2/1
( )
(
2
* ( 0 , 0
,
6 B ' ln5 2
).3 ( 0
,
'
).3 ( 0 ,
2
,
B ' ln
'
,
'
e7p
0
k
t
a
for
a ka
t t
(C a
(
a k
C t
(C
E E
h
h h

+

+

,
_

5',(-6
g( Rupture &+reakthrough( o in!ulator( The $reakthrough o" a $all can onl occur !hen the
charge contacts an unlike charge or conducting material( The %oltage $et!een the charges must $e less
than ` ! _`r, !here `r is the $reakthrough %oltage "or a gi%en insulator and _ is the thickness o" the
insulator( For a good insulator this is up to `r *00 million VBm, "or thin mica it as up to `r N '000
million VBm(
h6 Le$itation +et9een lat net and ground !urace 5Fig( ',('d6( This is the simplest "or $oth
utili8ation and computation( The top o" the column contains the insulated metallic net !ith a high
%oltage 5it ma $e a direct current electricit line6( This induces the opposite charge in the 2arth and
po!ers the static electric "ield( The man 5car6 has charged $alls or a $alloon !ith like charges to the
2arthDs charge( These $alls repel "rom the 2arthDs sur"ace 5charges6 and support the man 5car6 in the air(
The li"ting "orce, %, and radius, a, o" a small li"ting $alloon !ith charge E can $e computed $ the
e@uations:
, , , ,
0
0
2 0
h E `
E E
k'
E
E
k a
a
E
k E EE %
a a
a

5',(.6
!here Eo 3 electrical intensit $et!een the net and the 2arthDs sur"ace QVBmRC Ea 3 electrical intensit at
the $allDs 5$alloon6 sur"ace "rom the internal $all 5$alloon6 charge QVBmRC a 3 internal radius o" $all
5$alloon6 QmRC ' 3 mass o" the "light %ehicle 5man, car6C N .(-' mBs
2
3 2arthDs gra%itC ` 3 %oltage
$et!een the net and 2arth QVRC h 3 altitude o" the net QmR(
Exam#les. Assume Eo ! Ea N 2(.'0
)
VBm, the manDs mass is ' N '00 kg, and the carDs mass is '000
kg( The radius o" a single support $alloon !ill $e a '(' m "or the man and a 3(3 m "or the car,
respecti%el( Note that this %oltage is lo!er than the discharge %oltage "or a non-insulated conductor
and the ioni8ed 8one is a$sent( =e can change the single $alloon to some small highl charged $alls or
a $elt !ith an ioni8ed 8one(
The "ling %ehicles can $e protected "rom contact !ith the top net $ a dielectric 5insulator6 sa"et net
located $elo! the top net 5Fig( ',('d, mark *6(
i( -lectro!tatic le$itation o a train 5Fig( ',(3a6( T!o identicall charged closed plates o" area S
ha%e a repelling "orce %:
, 2
2
S k %
0
5',('06
!here 20 is sur"ace charge densit QCBm
2
R(
For e7ample, t!o ' m
2
plates !ith identical charge 20 N 2'0
-+
CBm
2
!ill ha%e a speci"ic li"t "orce o" %
N 22)0 NBm
2
N 22) kg"Bm
2
( Con%entional electrets ha%e 20 N '0
3+
3 '(+'0
33
CBm
2
charge and can $e
used "or a non-contact train(
=( 4op tu+e high9ay( The parameters o" a tu$e high!a can $e calculated $ the "ollo!ing
e@uations:
a
k
a
*
F
h
k
h
*
F 0onst for
C
*
C
`
a h k
C
h
a
E
E
h
k
E
k
aE
a h
a
a
2 2
'
2
'
'
0
0
2
,
2
,
2
, ,
6 B 2 ln5 2
'
, ,
+
,
2

, 5',(''6
!here: e 3 the linear charge o" ' meter o" tu$e QCBmRC a 3 radius o" tu$e cross section QmRC Ea 3 electric
intensit at tu$e sur"ace QVBmRC E= 3 electrical intensit at the 2arthDs sur"ace at a point under the tu$e
QVBmR, "or other points E ! E0cos
3
f !here f is the angle $et!een a %ertical line "rom the tu$e center
and a line to a gi%en point 5electric lines are perpendicular to the 2arthDs sur"ace, there is no lateral
2//
acceleration6C h 3 altitude QmRC k N .'0
.
3 coe""icient QNm
2
BC
2
RC C' 3 capacit o" ' meter o" tu$e
QCBmR Qsee p( )+R
-
C ` 3 %oltage QVRC * 3 electrical energ o" ' meter o" tu$e QKBmRC Fh 3 electric "orce
o" ' meter o" tu$e $et!een the tu$e and the 2arthDs sur"ace QNBmRC Fa 3 radial tensile "orce o" ' meter
o" tu$e QNBmR(
The thickness and mass o" the top tu$e 5!ith a thin co%er6 are gi%en $

a '
a
k
F
a
2 , , 2
'
2
, 5,('26
!here 2 3 sa"e tensile stress o" tu$e co%er QNBm
2
RC _ 3 thickness o" the tu$e co%er QmRC '' 3 mass o" '
m o" tu$e co%er QkgBmRC 3 3 densit o" tu$e co%er QkgBm
3
R(
The li"t "orce o" the tu$e as an air $alloon "illed $ helium can $e computed $ the e@uation
h a F
%
6 5 6 5
2

, 5',('36
!here T N '(22, kgBm
3
3 air densitC T 3 "illing gas densit 5"or helium T N 0('*-, kgBm
3
6C a 3 radius
o" tu$e QmRC
6 5h
3 relati%e air densit at altitude, "or h N 0 km the
' 6 5 h
, "or ' km
.0- ( 0 6 5 h
( Note that E0 decreases in proportional to the atmospheric densit( 9n"ortunatel, the
attracti%e electric "orce Fh in man cases is more than the air li"t "orce F%(
See the e7ample computation in pro<ect 2(
k( Spherical "ain +all on "a!t and air +alloon( The parameters o" charges o" the main $all and
spherical $alloon can $e calculated using the "ollo!ing e@uations
2
2
2
' 2
0
2 0 2
+
,
,
2
, ,
2 2
' '
, 2 ,
2
,
h
kE
h
*
F 0onst E for
C
E
*
a
kE
`
k
a
a h a
k C
h
a
E
E
h
E
k E
a
E
k E
h
a
a

1
]
1
,
_

,
_
, 5',('+6
!here E 3 the charge o" air $alloon 5sphere6 QCRC a 3 radius o" air $alloon QmRC Ea 3 electrical intensit
at the $alloonDs sur"ace QVBmRC Eo 3 electrical intensit at the 2arthDs sur"ace at a point under the
$alloon QVBmR, "or other points E ! E0cos
3
f !here f is the angle $et!een a %ertical line "rom the
$alloon center and a line to a gi%en point 5electric lines are perpendicular to the 2arthDs sur"ace, there is
no lateral acceleration6C h 3 altitude QmRC k N .'0
.
3 coe""icient QNm
2
BC
2
RC C 3 capacit o" $alloon QCRC
` 3 %oltage QVRC * 3 electrical energ o" the $alloon QKRC Fh 3 electrical "orce $et!een the $alloon and
the 2arthDs sur"ace QNR(
The thickness and mass o" the top atmospheric air $alloon as a spherical capacitor ' m 5!ith a thin
co%er6 are
,
+
+ ,
- 2
, 2 ,
- +
,
2
6 5
2
, , ,
2
,
2 3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2

k
E a
a '
k
aE
a#
a # a
k
E
a
F
#
k
aE
a
kE
F 0onst
k
E a
E for
k
a
0
C
E
*
a
*
F
a
-
a a
a
a
a
a
a

,
5',(',6
!here 2 3 sa"e tensile stress o" the $alloon co%er QNBm
2
RC _ 3 thickness o" the $alloon co%er QmRC '- 3
mass o" the $alloon co%er QkgRC 3 3 densit o" the $alloon co%er QkgBm
3
RC # 3 internal pressure under
like charges QNBm
2
R(
The li"t "orce o" the air $alloon "illed $ helium can $e computed using the e@uation
h a F
%
6 5 6 5
3
+
3

, 5',(')6
!here T N '(22, kgBm
3
3 air densitC T 3 "illing gas densit 5"or helium T N 0('*-, kgBm
3
6C a 3 radius
o" $alloon QmRC
6 5h
3 relati%e air densit at altitude, "or h N 0 km the
' 6 5 h
, "or ' km
.0- ( 0 6 5 h
( >n man cases the attracted electric "orce Fh is more than the air li"t "orce F%(
See the computation in &ro<ect 3(
l( S"all !pherical liting +all!( Assume the electrical intensit o" the main top charge is signi"icantl
more then the li"ting charges( The parameters o" large spherical $alls !ith thin co%ers can $e
2/3
computed using the e@uations a$o%e( The parameters o" small $alls !ith thick co%ers can $e computed
using the "ollo!ing e@uations
k
E E a
n %
k
E a
E aE `
k
r
C C` E nEE %
a a
a
0
2 2
0
, , , , , , 5',('*6
!here % 3 total li"t "orce QNRC n 3 num$er o" $allsC Ea 3 electrical intensit at the $all sur"ace "rom
electrical charge o" the $all E QCRC a 3 internal radius o" the $all QmR(
The thickness and mass o" the $all 5!ith a thick co%er6 are

( ) ( ) [ ]
( )

,
_
'
3
+
,
-
' ,
' - '
,
-
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
(
a '
k
E
a (
a ( k
E
a (
#
k
E
#
-
a a - a
-

, 5',('-6
!here ( ! a 1 _ 3 e7ternal radius o" $all QmRC 2 3 sa"e tensile stress o" the $all material QNBm
2
RC _ 3
thickness o" the $all co%er QmRC '- 3 mass o" the $all co%er QkgRC 3 3 densit o" the $all co%er QkgBm
3
R(
Results o" this computation are in Figs( ',() to ',(.( Notice that the li"ting $alls ha%e a large ratio o"
li"t "orceB$all mass, a$out '0,000320,000(
"( Long &a // l( cylindrical liting +elt. The ma7imum charge and mass o" a ' meter long
clindrical li"ting $elt ma $e computed using the "ollo!ing e@uations 5"rom 5',(''66
a
k E l ' ' a ' l E
k
a
a
k
F F l E %
a a a

2
, , 2 , , ,
2
, 2 ,
' '
2
0
,
5',('.6
!here e 3 charge o" ' meter QCBmRC a 3 internal radius o" the $elt cross-section area QmRC _ 3 thickness
o" the $elt QmRC 2 3 sa"e tensile stress o" the $elt co%er QNBm
2
RC E C charge o" the $elt QCR@ l 3 length o"
the $elt QmRC ' 3 mass o" the $elt QkgRC Ea 3 electrical intensit o" the $elt sur"ace QVBmRC Fa 3
electrostatic "orce in the tu$e QNR Qsee e@uation 5',(''6RC 3 3 densit o" $elt co%er QkgBm
3
R(
Computations are presented in Fig( ',('0 and ',(''( See also e7ample computation in pro<ect 3(

Fig. 1/.3( 2lectrostatic li"t "orce 5kN6 o" small li"ting $all %ersus radius o" $all "or the electrical intensit o" the
$allDs sur"ace Ea N 5203-006'0
)
VBm, general electrical intensit Eo N 2,, '0
)
VBm, sa"e tensile stress o" the
$all co%er 30 kgBmm
2
, speci"ic densit o" the $all co%er '-00 kgBm
3
(
2/5

Fig. 1/.5( 4ass 5kg6 o" small li"ting $all %ersus radius o" $all "or the electrical intensit o" the $allDs sur"ace Ea
N 5'003-006'0
)
VBm, general electrical intensit Eo N 2(, '0
)
VBm, sa"e tensile stress o" the $all co%er 30
kgBmm
2
3
(

Fig. 1/.2( 2lectrostatic li"t "orce 5kN6 o" the li"ting $all %ersus radius o" $all "or the electrical intensit o" the
$allDs sur"ace Ea N 5333006'0
)
)
VBm, sa"e tensile stress o"
the $all co%er '00 kgBmm
2
3
(
2/2

Fig. 1/.:( 4ass 5kg6 o" the li"ting $all %ersus radius o" $all "or the electrical intensit o" the $allDs sur"ace Ea N
5333006'0
)
)
VBm, sa"e tensile stress o" the $all co%er '00
kgBmm
2
3
(

Fig. 1/.1.( 2lectrostatic li"t "orce 5kN6 o" a ' m small li"ting $elt %ia radius o" $all cross-section area "or
general electrical intensit Eo N 2(, '0
)
VBm, sa"e tensile stress o" the $all co%er '03200 kgBmm
2
, 2 N
5'032006'0
*
NBm
2
, densit o" $all co%er 3 N '-00 kgBm
3
(
2/:
Fig. 1/.11( ?elt electrical intensit %ia sa"e tensile stress "or general electrical intensit Eo N 2(, '0
)
VBm, sa"e
tensile stress o" the $all co%er '03200 kgBmm
2
, 2 N 5'032006'0
*
NBm
2
C 3 3 speci"ic densit o" $all co%er
'-00 kgBm
3
, relati%e thickness o" $elt co%er, _ N 0(0'a(

n( Aerodyna"ic! o the le$itated $ehicle!( The drag, D, 5re@uired thrust, T6 and re@uired po!er o"
the le%itated person, car and %ehicles can $e computed $ the "ollo!ing e@uations
5',(206
!here CD 3 aerodnamic drag
coe""icient, "or a sitting person CD 0(,, "or a ling man CD 0(3, "or a car CD 0(2,, "or a sphere CD
0('3 0(2 5depending on the si8e and speed6, "or a dirigi$le CD 0(0) 3 0('C T N '(22, kgBm
3
3 standard
air densitC ) 3 speed QmBsRC S 3 %ehicle cross section area Qm
2
RC * 3 re@uired po!er Q=RC \ 3 propeller
coe""icient o" e""icienc, \ N 0(* 3 0(-(
For e7ample, a "ling person 5S N 0(3 m
2
6 has G N ,(, N "or speed ) N '0 mBs 53) kmBhour6( ;e onl
needs a small motor, = N 0(0*3 k=(
o( 0ontrol and !ta+ility( Control is accomplished using the direction 5and magnitude6 o" motor
thrust 5and %aria$le tor@ue6 and the charging and discharging o" li"ting charges( The le%itated %ehicle
!ill $e sta$le in a %ertical position i" its center o" gra%it is lo!er than the center o" le%itation 5li"t6
"orce( The dipole moment o" the particular %ehicleDs design can gi%e additional sta$ilit( Note that
electric lines are %ertical at the 2arthDs sur"ace 5Figs( ',('d,e,",g6, !hich means that the li"t "orce is
%ertical(
p( Flight in thunder!tor"!( Thunderstorms produce an electric "ield o" a$out 300,000 to ',000,000
VBm( This "ield can $e used "or le%itation(
7( 0harging( >n the authorDs opinion, the easiest method o" charging and maintaining the charge is $
using a Van de 1raa"" electrostatic generator 5Fig( ',(2<6( An other high %oltage generation de%ices
can also $e used(
r( Saety( >t is not kno!n e7actl ho! static "ields o" electrical intensit a""ect a human $od( &eople
in an electric "ield o" a$out 300,000 to ',000,000 VBm during a thunderstorm or under high %oltage
electrical lines "eel normal( The inside space o" a con%entional car !ith a metal $od 5or conducti%e
paint6 does not ha%e an electric "ield( The 4useum o" the 4assachusetts >nstitute o" Technolog 54>T6
sho!s people inside metal shells, under high %oltage, and surro!nded $ lightning( &eople can !ear
clothes armored $ conducti%e "ilaments as a de"ense against the electric "ield(
23.
, , ,
2
2
'
T
a
)D
* S
)
C D T
D


!( 0harged +all a! an accu"ulator o energy( The energ re@uired to charge a $all 5accumulate at
in the $all6 can $e calculated $ the "ollo!ing e@uations
k
E a
*
k
E a
E
a
E
k E
(
a
C
C
E
*
a a
a
2 3 2
2
2
2
'
, , , ,
2
'
, 5',(2'6
!here = is energ QKR(
The $all mass at sa"e stress le%els !ith repelling charges can $e calculated using e@uation 5',('*6

( ) [ ] ' -
3
, '
3
+
, '
-
,
-
'
3
2
3
3 2 2
2
1
1
]
1

,
_
+
,
_
1
1
]
1

,
_
a ( k
E
'
*
a
( a
'
k
E
a
(
k
E
a
(
a a a

, 5',(226
!here ' 3 mass QkgRC 2 3 sa"e tensile stress o" the $all co%er QNBm
2
RC 3 3 speci"ic densit o" the $all
co%er QkgBm
3
RC ( ! a 1 _ 3 e7ternal radius o" the $all QmR(
The accumulated relati%e energ "or 2 N 200 kgBmm
2
ma $e close to con%entional po!der and last a
lot langer than electrical energ in a tpical condenser( This electrical energ can $e reclaimed 5$
using a sharp spike6 or used "or launching or accelerating space %ehicles i" !e take t!o like charges
5$alls6 and allo! them to repel each other( This method o" trans"orming electrical energ into thrust
ma $e more use"ul than the thrust "rom a con%entional electric space engine $ecause one can create a
$ig thrust $ utili8ing space masses 5asteroids6(
*ro=ect!
Let us estimate the main parameters "or some o""ered applications( 4ost people understand the
magnitudes and properties o" applications $etter than theoretical reasoning and e@uations( The
suggested application parameters are not optimal, $ut our purpose is to sho! the method can $e
utili8ed $ current technolog(
1. Le$itation ,igh9ay 5Fig(',('d6(
The height o" the top net is 20 m( The electrical intensit is Eo N 2(,'0
)
V \ E0 N 533+6'0
)
V( The
%oltage $et!een the top net and the ground is ` N ,0'0
)
V( The !idth o" each side o" the road is 20
m( =e "irst "ind the si8e o" the li"ting $all "or the man 5'00 kg6, car 5'000 kg6, or track 5'0,000 kg6(
;ere (0 is the radius o" the ioni8ed 8one QmR:
'6 Fling man 5mass ' N '00 kg, r N 3, Ei N 200'0
)
VBm, g '0 mBs
2
6

m
E
E
( m
E E
k'
a E E
0
a
0
a
i a
' , 0- ( 0
'0 ) '0 , , 2
'0 '00 '0 .
, '0 200 3
- )
.
0
)

(
Notice that the radius o" a single $all supporting the man is onl - cm, or the man can use t!o $alls a
N ,3) cm(, (0N0(*, m 5or e%en more smaller $alls6( >" the man uses a ' m clindrical $elt, the radius o"
the $elt cross-section area is '(' cm, 2 N '00 kgBmm
2
, Ea N )00'0
)
VBm 5Figs( ',('0 and ',(''6( The
$elt ma $e more com"orta$le "or some people(
26 =ith the same calculation ou can "ind that a car o" mass ' N '000 kg !ill $e le%itated using a
single charged $all a N 23 cm, (0 N 3(2 m 5or t!o $alls !ith a N ') cm( (0 N 2(3 m6(
36 A truck o" mass ' N '0,000 kg !ill $e le%itated using a single charged $all a N *0 cm, (0 N '0 m 5or
t!o $alls !ith a N 0(, m( (0 N * m6(
2. Le$itating tu+e high9ay

Assume the le%itation high!a has the design o" Fig(',('",g !here the top net is changed to a tu$e(
231
Take the data Eo N 2(,'0
)
V \ E0 N 533+6'0
)
V, Ea N 2'0
-
VBm, h N 20 m( This means the electrical
intensit, Eo, at ground le%el is the same as in the pre%ious case( The re@uired radius, a, o" the top tu$e
is
m
E
E
a ( m h a
E
E
h
a
a
0
a
'0 , '2, ( 0 00)2+ ( 0 , 00)2, ( 0
2
0
0

(
The diameter o" the top tu$e is 0(2, m, the top ioni8ed 8one has a radius o" '0 m(
'. 0harged +all located on a high "a!t or to9er
Assume there is a mast 5to!er6 ,00 m high !ith a $all o" radius a N 32 m at its top charged up to Ea N
3'0
-
VBm( The charge is
m )
h
E
k E C
k
E a
E
a
B '0 +, ( 2
2
, 3+
)
2 0
2
(
This electrical intensit at ground le%el means that !ithin a radius o" appro7imatel ' km, people,
cars and other loads can le%itate(
1. Le$itation in lo9 cu"uloni"+u! and thunder!tor" cloud!
>n these clouds the electrical intensit at ground le%el is a$out Eo N 3'0
,
3'0
)
VBm( A person can take
more 5or more highl charged6 $alls and le%itate(
/. Artiicial gra$ity on !pace !hipM! or a!teroid!
Assume the space ship is a sphere !ith an inner radius at a N '0 m and e7ternal radius o" '3 m( =e
can create the electrical intensit Eo N 2(,'0
)
VBm !ithout an ioni8ed 8one( The electrical charge is
E ! a
?
Eo$k ! 2(-'0
32
C( For a man !eighing '00 kg 5g N '0 mBs
2
, "orce F N '000 N6, it is su""icient
to ha%e a charge o" E ! F$Eo N +'0
3+
C and small $all !ith a N 0(' m and Ea N Ek$a
2
N 3()'0
-
VBm(
>n outer space at the shipDs sur"ace, the arti"icial gra%it !ill $e 5'0B'36
2
N 0() N)0U
'0
o" (
3. 0harged +all a! an accu"ulator o energy and rocket engine
The computations sho! the relati%e *$' energ calculated "rom sa"e tensile stress does not depend on
Ea( A $all co%er !ith a tensile stress o" 2 N 200 kgBmm
2
reaches 2(2 4KBkg( This is close to the energ
o" con%entional po!der 53 4KBkg6( >" !hiskers or nanotu$es are used the relati%e electrical storage
energ !ill $e close to than o" li@uid rocket "uel(
T!o like charged $alls repel one another and can gi%e signi"icant acceleration "or a space %ehicle,
VT#L aircra"t, or !eapon(
Di!cu!!ion
2lectrostatic le%itation could create a re%olution in transportation, $uilding, entertainment, a%iation,
space "lights, and the energ industr(
The o""ered method needs de%elopment and testing( The e7perimental procedure it is not e7pensi%e(
=e <ust need a $all !ith a thin internal conducting laer, a dielectric co%er, and high %oltage charging
e@uipment( This e7periment can $e carried out in an high %oltage electric la$orator( The proposed
le%itation theor is $ased on pro%en electrostatic theor( There ma $e pro$lems ma $e !ith
discharging, $lockage o" the charge $ the ioni8ed 8one, $reakdo!n, and hal"-li"e o" the discharge, $ut
care"ul choice o" suita$le electrical materials and electric intensit ma $e also to sol%e them( 4ost o"
these pro$lems do not occur in a %acuum(
232
Another pro$lem is the a""ects o" the strong electrostatic "ield on a li%ing organism( #nl e7periments
using animals can sol%e this( >n an case, there are protection methods 3 conducting clothes or %ehicle
is 5"rom metal or conducting paint6 !hich o""er a de"ense against the electric "ield(
#ther related ideas "rom the author are sho!n in the Re"erences
'03'3
(
Reerence!
'( ?olonkin, A(A(, >nstallation "or creating open electrostatic "ield, &atent applications ^3+)*2*0B2' ''))*),
. Kul '.-2( 9SSR &atent o""ice(
2( ?olonkin, A(A(, 52lectrostatic6 method "or tensing o" "ilms( &atent application ^3)+))-.B'0 '3-0-,, 2-
Septem$er '.-3( 9SSR &atent o""ice(
3( ?olonkin, A(A(, EA%iation, 4otor, and Space GesignF, Collection Emerin Te0hnoloy in the Soviet
`nion, pp(32--0, Gelphic Ass(, '..0( 9SA(
+( Shortle, 1(, =illiams, G(, Elements of Physi0s, ,th 2dn(, &rentice-;all, >nc(, Ne! Kerse, 9SA(
,( /estelman, V(N(, &inchuk, L(S(, 1oldale, V(A(, Ele0trets in Enineerin, Fundamentals and A##li0ations(
/lumer Academic &u$lisher, 2000(
)( /ikoin, >(/(, 5ed(6, Ta-les of #hysi0al values, Dire0tory, Atomisdat, 4osco!, '.*) 5in Russian6(
*( /oshkin, N(>(, Shirke%ich, 4(1(, Dire0tory of Elementary Physi0s, Nauka, 4osco!, '.-2 5in Russian6(
-( /alashniko%, C(/(, Ele0tri0ity, Nauka, 4osco!, '.-, 5in Russian6(
.( '06ra9D"ill En0y0lo#edia of S0ien0e F Te0hnoloy(
'0( ?olonkin, A(A(, E2lectrostatic 9tili8ation o" Asteroids "or Space FlightF, AiAA-200,-+032( +' Koint
&ropulsion Con"erences, '03'3 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
''( ?olonkin A(A(, E2lectrostatic Solar =ind &ropulsion SstemF, A>AA-200,-+22,( +' Koint &ropulsion
Con"erences, '0-'3 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
'2( ?olonkin, A(A(, E/inetic Anti-1ra%itatorF, A>AA-200,-+,0,, +' Koint &ropulsion Con"erences, '0-'3 Kul,
200,, Tucson, Ari8ona(
'3( ?olonkin, A(A(, ESling Rotar Space LauncherF, A>AA-200,-+03,, +' Koint &ropulsion Con"erences, '0-'3
Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona(
23'
0hapter 13
6uided Solar Sail and -nergy 6enerator;
Su""ary
A solar sail is a large thin "ilm mirror that uses solar energ "or propulsion( The author proposed
inno%ations and a ne! design o" Solar sail in '.-,
'
( This inno%ation allo!s 5main ad%antages onl6:
'( An easil controlled amount and direction o" thrust !ithout turning a gigantic sailC 26
9tili8ation o" the solar sail as a po!er generator 5"or e7ample, electricit generator6C 36 9se o" the solar
sail "or long- distance communication sstems(
-----------------------------
P The detail manuscript !as presented as A>AA-200,-3-,* on the +'
st
&ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2 Kul 200,,
De!cription o "ethod and inno$ation!
%ntroduction
Solar sails are composed o" large "lat smooth sheets o" %er thin "ilm, supported $ ultra-light!eight
structures( The side o" the "ilm !hich "aces the sun is coated !ith a highl re"lecti%e material so that
the resulting product is a huge mirror, tpicall a$out the si8e o" a "oot$all "ield 5see Fig( ')('6( The
"orce generated $ the sun shining on this sur"ace is a$out e@ual to the !eight o" a letter sent %ia "irst
class mail( 2%en though this is a %er tin "orce, it is perpetual, and o%er das, !eeks, and months, this
snail-paced acceleration results in the achie%ement o" %elocities large enough to o%ertake and pass the
Voagers and &ioneers that are no! speeding a!a through the outer reaches o" our solar sstem(
231

Fig( ')('. Arti!tN! conception o a !olar !ail
NASA has a program in place to de%elop solar sail technolog to a point !here it can $e used to
implement important space e7ploration missions( There are a num$er o" missions on the NASA
strategic roadmap that re@uire this tpe o" propellantless propulsion to achie%e their o$<ecti%es( There
are other classes o" missions that are greatl enhanced $ solar sails $ecause these %ehicles are
ine7pensi%e to construct and can deli%er such high per"ormance propulsion(
There are important applications "or solar sails $eond the science missions that NASA has planned(
The National #ceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5N#AA6 needs this technolog to create a ne!
class o" space and earth !eather monitoring stations that can pro%ide greater co%erage o" the earth and
pro%ide $etter ad%ance !arning o" the solar storms that sometimes plague communications and
electrical po!er grids( There are also a num$er o" militar missions in earth or$it that can $e ena$led
$ lo! cost sailcra"t(
Solar sailing is a method o" con%erting light energ "rom the sun into a source o" propulsion "or
spacecra"t( >n essence, a solar sail is a giant mirror that re"lects sunlight in order to trans"er the
momentum "rom light particles 5photons6 to the o$<ect one is interested in propelling( Since the phrase
Lsolar sailsL is o"ten con"used !ith Lsolar cellsL, !hich is a technolog "or con%erting solar light into
electrical energ, !e !ill use the term Llight sailL "or the purpose o" this discussion(
Solar radiation pressure N .('2 tNBm
2
The light sail material must $e as thin and light!eight as possi$le( Con%entional light sail "ilm has
comprised , micron thick alumini8ed mlar or kapton !ith a thin "ilm aluminum laer 5appro7imatel
'00 nm thick6 deposited on one side to "orm a mirror sur"ace !ith .0U re"lecti%it(
For , micron thick mlar, !hich has an areal densit o" * gBm
2
, the acceleration !ould $e '(2 mmBs
2
(
This acceleration results in a dail %elocit increase o" a$out '00 mBs, a %elocit !hich is use"ul "or
maneu%ering around the solar sstem( Although mlar is ine7pensi%e and readil a%aila$le in 0(,
micron thickness, it is not ideal sail "ilm material $ecause it is easil degraded $ the sunHs ultra%iolet
radiation( The other ke contender, kapton, can !ithstand ultra%iolet radiation $ut isnHt a%aila$le in
laers much thinner than - tm, !ith a resulting area densit o" '2 grams per s@uare meter(
A solar sail is a spacecra"t !ith a large, light!eight mirror attached to it that mo%es $ $eing pushed
$ light re"lecting o"" the mirror instead o" using rockets( The light to push a sail can come "rom the
23/
Sun or large lasers !e could $uild( Satellites in or$it around the 2arth can sur%i%e "or man ears
!ithout an maintenance !hile using onl a small amount o" rocket propellant to hold their positions(
Solar sails can $e made to sur%i%e in space "or man ears as !ell( ?ut, $ecause solar sails use sunlight
that ne%er runs out like rocket propellant, during those ears the sail can mo%e around as much as ou
!ant it to, such as "rom the 2arth to 4ars and $ack, possi$l se%eral times i" the sail remains in good
condition( A similarl e@uipped rocket !ould either $e ridiculousl huge $ecause it has to carr the
"uel "or each trip, or !ould need to $e re"ueled regularl(
Sunlight e7erts a %er gentle "orce( The po!er o" sunlight in space at the 2arthHs distance "rom the
Sun is $et!een '(33'(+ kilo!atts per s@uare meter( =hen ou di%ide '(+ kilo!atts $ the speed o"
light, a$out 300 million meters per second, the result is %er small( A s@uare mirror o" side ' kilometer
!ould onl recei%e a$out . ne!tons(
Light pressure is P ! E$0 i" the light is a$sor$ed 5$lack sur"ace6 and P ! 2E$0 i" the light is re"lected
5mirror6( ;ere E is light energ, 0 N 3S'0
-
mBs is light speed(
There are three ma<or designs used "or light sail construction 5Fig( ')(26:
4hree axi! !ta+ili8ed sails !hich re@uire $ooms to support the sail material(
,eliogyro !ail!, !hich are $laded like a helicopter and must $e rotated "or sta$ilit(
Gisk sails !hich must $e controlled $ mo%ing the center o" mass relati%e to the center o"
pressure(

Fig( ')(2( Gesign o" light sail
A practical sail places great demands on our phsical construction capa$ilities( The sail must $e as
large as possi$le so that it can collect enough light to gain a use"ul thrust( At the same time it must $e
as light !eight as possi$le( This implies an e7tremall thin sail "ilm !ith minimal mass( Finall, it
must $e dura$le enough to !ith stand a !ide range o" temperature changes, charged particles, and
micrometeoroid ha8ards( A laser $eam ma $e used "or mo%ing the solar sail
3-''
(
De!cription o inno$ation and their ad$antage!
The proposedd inno%ation o" a solar sail
'
is presented in Fig( ')(3( Theor de%eloped in author
pu$lication
2
ma $e use"ul "or "light analsis( The solar sail contains: a space ship, ', a spherical
re"lector, 2, a mirror, ,, and additional de%ices to support spherical re"lector, control the thrust
direction, and con%ert the light energ into electricit and additional thrust(
233

Fig. 13.'( proposed guided solar sail and electricit generator( Notations are: ' 3 space shipC 2 3 thin "ilm
re"lectorC 3 3 in"lata$le 5or electricall charged6 toroid !hich support the re"lector in an open 5un"olded6
positionC + 3 transparent thin "ilm or light charged net !hich support the spherical "orm o" the re"lectorC ,
3 control mirror, !hich guides thrust directionC ) 3 lens or trap "or communicationC * 3 re"lected $eam
5located at the center o" the shipDs mass6( - 3 direction o" thrust(
The suggested propulsion sstem !orks in the "ollo!ing !a( The re"lector, 2, "ocuses the sunlight
into the control ship mirror, ,, located at the spaceshipDs center o" mass( =e are a$le to change the
position o" this mirror, send the "ocused $eam in the right direction and achie%e the necessar thrust
direction !ithout turning the space sail $ecause the space sail is large, turning it is %er comple7
pro$lem, $ut this pro$lem is a%aided in the suggested design(
>" !e direct the solar $eam into the ship, !e can con%ert the huge solar energ into an other sort o"
energ, "or e7ample, into electricit using a con%entional method 5solar cell or heat machine6( A
re"lector o" '00S'00 m
2
produces '+,000 k= energ at ' A9( The de%eloped ion thrusters are %er
e""icient and ha%e a high speci"ic impulse, $ut the need a great amount o" energ( =e ha%e this energ
in the proposed sail and can increase the thrust o%er time(
The o""ered sstem can $e also used "or long distance communication $ sending a "ocused $eam is to
the 2arth and transmitting the necessar in"ormation(
The author has also proposed a method using sur"ace tension o" a solar sail and a solar mirror
'0
(
The suggested re%olutionar propulsion sstem uses current technolog and ma $e produced in the
near "uture $ut needs detailed research and computation(
Further de$elop"ent
235
>nitial attempts to impro%e sail acceleration "ailed to take "uture de%elopment into account $ecause
the "ocused onl on de%eloping the lo!est densit "ilm material possi$le( For e7ample, researchers
anticipate a 2, times impro%ement o%er the $aseline mlar design descri$ed a$o%e $ remo%ing the
plastic su$strate and lea%ing the '00 nm Al laer( Reducing the aluminum thickness "rom '00 nm to +
or , nm !ould ield another "actor o" '2, resulting in a net 300 times increase in sail acceleration( The
trade o"", o" course, is that the re"lecti%it goes do!n "or such a thin metal "ilm there$ dri%ing one to
use longer !a%elengths such as micro!a%es( &er"orating the aluminum metal sail pushes this num$er
some!here $et!een ,00 times and ,000 times( 4ore recentl, nanotu$es, a mesh!ork o" interlocking
car$on "i$ers !hich can pro%ide sti"", $ut e7tremel light!eight support "or the sail coating, are $eing
e7plored( Since car$on is relati%el imper%ious to solar-radiation damage and has a higher melting
point than aluminum, nanotu$es are thought to ha%e high potential "or pro%iding a signi"icant
$reakthrough "or light sail de%elopmentC potentiall ielding "actors o" '0,000 to '00,000 in 2arth or$it
acceleration( #ne concept, gra sails, tries to turn the ta$les on the heating pro$lem $ mo%ing to
!ithin 3 solar radii to heat the sail up to 2000 degrees centigrade( The radiating heat !ould then act as
a propellant as the spacecra"t passes through the perihelion and arcs a!a "rom the Sun(
Reerence!
'( A(A(?olonkin, ESolar Sail 2ngine "or SpaceshipsF( &atent 5Author serti"icate ^ '2)2-*06, priorit
since '0 Kanuar '.-,, 9SSR &atent #""ice(
2( A(A( ?olonkin, ETheor o" Flight Vehicles !ith Control Radial ForceF( Collection (esear0hes of
Fliht Dynami0s, 4ashinostroenie, 4osco!, '.),, pp( *.3''- 5in Russian6(
3( /(2( Tsiolko%ski, Extensions of 'an Into Luter S#a0e, '.2', See also /( 2( Tsiolko%ski,
Sym#osium on Jet Pro#ulsion, No( 2, 9nited Scienti"ic and Technical &resses 5N>T6, '.3) 5in
Russian6(
+( R(L( For!ard, ERoundtrip >nterstellar Tra%el 9sing Laser-&ushed LightsailsF, Journal of S#a0e0raft
Vol( 2', pp( '-*3'.,, '.-+(
,( A( 4ar7, E>nterstellar Vehicle &ropelled $ Terrestrial Laser ?eamF, &ature( pp( 22323, Kul '.))(
)( G( Spieth and R( Xu$rin, L9ltra-Thin Solar Sails "or >nterstellar Tra%el: &hase > Final ReportF, $
&ioneer Astronautics, >nc(, Lake!ood, CA(, pu$lished Gecem$er '...(
*( /( Tsander, EFrom a Scienti"ic ;eritageF, NASA TTF-,+', '.)* 5@uoting a '.2+ report $ the
author6(
-( ?( 4allo%e and 1( 4atlo"", The Starfliht "and-ook: A Pioneergs 6uide to Interstellar Travel, Kohn
=ile T Sons, >nc, Ne! Iork, '.-.(
.( L(Funaki, et( al, EThrust &roduction 4echanism o" 4agnetoplasma SailF, A>AA 2003-+2.2(
'0( A(A( ?olonkin, E4ethod o" stretching o" thin "ilmF( Russian patent application ^3)+))-.B'0
'3-0-,, 2- Septem$er '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
''( A(A( ?olonkin, E1uided Solar Sail and 2lectric 1eneratorF, A>AA-200,-3-,*, +'st &ropulsion
Con"erence, '0-'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
232
0hapter 15
Radioi!otope Space Sail and -lectro-6enerator;
Su""ary
Radioisotope sail is a thin "ilm o" an alpha particle emitting radioisotope deposited on the $ack o" a
plastic sail that can pro%ide use"ul @uantities o" $oth propulsion and electrical po!er to a deep space
%ehicle( The momentum kick o" the emitted alpha particles pro%ides radioisotope sail thrust le%els per
s@uare meter compara$le to that o" a solar sail at one astronautical unit 5' A96( The electrical po!er
generated per ' s@uare m is compara$le to that o$tained "rom solar cells at ' A9( Radioisotope sail
sstems !ill maintain these propulsion and po!er le%els at distances "rom the Sun !here solar
po!ered sstems are ine""ecti%e(
The propulsion and po!er le%els a%aila$le "rom this simple and relia$le high-energ-densit sstem
!ould $e use"ul "or suppling propulsion and electrical po!er to a ro$otic deep space mission to the
#ort Cloud or $eond, or to a ro$otic interstellar "l$ or rende8%ous pro$e a"ter its arri%al at the target
star(
------------------------
P Getailed !ork !as presented $ the author as A>AA-200,-+22, at the +'st &ropulsion Con"erence,
'03'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
23:
Brie hi!tory o inno$ation
The idea o" using a radioisotope recoil propulsion as it is sho!n in Fig('*('a is %er old
',
(
The author has proposed man inno%ations in method is using radioisotope space sail and electric
generators in patent applications
'3'3
in '.-3 and in paper >AF .2-0,*3 presented to the =orld Space
Congress in '..2
'+
( The !ork
')
!ritten in '.., summari8ed the kno!ledge "or the con%entional case
in Fig( '*('a( ?olonkin inno%ations decrease the !eight o" traditional radioisotope sail 5RadSail, RS,
>soSail6 $ 23+ timesC increase the thrust $ 233 times, and the electric po!er $ 2 times and allo!s
control o" thrust and thrust direction !ithout needing to turn the large RadSail(
#ur inno%ation allo!s us to reach a pro$e speed o" more then 2000 kmBs, so the design ma $e used
"or interstellar pro$es(
This method allo!s nuclear !aste and unnecessar nuclear $om$s to $e used "or producing the
radioisotope material(
The o""ered method is realistic at the present time, has a high possi$ilit to $eing success"ul, and is
much cheaper "or deep missions than other currentl proposed method(
6eneral inor"ation a+out the i!otope !ail
There are a num$er o" radioacti%e elements that emit particles at a high %elocit( >t is conceptuall
possi$le to utili8e these high %elocit particles to pro%ide rocket thrust "or a space %ehicle( 9suall, the
concepts in%ol%e placing a thin laer o" the radioacti%e material on the $ack o" a metal or plastic "ilm
su$strate, producing a radioisotope sail( The particles emitted in the "or!ard direction !ould $e
a$sor$ed $ the su$strate, !hile the particles emitted in the $ack!ard direction !ould produce thrust
on the %ehicle(
Since the emitted particles also carr electric charge, the generate a current "lo! as the lea%e,
!hich can $e harnessed to pro%ide electric po!er to the %ehicle(
A short list o" isotopes !ith a deca li"etime and alpha particle energ o" interest "or deep space
propulsion and po!er is gi%en in Ta$le '*('(
Ta$le '*('( Some alpha particle radioisotopes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4ass Atomic Li"etime 5r6 o 2nerg Speci"ic
2lement Num$er Num$er ;al"-li"e 'Be 54eV6 densit
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A a
&olonium 20- -+ 2(. +(2 ,('2 .(+
&olonium 20. -+ '03 '+. +(-- .(+
Thorium 22- .0 '(. 2(- ,(+2 ''(*
9ranium 232 .2 *2 '0+ ,(32 '.('
&lutonium 23) .+ 2(- +(' ,(** '.('
&lutonium 23- .+ -) '2+ ,(,0 '.(-
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Charged particles, such as alpha particles, ha%e a "inite stopping range in materials, !hich depends
upon the charge, mass, and energ o" the alpha particle, the densit o" the stopping material, and, to a
slight degree, on the mass num$er A o" the stopping material( The range o" all the alpha particles is
!ithin a "e! percent o" the a%erage( As a result, "or a con%entional radioisotope sail 5see Fig( '*('a6, a
su$strate o" stopping material !ith thickness a little greater than the a%erage alpha-particle range !ill
25.
stop all alpha particles( The range "or , 4eV alpha particles in hdrogen-containing materials like
!ater and plastic is ,0 hm( >n hea% metals, the range is 200 hmBu, !here T is the speci"ic densit( For
polonium, !ith T N .(+, the range is 20 hm( For plutonium, !ith T N '.(-, the range is '0 hm(
For propulsion, the radioisotope should $e deposited as a thin metal "ilm on the $ack o" a space sail
su$strate made o" plastic( >" made ,0 hm thick, the plastic su$strate !ill stop all the alpha particles
going in the "or!ard direction( Then, i" the radioisotope "ilm is made thin, most o" the alpha particles
emitted in the $ack!ard direction !ill e7it the thin metal "ilm and produce a reaction thrust on the sail(
For e7ample, i" the "ilm o" polonium is made '0 hm thick, then a large percentage o" the rear!ard-
emitted alpha particles !ill emerge "rom the sur"ace o" the "ilm !ith most o" their energ( A s@uare
meter o" such a sail !ould consist o" ,0 gmBm
2
o" plastic su$strate !ith .+ gmBm
2
o" polonium
deposited on it(
The con%entional >soSail allo!s 5theoreticall6 reaching a %elocit o" 200 kmBs( #ur inno%ation
allo!s us to reach more the '000 kmBs( This design ma $e used "or interstellar pro$es(
De!cription o ne9 "ethod, in!tallation and inno$ation
The old RadSail has a su$strate laer 5$ase a$out ,0 hm thick6 and a thin '0 hm "ilm o" a , 4eV
alpha-particle-emitting radioisotope 5Fig( '*('a6( The su$strate laer 5sail $ase6 a$sor$s the high
energ particles(

Fig( '*('( a6 Con%entional radioisotope sailC $6 suggested 5inno%ated6 radioisotope sail( Notations are: ' 3
su$strate 5$ase o" sail6, 2 3 isotope laer, 3 3 isotope atom, + 3 alpha particles, , 3 direction o" 'B) particle
"lo!, ) 3 thrust, - 3 electric loading, . 3 initial charging, '0, '', '2 3 condenser nets, '3 3 particle
tra<ector(
The inno%ations and their ad%antages are "ollo!s 5Fig( '*('$6:
'6 The sail $ase, ', is thin, and particles pass across it( ?oth sides o" the $ase contain hori8ontal
condenser nets, '03'', and %ertical nets, '2( These nets create the electric "ields( The lo!er electric
"ield turns the lo!er particles $ack 5to an up!ard6, and this dou$les 5at least6 the sail thrust( The top
electric "ield also turns the side particles to an up!ard direction and accelerates them( As a result the
e""icienc coe""icient is increases "rom the theoretical le%el 5up to 2,U6 "or con%entional isotope sails
$ a minimum o" 233 times and can potentiall reach .0U(
26 =e can control the amount o" thrust and the thrust direction( ? changing the electric tension
5%oltage6 o" our "ields 5hori8ontal nets6, !e can change the thrust up to 8ero( ? changing the electric
tension o" the %ertical nets, !e can change the thrust direction !ithout turning the sail( This is the
important inno%ation $ecause the large si8e o" the isotope sail makes turning it a %er comple7
pro$lem(
251
36 The suggested isotope sail ma !ork as an electricit generator 5as !ell as a propulsion
sstem6( ? decreasing the electrical tension o" the electric "ield, a proportion o" the charged particles
!ill $e adsor$ed $ the net and produce electricit(
+6 The sail $ase 5$ase "ilm6 has a thickness o" 23'0 hm 5not ,03'00 hm as con%entional isotope
sail6( The net is made o" !ire o" 23'0 hm and has cells ,3'0 cm or a "ilm thickness o" '32 hm 5"or an
electricit generator6( That means the !eigh o" the proposed sail !ill $e 23, times less than the
con%entional isotope sail(
%"pro$e"ent! to the radioi!otope !ail
The !a to impro%e the per"ormance o" the >soSail is to choose an initial radioisotope, that has a deca
chain !ith a large num$er o" alpha particles '3'+( For e7ample,
232
9
.2
emits in turn a ,(32 4eV
+
o
2

!ith a 'Be li"etime o" '0+ ears to $ecome
22-
Th
.0
, and that emits a ,(+2 4eV
+
o
2
a"ter a 'Be li"etime
o" 2(- ears to $ecome
22+
Ra
))
, !hich emits a ,()- 4eV
+
o
2
a"ter , das to $ecome
220
Rn
-)
( This
radon emits a )(*- 4eV
+
o
2
a"ter -0 s and $ecomes
2'2
&$
-2
( The
2'2
&$
-2
then emits a 0(3+ 4e% electron
a"ter ', hr and changes to
2'2
&$
-3
, !hich emits a 2(2, 4e% electron a"ter -, min to $ecome
2'2
&$
-+
,
then this emits a -(*- 4eV
+
o
2
a"ter 0(+ hs to $ecome
2'2
&$
-2
, !hich is "inall sta$le( Thus
232
9
.2

!ould $e a good choice "or a mission !ith a li"etime much longer than 2(- ears $ut less than '0+
ears( This cascade is sho!n $elo!(
232
9
.2
v
22-
Th
.0
v
22+
Ra
--
v
220
Rn
-)
v
2')
&o
-+
v
2'2
&g
-2
v
2'2
?i
-3
v
2'2
&o
-+
v
20-
&$
-2
(
The total increment in %elocit in the old design a"ter si7 cascades reaches 2'0 kmBs( >n m ne!
design the "inal speed is '0 times more( This is large enough to $e use"ul "or e7ploration o" comet
$odies and $ro!n d!ar"s outside the solar sstem, to di%ert the propulsion o" an interstellar "l$
pro$e to allo! it to maneu%er close to a planet o$ser%ed on the !a into the target sstem, and "or
propulsion !ithin an e7tra-solar planetar sstem a"ter completing a rende8%ous mission at the target
star using some other method to stop, such as a magnetic sail drag $rake(
*o!!i+ility o electric po9er
The emission o" charged particles "rom a radioisotope sail produces a current "lo! out!ard "rom the
%ehicle( >n con%entional designs the current per unit area is carried $ the escaping hal" o" the alpha
particles 5each !ith charge 2e N 3(2S'0
3'.
C6 emitted $ a sail( The ma7imum po!er o"
20-
&o
-+
per unit
area a%aila$le "rom a po!er source sail, gi%en the "ull potential o" , 4V, is ')00 =Bm
2
( For
comparison, a solar cell arra !ith an e""icienc o" '+U !ould pro%ide 200 =Bm
2
o" electric po!er at
' A9( >" no propulsion, onl electric po!er, is desired "rom the radioisotope sail, the electric po!er
generated can $e increased $ a "actor o" t!o $ decreasing the thickness o" the plastic su$strate and
radioisotope "ilm so that nearl all the alpha particles can escape "rom $oth sides o" the sail( That case
is our design(
;eating( An area o" concern is the !aste heat generated $ the radioisotope material( >" !e assume
that hal" o" the alpha particles deposit their energ in the sail 5con%entional design6, the thermal po!er
deposited per unit area $ a '0 hm laer o" polonium is -,0 =Bm
2
( This is less than "rom the Sun 5'+00
=Bm
2
6, so heating should not $e a signi"icant pro$lem once the sail is un"urled(
#ur design o" >soSail has t!ice as much e""icienc and does not ha%e this pro$lem(
-7uation or co"putation o con$entional %!oSail
The mass ' o" a gi%en amount o" radioacti%e isotope decas e7ponentiall !ith time according to the
!ell-kno!n relation "rom the phsics o" isotopes:
, 6 5
0

t
e ' t '

5'*('6
252
!here '= is the mass o" the mass o" the initial @uantit o" radioisotope and e is the '$e li"etime, t is
time( The Ehal"li"eF is the time th !hen e7p53th$e6 N 'B2( The hal"li"e th is ln526 N 0().3 o" the '$e
li"etime e (
th N 0().3e(
Con%entionall scientists choase as a tpical e7ample the radioisotope
20-
&0
-+
!ith an '$e li"etime o"
+(2 ears and speci"ic densit o" .(+ ( The num$er per second dn$dt o" alpha particles emitted "rom a
gi%en mass ' is gi%en $ the e@uation:
,
A
' &
dt
dn
A
QalphasBkg
(
sR 5'*(26
!here n is the num$er o" alpha particles, &A N )(027'0
2)
QatomsBkg-moleR is A%ogadroDs num$er( For
the radioisotope matter !ith a mass num$er o" A N 20- kgBkg-mole and an '$e li"etime o" e N +(2 this
magnitude is dn$dt N 2(2S'0
')
' QalphasBkg
(
sR (
The %elocit ) o" an alpha particle is
2 '
2
,
_
m
E
v ( 5'*(36
For a mass o" m N +, a unit o" atom mass 5amu6 N )()+S'0
32*
kg emitted at an energ o" E N ,('2 'e)
N -(2S'0
3'3
K, this %alue is: v N '),000 kmBs N ') m4Bs N 0(0,0 , !here 0 N 300 4mBs is the speed o"
light( The speed o" particles is e@ui%alent speci"ic impulse o" Is#N',)00,000 sec(
The thrust T per unit area B o" a con%entional >soSail is estimated $ the e@uation:

m)
dt
dn
B B
T
+
'
, "or polonium
B
'
B
T
+
'0 * ( ,

QNBkgR or T$B N ,(3S'0
3,
QNBm
2
R, 5'*(+6
!here the coe""icient w sho!s that onl w o" "ull thrust used in con%entional >soSail(
For the proposed >soSail this coe""icient is a$out 'B2 or more(
For comparison the solar light pressure thrust at ' A9 "or "ull re"lection is
)
'0 3 ( . 2

0
S
B
T
QNBm
2
R, 5'*(,6
!here S N ',+00 =Bm
2
is the solar light "lu7 at ' A9( This sho!s that the >soSail has thrust in ,(*
times greater than the solar sail( 9n"ortunatel, the mass o" the con%entional >sosail is also much
greater then the solar sail at distance "rom the Sun e@uals ' A9( ;o!e%er, the >soSail produces use"ul
thrust at great distances "rom the Sun(
The ma7imum sail %elocit o" a con%entional >soSail is estimated using the momentum e@uation:
m '
m
)

( 5'*()6
For e7ample, i" ' N 20- amu, m N + amu, v N '),000 kmBs, this %elocit is a$out 300 kmBs( >n realit
the con%entional >soSail can reach onl w o" this %elocit or less( The ma7imum is up 30 kmBs(
The net impulse gi%en $ the cascade is appro7imatel estimated $ e@uation 5"rom 5'*('6,5'*(26,
5'*(+66:
,
_

t
A t
t
t
e
A
' & m)
dt T I '
+
0
0
, 5'*(*6
!here )t is the a%erage particle %elocit( >" the sail mass makes up most o" the space %ehicle, the
con%entional sail consists o" a ,0 hm thick laer o" plastic sail !ith a mass o" ,0 gBm
2
, and a , hm
thick laer o"
232
9
.2
!ith a densit o" '.(- gBcc and a mass o" '00 gBm
2
, then the %elocit increment
a"ter a '$e li"etime o" x N '0+ ears is S) N 2'0 kmBs(
For proposed >soSail S) is in a$out 33, times more 5thrust is dou$le, !eight is less6(
2lectric po!er o" con%entional >soSail( The current I per unit area carried $ particles 5each !ith a
charge o" 2e N 3(2S'0
3'.
C6 emitted $ a con%entional >soSail !ith area B and mass ' is:
( )
dt
dn
e
B B
I
2
2
'
( 5'*(-6
25'
For isotope
20-
&o
-+
this magnitude is 3(, '$B mABkg N 0(33 mABm
2
(
The ma7imum po!er, &, per unit area a%aila$le "rom a po!er source con%entional sail po!er souce
!ith area B and radioisotope mass ' is:
B
IE
B
P
( 5'*(.6
For E N , 4V this %alue is P$B N '*,,00'$B =Bm
2
N ')00 =Bm
2
( For comparison, a solar cell
arra !ith an e""icienc o" '+U !ould pro%ide 200 =Bm
2
o" electrical po!er at ' A9(
>n realit that %alue is arri%ed at $ecause the con%entional >soSail has %er lo! coe""icient o"
e""icienc 5'03',U6( For the proposed >soSail this po!er is increased $ a "actor o" t!o( The
e""icienc o" the o""ered de%ice can reach *03-,U "or a multilaer >soSail, !hich has a some
condenser nets(
;eating a con%entional >soSail( >n a con%entional >soSail hal" o" the alpha particles deposit their
energ in the sail and the thermal po!er Pt deposited per unit area B is:
B
E
dt
dn
B
P
t
2
'
( 5'*(''6
For a '0 hm laer o" polonium Pt$B N .'$B k=Bkg N -,0 =Bm
2
( That is less than "rom the Sun
5'+00 =Bm
2
6, so heating should not $e a signi"icant pro$lem( This pro$lem does not appl to the
proposed >soSail $ecause its e""icienc is high and the amount o" heating is small(
0onclu!ion
The >soSail concept can potentiall pro%ide use"ul amounts o" propulsion and electrical po!er in
ro$otic deep space and interstellar missions( =hether the actual per"ormance ultimatel achie%a$le
!ould <usti" the immense pro$lems o" coping !ith the technical di""iculties o" "a$ricating, deploing,
and using this ne! technolog !ith its e7tremel ha8ardous material that is fhotD in $oth the thermal
and nuclear sense, is a @uestion to $e ans!ered $ "urther studies( The >soSail 5especiall the o""ered
>soSail6 needs in more detailed research and de%elopment(
This method allo!s nuclear !aste and unnecessar nuclear $om$s "or $e used to produce the
radioisotope material(
Reerence!
'( A(A( ?olonkin, Radioisotope &ropulsion, Russian patent application ^3+)**)2B2, '').,2, . Kul
'.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
2( A(A( ?olonkin, Radioisotope 2lectric 1enerator, Russian patent application ^3+).,''B2, '').2*,
. Kul '.-2 5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
3( A(A( ?olonkin, Radioisotope 2lectric 1enerator, Russian patent application ^3)200,'B2, '0-.+3,
'3 Kul '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
+( A(A( ?olonkin, 4ethod o" &ropulsion using Radioisotope 2nerg and >nstallation "or >t, Russian
patent application ^3)0'')+B2, 0-).*3, ) Kune '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
,( A(A( ?olonkin, 4ethod o" 2nerg Trans"ormation o" Radioisotope 4atter in 2lectricit and
>nstallation "or it, Russian patent application ^3)+*3+3B2, '3)).2, 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6,
Russian &T#(
)( A(A( ?olonkin, Space &ropulsion using Solar =ind and >nstallation "or >t, Russian patent
application ^3)3,.,,B23 '2)+,3, '. August '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
*( A(A( ?olonkin, >nstallation "or #pen 2lectrostatic Field( Russian patent application
^3+)*2*0B2' ''))*), . Kul '.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
-( A(A( ?olonkin, 1etting o" 2lectric 2nerg "rom Space and >nstallation "or >t, Russian patent
application ^3)3-)..B2, '2)303, '. August '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
251
.( A(A( ?olonkin, &rotection "rom Charged &articles in Space and >nstallation "or >t, Russian
patent application ^3)++')- '3)2*0, 23 Septem$er '.-3, 5in Russian6, Russian &T#B
'0( A(A( ?olonkin, 4ethod o" Trans"ormation o" &lasma 2nerg in 2lectric Current and
>nstallation "or >t, Russian patent application ^3)+*3++ '3))-', 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6,
Russian &T#(
''( A(A( ?olonkin, Trans"ormation o" 2nerg o" Rare"action &lasma in 2lectric Current and
>nstallation "or it, Russian patent application ^3))3.''B2, ',.**,, 23 No%em$er '.-3 5in
Russian6, Russian &T#(
'2( A(A(?olonkin, 4ethod o" a /eeping o" a Neutral &lasma and >nstallation "or it, Russian patent
application ^3)002*2B2, 0-)..3, ) Kune '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
'3( A(A(?olonkin, 4ethod o" stretching o" thin "ilm( Russian patent application ^3)+))-.B'0
'+( A(A( ?olonkin, Simple Space Nuclear Reacti%e 4otors and 2lectric 1enerators Running on
Radioacti%e Su$stances, The =orld Space Congress 3 Kerusalem, '..2( >AF &reprint .2-0,*3(
',( A( ?erman, Physi0al Prin0i#les of Aeronauti0s, Ne! Iork, '.)', p( 2,232,+(
')( R(L( For!ard, ERadioisotope Sails "or Geep Space &ropulsion and 2lectric &o!erF, A>AA .,-
2,.)(
'*( G!ight 2( 1ra, Ameri0an Institute of Physi0s "and-ook, 4c1ra!-;ill, Ne! Iork(
'-( A(A( ?olonkin, ERadioisotope Space Sail and 2lectric 1eneratorF, A>AA-200,-+22,, +'st
&ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
25/
0hapter 12
-lectro!tatic Solar Sail
Su""ary
The solar sail has $ecome !ell-kno!n a"ter much discussion in the scienti"ic literature as a thin
continuous plastic "ilm, co%ered $ sunlight-re"lecting appli@uyd aluminum( 2arlier, there !ere
attempts to launch and operate solar sails in near-2arth space and there are e7perimental pro<ects
planned "or long po!ered space %oages( ;o!e%er, as currentl en%isioned, the solar sail has essential
disad%antages( Solar light pressure in space is %er lo! and conse@uentl the solar sail has to $e %er
large in area( Also it is di""icult to un"old and un"url the solar sail in space( >n addition it is necessar to
ha%e a rigid "rame!ork to support the thin material( Such "rame!orks usuall ha%e great mass and,
there"ore, the spacecra"tDs acceleration is small(
;ere, the author proposes to discard standard solar sail technolog 5continuous plastic aluminum-
coated "ilm6 !ith the intention instead o" using millions o" small, %er thin aluminum charged plates
and to release these plates "rom a spacecra"t, instigated $ an electrostatic "ield( 9sing this ne!
technolog, the solar sail composed o" millions o" plates can $e made gigantic area $ut ha%e %er lo!
mass( The acceleration o" this ne! kind o" solar sail ma $e as much as 300 times that achie%es $ an
ordinar solar sail( The electrostatic solar sail can e%en reach a speed o" a$out 300 kmBs 5in a special
maneu%er up to )003-00 kmBsec6( The electrostatic solar sail ma $e used to mo%e a large spaceship or
to act as an arti"icial 4oon illuminating a huge region o" the 2arthDs sur"ace(
%ntroduction
The description o" solar sail is in chapter ')( Solar radiation pressure e@uals .('2 tNBm
2
at distance '
A9 "rom the Sun(
No solar sails ha%e $een success"ull deploed as primar propulsion sstems, $ut research into this
technolog is continuing( #n . August , 200+ the Kapanese >SAS success"ull deploed t!o prototpe
solar sails in lo! 2arth or$it( A clo%er-shped sail !as deploed at '22 km altitude and a "an-shaped
tpe sail at '). km( ?oth sails used *(, micrometer thick "ilm(
A <oint pri%ate pro<ect $et!een the &lanetar Societ, Cosmos Studios and the Russian Academ o"
Science launched Cosmos ', the "irst solar sail spaceship, on 2' Kune, 200,( The rocket !as supposed
to push the '2+ kg spacecra"t into -00 km or$it !here it !as intended to un"url the ', meter sails 5!ith
a total area o" )00 m
2
6( 9n"ortunatel, the launch !as unsucces"ul( A su$or$ital prototpe test $ the
group also did not succeed in 200' $ecause o" rocket "ailure(
253
Brie de!cription o the inno$ation!
A con%entional solar sail is a dielectric thin "ilm 5thickness , mkm N ,000 nm6 !ith an aluminum laer
'00 nm thick, and it has .0U re"lecti%it( The !eight o" one s@uare meter is ,3* gBm
2
( >" it accelerates
$ itsel" the ma7imum acceleration is a$out ' mmBs
2
( ;o!e%er, the gigantic thin "ilm needs a rigid
structure to support the %er thin "ilm in an un"olded position and to ana$le it to $e contrilled( This
rigid structure has a large !eight, so it is %er di""icult to launch and to un"url the structure in space(
All attempts to do this 5"or e7ample, to un"url the in"lata$le radio-antennas in space6 ha%e "ailed(
The author proposes to use small thin charged aluminium plates 5petals6 supported $ a central
electrostatic $all and rotated around the $all 5Fig( '-('6( The rotate also around their o!n a7is and
main thin a direction perpendicular to the solar ras( The diameter o" the plate-petals is small, a$out '
mm or less, and, it is not a necessit to use the dialectric "ilm( The aluminium "ilm ma $e %er thin
$ecause the indi%idual petal si8e is small(

Fig. 12.1. The proposed electrostatic solar sail( a. Side %ie!C +. Front %ie!C c. Side and "ront %ie!s o" s@uare
petalC d. Side and "ront %ie!s o" round petal( Notation: ' 3 spaceship, 2 3 charged $all, 3 3 charged plate-
petals, + 3 ca$le connecting the ship and the $all, , 3 solar ras, ) 3 re"lected ras, * 3 charged petals, - 3
thrust 5drag6(
The electrostatic sail can $e controlled $ changing charge on the $all 5diameter o" the mirror6 and $
the positioning o" an additional charged $all, . 5Fig( '-(26, !hich turns the mirror(
255

Fig. 12.2. 1uidance and control o" the electrostatic solar sail( Notation: . 3 charged $all "or control( All other
notations are the same as Fig( '-('(
The un"urling o" the sail ma $e done using a rotated charged head '0 5Fig( '-(36( The head is
detached "rom the apparatus in the radius o" sail, and is rotated around itDs a7is 5parallel to the solar
ras6 and around the $all( The head emits the negati%it charged petals( The speed o" the petals ma $e
controlled $ the head charge 5%oltage6( The same charge stretches the petals
3
and repels them "rom the
others( The sail can $e collected $ack $ the head, through the head changing the opposite charge(

Fig. 12.'. 9n"urling o" the electrostatic solar sail( Notation: '0 3 rotating mo$ile charged head connected $ a
%aria$le ca$le to the central $all, '' 3 %aria$le ca$le connecting the head and the $all( All other
notations are same as Fig( '-('(
The proposed solar sail has man uni@ue ad%antages in comparison !ith the con%entional solar sail
or a space mirror:
'( The proposed sail 5made onl o" "ilm6 is easier to use 5has less mass6 in ,03'00 times $ecause o"
the a$sence o" a support su$strate 5dielectric "ilm o" ,000 nm thickness6 and the aluminum "ilm
used can $e o" minimum thickness 5)3', nm, not '00 nm6(
2( A rigid support structure gi%ing a large additional mass is unnecessar(
252
3( The si8e o" the re"lected mirror is not limited and ma $e more than ' km( This means the
proposed sail can accelerate a large spaceship !ith a mass o" ' ton or more(
+( There are no $ig pro$lems !ith the un"urling and collection o" the sail(
,( The electrostatic sail ma $e collected 5"urled6 to the head(
4heory o e!ti"ation and co"putation
'( The sail( The spectrum o" solar radiation is presented in Fig( '.('
'
( >" !e !ant to use the most
energ, the sail must re"lect or a$sor$ all !a%es ha%ing the !a%elength less than N '32 hm 5mkm6(
The amount o" light that can pass capa$ilit through metal depends on its thickness
2
:
,
+
6 B ln5
6, B + e7p5
0
0
k n
I I
d d k n I I

5'-('6
!here I 3 light intensit a"ter passing through metal "ilm, I0 3 initial light intensit, I$I0 3 coe""icient o"
clarit, n 3 re"raction coe""icient, k 3 a$sorption coe""icient, d 3 metal thickness QmR, 3 !a%elength
QmR(
The re"raction and a$sorption coe""icients o" aluminum are e@ual 5see Re"erence
2
, p( )3.6:
"or N 0(, hm, coe""icient n N 0(,, k N .('-, nk N +(,. C /nk N 0('0.'0
3)
C
"or N , hm, coe""icient n N )(*, k N ,()', nk N 3*(,. C /nk N 0('33'0
3)
,
Fig. 12.1. Spectrum o" solar radiation( is the !a%elength Q032(, hmR, I
is the energ densit(

For other %alues the product nk can $e "ound using linear interpolation: N ' hm, nk N -(2)C N 2
hm, nk N ',(,. (
The computation o" the metal "ilm thickness %ersus the coe""icient o" clarit I$I0 is presented in Fig(
'-(,(
25:
Fig( '-(,( The sail "ilm thickness %ia clarit coe""icient I$I0 "or the !a%elength N 2 hm(
The !eight o" the sail is computed using the e@uation:
Sd *
, 5'-(26
!here * 3 sail !eight 5mass6 QkgR, N 2*00 kgBm
3
is the densit o" aluminum, S 3 sail area Qm
2
R, d 3
sail 5aluminum6 thickness QmR(
The mass o" a ' m
2
sail o" thickness d N '0 nm is * N 2*00'0
3-
N 0(02* gBm
2
( Compared !ith ,3*
gBm
2
"or the con%entional sail this is '-,32)0 times less( Clarit correction makes this %alue ''03',0
times less(
The acceleration, a, o" a spaceship !ith a sail can $e computed using the e@uation:
( ) ( )
( )
nk
I I S
'
I I S P
* '
I I S P
a
+
B ln
B ' B '
0
0 0 0 0
, &12.'(
!here P0 is light pressure QNR, ' is use"ul mass 5o" the ship !ithout sail6 QkgR( >" !e take solar
radiation pressure "or --U re"lection at ' A9, it is a$out P0 N -'0
3)
QNBm
2
R( This !orks out at - N "or
a sail !ith a radius o" ,)+ m 5area '0
)
m
2
6( The mass o" our sail is 2* kg, the mass o" a con%entional
sail 5!ithout the support structures6 is , tons( ;o!e%er, the un$iased comparison is o" sail acceleration
"or ' N 0(
The result o" computation "or e@uation 5'-(36 are presented in Fig( '-()( As ou can see, the
acceleration o" the proposed sail reaches as much as a 0(3 mBs
2
N 300 mmBs
2
( >n comparison,
acceleration o" the con%entional solar sail !ithout a use"ul load is ' mmBs
2
( >" our sail spacecra"t has
an additional use"ul mass 5the ship, the $all, and other de%ices6 o" '00 kg, the acceleration is +, mmBs
2
C
"or a use"ul mass o" ,00 kg, the acceleration is '3 mmBs
2
(
22.
Fig( '-()( Apparatus acceleration %ia relati%e clarit o" sail "ilm and additional apparatus mass(
The ma7imum speed o" a solar-sail spacecra"t can $e estimated using the e@uation:
,
' '
2 , , , ,
0
2
0 0
2
2
0
0
2
0
0

,
_

,
_

,
_

s s
s a ) ds
s
s
a )d)
s
s
a a
)
s
dt adt d) 5'-(+6
!here ) is the apparatus speed QmBsR, a is acceleration QmBs
2
R, t is time QsecondsR, a0 is acceleration at
distance ' A9 5astronautic unit, "or an 2arth or$it o" radius s0 N ','0
'0
m6, s is distance "rom the Sun
QmR(
>" s // s0, the ma7imum apparatus speed is
0 0 ma7
2 s a )
( 5'-(,6
The proposed solar sail !ithout a load reaches a ma7imum speed o" 2., kmBs 300 kmBs !hereas the
con%entional sail !ithout a load reaches onl ,, kmBs( =ith a load o" '00 kg the ne! sail reaches a
speed o" '') kmBs( >" the apparatus makes a maneu%er and starts at s0 N 30 million km "rom the Sun 5a
N 2,a06 the ma7imum speed reaches ))0 kmBs(
=e can "ind the tangent speed o" the petals 5aluminum plates6 around the charged $all "rom the
"ollo!ing e@uations:
, , , ,
2
2
Srd
k
G v
&
Sd
m
&
G
E
r
mv
r
EG
k F

5'-()6
!here F 3 the electrostatic "orce $et!een the central $all and the petal QNR, k N .'0
.
3 electrostatic
coe""icient, E 3 charge o" a petal QCR, G 3 charge o" the $all QCR, r 3 distance $et!een the petal and the
center o" $all QmR, m 3 mass o" a petal QkgR, v 3 tangent speed o" a petal 5around the $all6 QmBsR, & 3
num$er o" petals(
>" N 2*00 kgBm
3
5"or aluminum6, S N '0
)
m
2
, r N )00 m, d N '0
3-
m, then v N *+,G( For G N 0(0' C
the speed v N *(+, mBs(
2( >nitial e7penditure o" electrical energ to charge o" the $all( The $all has to $e charged !ith
electrical energ o" high %oltage 5millions o" %olts6( Let us estimate the minimum energ, !hen the
charged de%ice has '00U e""icienc( This energ e@uals the !ork done to mo%e o" the $all charge to
in"init( >t can $e computed using the e@uation
,
2
, , ,
2
2 3 2 2
k
E a
*
k
a
C
k
E a
G
C
G
*
- -
5'-(*6
221
!here *- 3 $all charge energ QKRC C 3 $all capacitance QFRC G 3 $all charge QCRC a 3 radius o" $all QmRC
E 3 electric intensit QVBmR(
For our charge G N 0(0'C and electrical intensit 5sa"e "or a %acuum6 E N '0
-
VBm the re@uired $all
radius is a N 0(., m ' m Qe@uation 5'-(*6R, the re@uired charge energ is *- N 0(',+ k=h Qe@uation
5'-(*6R( This energ is not great, and it ma $e returned !hen the $all discharged $ emitting the
charge into space using a sharp edge(
3( The $all stress, co%er thickness and $all mass( The $all has tensile stress "rom the like electric
charge( =e can "ind the $all stress and the necessar thickness o" the $all co%er( >" the $all is in a
%acuum and the $all charge, G, is constant, the internal "orce !ithin the $all is
( )
,
2
, ,
2
,
2
, '0 .
+
'
, ,
2
,
2 2
2
2
2
.
0
2
k
aE
f
k
E a
G
a
kG
f
a
kG
* k
k
a
C
C
G
*
a
*
f
- -
-

5'-(-635'-(.6
!here f is the $allDs internal tensile "orce QNRC *- is the charge energ QKRC C is the capacit o" the $all
as a spherical capacitor QFRC E is electric intensit QVBmR(
The internal pressure o" the $all is then
,
-
, + ,
2
2
k
E
# a S
S
f
#
-
-

5'-('06
!here # is internal pressure QNBm
2
R, S- is $all sur"ace area Qm
2
R(
The thickness o" a $all co%er is

k
aE a#
a # a
')
,
2
, 2
2
2

, 5'-(''6
!here _ is the co%er thickness QmRC 2 is the sa"e co%er stress QNBm
2
R(
The $all mass is then

k
E a
' a S S '
s - - s
+
, + ,
2 3
2
, 5'-('26
!here 's 3 $all 5sail6 mass QkgRC 3 3 $all co%er densit QkgBm
3
RC 2 3 sa"e stress le%el o" the $all co%er
QNBm
2
R(
For our case !here a N ' m, E N '0
-
VBm, 3 N '-00 kgBm
3
, 2 N '0
.
NBm
2
, the mass o" the $all is 's N
0(, kg Qe@uation 5'-('26R(
+( Technolog( The thin plate-petals can $e produced $ electroltic or %apor precipitation(
,( Arti"icial 4oon( The proposed idea ma $e used to construct on arti"icial 4oon !hen the light
pressure e@uals the 2arthDs gra%it and a gigantic electrostatic mirror illuminates the 2arthDs sur"ace(
#ther electrostatic applications are o""ered in the Re"erences
+3.
(
Re"erences
'( EGispersion o" lightF, Bi Soviet En0y0lo#edia 4osco! 5in Russian6(
2( /ikoin >(/(, Ta-les of #hysi0al values 5director6( 4osco!, '.*, 5in Russian6,
3( ?olonkin, A(A(, 4ethod o" Stretching o" Thin Film( Russian patent application ^3)+))-.B'0
'3-0-,( 2- Septem$er '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
+( ?olonkin, A(A(, E2lectrostatic 9tili8ation o" Asteroids "or Space FlightF, +' &ropulsion
con"erence, '03'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-3-,*(
,( ?olonkin, A(A(, 2lectrostatic Solar =ind &ropulsion, +' &ropulsion con"erence, '03'2 Kul,
200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-3),3(
222
)( ?olonkin, A(A(, E1uided Solar Sail and 2lectric 1eneratorF, +' &ropulsion con"erence, '03'2
Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-3-,*(
*( ?olonkin A(A(, E2lectrostatic Le%itation and Arti"icial 1ra%itF, +' &ropulsion con"erence, '0-
'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-33),(
-( ?olonkin, A(A(, ERadioisotope Space Sail and 2lectric 1eneratorF, +' &ropulsion con"erence,
'0-'2 Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-2
0hapter 1:
#tili8ation o Space
Su""ary
22'
This chapter descri$es some ne! ideas
'-23
!hich ma $e use"ul "or utili8ation in space: 5'6
recom$ination propulsion, 526 a space mirror, 536 electronic sail, 5+6 astronauts in space !ithout space
suits, and 5,6 an electrostatic space radiator(
Reco"+ination Space Ket *ropul!ion -ngine
Su""ary
There are "our kno!n ioni8ed laers in the 2arthDs atmosphere, located at an altitude o" -,3+00 km(
;ere the concentration o" ions reaches millions o" particles in ' cu$ic centimeter( >n the inter-planetar
medium the concentration o" ion reaches '03'0
3
particles in ' cm
3
and in interstellar space it is a$out
'3'0 in ' cm
3
(

As a result there is interaction $et!een solar radiation in the 2arthDs atmosphere, solar
!ind, and galactic radiation(
A$out .0U these particles are protons and electrons( The particle densit is lo! and the can e7ist
"or a long time $e"ore the come into collision !ith each other( ;o!e%er, i" !e increase the densit o"
the particles in an engine, the collide !ith one another, recom$ine, !arm up, lea%e the propulsion
sstem !ith high speed, and create thrust(
The energ o" recom$ination is signi"icantl more than the heat capa$ilit o" con%entional "uel
and the speci"ic impulse o" the propulsion sstem is high(
The author proposes collecting and concentrating charged particles "rom a large area using a
magnetic "ield( Space ships, space apparatus, and satellites !ould then not need "uel and could $e
accelerated or "l to in"init( This ma $e a re%olution in aerospace(
De!cription o "ethod and inno$ation
%ntroduction
4he -arthN! At"o!phere( The present atmosphere o" the 2arth is pro$a$l not its original "orm( #ur
current atmosphere is !hat chemists !ould call an o0i(i1in% atmosphere, !hile the original
atmosphere !as !hat chemists !ould call a re(ucin% atmosphere( >n particular, it pro$a$l did not
contain o7gen(
Com#osition of the atmos#here( The original atmosphere ma ha%e $een similar to the composition
o" the solar ne$ula and close to the present composition o" the gas giant planets, though this depends
on the details o" ho! the planets condensed "rom the solar ne$ula( That atmosphere !as lost into space,
and replaced $ compounds gi%en out as gases "rom the crust or 5in some more recent theories6 much
o" the atmosphere ma ha%e come instead "rom the impacts o" comets and other planets similar rich
in %olatile materials(
The o7gen so characteristic o" our atmosphere !as almost all produced $ plants 5cyano+acteria or,
more collo@uiall, $lue-green algae6( Thus, the present composition o" the atmosphere is *.U nitrogen,
20U o7gen, and 'U other gases(
%ayers of the atmos#here. The atmosphere o" the 2arth ma $e di%ided into se%eral distinct laers, as
the Fig('.(' indicates( The troposphere is !here all the !eather takes placeC it is the region o" rising
and "alling packets o" air( The air pressure at the top o" the troposphere is onl '0U o" that at sea le%el
50(' atmospheres6( There is a thin $u""er 8one $et!een the troposphere and the ne7t laer called the
tropopause(
A$o%e the troposphere is the stratosphere, !here air "lo! is mostl hori8ontal(
A$o%e the stratosphere is the mesosphere and a$o%e that is the ionos#here 5or thermosphere6, !here
man atoms are ioni8ed 5gain or lose electrons so the ha%e a net electrical charge6( The ionosphere is
%er thin, $ut it is !here aurora takes place, and it is also responsi$le "or a$sor$ing the most energetic
221
photons "rom the Sun, and "or re"lecting radio !a%es, there$ making long-distance radio
communication possi$le(
Layers of the Earth's atmosphere
Fig( '.('( Laers o" the 2arthDs atmosphere(
The structure o" the ionosphere is strongl in"luenced $ the charged particle !ind "rom the Sun 5!olar
9ind6, !hich is in turn go%erned $ the le%el o" solar acti%it( #ne measure o" the structure o" the
ionosphere is the "ree electron densit, !hich is an indicator o" the degree o" ioni8ation( There are
electron densit contour "ap! o" the ionosphere a%aila$le "or months in '.,* to the present( As an
e7ample, comparison o" the simulations o" the monthl %ariation o" the ionosphere "or the ear 1::.
sho!s this !as a period o" high solar acti%it !ith man sunspots, and that 1::3 !as a period o" lo!
solar acti%it !ith "e! sunspots(
4he iono!phere can $e "urther $roken do!n into the G, 2 and F regions( This $reakdo!n is $ased
on !hat 9a$elength o" solar radiation is a$sor$ed in that region most "re@uentl, or on !hat le%el o"
radiation is needed to photodissociate the molecules "ound in these indi%idual regions(
The G region is the lo!est in altitude, at though it a$sor$s the most energetic radiation, hard 7-
ras( The G region has no ha%e a de"inite starting and stopping point, $ut includes the ioni8ation that
occurs $elo! a$out .0 km 5or ioni8ation that occurs $elo! the 2 region6(
The 2 region peaks at a$out '0, km( >t a$sor$s so"t x-ray!(
The F region starts around '0, km and reaches a ma7imum at a$out )00 km( >t is the highest o" all o"
the regions( 27treme ultra-$iolet radiation 529V6 is a$sor$ed there(
#n a more practical note, the G and 2 regions 5the lo!er parts o" the ionosphere6, re"lect standard
A4 radio !a%es $ack to 2arth( Radio !a%es !ith shorter lengths are re"lected $ the higher F region(
Visi$le light, radar, tele%ision and F4 !a%elengths are all too short to $e re"lected $ the ionosphere,
so these tpes o" glo$al communication are made possi$le $ !atellite transmissions(
22/
>n the recom$ination propulsion engine contains a tu$e !ith an intake and a no88le, and a solenoid
5Fig( '.('6(
The solenoid ma $e con%entional or superconducti%e( >t produces a po!er"ul magnetic "ield,
!hich collects charged particles( >" the densit o" the charged particles is su""icient 5the distance the
particles tra%el is less than the tu$e length6 the particles came into contact !ith each other and
recom$ine(

The energ o" recom$ination 5ioni8ation and dissociation atoms and molecules6 is:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
IoniXation5
Atom 5Sm$ol6 Le%el "rom ' to top 5eV6
&roton ; '3()
Nitrogen N '+(,+3)))(-3
#7gen # '3()3-*'('2
Disso0iation
;drogen ; [ ; N ;2 +(+-
-----------------------------------------------------------

Fig( '.('( Recom$ination space <et propulsion engine 5actuator o" magnetic "ield6( Notations are: '
engine, 2 3 solenoid, 3 3 magnetic lines, + 3 charged particles, , 3 recom$ination 8one, ) 3 e7it(
This minimum energ is more than the energ o" the most e""icient chemical reaction, ;2 [ # N ;2#,
$ hundreds o" times( This means the speci"ic impulse o" the recom$ination engine !ill $e %er high(
The heating o" engine !alls !ill $e small, ho!e%er, $ecause the densit o" the particle gas is lo!(
9sing this proposed method, !e do not need to e7pend "uel and can achie%e a large acceleration o" a
space %ehicle, or support the satellite at altitude "or an in"inite amount o" time(
>deaDs are needed in research and de%elopment o" this method(
2. #tili8ation o the ,igh Altitude >irror or Lighting in Local
-arth Area!
Su""ary
223
A space mirror is a large thin "ilm space re"lector( >t ma $e used "or li"ting, heating o" local 2arth
areas, and controlling !eather on 2arth( The author proposes an inno%ation and ne! design o" space
mirror, !hich allo!s the mirror to $e located on the 4oon or in high altitude or$its( The main
ad%antages o" these inno%ations are: 5'6 the 4oon mo%es slo!l around the 2arth 5its period is 2.
das6 and mirror control is eas, 526 the 4oon is located outside 2arthDs shado! and the mirror can
illuminate an to!n on 2arth in "ull night in an area, "or e7ample, a region !here there has $een a
disaster such as a tsunami, earth@uake, etc, 536 the proposed mirror can $e used to heat polar to!ns and
control the !eather, 5+6 the mirror is eas to maintain and repair, especiall i" !e ha%e an astronaut
station on the 4oon, 5,6 controlling the angle and "ocus o" the proposed mirror is eas, 5)6 and the
mirror ma $e used to support solar sail propulsion sstems "or space apparatus(
This inno%ation o" a re%olutionar solar mirror needs "uture research and computations(
%ntroduction
Short histor( The space mirror that re"lects the SunDs ras onto the nightside o" our planet is one o" the
impressi%e space pro<ects( >n '..3, the spaceship E&rogress 4-',F placed into or$it a 20-meter "ilm
mirror 5the pro<ect EXnama 2F6( The mirror un"urled and produced a light spot that !as e@ual in
strength appro7imatel to one "ull moon( A huge plash o" sunlight glanced o%er a cloud-co%ered
2urope to $e seen onl $ astronomers on the top o" the Alps(
The pro<ect EXnama 2(,F stood head and shoulders a$o%e its predecessor( The mirror !as e7pected
to $e percei%ed on the 2arth as , to '0 "ull moons and it "ormed a trace o" a$out * km in diameter
!hich could $e controlled $ "i7ing it on one spot "or a long time( The space mirror !as a slightl
conca%e mem$rane o" 2, m in diameter made o" thin "ilm !ith a mirror sur"ace, !hich !as attached
around the peripher o" the station( The mem$rane !as e7pected to un"old and to $e held un"olded $
centri"ugal "orces 5Fig( '.(36( ;o!e%er, the pro<ect !as a "ailure( Soon a"ter deploment started, the
mem$rane caught on the antenna( The spaceship &rogress 4-+0 !as taken out o" or$it and $uried in
the ocean(
The Russian Space Agenc announced a plan to launching in the spring 200, a space mirror o"
tennis-court si8e( >t !as to $e made "rom 2 hm "ilm and !eigh 2 kg( >ts solar $eam 5trace6 !ould ha%e
a diameter o" , km 5R>A ENe!sF o" '3 Kanuar 200,6(

225

Figs. 19.3. Images of project Znamya 2.5.
Current design o" space mirror( A space mirror is composed o" large "lat smooth sheets o" %er thin
"ilm, supported $ ultra-light!eight structures( The side o" the "ilm !hich "aces the Sun is coated !ith
a highl re"lecti%e material so that the resulting product is a huge mirror, tpicall a$out the si8e o" a
"oot$all "ield( The solar mirror is a method o" using light energ "rom the Sun to illuminate the 2arth at
night( There are also a num$er o" militar missions in 2arth or$it( The light mirror material must $e as
thin and light!eight as possi$le( Con%entional light sail "ilm has comprised , micron thick alumini8ed
mlar or kapton !ith a thin "ilm aluminum laer 5appro7imatel '00 nm thick6 deposited on one side
to "orm a mirror sur"ace !ith .0U re"lecti%it(
For , micron thick mlar, the area densit is * gBm
2
( Although mlar is ine7pensi%e and readil
a%aila$le in 0(, micron thickness, it is not the ideal mirror "ilm material $ecause it is easil degraded
$ the SunHs ultra%iolet radiation( The other ke contender, kapton, can !ithstand ultra%iolet radiation
$ut is not a%aila$le in laers much thinner than - tm, !ith a resulting a real densit o" '2 grams per
s@uare meter(
A solar mirror is a satellite !ith a large, light!eight re"lector attached to it( Satellites in or$it around
the 2arth can sur%i%e "or man ears !ithout an maintenance !hile using onl a small amount o"
rocket propellant to hold their positions( Solar mirrors can $e made to sur%i%e in space "or man ears
as !ell(
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard lighting 5lu7s6:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
'( Sun in cloudless noon at a middle latitude '00,000
2( Cloud da '000
3( Necessar "or reading 303,0
+( Full 4oon 0(2
,( Starlight on a moonless night 0(0003
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
222
The last a$o%e ta$le sho!s a sun $eam at 'S' km can illuminate an area o" 2000-3300 km
2
at night
!ith su""icient light "or reading( The sun mirror o" '00S'00 m can illuminate 22333 km
2
( The a%erage
area o" a small to!n is 2 S 2 N + km
2
, a medium si8e to!n is 3 S 3 N . km
2
and a cit '0 S '0 N '00
km
2
( T!o '00S'00 m mirror are enough to illuminate a cit ,S, km as much as on a cloud da( The
po!er o" a ' km
2
solar $eam is a$out '(+ million k=, !hich is enough to heat a small polar to!n
co%ered $ thin "ilm( =e could thus sa%e %ast amounts energ in illumination and heating( ?
concentrating sun $eams "rom se%eral mirrors or "ocusing a $eam "rom one large mirror on a gi%en
point 5the center o" a hurricane or tornado6, !e could in"luence the 2arthDs !eather(
9n"ortunatel, the con%entional 5altitude up to '000 km6 space mirror has a lot o" imper"ections
!hich limit its application 5see Fig( '.(+6:
'6 A satellite has a high speed 5- kmBs6 and is located "or onl a short time o%er a gi%en 2arth area
5a "e! minutes6(
26 Satellites o$ser%e onl a narro! 2arth 8one(
36 The satelliteDs high speed means a @uick turn o" the mirror is re@uired to illuminate a gi%en
point 5to!n6( This is %er di""icult $ecause the mirror has a large si8e and %er thin structures,
and does not allo! a large angle o" acceleration( >t also re@uires a %er comple7 control de%ices
and a lot o" "uel(
+6 The satellite has or$it located in the ecliptic 5e@uator6 plate( This means it is di""icult to light the
polar 8ones, !hich are more in need o" indirect lighting at night or additional solar heating(
These imper"ections are a$sent "rom the proposed ne! space mirror sstem( >t can illuminate a gi%en
point "or a long time and it is eas to operate( Some o" these inno%ations are descri$ed $elo!(
De!cription o inno$ation! and their ad$antage!
The proposed space sstem "or lighting, heating and !eather control is presented in Fig( '.(+( The
detailed design is presented in Fig( '.(,( The mirror is made "rom a dou$le thin "ilm and installed on
in"lata$le controlled columns made "rom thin "ilm( The mirror has controls "or this a "ilm tension,
mirror "ocus, and angle 5all are in%entions6( The sstem includes a set o" controlled mirrors(

22:
Fig( '.('( Solar mirror located in con%entional or$it( Notations are: ' 3 Solar lightC 2 3 2arthC 3 3
con%entional mirror satelliteC + 3 con%entional mirror or$it 5altitude a$out 200 km6C , 32arth
shado!C ) 3 2arth semi-shado!C * 3 small 2arth region !hich can $e illuminatedC - 3 satelliteC .
3 re"lected solar $eamC '0 3 solar $eam o" con%entional mirrorC '' - 2arth to!nC '2 3 mirror in
high altitude(
>" !e send the solar $eam into a special 2arth station, !e can con%ert the huge amount o" solar
energ into an other "orm o" energ, "or e7ample, into electricit using a con%entional method 5solar
cell or heat machine6( The '00S'00 m
2
re"lector produces '2,000 k= energ at the 2arthDs sur"ace(
The proposed sstem can $e also used "or long distance communication( The "ocused $eam is directed
at "ar distant space apparatus and can transmit in"ormation(
The set o" "ocused mirrors ma $e used as an outer propulsion sstem "or solar sail apparatus(
The suggested re%olutionar sstem is achie%a$le using current technolog and could $e produced in
the near "uture $ut needs in detailed research and computation(

Fig( '.(,( 1uided mirror on the 4oon and heating a to!n at night( Notations are: ', 2 3 dou$le thin "ilm
mirrorC 3 3 toroid ring to support and the mirror sur"ace tensionC + 3 in"lata$le column "or controlling
the mirror angleC , 3 solar $eamC ) 3 re"lected $eamC * 3 2arthC - 3 to!nC . 3 thin transparent "ilm
protecting the to!n "rom cold airC '0 3 satelliteC '' 3 mirror(
'. -lectronic Sail
Su""ary
A solar sail re"lects solar light and can $e a used as propulsion sstem, as descri$ed in Chapter ')( >t
needs thin "ilm o" a %er large area( This section proposes a ne! !a o" creating a re"lecting sur"ace o"
large area using an electronic method( This method needs research and de%elopment $ut it ma $e
easier and more e""icient than the "ilm method(
Brie de!cription o inno$ation
The proposed electronic sail has a positi%e charge, ' 5see Fig( '.()6( The "ree electrons,
2:.
2, are in<ected into space around the positi%e charge so the rotate around the center o"
the charge and "orm a thin disk in a plane perpendicular to the direction o" the Sun light(
>" the concentration o" electrons is su""icient, the !ill re"lect the solar light like a
mirror and produce thrust(
This electronic sail ma $e an electrostatic solar !ind sail, as descri$ed in Chapter
'3, i" the central charge is positi%e( The solar !ind electrons $ecame concentrated
around it and the mass o" electrons re"lects the solar light( Thrust "rom the solar !ind is
small $ecause the electron mass is a$out 2000 times less than the proton mass, $ut the
solar light pressure is thousands o" times greater than solar !ind 5protons6 pressure( The
o""ered installation ma also $e used as a space mirror to illuminate the 2arthDs sur"ace(
This idea needs "urther research(

Fig( '.()( 2lectronic solar sail( a 3 side %ie!, $ 3 "ront %ie!( Notations are: ' 3 positi%e charge, 2 3 electronic
disk, 3 3 solar light(
1. %n outer Space 9ithout a Space SuitO
Su""ary
The proposed sstem !ould ena$le a person to $e in outer space !ithout a space suit(
Brie De!cription o %nno$ation
A space suit is a %er comple7 and e7pensi%e de%ice 5Fig( '.(*6( >ts "unction is to support the
personDs li"e, $ut it makes an astronaut immo$ile and slo!, pre%ents him or her !orking, creates
discom"ort, does not allo!s eating in space, has a toilet, etc( Astronaut need a space ship or special
space home located not "ar "rom a!a !here the can undress "or eating, toiler, and rest(
2:1

Fig( '.(*( a( Astronaut in a space suit( $( Giagram sho!ing component parts o" a space suit(
=h do !e need a special space suit in outer spacee There is onl one reason 3 !e need an o7gen
atmosphere "or $reathing, respiration( ;uman e%olution created lungs !hich aerates the $lood !ith
o7gen and remo%e car$on dio7ide( ;o!e%er !e can also do that using arti"icial apparatus( For
e7ample, doctors, per"orming surger on someoneDs heart or lugs connect the patient to a heart3lung
machine that acts in place o" the patentDs lungs or heart(
=e can design a small de%ice !hich !ill aerate the $lood !ith o7gen and remo%e the car$on
dio7ide( >" a tu$e "rom the main lung arteries could $e connected to this de%ice, !e could turn on 5o""6
the arti"icial $reathing at an time and ena$lethe person to $reathe in a %acuum 5on an asteroid or
planet !ithout atmosphere6 in a $ad or poisonous atmosphere, or under !ater, "or a long time( >n space
!e can use a con%entional 2arth suit to protect us against solar light( This idea ma $e in%estigated
animals on 2arth(

/. -lectro!tatic Space Radiator
A large space ship needs a %ast amount o" energ( For e7ample, !e can tra%el to "ar planets in a space
ship !ith a nuclear reactor( ;o!e%er, its po!er"ul electricit generator or engine re@uires a %er large
radiator to remo%e the surplus heat( The coe""icient o" e""icienc o" an heat machine is a$out 303)0U(
This means that a$out a hal" the heat gained "rom the reactor has to $e remo%ed thought radiation(
Computation sho!s the heat radiator needs to ha%e a si8e and !eight man time greater than the space
ship(
The author proposers an electrostatic radiator !hich has small !eight and can cool a re"rigerant %er
@uickl( This is sho!n in Fig( '.(-(
2:2

Fig( '.(-( 2lectrostatic radiator, Notation are: ' 3 space ship, 2 3 tu$e, 3, + 3 electrode, , 3 tra<ector o" drops(
The radiator !orks in the "ollo!ing !a( The re"rigerant is charged and spras "rom one electrode and
retracts "rom the opposite electrode( The small drops o" re"rigerant ha%e a %er large sur"ace area and
emit 5radiate6 heat %er @uickl(
These and others ideas are in Re"erences
'323
(
Reerence!
'( A(A( ?olonkin, Solar Sail 2ngine "or Spaceships, &atent 5Author certi"icate ^ '2)2-*06, priorit
since '0 Kanuar '.-,, 9SSR &atent #""ice(
'3( A,A, ?olonkin, Space &ropulsion using Solar =ing and >nstallation "or >t, Russian patent
application ^3)3,.,,B23 '2)+,3, '. August, '.-3 5in Russian6( Russian &T#(
'+( A(A( ?olonkin, >nstallation "or #pen 2lectrostatic Field( Russian patent application ^3+)*2*0B2'
''))*), . Kul, '.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
',( A(A(?olonkin, 1etting 2lectric 2nerg "rom Space and >nstallation "or >t, Russian patent
application ^3)3-)..B2, '2)303, '. August '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
')( A(A(?olonkin, &rotection "rom Charged &articles in Space and >nstallation "or >t, Russian patent
application ^3)++')- '3)2*0, 23 Septem$er '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
'*( A(A( ?olonkin, 4ethod o" Trans"ormation o" &lasma 2nerg in 2lectric Current and >nstallation
"or >t, Russian patent application ^3)+*3++ '3))-', 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
'-( A(A( ?olonkin, 4ethod o" &ropulsion using Radioisotope 2nerg and >nstallation "or >t, Russian
patent application ^3)0'')+B2, 0-).*3, ) Kune, '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
'.( A(A( ?olonkin, Trans"ormation o" 2nerg o" Rare"action &lasma in 2lectric Current and
>nstallation "or it, Russian patent application ^3))3.''B2, ',.**,, 23 No%em$er '.-3 5in
20( A(A( ?olonkin, 4ethod o" a /eeping o" a Neutral &lasma and >nstallation "or it, Russian patent
2'( A(A( ?olonkin, Radioisotope &ropulsion, Russian patent application ^3+)**)2B2, '').,2, . Kul
'.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
22( A(A(?olonkin, Radioisotope 2lectric 1enerator, Russian patent application ^3+).,''B2, '').2*,
. Kul '.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
23( A(A( ?olonkin, Radioisotope 2lectric 1enerator, Russian patent application ^3)200,'B2, '0-.+3,
'3 Kul '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
2+( A(A( ?olonkin, 4ethod o" 2nerg Trans"ormation o" Radioisotope 4atter in 2lectricit and
>nstallation "or it, Russian patent application ^3)+*3+3B2, '3)).2, 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6(
Russian &T#(
2,( A(A( ?olonkin, 4ethod o" stretching o" Thin Film, Russian patent application ^3)+))-.B'0
2:'
2)( A(A( ?olonkin, ENe! =a o" Thrust and 1eneration o" 2lectrical 2nerg in SpaceF( Report 2ST>,
'.-*, 5So%iet Classi"ied &ro<ect6(
2*( A(A( ?olonkin, EA%iation, 4otor and Space GesignsF( Collection Emerin Te0hnoloy in the
Soviet `nion, '..0, Gelphic Ass(, >nc(, 9SA, pp( 323-0(
2-( A(A( ?olonkin, EA Space 4otor 9sing Solar =ind 2nergF( The =orld Space Congress,
=ashington, GC, 9SA, 2- Aug( 3 , Sept(, '..2, >AF-0)',(
2.( A(A( ?olonkin, EThe Simplest Space 2lectric 1enerator and 4otor !ith Control 2nerg and
ThrustF, +,th >nternational Astronautical Congress, Kerusalem, >srael, .3'+ #ct(, '..+, >AF-.+-
R('(3)-
30( A(A( ?olonkin, ESpace 2lectric 1enerator, Run $ Solar =ingF( The =orld Space Congress,
=ashington, GC, 9SA, 2- Aug( 3, Sept( '..2, >AF-.2-0)0+(
3'( A(A( ?olonkin, E A Simple Space Nuclear Reactor 4otors and 2lectric 1enerators Running on
Radioacti%e Su$stancesF, The =orld Space Congress, =ashington, GC, 9SA, 2- Aug( 3, Sept(
'..2, >AF-.2-0,*3(
32( A(A( ?olonkin, , ETheor o" Flight Vehicles !ith Control Radial ForceF( Collection (esear0hes of
Fliht Dynami0s, 4ashinostroenie pu$lisher, 4osco!, '.),, pp( *.3''- 5in Russian6(
33( >nternet site http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru(
3+( >nternet site http<GGNASA-N%A0.narod.ru (
2:1
Attachments
Non-con$entional and non-rocket light on -arth
Attachment 2
Air 0a+le 4ran!port and Bridge!;
Su""ary
Currentl aircra"t are used to mo%e paloads and passengers "rom one place to other( This method is
e7pensi%e, $ecause aircra"t use e7pensi%e "uel and ha%e high capital costs( The author proposes a ne!
method "or less e7pensi%e deli%er o" paloads and people "rom one cit to another 5similar to
airlines6, or across streams, ri%ers, canons, and mountains( This method uses a closed-loop ca$le path
!ith a propulsion sstem located on the ground( The sstem can utili8e an ine7pensi%e energ source
and air %ehicles or cheaper !inged containers !ithout e7pensi%e electronic e@uipment( This method is
particularl e""ecti%e "or pro%iding an air $ridge across straits, or mountains, or "or gas lines( >t is
cheaper $ hundreds o" times than con%entional long $ridges, tunnels, and gas lines(
The author de%elops the theor and pro%ides computations "or t!o pro<ects: airline tra%el "rom Ne!
Iork to =ashington and Ne! Iork to &aris, and air $ridges such as across the Straits o" 1i$raltar, the
2nglish Channel, ?ering Straits 5RussiaFAmerica6, SakhalinFAsia, RussiaFKapan, etc( Calculations are
also pro%ided "or one gas line pro<ect( The proposed sstems can also trans"er large amounts o"
mechanical energ "rom one place to another 5a$out 3 to '0 million !atts6 !ith high e""icienc(
-----------------------------------
P Getailed !ork !as pu$lished $ the author as EAir Ca$le Transport SstemF, Journal of Air0raft,
Vol( +0, No( 2, 4arch3April, 2003, pp( 2),F2).( EAir Ca$le Transport and ?ridgesF, TN *,)*,
>nternational Air T Space Smposium 3 The Ne7t '00 Iears, '+3'* Kul 2002, Gaton, #hio,
9SA( E?olonkinDs 4ethod 4o%ement o" Vehicles and >nstallation "or >tF, 9S &atent ),+.+,'+3 ?',
&riorit is on 2- Kune 200'
'33
(
%ntroduction

Currentl, aircra"t, cars, trucks, trains, and ships are used to mo%e paloads "rom one place to another(
This method is e7pensi%e and re@uires good high!a sstems and e7pensi%e %ehicles, !hich limits the
"easi$ilit o" deli%ering man tpes o" "reight( Aircra"t use e7pensi%e "uel and ha%e high capital costs(
The author o""ers a ne!, re%olutionar method and installations "or cheaper deli%er o" paloads and
people 5'6 "rom one place to another, 526 across streams, ri%ers, canons, etc(, 536 accelerating %ehicles
to a desired %elocit, and 5+6 cheaper %ehicles !hich do not re@uire their o!n engine( The method uses
a closed-loop ca$le path !ith the propulsion sstem located on the groundC the concept includes
airlines( The proposed sstem is uni@ue !ith no re"erences "ound "or similar sstems in the literature or
patents(
At the present time, all %ehicles 5cars, trucks, $uses, trains, aircra"t, airships, dirigi$les, sea ships6 use
engines located on the %ehicle( Their engines re@uire e7pensi%e "uel 5"or e7ample, gasoline6( The
%ehicle must carr $oth the engine and the "uel, !hich reduces the paload capacit( For e7ample, "or
aircra"t "ling long distances the "uel !eight ma reach 30 to +0U o" the takeo"" !eight, and the engine
!eight is a$out '0U o" the "ull !eight o" the %ehicle( As a result the paload is decreased to onl '0F
20U o" the %ehicle takeo"" !eight(
2:/
The proposed method ma7imi8es the paload 5no engine, no "uel in the %ehicle6, allo!s use o" the
cheapest "orm o" energ 5such as li@uid "uel, natural gas, !ind, or hdro-po!er stations6 and cheaper
%ehicles(
The $asic idea is simple 5see Fig( A'('6: to connect the %ehicle to an engine located on the ground
using a strong light ca$le( Loss o" "le7i$ilit is not a large pro$lem, $ecause hea%il tra%eled routes "or
ci%ilian airlines are "i7ed( The pro$lems appear !hen !e !ant to co%er a long distance 5"rom one mile
up to hundreds or thousands o" miles6 across a stream, ri%er, sea, ocean, or hea%il congested area,
especiall !hen suspending the ca$le in the air at high altitudes 5,F'' km6( For high!as, the
connection and disconnection o" the %ehicle 5auto, car, truck, $us6 at re@uired locations along the route
o" a permanentl mo%ing ca$le is also a pro$lem( For cit transport sstems 5large num$ers o" routes
and stops6, the changing o" lines and directions, and the organi8ation o" the deli%er o" a huge "lo! o"
di""erent %ehicles to man points also must $e addressed(
These main pro$lems are sol%ed in the proposed inno%ation
'-3
(
The important "eature o" this in%ention is the possi$ilit o" using e7isting aircra"t and autos 5trucks, or
$uses6 "or the suggested sstem a"ter connection3disconnection de%ices are added to them(
Computations sho! a strong and light ca$le 5rope6 "or long-distance mo%ement 5deli%er,
transportation6 sstem 5some hundreds or thousands o" miles6 is re@uired( Currentl, industr is
producing cheap "i$ers !hich ha%e the re@uired properties( =e also ha%e "i$ers, !hiskers, and
e7perimental nanotu$es, that ha%e the re@uired properties "or application to the proposed ideas(
For distances o" o%er '00 kilometers the light, strong, ca$le 5rope6 re@uires a ratio o" tensile
strengthBspeci"ic !eight, o" more than 200 km(
The o$<ecti%e o" this inno%ation is to pro%ide cheap deli%er o" paloads and people "rom one place
to another( This ma include airlines "rom one cit to another, $ridge deli%er o%er a stream, ri%er
5"ling $ridge6, "err-$oats, a ground high!a, a cit transportation sstem or gas line(
4oreo%er the suggested transportation sstem can trans"er large amounts o" mechanical energ "rom
one place to another on 2arth 5a$out 3 to '0 4illions !att6 !ith high e""icienc(
#ther applications that use these ideas are presented in the Re"erences
+3'2
(
Short De!cription o %n!tallation
An e7ample o" an installation is sho!n in Fig( A'('a 5side %ie!6( This is an airline, an air $ridge o%er
a sea strait, stream, or channel, "or e7ample, the Straits o" 1i$raltar 5') km6( The installation includes
the terminals 5departure and arri%al6, a light, strong closed-loop 5main6 ca$le 5rope, chain6 o%er the
sur"ace, strait, mountain, or !ater 5in $oth directions6, !inged containers 5!inged ca$ins6 "or paloads
and people, a !ing support de%ices 5suspension, support sstem6( The Fig( A'('$ sho!s the upper 5top6
%ie! o" this installation(
Fig( A'('c sho!s the terminals 5departure and arri%al ports6( The departure terminal 5port6 has a
starting 5acceleration6 station 5sstem6, a takeo"" run!a, on arri%al 5$raking6 station 5sstem6, a
starting 5acceleration6 closed-loop ca$le 5rope6, starting rollers, starting engine 5engine o" the starting
sstem6, starting connection3disconnection sliding de%ice 5connected to a starting ca$le and to the
!inged container6, main connection3disconnection sliding de%ices 5connected to the main ca$le and to
the !inged container6, landing run!a, plat"orm "or arri%ing !inged containers 5unloading station6,
plat"orm "or departing !inged containers 5loading station6( The terminals also ha%e rollers "or the main
ca$le and an engine 5dri%e6 station "or the main ca$le( The engine 5dri%e6 station includes engines,
storage o" energ 5energ storage sstem6 5"or e7ample, inertial "l!heel6, transmission, clutches,
$rake, control sstem, and an energ trans"er sstem(
2:3

Fig. A1.1 a( Airline or $ridge 5side %ie!6(Notations: ' 3 terminalC 2 3 2arthDs sur"ace, strait, ri%er, mountain,
canon, etc(C + 3 main closed-loop ca$le 5loop, rope, chain6 o" the transport sstemC ) 3 !inged container
5ca$in6C - 3 support de%ices 5support !ings6C '0 3 direction o" a !inged container motion( +. Air line or
$ridge 5top %ie!6( c. Terminals( Notations: '2 3 departure 5starting6 port 5terminal6C '3 3 acceleration
stationC '+ 3 $raking station o" an arri%al portC ') 3 closed-loop ca$le 5loop, rope6 o" acceleration stationC '-
3 rollersC 20 3 dri%e sstem 5station6C 22 3 connection3disconnection de%ice to an acceleration ca$leC 2+ 3
connection3disconnection de%ice to the main transport ca$leC 2) 3 landing 5$raking6 run!a "or the !inged
containerC 2- 3 deli%er 5arri%al6 5unloading6 portC 30 3 departure 5loading6 portC 32 3 rollers o" the main
ca$leC 3+ 3 engines o" the main ca$le(
Fig( A'('c sho!s the terminals 5departure and arri%al ports6( The departure terminal 5port6 has a
starting 5acceleration6 station 5sstem6, a takeo"" run!a, on arri%al 5$raking6 station 5sstem6, a
starting 5acceleration6 closed-loop ca$le 5rope6, starting rollers, starting engine 5engine o" the starting
sstem6, starting connection3disconnection sliding de%ice 5connected to a starting ca$le and to the
!inged container6, main connection3disconnection sliding de%ices 5connected to the main ca$le and to
the !inged container6, landing run!a, plat"orm "or arri%ing !inged containers 5unloading station6,
plat"orm "or departing !inged containers 5loading station6( The terminals also ha%e rollers "or the main
ca$le and an engine 5dri%e6 station "or the main ca$le( The engine 5dri%e6 station includes engines,
storage o" energ 5energ storage sstem6 5"or e7ample, inertial "l!heel6, transmission, clutches,
$rake, control sstem, and an energ trans"er sstem(
This installation !orks the "ollo!ing !a 5Fig( A'('c6( The acceleration engine mo%es the closed-
loop starting ca$le 5rope, chain6 and the main engine mo%es the primar closed-loop main ca$le(
=hen paload 5cars, trucks6 and people arri%e at the port, the are loaded onto the plat"orm and rolled
to the !inged containers( The !inged container is connected to the starting ca$le %ia the connection
de%ice and the starting engine sstem accelerates the container to a %elocit on !hich the !ing can
keep the container in the air( At the end o" the takeo"" segment o" the "light, the container is
disconnected "rom the starting ca$le and trans"erred on to the main ca$le( The container "lies o%er the
sur"ace 5strait, !ater6 and lands at the arri%al port( ;ere it is disconnected "rom the main ca$le, and
$rakes on the landing run!a( >t mo%es to the arri%al plat"orm, !here it is unloaded, and mo%ed to the
departure plat"orm "or the ne7t loading and "light( Geli%er in the opposite direction is the same(
Fig( A'(2 sho!s the support !ings at the main transport ca$le( Fig( A'(3a,$ sho!s the support sstem
using columns or air $alloons(
2:5
>n a ground 5high!a6 sstem, then the cars and trucks can connect to the mo%ing ca$le and tra%el
!ithout using "uel or polluting the en%ironment(

Fig. A1.2. Support !ings o" main transport ca$le(

Fig. A1.'. a. Column support sstem o" the main transport ca$le( -0 3 main transport ca$leC -'3 column(
+. Air $alloon support sstem( -2 3 $alloon ca$le tetherC -+ 3 $alloon(
Ad$antage!
The suggested mo%ement sstem has large ad%antages in comparison !ith the current sstems o"
airlines, $ridges, underground tunnels, and deli%er $ con%entional cars and trucks(
Airline!
'( Aircra"t are %er e7pensi%e( The suggested Airlines sstem does not use con%entional aircra"t( >t
use a cheap !inged container or ca$in, !ithout engines and e7pensi%e electronic e@uipment "or
na%igation and communication(
2( A%iation "uel is e7pensi%e( The proposed airline sstem can use an sort o" energ such as !ind,
!ater, or nuclear po!er or "uels such as natural gas, coal, peat, etc(, $ecause the engine is located
on the 2arthDs sur"ace( The cheapest energ can $e used( The old airplanes 5!ithout their engines
and electronic e@uipment6 ma $e used as !inged containers(
3( >t is not necessar to ha%e highl @uali"ied personnel such as pilots !ith their high salaries(
+( The "are "or the "light !ill $e much lo!er(
,( Terrorists cannot use this sstem to damage important structures(
Bridge or underground tunnel
'( The suggested air $ridge is cheaper than a con%entional long $ridge, or especiall an underground
5under!ater6 tunnel, $ hundreds o" times 5"or long $ridges, $ thousands o" times6( The cost
decreases "rom some $illions o" dollars to some tens o" millions o" dollars(
2( An air $ridge can $e made in a "e! months, !hereas a con%entional $ridge or tunnel re@uires ears
"or construction(
2:2
3( The cost o" an air $ridge does not increase as its length increases 5onl the length o" the ca$le
increases6( The cost o" a con%entional $ridge or tunnel increases more @uickl as its length
increases(
+( The air $ridge can $e $uilt in places !here it is impossi$le to $uild a $ridge or tunnel $ modern
technolog 5"or e7ample, across the ?ering Straits $et!een the continents o" Asia and North
America 5$et!een Russia and the 9SA6(
,( The transit time 5time o" deli%er6 is reduced signi"icantl(
)( The toll "ee "or using an air $ridge !ill $e lo!er andBor decrease more rapidl due to lo!er o%erall
construction costs(
Surace tran!port &"o$e"ent( !y!te"
'( Ver simple and cheap %ehicles can $e used "or passenger and paload transportation $ the
suggested transportation sstem( >t ma $e a simple 5no engine6 $o7 or plat"orm !ith !heels, a
roller $oard or roller skates( >t can also $e a con%entional car, $us, or truck( The %ehicle onl need
to ha%e 5or $e e@uipped !ith6 the sliding connection de%ice(
2( The sstem does not pollute the en%ironment on high!as nor, especiall, in large cities(
3( The sstem does not use e7pensi%e li@uid "uels 5gasoline or diesel6( >t ma use !ind, !ater or an
cheap "orm o" energ(
+( Geli%er can $e made !ithout a con%entional %ehicle 5"or e7ample, people on roller skates6(
,( >t can use as %ehicles cars, $uses, trucks, trains, and ships, and can utili8e old %ehicles, !ith their
engines turned o"" to prolong the li"e o" the old %ehicle, !hose engines ma $e outdated(
)( >t reduces tra""ic accidents $ecause the %ehicles mo%e se@uentiall and cannot pass one another(
Air gas line
'( The suggested air gas line is cheaper than a con%entional ground gas pipeline $ hundreds o" times(
The cost "alls "rom some $illions o" dollars to some tens o" millions o" dollars(
2( An air gas line can $e made in a "e! months !hereas a con%entional ground pipeline re@uires
se%eral ears "or $uilding(
3( There is no damage to the en%ironment(
+( >t has %er high load capa$ilit( The line can deli%er gaseous, li@uid, and solid paloads(
,( >t has impossi$le to steal the gas !hen the pipeline runs across the territor o" a third countr(
)( >t is eas to change the direction 5the route6 o" the line, "or e7ample !hen a con"lict arises !ith a
countr !hose territor is used 5crossed6 $ the gas line(
For"ula! or -!ti"ation and 0o"putation 5in metric sstem6
The "ollo!ing "ormulas ha%e $een de%eloped or used $ the author( The allo! ou to calculate
di""erent %ariants(
'( The cross-section area and !eight o" a starting 5acceleration6 ca$le o" constant cross-section area
can $e "ound "rom e@uation 5$alance, e@uili$rium6 inertia "orce to ca$le stress
S ! mn$5 3 n%6, * ! S% , 5A'('6
!here: S 3 cross-section area o" ca$le area Qm
2
RC m 3 mass o" apparatus QkgRC n 3 o%erloadC 3
tensile stress QNBm
2
RC 3 speci"ic densit QkgBm
3
RC % 3 distance $et!een po!er stations QmRC * 3
ca$le !eight QkgRC N .(-' mBs
2
(
2( Cross-section area So and !eight *o o" a transportation ca$le supported $ !ings are
So ! 5D 1 m$K'6$5 3 %$K2 6 , 5A'(26
*o ! So% 5A'(36
2::
!here : K' 3 ratio o" li"t "orce to drag "orce o" the !inged container 5K' N '03'*6, K2 3 ratio o"
li"t "orce to drag "orce o" the support ca$le !ing, D 3 drag o" ca$le( The ca$le drag is small( Results
o" computation "or D N 0 presented in Figs( A'(+ and A'(,(

Fig. A1.1. Ca$le cross-section area %ersus distance 03'00 km "or sa"e tensile stress '003300 kgBmm
2
( Airplane
mass is '00 tons( Ca$le speci"ic densit is '-00 kgBm
3
( Airplane ratio o" li"tBdrag is '2( Support !ing ratio
o" li"tBdrag is 20( Ca$le drag is 0(

Fig. A1./. Ca$le mass %ersus distance 03'00 km "or ca$le tensile stress '003300 kgBmm
2
( Airplane mass is '00
tons( Ca$le speci"ic densit is '-00 kgBm
3
( Airplane ration o" li"tBdrag is '2( Support !ing ratio o" li"tBdrag is
20( Ca$le drag is 0(
2@uation 5A'(26 gi%es a ma7imum ca$le distance % supported $ !ings
% ! KK2 , 5A'(+6
'..
!here K N '0
3*
B is the stress coe""icient( Results o" the computation are presented in Fig( A'()(
The other methods o" ca$le support 5$alloons or columns6 do not ha%e this restriction( The ma $e
computed using e@uations 5A'(26 3 5A'(36 i" K2 N (

Fig. A1.3. Ca$le cross-section area %ersus distance '003'000 km "or tensile stress '003300 kgBmm
2
( Airplane
mass is '00 tons( Ca$le speci"ic densit is '-00 kgBm
3
( Airplane ratio o" li"tBdrag is '2( Support !ing ratio o"
li"tBdrag is 20( Ca$le drag is 0(
'. 2nerg, E, stored $ the rotar "l!heel per ' kg ca$le Q<oulesBkgR can $e "ound "rom the kno!n
e@uation o" the kinetic energ
E ! 2$ ( 5A'(+6
+( 2stimation o" ca$le "riction due to air( This estimation is di""icult $ecause there are no e7perimental
data "or air "riction o" an in"initet thin ca$le( Let us use the !ell-kno!n e@uation "or air "riction
5drag6 o" a "lat plate( This "riction 5drag6 ma $e tur$ulent or laminar( Their %alues are di""erent(
The plate has t!o sides, !hich means "or the ca$le, the drag %alue must $e hal%ed( For su$sonic
speed and a "lat plate the e@uations "or tur$ulent and laminar drags are
DT ! 0(0,*3
0(-
0(2
)
'.-
%
0(-
d , 5A'()6
D% ! '(0+
0(,
0(,
)
'.,
%
0.,
d . 5A'(*6
=here: DT is tur$ulent drag, D% is laminar dragC , are air densit and air %iscosit
respecti%elC ! '(22, kgBm
3
, ! '(*.B'0
,
kgBs(m at altitude 0 km and ! 0(,2,- kgBm
3
, !
'(,2*B'0
,
kgBs(m at altitude - kmC ) is speed QmBsR, % is length o" plate 5distance $et!een dri%e
station6 QmR, d is diameter o" the ca$le QmR( >t is postulated that the ca$le sur"ace has a hal"-laminar
$oundar laer $ecause a small side !ind !ill $lo! a!a the tur$ulent laer and restore the
laminar "lo!(

D ! 0(,5DT 1 D%6 , 5A'(-6
!here D is air drag 5"riction6 QNR(
'.1
Results o" these computations are gi%en in Figs( A'(* to A'('0(
.
Fig. A1.5. Ca$le mass %ersus distance '003'000 km "or ca$le tensile stress '003300 kgBmm
2
( Airplane mass is
'00 tons( Ca$le speci"ic densit is '-00 kgBm
3
( Airplane ratio o" li"tBdrag is '2( Support !ing ratio o"
li"tBdrag is 20( Ca$le drag is 0(

Fig. A1.2. 4a7imum ca$le distance supported $ !ings %ersus stress coe""icient "or li"tBdrag ratio ',, 20, 2,,
30, 3,(
'.2

Fig. A1.:. Ca$le air drag %ersus speed "or ca$le diameter 0(2, 0(+, 0(), 0(-, ' cm( Ca$le length is '00 km(
Altitude is + km(

Fig. A1.1.. Ca$le air drag %ersus speed "or ca$le diameter 0(,, 0(-, ', '(2, '(, cm( Ca$le length is '00 km(
Altitude is - km(
0a+le pro+le"!
The ca$le pro$lem !ere discussed in Chapter '( The are same "or all pro<ects in other chapters(
'.'
?elo!, the author pro%ides a $rie" o%er%ie! o" recent research in"ormation regarding the proposed
e7perimental 5tested6 "i$ers(
Data 9hich can +e u!ed or co"putation
Let us consider the "ollo!ing e7perimental and industrial "i$ers, !hiskers, and tu$es 5see chapters '6:
'( 27perimental nanotu$e CNT 5car$on nanotu$e6 has a tensile strength o" 200 1iga-&ascals 520,000
kgBmm
2
6, IoungDs modulus is o%er ' Tera &ascal, speci"ic densit N '-00 kgBm
3
5'(- gBcc6 5ear
20006(
For a sa"et margin n ! 2(+, N -300 kgBmm
2
N -(3S'0
'0
NBm
2
, and N '-00 kgBm
3
, 5$6 N
+)S'0
)
( S=NTs ha%e a densit o" 0(- gBcc, 4=NTs ha%e a densit o" '(- gBcc( 9n"ortunatel,
nanotu$es are %er e7pensi%e at the present time 520026(
CG !hiskers ha%e N -000 kgBmm
2
and N 3,00 kgBm
3
5'.-.6( The computations assume N
*000 kgBmm
2
, N 3,00 kgBm
3
, and N20S'0
)
(
2( >ndustrial "i$ers ha%e N ,003)20 kgBmm
2
, N '-00 kgBm
3
, and N 52,*- 3 0(33+6
(
'0
)
(
*ro=ect!
?elo! readers could "ind some e7amples o" pro<ects !hich utili8e the suggest ideas(
*ro=ect 1< Air line ro" Ne9 Pork to Ja!hington &'1. k"(
Let us take one !inged ca$in 5container6 !ith a !eight o" '00 tons( The paload is 2B3 o" the "ull
!eight 5)) tons ))0 passengers6( The "light time at a speed o" 200 mBs is 2-(3 min 30 min, or a$out
'00 "lights per da 5in $oth directions6( The total 5ma7imum6 num$er o" passengers is )),000 or ),)00
tons o" paload per da( Assuming an aerodnamic e""icienc o" ') 5ratio o" li"tBdrag6, the re@uired
thrust is '00B') N )(2 tons( =e assume a thrust o" '0 tons "or one direction 5including ca$le drag and
drag o" the support de%ices6( For sa"e ca$le tensile strength N 2,0 kgBmm
2
, the re@uired ca$le cross
sectional area is +0 mm
2
, the ca$le diameter is *(2 mm, and the ca$le !eight is 2+(, tons "or a ca$le
densit o" '(- gBcc( The air drag o" a ca$le at an altitude o" * km is '(0- tons(
2stimation o" drag "or the support "light de%ices assumes the aerodnamic e""icienc e@uals 2,( Then
the support de%ice drag !ill $e 2+(,B2, N ' ton( The total drag is )(2 [ '(0- [ 'N -(2- tons, !hich is
less than the '0 tons o" thrust a%aila$le( The re@uired po!er is )
.
T N 200S'0,000S'0 N 20 4= or +0
4= "or $oth directions( This e@uals the po!er o" "our '0,000 /= tur$o-<et engines(
The !inged container has a !ing area o" '*0 m
2
and a !ingspan o" +2 m
(
Pro(uction cost o# one passen%er (elivere(

Assume the cost o" the installation is A20 million dollars and it has a ser%ice li"e o" 20 ears( The
sstem re@uires +0 emploees !ith an a%erage salar o" A,0/ per ear, the "uel cost is A0(2, per liter(
The depreciation is A2*,0 per da, the salar is A,,00 per da, and the "uel cost is A)+*,0 per da(
Assuming )),000 passengers dail, !e "ind that the deli%er production cost is less than A' per
passenger 5)+*,0B))0006( >" this cost is di%ided $ a loading coe""icient o" 0(*,, the deli%er cost is
A'(3 per passenger( This is less than a su$!a "are in Ne! Iork 5A2, 200,6( >" a "light "are o" A+(.. is
charged, the pro"it is A'*3/ per da or A)3 million per ear( Iou can li%e in Ne! Iork and !ork in
=ashington GC( The "light takes a$out 30 minutes, !hich is less than the a%erage transit time o" the
NI su$!a(
'.1
*ro=ect 2< Airline ro" Ne9 Pork to *ari! &32.. k"(
Assume a "light speed o" ) N 2,0 mBs, an altitude o" " N '' km, and a ca$le is supported $ !inged
de%ices( The Ne! Iork to &aris "light time is 5),200,000B2,06 * hours(
Let us take three !inged ca$ins 5containers6 "or one route, !hich mo%e simultaneousl in one
direction( 2ach ca$in has a !eight o" '00 tons 5the paload is )) tons6 and has an aerodnamic
e""icienc o" ') 5ratio o" li"tBdrag6( The re@uired ca$le thrust is a$out )(2S3 N '-() 20 tons "or one
direction or +0 tons "or $oth directions( There are '0 "lights per da in one direction and '0 "lights in
the return direction( The total load capa$ilit is 5))00S26 '3,200 passengers in $oth direction per da
or '320 tons o" paload(
Assume the ca$le is manu"actured "rom !hiskers, CG, !ith a tensile strength o" N -000 kgBmm
2
and
densit o" 3(, gBcc( 9sing a tpical sa"et coe""icient 5sa"e margin6 o" 2(+, the sa"e tensile strength is
N 3300 kgBmm
2
, the ca$le cross-sectional area o" '2(' mm
2
, and ca$le diameter is + mm "or a thrust o"
+0 tons in one direction( The ca$le !eight is 2)2() tons 5"or )200 km6, and the ca$le drag is 3(3 tons
5hal" the $oundar laer is tur$ulent and hal" is laminar6( >" the aerodnamic e""icienc o" the support
de%ices is 2,, their additional drag is 52)2()B2,6 '0(, tons( The total drag is 5'-() [ 3(3 [ '0(,6 N 32(+
tons, !hich is less then the assumed thrust o" +0 tons(
The !inged ca$in is the same as the Ne! Iork3=ashington GC pro<ect( >" the support de%ice
supports '0 km o" ca$le 5+2+ kg6, the re@uired !ing area e@uals 0(*+3 m
2
, !ith a !ing span o" 3(3 m(
The re@uired po!er is P N +,000,000S2,0 N '00 4= "or one endC that is '0 tur$o-<et engines !ith
'0,000 /= o" po!er each(
*conomical *stimation.
The sstem installation cost is A30 million !ith a ser%ice li"etime o" '0 ears( 2mploee costs assume
'00 men !ith an a%erage salar o" A,0/ per ear, and "uel cost is A0(2, per liter(
Assuming a depreciation o" A-(2+/ per da, salaries o" A'3(*+/ per da, and "uel costs o" A32+/ per
daC i" the a%erage load e@uals *,U o" the ma7imum load, the num$er o" passengers is .',0 per da(
The operational cost o" the deli%er o" one passenger is A3- per person or A0(3- per kg( >" the "are is
A'20, the pro"it is -0S.',0 N A*32/ per da N A2))(, million per ear(
4ore than .0U o" this cost is "uelC i" a%iation "uel is not re@uired, a lo!er cost "uel 5"or e7ample
natural gas6 can reduce operational costs in proportion to the reduced cost o" the "uel(
*ro=ect '< Air Bridge
There are a lot o" islands in the !orld, located close to one another or located close to a continent,
!hich ha%e large transportation "lo!s( For e7ample:
'( Straits o" 1i$raltar 5') km6C connects 2urope !ith A"rica(
2( 2nglish Channel 5+0km6C connects 2ngland !ith 2urope(
3( Sicil and >tal 5, km6(
+( The Gardanelles 52 to , km6(
,( Various Kapanese >slands(
)( Tai!an !ith mainland China 52, km6(
*( ?ering Straits 5'00 km6 5Russia and America6(
-( Sakhalin-Asia 520 km6 5Russia6(
An estimation o" the main parameters "or a 1i$raltar air $ridge 5') km6 are presented, this estimation
is similar "or the 2nglish Channel or the other $ridges listed a$o%e(
'./
The main parameters are computed "or the "ollo!ing dail load "lo! 5same in $oth directions6:
'( '000 cars, the !eight o" each is ' ton, total is '000 tons(
2( '000 trucks, the !eight o" each is '0 tons, total is '0,000 tons(
3( '0,000 people, the !eight o" each is '00 kg, the total is '000 tons(
The total dail load "lo! in one direction is '2,000 tons, "or a total load "lo! o" 2+,000 tons(
Let us assume the a%erage paload o" a !inged container is 2B3 o" its ma7imum paload capa$ilit(
The total paload capa$ilit o" the !inged container is 300 tons, thus the a%erage paload is 200 tons
"or one container( Then !e !ill need 5'2000B2006 N )0 "lights per da in each direction(
Let us assume a "light 5ca$le6 speed o" '00 mBs 5speeds up 2,0 mBs can $e used6( The "light takes
5')000B'006 ')0 seconds 5a$out 3 minutes6 in one directionC the 2nglish Channel transit time 5+0 km6
!ill $e * min !ith a speed o" '00 mBs and 3 min !ith a speed o" 2,0 mBs(
>" the loading o" the !inged container takes 2, minutes, one !ing container can make ,0 "lights per
da( For '20 "lights !e !ill need 3 !inged containers(
2stimates "or the ca$les assume the are manu"actured "rom "i$ers !hich ha%e a tensile strength o"
N )20 kgBmm
2
and densit o" '(- gBcc 5"or e7ample, WC---0,6( Let use a sa"et coe""icient o" 2(+, then
the sa"e N 2,0 kgBmm
2
( Let us use an aerodnamic e""icienc 5ratio o" li"tBdrag6 o" '2 5current
airplanes are up to '*, and gliders up +06( Then the drag o" the container is 5300B'26 2, tons( This is
increased to 30 tons 5!e assume a$out 233U ca$le air drag plus '32U drag "rom the "light support
de%ices6( The cross-sectional area o" the ca$le is 530000B2,06 '20 mm
2
, and the ca$le diameter is d N
'2(+ mm( The !eight o" t!o ca$le $ranches 532 km6 is ).'2kg * tons( >t the aerodnamic e""icienc
o" the "light support de%ices e@uals 20330 the additional drag !ill $e *000B20 N 3,0 kg or 3,0B30000 N
0(0'2 N '(2U o" the total thrust(
The re@uired energ impulse is & N 300000N S '00mBsec N 30 4= o%er a ')0 seconds period( >" !e
use an inertial accumulator o" energ and the "light "re@uenc is '2 min, !e !ill need an engine !ith a
stead state po!er output o" & N 30S')0B'2S)0 N ))*0 k=C this is e@ui%alent to one tur$o engine( The
!eight o" the inertial accumulator o" energ 5constructed "rom "i$ers6 is 30S')0B0(*, N )+00 kg N )(+
tons(
2stimations o" acceleration sstem re@uirements assume an acceleration "or take-o"" and landing o" a
N 0(,g N , mBs
2
( Takeo"" and landing distance is % N )
2
B2a N '0000B'0 N '000 m N ' km( The thrust
re@uired "or acceleration is T N *a$ N 300S,B'0 N ',0 tons( The ca$le has a cross-sectional area o"
5',0000B2,06 )00 mm
2
, a diameter o" 2- mm
2
, and a !eight o" +320 kg(
2stimation o" the support "light de%ices assumes that one de%ice supports ' km o" ca$le( The !eight
o" ' km o" ca$le !ith a cross-sectional area o" '20 mm
2
is 2') kg( >" the li"t coe""icient is ', the
necessar !ing area is 0(+2 m
2
, resulting in a !ing si8e o" 2S0(2 m(
Gata on the "light container assume the !ing area is +-0 m
2
, the !ing span is -0 m 5-07) m6, the si8e
o" the container is '07,7-) m, the use"ul area o" the "loor is ,00 m
2
, and the use"ul %olume is 2,00 m
3
(
For the suggested $ridge !e need onl ''(+ tons o" ca$le, 3 !inged containers, a )*00 /= engine,
an inertial accumulator o" energ !ith a disk !eight o" )(+ tons, and t!o simple ports !ith ' km o"
run!a length( The $ridge sstem !ould cost '0330 million dollars and re@uire ) months "or
construction( The 2nglish Channel tunnel costs some $illions o" dollars, construction took man ears,
and deli%er transit time is more than 0(, hour( >" the tunnel is damaged, the repair !ill $e %er
e7pensi%e and take a long time(
*conomic *stimation
Let us assume the cost o" the air $ridge is ', million dollars 5!inged containers, engines, "l!heels,
and departure and arri%al stations6 and has a ser%ice li"e o" ', ears 5depreciation is A' million per
ear6 ( 2mploee costs assume -0 people !ith an a%erage salar o" A,0/ per ear 5maintenance is A,
'.3
millions per ear, A'+/ per da6, and "uel costs o" A0(2, per liter 5A'0,-,0 per da6( The total load
"lo! is 2+,000 tons per da( The direct operating costs !ill $e less then A2 per ton 5A2 per car6( >" the
toll charge "or using the $ridge is A, "rom ' car 5' ton6, the pro"it !ill $e A'3 million per ear(
*ro=ect 1< 6round $ehicle! &e.g., Auto ,igh9ay(
Assume a closed-loop ground ca$le section !ith a length o" '00 km in one direction( The ca$le is
made o" "i$ers !ith an sa"e tensile strength o" N 2,0 kgBmm
2
and a densit o" '(- gBcc( Also assume
'000 cars, !eighing ' ton each, connected to the line in one direction( 9sing an a%erage "riction
coe""icient o" 0(0, re@uires a ca$le thrust o" 5'000S0(0,6 ,0 tons( The ca$le cross-sectional area is
5,0,000B2,06 200 mm
2
, the ca$le diameter is ') mm, and the ca$le !eight 5200 km6 is *2 tons(
>t ma $e sho!n that roller "riction 5$all $earing6, and air "riction 5speed 30 mBs6 !ill account "or less
than 3U o" the total thrust(
The energ re@uired to mo%e o" '000 tons at a speed o" 30 mBs 5'0- kmBhour or a$out *0 milesBhour6
is 5,00,000S306 ', 4g= at each end o" the section 5the total is 30 4g=6, 5three tur$o engines o"
'0,000 /= each are re@uired "or the t!o ends6( This sstem ma $e used "or high!as or as an
internal cit sstem(
*ro=ect /< 6a! line o the 2... k" &12/. "ile!( and 0apa+ility o carring 2. +illion
cu+ic "eter! per year
There is a $ig demand "or gas pipelines, "or e7ample, in the connection o" Alaska to the 9SA or
Russia to 2urope( A ground-$ased gas 5oil6 pipeline is %er e7pensi%e, re@uires ears "or $uilding, and
damages the en%ironment( #"ten the cross the territor o" other countr, !hich ma steal gas or oil
or to capture the pipeline(
3echnical (ata
Assume that a gas $alloon 5airship, dirigi$le6 has a %olume o" '0
+
m
3
5diameter ''(3 m, length '', m6
5the $alloon can ha%e !ings6( The line has length 2000 km, speed 3, mBs, and $alloons are connected
e%er ,00 m( The deli%er time is '. hours 5deli%er time $ pipeline is 33, times more, oil line is 303
,0 times more6(
>t is then eas to calculate than the transit capa$ilit o" this gas line is a$out 20 $illion cu$ic meter per
ear(
The line contains +000 $alloons and one middle dri%e station( The ca$le has an sa"e tensile strength o"
200 kgBmm
2
, the cross-section area o" the ca$le is ',0 mm
2
, its diameter is '+ mm, and the ca$le
!eight is '0-0 tons(
The total $alloon drag is )0 tons, the total ca$le drag is '(3 tons( The total po!er o" 3 engines is
'-,000 k= 5!hich is the po!er o" three a%iation gas tur$ines6( The densit o" natural gas is 0(*2
kgBcu$(m, the densit o" air is '(22, kgBm
3
, and the paload li"t "orce o" each $alloon is a$out 33+ tons(

-cono"ical -!ti"ation
The $alloon area is 3'+0 m
2
, and its !eight is ,00 kg( Assume ' m
2
a $alloon "ilm 5co%er6 costs A0(',,
then $alloons !ill cost is a$out A2000 each( The total cost o" +000 $alloons is then A- millions( >" ' kg
ca$le costs A', the ca$le cost is a$out A' million( Let us include t!o engines 5gas tur$ines6 and
departure and arri%al ports( The total installation cost is A', million and its li"etime is ', ears( The
depreciation is A' million per ear(
'.5
Taking a maintenance cost A2 million per ear, and gasoline cost o" A0(2, per liter, the "uel cost is
A30/ per da or A'0 millions per ear( The total annual e7pense is A'3 million per ear( Some **U o"
this e7pense is the cost o" the "uel 5gasoline "or dri%ing6(
The production deli%er cost o" '000 m
3
o" gas is A0(* per '000 cu$ic meter "or a distance o" up to
2000 km 5'2,0 miles6( >" the "ee "or the deli%er o" '000 m
3
gas is A', the pro"it is A'-() million per
ear( =e can reduce the production deli%er cost i" !e use the !ind energ(
Additional po!!i+ility
2%er $alloon can li"t 233 tons o" use"ul loads( This means !e can deli%er a$out ',,000 tons o"
paload 5"or e7ample, oil6 per da in one direction(
0onclu!ion
The proposed method and installation "or transportation are signi"icantl cheaper than the current
methods o" "ling traditional airlines, are constructing $ridges, tunnels, and gas pipelines( This sstem
!ould dramaticall reduce the price o" "lights on con%entional airlinesC the cost and time o"
construction o" long $ridges, or tunnelsC and put into practice huge pro<ects such as connections
$et!een 2urope and A"rica across 1i$raltar, Russia and America across the ?ering Straits, Russia-
Kapanese across Sakhalin, Tai!an !ith mainland Chine, and so on( >t !ould reduce the cost and
construction time o" gas pipelines too, and sa%e the en%ironment(
The author has detailed solutions "or man pro$lems !hich seem di""icult using current technolog(
;e is prepared to discuses the pro<ect details !ith serious organi8ations that ha%e similar research and
de%elopment goals(
&atent 9S ),+.+,'+3 ?'( &atent applications are 0.B.*+,)*0C 0.B-*3,.-,C 0.B*-.,.,.C 0.B.*-,,0*
5200'6( The closed ideas are in Re"erences
+F'2
(
Reerence!
'( A(A( ?olonkin, EAir Ca$le TransportF, Journal of Air0raft, Vol( +0, No( 2, Kul-August 2003, pp(
2),32).(
2( A(A( ?olonkin, E?olonkinDs 4ethod 4o%ement o" Vehicles and >nstallation "or >tF, 9S &atent
),+.+,'+3 ?', &riorit is on 2- Kune 200'(
3( A(A( ?olonkin, EAir Ca$le Transport and ?ridgesF, TN *,)*, >nternational Air T Space
Smposium 3 The Ne7t '00 Iears, '+-'* Kul 2002, Gaton, #hio, 9SA(
+( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 4issile Rope LauncherF, >AC-02->AA(S(&('+, ,3rd >nternational
Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as,
9SA(
,( A(A( ?olonkin, E>ne7pensi%e Ca$le Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, >AC-02-V(&(0*, ,3
rd

>nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct( 2002(
)( A(A( ?olonkin, E2mploment Asteroids "or 4o%ement o" Space Ship and &ro$esF( >AC-02-S()(0+,
*( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket Space Rope Launcher "or &eopleF, >AC-02-V(&(0), ,3rd >nternational
9SA(
'.2
-( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(3-F3(3-0032-02,
02-A-0222), 3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6( The
.( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 2arth34ars Transport SstemF, C#S&AR- 02 ?0(+-C3(+-003)-02,
'0( A(A( ?olonkin, ETransport Sstem "or deli%er Tourists at Altitude '+0 kmF, >AC-02->AA('(3(03,
,3
rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct( 2002,
''( A(A( ?olonkin, EAsteroids as &ropulsion Sstems o" Space ShipsF, JBIS, Vol( ,-, pp( .*3'0*,
2003(
'2( A(A( ?olonkin, E/inetic Anti-1ra%itatorF, A>AA-200,-+,0,, +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2
Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
'.:
Attach"ent 2
,igh Speed 0atapult A$iation;
Su""ary
The current passenger-transport a%iation sstems ha%e reached the peak o" their de%elopment( >n the
last 30 ears there has $een no increase in speed or redactions in trip costs( The a%iation industr needs
a re%olutionar idea, !hich allo!s <umps in speed and deli%er capa$ilit, and dramatic drops in trip
price( The author o""ers a ne! idea in a%iation in !hich "light time practicall does not depend on
distance 5it is the same "or lines "rom Ne! Iork to =ashington as "rom Ne! Iork to &aris6, and
%ehicle load capa$ilit dou$les and !hich has a dri%e engine that is located on the ground and can use
an cheap source o" energ(
-------------------
PSee detailed manuscript A>AA-200,-)22', Atmospheric Flight 4echanic Con"erence 3 200,, ',3'- August,
9SA(
%ntroduction
Current takeo"" mass o" a long distance aircra"t is made up o" appro7imatel 'B3 aircra"t $od, 'B3
"uel, and 'B3 paload( The aircra"t engine needs e7pensi%e a%iation "uel( The passenger-transport
aircra"t cannot e7ceed the speed o" sound( The EConcordeF histor sho!s that the con%entional
passenger supersonic aircra"t is unpro"ita$le( The hpersonic aircra"t, !hich is under de%elopment $
the 9SA, !ill $e more unpro"ita$le as a passenger long distance aircra"t $ecause it !ill use %er
e7pensi%e hdrogen "uel, it is %er comple7 and it has a high production cost( The hpersonic engine
pro$lems ha%e not $een sol%ed in spite o" spending tens o" millions dollars in research and testing(
A%iation needs ne! ideas !hich increase speed, and load capa$ilit, and reduce a deli%er cost( Some
o" these ideas ha%e $een pu$lished $ the current author
'3*
(
The authorDs idea is the acceleration o" a "light %ehicle 5non-engine aircra"t6 to high speed using a
ca$le engine located on the ground( The %ehicle !ill then use its kinetic energ "or "light( The
computation sho!s that a kinetic aircra"t accelerated to su$sonic speed o" 2*03300 mBs can "or )03-0
km until its speed decreases to a landing speed o" ,03)0 mBs( This is "ar enough "or su$ur$an transport
or "or air $ridges across the Straits o" 1i$raltar, 2nglish Channel, ?ering Straits 5Russia3America6,
Sakhalin3Asia, Russia3Kapan, etc( For acceleration to this speed at a rate this is accepta$le to
passengers 53g6 the run!a length must $e '(, km 5current run!as "or large aircra"t are '(,33 km
long6( For the long-distance "light 5)0003-000 km6, the air %ehicle must $e accelerated to a speed o" +3
+(, kmBs( For acceleration o" no more than 3g the re@uired run!a length !ould then $e 2.033+0 km(
>t is constructed using the methods descri$ed in Re"erences
,,*
( Rather than $eing a con%entional
run!a, it is an air ca$le acceleration sstem
,3*
"or the acceleration o" space %ehicles and it is located in
atmosphere(
Brie de!cription o the inno$ation
'1.
This sstem "or kinetic %ehicles includes 5Fig( A2('6 a chain made o" closed-loop ca$les and dri%e
stations( A su$sonic sstem 5Fig( A2('$6 ma $e located on the sur"ace or underground, a high speed
5up to hpersonic speed6 sstem 5Fig( A2('a6 is located a$o%e ground
,3*
( The chain is supported in the
air $ "light de%ices
'3*
or $ columns !ith rollers( Gri%e stations ha%e engines located on the ground
and !ork on an cheap energ(
The sstem !orks in the "ollo!ing !a( The su$sonic aircra"t starts "rom a con%entional aerodrome,
and is accelerated 5!ith 3g6 up to a speed o" 2*03300 mBs 54ach num$er 0(.6 $ the dri%e station on
the run!a !hich is '2003',00 m long 5Fig( A2('$6( The aircra"t takes o"", "lies 5,03*0 km, Figs(
A2('c, A2(26, graduall loses speed and increases its attack angle( =hen the speed drops so it is close
to landing speed, the aircra"t lands(
The high speed aircra"t also starts "rom a con%entional aerodrome, li"ts o"" the ground at take o"" and
is accelerated up to a speed o" '0003,000 mBs in air $ the ground dri%e stations( The acceleration
distance 5!ith 3g6 ma $e '33+00 km 5depending on the "inal speed, see Figs( A2(+, A2(,6( This is not
a pro$lem $ecause acceleration is made in the air 5Fig( A2('a6(

Fig( A2('( Gri%e sstem "or acceleration o" kinetic aircra"t( 5a6 ;personic and supersonic aircra"t( 5$6 Su$sonic
aircra"t( Notation: ' 3 chain o" closed-loop ca$lesC 2 3 dri%e stationsC 3 3 support column !ith rollerC + 3
"light %ehicleC , 3 tra<ector o" "light %ehicleC ) 3 engine o" dri%e station( 5c6 /inetic su$sonic aircra"t as
an air $ridge across a stream(
The range o" the high speed aircra"t ma reach 2003-,000 km 5see Fig( A2(36( The aircra"t can make a
"ull circle and return to its $ase 5see Figs( A2(- and A2(.6( The "light data are signi"icantl impro%ed i"
the %ehicle has %aria$le !ing area or %aria$le s!ept !ings
,
( #ther similar ideas and use"ul points "or
kinetic a%iation are presented in Re"erences
,3*
( The "light altitude does not its in"luence range $ecause
the energ spent in clim$ing !ill $e returned in gliding(
4heory o kinetic $ehicle! and a general e!ti"ation o light data
5in metric sstem6
'( The ma7imum range, (, o" kinetic air %ehicles is u$tained "rom the kinetic energ o" theoretical
mechanics( >t is e@uals
'11
( ) ,
2
,
B
B
ln
2
, ,
2
2
0
2
'
0
2
0 0
0
2
' 0
0
0
0
2
0
2
) )
K
(
( )
( )
K(
(
(
)
d(
K
m m)
d
,
_
5A2('6
!here ( is range QmRC (0 N ),3*-
(
'0
)
is the 2arthDs radius QmRC K is the a%erage aerodnamic e""icienc
5K N '0320 "or su$sonic air %ehicles and K N ,3- "or supersonic air %ehicles( For e7ample: the
su$sonic ?oeing-*+* has ma7imum K N '), the supersonic EConcordeF has ma7imum K N *,,,
supersonic aircra"t M?-*0 and IF-'2 ha%e K N *, and ?oeing 2*0*-300 has K N *(- 6C o N .(-' mBs
2

is gra%itC )' is initial 5a"ter acceleration6 speed QmBsRC )0 A )' is "inal 5near landing6 speed QmBsR 5)0 N
,03)0 mBs6C ) is %aria$le speed, )0 A ) A )' QmBsR( For estimation ) N 0(,5)'1)06C m$K ! D is air
drag QNRC m is %ehicle mass QkgR( For ) \ 2000 mBs, %aria$le gra%it o( Last e@uation in 5A2('6 is
o$tained "rom the "irst e@uation using integration(
Results o" computations "or su$sonic 5) \ 300 mBs, ' \ 0(., ' is 4ach num$er6 and supersonic
%ehicles are presented in Figs( A2(2 and A2(3( The range o" a su$sonic %ehicle is +,3.0 km "or )' N
300 mBsC the range o" a supersonic %ehicle can reach +0003-200 km "or )' N +,00 mBs(
Fig( A2(2( Range o" the su$sonic kinetic aircra"t %ersus initial speed "or di""erent aerodnamic
e""icienc K N '0 '2 '+ ') '- 20(
2( 4a7imum acceleration distance can $e calculated using the e@uation
n
)
S
2
2
'
, 5A2(26
!here n is o%erload, ( Results o" computations "or su$sonic and supersonic aircra"t are presented in
Figs( A2(+ and A2(,(
Acceleration 53g6 distance is ',00 m "or a speed o" 300 mBs "or the su$sonic %ehicle and 3+0 km "or a
speed o" +(, kmBs "or the supersonic %ehicle(
3( A%erage speed and "light time are
( ,
2
0 '
a
a
)
(
T
) )
)
+
5A2(36
'12
Fig( A2(3( Range o" the supersonic kinetic aircra"t %ersus initial speed "or di""erent aerodnamic
e""icienc K N + , ) * -(

Fig( A2(+( Acceleration distance o" su$sonic kinetic aircra"t %ersus initial speed and di""erent o%erloads(

Acceleration 53g6 distance is ',00 m "or a speed o" 300 mBs "or the su$sonic %ehicle and 3+0 km "or a
speed o" +(, kmBs "or the supersonic %ehicle(
3( A%erage speed and "light time are
( ,
2
0 '
a
a
)
(
T
) )
)
+
5A2(36
'1'
Fig( A2(, ( Acceleration distance o" supersonic kinetic aircra"t %ersus initial speed and di""erent o%erload(
Fig( A2() ( A%erage speed o" the kinetic and con%entional aircra"t %ersus range "or di""erent
aerodnamic e""icienc K N + , ) * -(
The results o" computation are presented in Figs( A2() and A2(*( The su$sonic %ehicle has an a%erage
speed '(, times greater than con%entional aircra"t 5$ecause the kinetic %ehicle has high su$sonic speed
o" the $eginning6, and the a%erage speed o" the supersonic 5hpersonic6 %ehicle is more than )3. times
that o" a con%entional su$sonic %ehicle( The "light time is less "or $oth cases(
+( The tra<ector o" hori8ontal turn can $e "ound "rom the "ollo!ing di""erential e@uations
, sin , cos , ' ln
'
,
, sin , cos ,
'
,
2
0 '
2
'

) y ) x t
K
n
n
n K
) t
K
n
) )
or ) y ) x
)
n
m)
%
K
n
)

,
_
>

5A2(+6
'11
!here %' is the pro<ection o" the %ehicle li"t "orce to a hori8ontal plane 5%ertical o%erload is: t is time
QsecondsRC is turn angle QradR(
Results o" computations "or di""erent o%erloads are presented in Fig( A2(- and A2(.( The sho! that
the %ehicle can turn $ack and return to its original aerodrome 5"or e7ample a $om$er a"ter a "light into
enem territor6(
Fig( A2(*( A%erage "light time o" the kinetic and con%entional aircra"t %ersus range(
+( The tra<ector o" hori8ontal turn can $e "ound "rom the "ollo!ing di""erential e@uations
'1/
, sin , cos , ' ln
'
,
, sin , cos ,
'
,
2
0 '
2
'

) y ) x t
K
n
n
n K
) t
K
n
) )
or ) y ) x
)
n
m)
%
K
n
)

,
_
>

5A2(+6
!here %' is the pro<ection o" the %ehicle li"t "orce to a hori8ontal plane 5%ertical o%erload is: t is time
QsecondsRC is turn angle QradR(
Results o" computations "or di""erent o%erloads are presented in Fig( A2(- and A2(.( The sho! that
the %ehicle can turn $ack and return to its original aerodrome 5"or e7ample a $om$er a"ter a "light into
enem territor6(
Fig( A2(-( ;ori8ontal de%iation %ersus range o" the su$sonic kinetic %ehicle "or initial speed ) N 200
220 2+0 2)0 2-0 300 mBs, hori8ontal o%erload n N 3g, aerodnamic e""icienc K N '+(
'13

Fig( A2(.( ;ori8ontal de%iation %ersus range o" the supersonic kinetic %ehicle "or ) N ' 2 3 + kmBs, hori8ontal
o%erload n N 3g, aerodnamic e""icienc K N *(
Ad$antage!
The o""ered method has the "ollo!ing ad%antages:
'( The load capa$ilit o" kinetic aircra"t increases as a "actor o" t!o 5no "uel or engine in the
aircra"t6(
2( The kinetic aircra"t is signi"icantl cheaper than con%entional aircra"t 5no a%iation engine !hich is
%er e7pensi%e and has limited resources6(
3( The engine located on the ground can !ork on cheaper "uel, "or e7ample natural gas, gasoline,
diesel "uel, electricit(
+( The a%erage speed "or long-distance tra%el is increased $ )3. times 5see Fig( A2()6(
,( The ma7imum "light time is a$out ,, min "or a distance at -000 km 5see Fig( A2(*6(
)( The "light production cost is dramaticall reduced(
*( #ne installation can ha%e a %er large capa$ilit and can ser%e man airlines, "or e7ample, most
airlines "rom 9SA to 2urope 5Ne! Iork to London, &aris, ?erlin, 4adrid, ?russels, etc6( The load
capa$ilit is also increased greatl(
-( The installation can $e used to launch o" satellites and pro$es 5some pro<ects currentl o""ered use
con%entional airplanes $ut the ha%e a ma7imum speed o" onl 2*0 mBs6(
.( The installation can $e used "or space tourism and "lights along high altitude $allistic tra<ectories(
*ro=ect
Assume the mass o" the space %ehicle is m N ', tons 5'00 passengers and + mem$ers o" cre!6C the
acceleration is a N B 5this acceleration is accepta$le "or con%entional people6( The range is
appro7imatel *200 km 5see Fig( A3(3 or calculate using ( K)
2
$2 "or a "inal acceleration speed o"
+(, kmBs and K N *, g N .(-' mBs
2
(
'15
The re@uest acceleration distance is S N 3+0 km( The time o" hori8ontal acceleration is t ! 52S$a6
0(,
N
',0 seconds N 2(, minutes( Assuming it uses the arti"icial cheap "i$er 5 N )00 kgBmm
2
6 !idel
produced $ current industr, an sa"e tensile strength o" the %ehicle ca$le is N '-0 kgBmm
2
5the sa"et
"actor is )00B'-0 N 3(336, densit N '-00 kgBm
3
5K' N '-0B'-00 N 0('6( Then the cross-section area o"
the %ehicle ca$le around the %ehicle !ill $e S' ! Bm$ N 2,0 mm
2
, and the ca$le diameter is d N '-
mm( Let us assume that the dri%e stations are located e%er '0 km
2'
( >t there"ore needs 3+ dri%e
stations( The mass o" the ca$le is ' N '(,S'%d N )*,0 kg( ;ere %d N '0 km is the distance $et!een
dri%e stations( A directi%e ca$le
2'
and a %aria$le cross-section area o" the main ca$le are included in the
coe""icient '(,(
The energ re@uired "or acceleration o" the aircra"t and the ca$le is E ! 5m1'6)
2
$2( This is a$out
220 1iga <oules 5' 1iga <oules N '0
.
K6 i" ) N +(, kmBs( The drag o" the aircra"t and ca$le is a$out D N
3 tons, !hich means E ! D% N 3
(
'0
+(
3.0,000 N''(* 1iga <oules( >" the launches are made e%er 0('
hours the engines must ha%e a total po!er o" a$out P ! E$t N 23'(*
(
'0
.
B)B)0 N )+3,)00 k= distri$uted
$et!een the 3+ dri%e stations 5!hich is '-,.00 k= each6( >" the engine e""icienc is N 0(3 the "uel
consumption !ill $e F N E$$ N 232
(
'0
.
BB0(3 N '-(+ tons per "light( ;ere N +2
(
'0
)
QKBkgR is the
energ capa$ilit o" diesel "uel( This means that '-+ kg o" "uel is used "or each passenger(
>" tensile strength is N '-0 kgBmm
2
N '(-
(
'0
.
NBm
2
, N '-00 kgBm
3
, then the total !eight o" the
"l!heels 5as storage energ6 !ill $e a$out '9 ! 2E$ N 2
(
232
(
'0
.(
'-00B'(-
(
'0
.
N -3, tons or -3,B3+
N 2,() tons "or each dri%e station 5see more details in Re"erence
*
6(
-cono"ical eiciency
Assume a cost o" ,00 million dollars "or the installation 5see pu$lication
*
6, a li"etime o" 20 ears, and
an annual maintenance cost o" , million dollars( >" '00 passengers are launched on e%er "light, there
are '0 "lights e%er hour "or 3,0 das a ear and the load coe""icient is 0(*,, then & N
'00S'0S2+S3,0S0(*, N ),300,000 passengers !ill $e launched per ear 5one installation can ser%e
man lines, "or e7ample, Ne! Iork to London, &aris, ?erlin( Rome, etc6( The launch cost per
passenger is A30,000,000B),300,000 N A+(*) plus "uel cost( >" '-+ kg o" "uel is used "or ' passenger and
the li@uid "uel price is A0(2, per kg, then the cost is A+) "or li@uid "uel( The total production cost !ill
$e a$out A,3Bperson "or li@uid "uel( >" the ticket costs A',3, then the pro"it !ill $e a$out )30 millions
dollars per ear( >t signi"icantl reduses the "uel cost i" the aircra"t uses a cheap natural gas as "uel "or
the dri%e station engines( The "light "rom the 9SA to 2urope !ill $e cheaper and take less time than it
does no!( The e""icienc !ill $e impro%ed !hen the aircra"t can take 200 and more passengers( The
num$er o" re@uire aircra"t decreases $ )3. times $ecause each hpersonic aircra"t has %er high
speed(
>n Ta$le A2(' the reader !ill "ind the appro7imate costs o" the di""erent "orm o" energ con%erted to
mechanical energ(
Ta$le A2('( Cost o" mechanical energ "or di""erent "uels(
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---
No Fuel &rice Y 2nerg &rice o" '0
)
K Con%( coe""( Cost o" mech( energ
ABkg KBkg A AB'0
)
K
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'( Li@uid 0(3 +3
(
'0
)
0(00* 0(3 0(0233
2( Natural gas 0(2 +,
(
'0
)
0(00++ 0(3 0(0'+*
3( Coal 0(03, 22
(
'0
)
0(00') 0(3 0(00,3
+( 2lectricit 0(0) k=h - 0(0')* 0(., 0(0'*)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'12
>ssue: >nternet, Cost o" "uel, Kul 2003(
Fuel prices change !ith time, $ut in an case the cost o" deli%er !ill $e some times less than
deli%er $ con%entional aircra"t( Critics must remem$er that main content o" this article is not
economic estimations, $ut the ne! idea "or a%iation and space apparatus(
Di!cu!!ion o *ro+le"!
'( Ca$le pro$lem( At present the current industr produces cheap arti"icial "i$er !ith a tensile stress
up N ,003)20 kgBmm
2
and densit N .*03'-00 kgBm
3
5see Chapters '326( This is enough "or
the su$sonic, supersonic, and e%en the hpersonic sstems 5see
'3*
6( A hpersonic sstem !ith this
ca$le re@uires a dri%e station e%er '0 km( =hen the industr produces cheap !hiskers or
nanotu$es the distance $et!een the dri%e stations can $e increased up to '00 km and the sstem
parameters !ill $e signi"icantl impro%ed(
2( Vehicle heating( The proposed hpersonic %ehicle !ill ha%e heating "rom compressed air( The
space ship EShuttleF and !arheads o" $allistic rockets ha%e the same pro$lem and in more
di""icult "orm $ecause the ha%e greater ma7imum speed 5a$out - kmBs6( The heat "lo! increases
$ more than a third po!er o" speed as )
3(',
( This pro$lem is success"ull sol%ed $ a
demounta$le terminal co%er on EShuttleF and on !arheads( The same solution ma appl in the
proposed kinetic %ehicle 5/V6( The other solution is cooling, $ut that needs additional research(
The nose and the leading edges o" the !ing o" supersonic 5speed less the +'6 kinetic %ehicles can
$e made "rom heat-resistant material( >" the speed is more then +4, the hpersonic %ehicle ma
need to ha%e a cooling sstem( ;o!e%er, this pro$lem is not as di""icult "or kinetic %ehicles as it is
"or the space Shuttle( The pro$lems o" the EShuttleF and the /V are di""erent( The EShuttleF has
much greater speed 5a$out -000 mBs6 and kinetic energ, and has to reduce this speed and energ
$ air drag( For this the EShuttleF has an o$tuse nose and leading edges o" the !ings( The /V
must conser%e its speed and energ "or the long "light( The /V has a sharp nose and leading edges
o" the !ings( The ma7imum speed o" a hpersonic /V is t!o times less, !hich means the heat
"lo! !ill $e appro7imatel , times less than the EShuttleF( This pro$lem can $e sol%ed $ a light
knockout ceramic co%er 5as on the EShuttleF6 or a cooling sstem( >" it uses !ater "or cooling, the
%apor can $e used "or additional thrust( Lithium as a cooler has , times the capa$ilit o" !ater,
0(. kg o" lithium is enough to cooling a ,-ton pro<ectile launched "rom the ground at a speed o" -
kmBs( ;o!e%er, this method needs more research and computation(
3( ;igh aerodnamic e""icienc( The /V can $e more e""icient than a con%entional hpersonic
aircra"t !ith an engine $ecause it does not ha%e the air intake needed "or air $reathing engines(
The permanent high aerodnamic e""icienc can $e preser%ed $ ha%ing %aria$le !ing area and
%aria$le s!ept !ing( The optimal tra<ector is as "ollo!s: a"ter acceleration the hpersonic
%ehicle has a high %ertical acceleration 53g6, reaches its optimal 5high6 altitude, and "lies along the
optimal tra<ector 5see Attn( + o" this $ook6( A"ter this the /V glides to the air port( #n arri%al the
/V $rakes and lands(
+( 4aneu%era$ilit in a landing( This pro$lem can $e sol%ed $ con%entional methods 3 air $rakes
and a small engine(
Some other ideas the reader "inds in o" the author can $e "ound in the Re"erences
,3*
(
Reerence!
'( A(A( ?olonkin, E;igh Speed Catapult A%iationF, A>AA-200,-)22', Atmospheric Flight 4echanic
Con"erence 3 200,( ',3'- August, 9SA(
'1:
2( A(A( ?olonkin, EAir Ca$le TransportF, Journal of Air0raft, Vol( +0, No( 2, Kul-August 2003, pp(
2),32).(
3( A(A( ?olonkin, E?olonkinDs 4ethod 4o%ement o" Vehicles and >nstallation "or >tF, 9S &atent
),+.+,'+3 ?', &riorit is on 2- Kune 200'(
+( A(A( ?olonkin, EAir Ca$le Transport and ?ridgesF, TN *,)*, >nternational Air T Space
Smposium 3 The Ne7t '00 Iears, '+-'* Kul 2002, Gaton, #hio, 9SA
,( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket 4issile Rope LauncherF, >AC-02->AA(S(&('+, ,3rd >nternational
9SA(
)( A(A( ?olonkin, E>ne7pensi%e Ca$le Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, >AC-02-V(&(0*, ,3
rd

>nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct( 2002(
*( A(A( ?olonkin, ENon-Rocket Space Rope Launcher "or &eopleF, >AC-02-V(&(0), ,3rd >nternational
9SA(
-( /oell G(2(, ;and$ook o" Cost 2ngineering, TCS, 1erman, 2000(
'2.
Attach"ent '
Light >ulti-Relex -ngine;
Su""ary
The purpose o" this attachment is to dra! attention to the re%olutionar idea o" multi-re"lection( The
method and its main inno%ations !ere o""ered $ the author in '.-3 in the "ormer 9SSR( No! the
author is sho!ing the huge possi$ilities o" this idea in man "ields such as space, a%iation, energ,
energ transmission, $eam ampli"ication, light trans"ormation and so on( This chapter considers the
direct trans"er o" light $eam energ to mechanical energ and $ack(
----------------------------
PFull te7t is pu$lished $ author as ELight 4ulti-Re"le7 2ngineF, JBIS, %ol( ,*, No .B'0, pp( 3,333,.,
200+(
%ntroduction
Short hi!tory.
>n '.*2 /antro!it8 dra! attention to the use o" a laser $eam "or a space propulsion sstem
'
( ;e
proposed using the con%entional method: to trans"er energ $ laser $eam to space apparatus, to
con%ert light energ into heat and e%aporate matter, and to gain thrust "rom e%aporated matter( There is
a lot o" research on this method
2
( ;o!e%er, it is comple7, not %er e""icient, has limited range
5di%ergence o" the laser $eam6, re@uires special matter located on $oard the space ship, and re@uires a
%er po!er"ul laser(
>n '.-3 the author o""ered another method o" using $eam 5light6 energ: the direct con%ersion o"
light energ into mechanical pressure 5"or engines6 or thrust 5"or launchers and propulsion sstems6
using multiple re"lection
3
(
The directing a!a or re"lecting o" light is the most e""icient method "or a propulsion sstem( >t gi%es
the ma7imum possi$le speci"ic impulse 5a speed o" 3S'0
-
mBs6( The sstem does not e7pend mass,
!hich is important "or space ships, $ecause launching mass into space is %er e7pensi%e 5at the present
time it costs a$out A20,0003A,0,000 Bkg6( ;o!e%er, light pressure is %er lo! at a$out 0(3'0
3)
kgB
k= 5solar light pressure !ithout re"lection is a$out 0(2'0
3)
kgBm
2
6( >n '.-3 the author proposed the
idea o" increasing the light pressure using multi-re"le7 method and o""ered some inno%ations !hich
dramaticall reduce the loss o" mirror re"lection( This ena$les the sstem to make millions o"
re"lections and to gain se%eral Ne!tons o" the thrust per k= o" $eam po!er( >t allo!s the design o"
man important de%ices 5in particular, engines6 !hich trans"er light directl into mechanical energ
and sol%e man pro$lems in a%iation, space, energ and energ transmission(
The ad%ances in optical materials and lasers in the recent ears ha%e reduced the loss "rom re"lection(
The author returned to this topic and carried out the primar research( ;e sol%ed the main pro$lems
that arise in research: the design o" a the %er highl e""icient re"lector, a light lock, sel"-"ocusing
light!eight mirrors and lenses, a $eam trans"eror "or %er long distances 5millions o" km6 !ithout
$eam di%ergence, light storage, a $eam ampli"ier, etc( As !ith an ne! inno%ation it appears man
additional pro$lems !ill need to $e addressed in the research and de%elopment( ;o!e%er, the solution
o" these pro$lems promises a re%olution in man technical "ields( The author !ants to dra! the
attention o" researchers and engineers to these inno%ati%e ideas(
'21
Brie inor"ation a+out light and u!ed light de$ice!
The optical diapason o" electromagnetic radiation is appro7imatel "rom a "e! nanometers to ' cm(
Visi$le light is appro7imatel located in the inter%al +00 to *00 nm 5' nm is '0
3.
m6( 9ltra%iolet
radiation has a shorter range than %isi$le light !hile the range o" in"rared ras is longer than %isi$le
light( The diapason o" micro!a%e radio !a%es is a higher than the optical diapason, and M-ras ha%e a
smaller optical diapason(
A con%entional mirror can re"lect a ma7imum o" .-3..U o" the light energ o" some light !a%es are
can gi%e a ma7imum o" 2003300 re"lections( This is not enough, $ecause the light pressure is %er
small at onl a$out 0()
(
'0
3)
kgB k= 5"or high re"lection6( For technical applications it is necessar to
ha%e a minimum o" a million re"lections(
This method is not suita$le "or our purpose 5see chapter '26( The !a%elength is considera$le changed
"or a mo$ile re"lector 5rotar disk6( A con%entional mirror re"lects the $eam in another direction i" the
mirror plate is not perpendicular to the $eam(
A narro! laser $eam is the most suita$le "or a light engine( There are man di""erent tpes o" lasers
!ith di""erent po!ers 5peak po!er up to '0
'2
=6, !a%elength 50(2 to *00 hm6, e""icienc 5"rom 'U up
to a$out .,U6, and impulse 5up to some thousands o" impulses per second6 or continuous operations( A
gas laser ma $e suita$le "or our purpose( 4an molecular gases, such as hdrogen canide, car$on
mono7ide, and car$on dio7ide, can pro%ide laser action( Car$on dio7ide lasers can $e operated at a
num$er o" !a%elengths near '0 hm on %arious %i$rational3rotational spectral lines o" the molecule(
The can $e relati%el e""icient, up to a$out 30U, and ha%e $een made large enough to gi%e continuous
po!er outputs e7ceeding tens o" thousands o" !atts(
At the present time !e ha%e seen signi"icant ad%ances in high-po!er !eapons-class lasers( The
4issile Ge"ense AgencB9SAF Air$orne Laser 5A?L6 program is rapidl de%eloping a si7-module
chemical o7gen-iodine laser 5C#>L6 to go at the heart o" the !eapon( &reparations are under !a at
the Sstem >ntegration La$orator "or a moth-$alled *+*-200 con%erted into a ground test plat"orm, "or
"irst testing o" the mega!att-class C#>L "light hard!are( The laser mirror is larger than '(, m in
diameter(
The Air Force Research la$orator 5AFRL6 has contracted !ith Northrop 1rumman Space
Technologies and Ratheon to de%elop a high-po!er solid-state 2,-k= laser(
The laser $eam di%ergence is
D D

'3 ( '
2

, 5A3('6
!here J is the angle o" di%ergence QradR, W is the !a%elength QmR, and D is the aperture diameter QmR(
Gi""raction theor gi%es the coe""icient in 5A3('6 as '(22 (
Solar light has a radiation spectrum appro7imatel in the inter%al W N 0(+ to 2(2 hm and ma7imum
energ !hen W N 0(, hm( The di%ergence o" solar light is a$out 0(00, radians(
4ore detailed in"ormation is gi%en in the Re"erences
'3'0,',
(

To achie%e ma7imum re"lectance, degree +,
o
prisms 5Fig( A3('a6 are used( For incident angles greater
than sin
3'
5n'Bn26, no light is transmitted( ;ere n is the re"racti%e inde7 5n i ' to +6( >nstead the light is
totall re"lected $ack into the incident medium( This e""ect is called total internal re"lection( Total
internal re"lection is used in the proposed re"lector( #ur re"lector contains t!o plates than ha%e a set o"
small prisms re"lecting a $eam "rom one prism to another prism 5Fig( A3('$6( 2%er plate can contain
millions o" small 530 to '00 hm6 prisms( 5An optical ca$le has a diameter o" 23'0 microns6( The
entering $eam, 3, is re"lected millions o" times as sho!n in Fig( A3('c,d 5see path 26 and creates a
'22
repulsi%e "orce F( This "orce ma $e %er high at thousands o" NBk= 5see computation $elo!6 "or
motionless plates( >t is limited onl $ the a$sorption 5d?6 o" the prism material 5see $elo!6(
The prisms and their cells can ha%e a slope 5Fig( A3(2a6 and located on a rotor outer sur"ace and a
stator inner sur"ace 5Fig( A3(2$6 or plates 5Fig( A3(2a6( This sstem can $e applied to rotar or linear
engines( T!o @uestions arise: ho! the $eam enters this cell 5!ithout the possi$ilit o" lea%ing the cell6
and ho! much "orce the sstem has( The prism material attenuates the light energ and reduce the
$eam po!er 5!a%e amplitude6(
To sol%e o" the "irst pro$lem the author o""ers a Uliht lo0kF !hich allo!s the light $eam to enter $ut
closes the e7it 5Fig( A3('$6( Fig( A3(' sho!s three designs o" liht lo0ks(

Fig( A3('( 4ulti-re"lection sstem: a6 &rism !ith "ull internal re"lection: ' 3 prism, 2 3 path o" a light $eam, '0
3 gap $et!een the prism and the $od o" the plate, rotor, stator 5it ma $e "illed !ith a matter 5co%er6
!hich has n' A n2 , n 3 re"lecti%e inde7C $6 &assage o" the $eam a through series o" prisms: 3 3 entering
$eam, + 3 entrance canal, , 3 mirror 5light lock %ersion '6C ) 3 light lock 5%ersion 26 5multi-laer mirror6 ,
F 3 repulsi%e "orceC c6 The "irst %ersion o" the $eam path through the re"lected cellsC d6 The second %ersion
o" the $eam path through the re"lected cellsC e6 Light lock 5%ersion 26: ) 3 multi laer mirror, * 3 entering
$eam, - 3 "inal path o" $eam 5W- h W*6C "6 Light lock 5%ersion 36: . 3 additional prism, '0 3 %aria$le gap
$et!een main prism ' and additional prism .(
The "irst light lock is sho!n in Fig( A3('$( The $eam inters through a narro! $eam canal, +( The
entering $eam runs the "ull path, 2 5Fig( A3('$,c,d6, is re"lected in millions o" cells, and tra%els up to
enter the cell "rom the other side( ;ere the $eam is partiall re"lected $ack into the sstem $ mirror ,,
and partiall re"lected $ack to !a it came in a straight line( =ith mo$ile plates part o" the $eam is
re"lected $ack to the laser and the laser mirror returns it into the sstem( This part o" the $eam is s'$s2,
!here s' is the !idth o" the $eam canal and s2 is the length o" a prism hpotenuse(
The second light lock is sho!n in Fig( A3('e( This has a mirror, ), !ith a multi-laer coating( This
coating lets the entering $eam, 3, *, passes $ut re"lectes the internal $eam, -( This is possi$le $ecause
the !a%elengths o" $eams * and - are di""erent 5W- h W*6 in the mo$ile plates(
'2'
The third light lock is sho!n in Fig( A3('"( >t contains an additional prism, ., and is used as an
impulse laser( =hen the laser $eam 3 enters into the sstem, the prism, ., is pressed against the main
prism, '(As the $eam tra%els along path 2, the additional prism, ., is disconnected "rom prism ' and
the $eam, 3, can onl tra%el inside the re"lected sstem !hile it e7pends all its energ( The gap, '0,
ma $e %er small, a$out a light !a%elength 5' micron6( A pie8oelectric plate can $e used "or this
purpose(
The detailed attenuation o" light propagating through optical matter is considered in the ne7t
section( To increase the num$er o" re"lection !e use a set o" %er small prisms and current high
e""icienc optical matter( A pulsed or continuous laser ma $e used( =e compute an a%erage laser
po!er(

Fig( A3(2( Sloping re"lecti%e cells and light engine: a6 '' 3 stator 5motionless6, '2 3 mo$ile rotor, '3 3 local
"orce 5o" single cell6, '+ 3 direction o" rotor mo%ementC $6 Light engine: 20 3 rotor, 2' 3 stator(

4heory o the "ulti-relex engine
The attenuation o" light propagating through optical matter is caused either $ a$sorption or $
scattering( >n $oth a$sorption and scattering, the po!er lost o%er a distance, X, and the po!er &5X6,
propagating at that point is gi%en $ an e7ponential deca:
&5X6 ! &506e7p533X6 . 5A3(26
The attenuation coe""icient, 3, is normall e7pressed in d? km
3'
, !ith ' d? km
3'
$eing the e@ui%alent
o" 2(3 S'0
3+
m
3'
( A$sorption is a material propert in !hich the optical energ is normall con%erted
into heat( >n scattering processes, some o" the optical po!er in the guided modes is radiated out o" the
material(
Attenuation o" some current and some potential "uture %er lo! loss materials created "or "i$er
communication is presented in Fig( A3(3( ;o!e%er, some o" these materials are highl reacti%e
chemicall and are mechanicall unsuita$le "or dra!ing into "i$ers( Some are used as in"rared light
guides( None is presentl used "or optical communication $ut ma $e used "or our purposes( #ur
mechanical propert and !a%elength re@uirements are less than in optical communication( ;o!e%er,
!e use in our computation con%entional %alues o" 0(' to 0(+ d?( Clean air has Y !0(333S'0
3)
m
3'
( The
con%entional optical matter !idel produced currentl in industr has an attenuation coe""icient e@ual
to 2 d?(
'21

Fig( A3(3( 2stimation o" $asic attenuation o" some possi$le %er lo! loss materials(
The $eam po!er !ill $e reduced i" one 5or $oth6 re"lector is mo%ed, $ecause the !a%elength is
increased( The total loss o" $eam energ in one dou$le ccle 5as the light $eam is mo%ed to the
re"lector and $ack6 is
E N 5'32365'32Y65'l2v6, 5A3(36
!here v ! )$0, ) is relati%e speed o" cells QmBsR, 0 N 3S'0
-
mBs is light speed( =e take the E[F !hen
the distance is reduced 5$raking6 and take E3 E !hen the distance is increased 5use"ul !ork $ light6(
The light pressure, T, o" t!o opposed high re"lectors a"ter a series o" re"lections, n, to one another is
,
2
, ((( ,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
0
'
3 0
3
2 0
2
0
'
0
0
n
n
E
0
&
T E
0
&
T E
0
&
T E
0
&
T
0
&
T

5A3(+6
This is a geometric series( The sum o" n mem$ers o" the geometric series is
( ' ,
'
' 2
(
'
' 2
0 0
<

E
E 0
&
T then n If
E
E
0
&
T
n
5A3(,6
>" the re"lector is mo%ed a!a, the ma7imum num$er o" re"lections, n, is limited $ the cell si8e, l,
$ecause the !a%elength is increased and that cannot $e more than the cell si8e( This limit is
v
l
n
2
6 B ln5
0
, 5A3()6
!here l is cell !idth QmR, Wo is the initial !a%elength QmR(
>" the re"lector is mo%ed "or!ard to another position, the !a%e length is reduced, $ut it cannot $e less
than the !a%e length o" M-ras $ecause the material transmits M-ras 5the material lo!ers the re"lecti%e
capa$ilit6(
This limit is a$out Wmin N '0 nanometers( The ma7imum num$er o" $rake re"lections is
v
n
2
6 B ln5
min 0

( 5A3(*6
The "orce o" the engine !ith slope, f, cells 5Fig( A3(26 and engine coe""icient e""icienc, \, ma $e
computed $ the e@uation
0
0
, cos
'
' 2
&
T)
E
E
0
&
T
n

( 5A3(*D6
The %alues in e@uation 5A3(36 can $e computed using
,
tan
, '0 0333 , ' , , 00023 ( 0
)

+

l
l l m m l al
0 0
5A3(-6
'2/
!here a is the attenuation coe""icient in d? QkmR 5see Fig( A3(36, m is the initial num$er o"
!a%elengths !hich can $e located in cell si8e l, l0 is the length o" a cell QmR, and _ is the gap $et!een
engine disks QmR(
The engine rotor "orce coe""icient, A, sho!s ho! man times the initial light pressure is increased( >t
is
'
'
E
E
A
n
( 5A3(.6
The results o" computations are presented in Figs( A3(+ to A3(-( The computed parameters are not
optimal( #ur purpose is to demonstrate the method o" computation(
Fig( A3(+ sho!s the ma7imum pressure that can $e created $ a ' k= $eam in the cell design o" Fig(
A3('$ "or a motionless disk 5) N 0, a N 0(' d?, m N 30, & 0N' k=, WN 0(' to ' hm6( This pressure
reaches a high "orce o" ,000 N "or the !a%elength o" ' micron( This high pressure ma $e used, "or
e7ample, "or mo%ing a hea% de%ice a micron distance, "or loudspeaker de%ices, or "or "re@uenc
modulation o" laser $eams $ mechanical energ, etc(
Fig( A3(, presents the num$er o" re"lections "or disk speed ) N 200 mBs, a N 0(2 d?, m N'0 to 300(
This num$er reaches + million dou$le re"lections 5one "rom each mirror6(
Fig( A3(+( Repulsi%e "orce, T QNR, o" motionless plates 5) N 0 mBs6 "or in"inite re"lections, attenuation
coe""icient a N 0(' d?, cell si8e m N 30, $eam po!er &0 N ' k= and di""erent !a%elengths(
Fig( A3() presents the transmission e""icienc coe""icient o" light energ, \t, con%erted into
mechanical energ "or ) N 200 mBs, a N 0(2 d?, W N 0(2, 0(,, 0(*, ', 2 hm, m N '0 to 300( The e""icienc
o" the proposed light engine is %er high and reaches .-U3..U i" m d ,0 5e@uation 5A3(*66(
Fig( A3(* presents the "orce on the rotar disk o" the light engine "or di""erent speeds ) N 20 to ,00
mBs, a N 0(' d?, m N 30, P N ' k=( This "orce changes "rom ,0 N through 2 N(
Fig( A3(- presents the e""icienc coe""icient "or a rotar engine "or the data in Fig( A3(*, !hen the
engine !orks in a %acuum 5-6 and in air 5- -6( The gap $et!een disks is 0(' mm( This coe""icient
reaches more than 0(.) and onl considers the trans"ormation loss !ithout mechanical "riction( The
mechanical "riction is con%entional "or tur$ines and it is small(
All computations are made "or a $eam po!er o" &0 N ' k=( For $eam po!ers &0 N '0, '00, '000 k=
!e must multipl the "orces in Fig( A3(* $ '0, '00, '000 respecti%el(
'23
=e can ignore the loss "rom the sides o" the cells $ecause this is small i" the $eam di%ergence is
small and the lateral side o" the cells has the "ull re"lection co%er 5as in the light ca$le6(
Fig( A3(,( Force coe""icient, A 5e@uation 5A3(.66 and num$er o" re"lections n 5e@uation 5A3()66 "or rotor speed )
N 200 mBs, a N 0(2 d?, and relati%e si8e o" prisms m N '03300(
Fig( A3() presents the transmission e""icienc coe""icient o" light energ, \t, con%erted into
mechanical energ "or ) N 200 mBs, a N 0(2 d?, W N 0(2, 0(,, 0(*, ', 2 hm, m N '0 to 300( The e""icienc
o" the proposed light engine is %er high and reaches .-U3..U i" m d ,0 5e@uation 5A3(*66(
Fig( A3(* presents the "orce on the rotar disk o" the light engine "or di""erent speeds ) N 20 to ,00
mBs, a N 0(' d?, m N 30, P N ' k=( This "orce changes "rom ,0 N through 2 N(
Fig( A3(- presents the e""icienc coe""icient "or a rotar engine "or the data in Fig( A3(*, !hen the
engine !orks in a %acuum 5-6 and in air 5- -6( The gap $et!een disks is 0(' mm( This coe""icient
reaches more than 0(.) and onl considers the trans"ormation loss !ithout mechanical "riction( The
mechanical "riction is con%entional "or tur$ines and it is small(
All computations are made "or a $eam po!er o" &0 N ' k=( For $eam po!ers &0 N '0, '00, '000 k=
!e must multipl the "orces in Fig( A3(* $ '0, '00, '000 respecti%el(
=e can ignore the loss "rom the sides o" the cells $ecause this is small i" the $eam di%ergence is
small and the lateral side o" the cells has the "ull re"lection co%er 5as in the light ca$le6(
'25
Fig( A3()( 2""icienc coe""icient 5e@uation 5A3(*66 "or rotor speed ) N 200 mBs, a N 0(2, !a%elength W N
0(2 to 2 microns, relati%e si8e o" prisms m N '0 to 300(
Fig( A3(*( Thrust 5"orce6 5e@uation 5A3(*66 %ersus the rotor speed 5) N 20 to ,00 mBs6 "or !a%elength
W N 'hm, a N 0(' d?, m N 30, $eam po!er &0 N ' k=(
'22
Fig( A3(-( 2""icienc coe""icient 5e@uation 5A3('066 %ersus !a%elength W N 0(2 to ' hm, a N 0(, d?, m N 30, &0
N ' k=, and rotor speed ) N '00 to ,00 mBs( The $roken lines - - sho! the computations !ith air
attenuation(

Di!cu!!ion
The proposed multi-re"le7 light engine is %er simple 5onl t!o disks6, has a small si8e, a %er high
ratio o" po!erB!eight, and is e""icient( #ne can directl con%ert the $eam light into mechanical energ(
This engine ma $e applied in a%iation $ecause the energ can $e trans"erred "rom an earth sur"ace
station to an aircra"t $ the laser $eam( The aircra"t does not need to carr "uel and has a more
light!eight engine, so its load capa$ilit dou$les as a result( >ndustr can produce a ' 4ega!att 5'000
k=6 laser no!( This is enough "or middle-range aircra"t !ith a !eight o" '0 to '2 tons
'0
(
The linear light engine does not ha%e a speed limit and one ma $e used to launch space e@uipment
and space ships
''3'3
( This method ma $e also used in the design o" ne! e""icient !eapons
'+
(
The intensit o" solar light on a clear da is a$out ' k=Bm
2
( >" !e can con%ert this light into
mechanical energ, the mechanical energ can $e con%erted into electrical energ( The e""icienc o"
this process ma $e higher and cheaper than the e""icienc o" e7pensi%e commercial solar cells 5'03
'2U e""icient6(
This te7t is pu$lished in Re"erence
',, ')
(
Reerence! or Attach"ent '
'( A( /antro!it8, E&ropulsion to #r$it $ 1round-?ased LasersF, Astronauti0s and Aeronauti0s, '0, pp( *+-*),
4a '.*2(
2( UBeamed Enery Pro#ulsion. First International Sym#osium on Beamed Enery Pro#ulsionV, American
>nstitute o" &hsics, 4el%ille, Ne! Iork, 2003(
3( A(A( ?olonkin, ELight &ressure 2ngineF, &atent 5Author Certi"icate6 i 44RBO?4, '.-,, 9SSR, 5priorit on
, Kanuar '.-36(
+( R(1( Griggers 52d(6, En0y0lo#edia of L#ti0al Enineerin, 4arcel Gekker, >nc(, Ne! Iork, 2003(
,( E"and-ook of L#ti0sF, 2
nd
edn(, 4c1ra!-;ill, >nc(, 2000(
)( 'ilitary StandardiXation "and-ook. L#ti0al Desin, No( '+', '.)2(
'2:
*( &(=( 4ilonni, and K(;( 2$erl, E%asersV, Kohn =ile T Sons(, NI, '.--(
-( G(C( #DShea, Elements of 'odern L#ti0al Desin, Kohn =ile and Sons, NI, '.-,(
.( A(=( Snder, L#ti0al *aveuide Theory, Chapman and ;all, NI3London, '.-3(
'0( A(A( ?olonkin, E4ulti-re"le7 &ropulsion Sstems "or Space and Air Vehicles and 2nerg Trans"er "or Long
GistanceF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No ''B'2, pp, 3*.3300, 200+,(
''( A(A( ?olonkin, E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No 'B2, pp( 33-3., 200+(
'2( A(A( ?olonkin, E;personic Launch Sstem o" Capa$ilit up ,00 tons per da and Geli%er Cost A' per
L$F, >AC-02-S(&(',, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress 3 The =orld Space Congress, ;ouston,
Te7as, 9SA, '03'. #ct 2002(
'3( A(A( ?olonkin, E2arth Accelerator "or Space Ships and 4issilesF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No ''B'2, pp( 3.+-+0+,
2003(
'+( A(A( ?olonkin, EAir Ca$le TransportF, Journal of Air0raft, Vol( +0, No 2, 4arch-April, 2003(
',( A(A( ?olonkin, ELight 4ulti-Re"le7 2ngineF, JBIS, %ol(,*, No .B'0, pp( 3,333,., 200+(
')( A(A( ?olonkin, &atent 9S ),+.+,'+3 ?', 9SA(
Attach"ent 1
Apti"al 4ra=ectorie! o Air and Space ?ehicle!;
Su""ary
The author has de%eloped a theor on optimal tra<ectories "or air %ehicles !ith %aria$le !ing areas and
!ith con%entional !ings( ;e applied a ne! theor o" singular optimal solutions and o$tained in man
cases the optimal "light( The !ing drag o" a %aria$le area !ing does not depend on air speed and air
densit( At "irst glance the results ma seem strange, ho!e%er, this is the case and this chapter !ill
sho! ho! the ne! theor ma $e used( The e@uations that "ollo! ena$le computations o" the optimal
control and optimal tra<ectories o" su$sonic aircra"t !ith pistons, <ets, and rocket engines, supersonic
aircra"t, !inged $om$s !ith and !ithout engines, hpersonic !arheads, and missiles !ith !ings(
The main idea o" the research is to use the %ehicleDs kinetic energ to increase the range o" missiles
and pro<ectiles(
''.
The author sho!s that the range o" a $allistic !arhead can $e increased 33+ times i" an optimal !ing
is added to it, especiall a !ing !ith %aria$le area( >" !e do not need increased range, the !arhead
mass can $e increased( The range o" large gun shells can also $e increased 33. times( The range o" an
aircra"t ma $e impro%ed $ 33',U or more(
The results can $e used "or the design o" aircra"t, missiles, "ling $om$s and shells "or large guns(
-------------
P This theor !as pu$lished in authorDs $ook &e9 'ethod of L#timiXation and their A##li0ations,
4osco!, 4VT9, '.*2 5in Russian6, presented to A>AABNASAB9SAFBSS4# Smposium on
4ultidisciplinar Analsis and #ptimi8ation, &anama Cit, Florida, 9SA, Sept( *3., '..+(
Full te7t o" this chapter is pu$lished in AEAT, Vol( *), No( 2, 200+, pp( '.332'+(
No"enclature 5in metric sstem6
a 3 the speed o" sound, mBs,
a', -', a2, -2 3 coe""icients o" e7ponential atmosphere,
C% 3 li"t coe""icient,
CD 3 drag coe""icient,
CDo 3 drag coe""icient "or C% N 0,
CD* 3 !a%e !ing drag coe""icient !hen N 0,
CD- 3 $od drag coe""icient,
0 3 relati%e thickness o" a !ing,
0- 3 relati%e thickness o" a $od,
0' 3 relati%e thickness o" a %ehicle $od,
cs 3 "uel consumption, kgBsB kg thrust,
D 3 drag o" %ehicle, N,
D 3 drag o" %ehicle !ithout , N,
D=* 3 !a%e !ing drag !hen N 0, N,
D=- 3 drag o" a %ehicle $od, N,
" 3 ;amiltonian,
h 3 altitude, m,
K ! C%$CD 3 the !ing e""icienc coe""icient,
k', k2, k3 3 %ehicle a%erage aerodnamic e""iciencies "or su$-distances ', 2, 3 respecti%el,
% 3 range,
' ! )$a 3 4ach num$er,
m 3 mass o" %ehicle, kg,
# ! m$S 3 load on a s@uare meter o" !ing,
E!)
2
$2 3 a dnamic air pressure,
( 3 aircra"t range or ( ! distance "rom "light %ehicle to 2arth center@ ( N (o 1 h, !here (o N )3*- km
is 2arth radius,
t3 time,
T N
e
)
3 thrust, N,
) 3 %ehicle speed, mBs,
)e 3 speed o" thro! $ack mass 5air "or propeller engine, <et "or <et and rocket engine6, mBs,
S 3 !ing area, m
2
,
s 3 length o" tra<ector,
T 3 engine thrust, N,
''1
+ 3 li"t "orce, N,
3 !ing attack angle,
3 "uel consumption,
3 angle $et!een the %ehicle %elocit and the hori8on,
3 thrust angle $et!een thrust and %elocit,
E 3 2arth angle speed,
E 3 lesser angle $et!een the 2arthDs &olar a7is and a perpendicular to a "light plate,
3 air densit( kgBm
3
(
%ntroduction
The topic o" the optimal "light o" air %ehicles is %er important( There are numerous articles and $ooks
a$out the optimal tra<ectories o" rockets, missiles, and aircra"t( The classical research o" this topic is $
4iele
'
( 9n"ortunatel, the optimal theor o" this pro$lem is %er comple7( >n most cases, the
researchers o$tained comple7 e@uations, that allo! one to compute a single optimal tra<ector "or a
gi%en aircra"t and "or gi%en conditions, $ut the structure o" optimal "light is not clear and simple
"ormulas o" optimal control 5!hich depend onl on "light conditions6 are a$sent(
The authorDs ne! theor o" singular optimal solutions, de%eloped earlier
23'+
, does not contain
unkno!n coe""icients or %aria$les as pre%ious theories ha%e( ;e "ound that the optimal "light path
depends onl on the "light conditions and the addition o" certain %aria$le !ing structures(
>n conclusion, the author applies his solution to $allistic missiles, !arheads, "ling $om$s, large gun
shells, and su$sonic, supersonic, and hpersonic aircra"t !ith rocket, tur$o-<et, and propeller engines(
;e sho!s that the range o" these air %ehicles can $e increased 33. times(
1. 6eneral e7uation!
Let us consider the mo%ement o" an air %ehicle gi%en the "ollo!ing conditions: 5'6 The %ehicle mo%es
in a plane containing the 2arthDs center( 526 The %ehicle design allo!s the !ing area to $e changed 5this
!ill pro%e important in the remainder o" this chapter6( 536 =e ignore the centri"ugal "orce "rom the
2arthDs rotation 5it is less then 'U6( 5+6 2arth has a cur%ature(
Then the e@uations "or "ling %ehicle 5in a sstem o" coordinates !here the center o" the sstem is
located at the center o" gra%it o" the "ling %ehicle, the x-a7is is in the direction o" "light, the y-a7is is
perpendicular to the xD a7is, Fig( A+('6 are
''2

Fig. A1.1 Vehicle "orces and coordinate sstem(
, sin
, cos
)
dt
dh
)
dt
d%
5A+('635A+(26
(
, cos 2
cos
cos
6 , , 5 sin 6 , , 5
, sin
6 , , 5 cos 6 , , 5

+ +
+
dt
dm
(
)
)
m)
h ) + ) h T
dt
d
m
h ) D ) h T
dt
d)
E E
5A+(36 3 5A+(,6
All %alues are in the metric sstem and all angles are taken to $e in radians(
Flight with a small change of vehicle mass and flight path angle
4ost air %ehicles "l at an angle in the range t',
o
5 N t 0(2)'- rad6, !ith the engine located along
the %elocit %ector( This means
sin ! , cos N ' , ! 0 , 5A+()6 3 5A+(-6
$ecause sin',
o
D 0(2,--2, cos',
o
D 0(.),.(
Let as su$stitute 5A+()6 3 5A+(-6 into 5A+('6 3 5A+(,6
,
,
)
dt
dh
)
dt
d%
5A+(.6 3 5A+('06
, cos 2
6 , , 5
,
6 , , 5 6 , 5
E E
(
)
)
m)
h ) +
dt
d
m
h ) D ) h T
dt
d)

+ +
5A+(''6 3 5A+('26
,
dt
dm
5A+('36
!here
'''
ma7
. 5A+('+6
4an air %ehicles "l !ith a lo! angular speed o" d$dt. The change o" mass is also lo! in "light(
This means m N const, dm$dt 0(
d$dt 0, dm$dt N 0 ( 5A+(',6 3 5A+(')6
Let us take a ne! independent %aria$le s N length o" tra<ector
dt ! ds$), 5A+('*6
and su$stitute 5A+('+6-5A+('*6 in 5A+(.6-5A+('36( Then sstem 5A+(.6-5A+('36 takes the "orm
( cos 2
6 , , 5
0
,
6 , , 5 6 , 5
,
, '
E E
(
)
)
m)
h ) +
)
m)
h ) D ) h T
ds
d)
ds
dh
ds
d%

+ +
5A+('-6 3 5A+(2'6
Let us re-!rite e@uation 5A+(2'6 in the "orm
( 0 cos 2 6 , , 5
2
+ +
E E
m)
(
m)
m h ) +
5A+(226
>" !e ignore the last element, e@uation 5A+(226 takes the "orm
0 6 , , 5
2
+
(
m)
m h ) + . 5A+(226D
>" ) is not %er large 5) \ 3 kmBs6, the t!o last elements in e@uation 5A+(2'6 are small and the ma
$e ignored( 2@uations 5A+(226 and 5A+(226D can $e used "or deleting "rom D .
Note the ne! drag !ithout is
D!D:h,)<.
5A+(236
>" !e su$stitute "rom 5A+(226 into e@uation 5A+(206 the e@uation sstem take the "orm
,
6 , 5 6 , 5
,
, '
m)
h ) D ) h T
ds
d)
ds
dh
ds
d%
5A+(2+6 3 5A+(2)6
;ere the %aria$le is ne! control limited $
ma7
.

ma7
.
5A+(2*6
State"ent o the pro+le"
Consider the pro$lem: "inding the ma7imum range o" an air %ehicle descri$ed $ e@uations 5A+(2+6 3
5A+(2)6 "or the limitation 5A+(2*6( This pro$lem ma $e sol%ed using con%entional methods( ;o!e%er,
it is a non-linear pro$lem $ut contains the linear control, !hich means the pro$lem has a singular
solution( To "ind this singular solution, !e !ill use methods de%eloped pre%iousl
2, +
(
''1
=rite the ;amiltonian
,
_
+ +
m
D T
)
"
'
'
2 '
, 5A+(2-6
!here 6 5 6, 5
2 '
s s are unkno!n multipliers( Application o" the con%entional method gi%es
( ma7
,
' '
,
'
2 ' ma7
2 2 2
2 '
1
]
1

1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
sin "
m
D T
)
m
D T
) )
"
m
D T
) h
"
) )
h h

5A2+(2.6 3 5A+(3'6
=here
H H H H
, , ,
v h v h
T T D D denote the "irst partial deri%ati%es o" D, T $ h, ) respecti%el(
The last e@uation sho!s that the control can ha%e onl t!o %alues tma7( =e consider the singular
case !hen
A N 0
2 '

)
. 5A+(326
This e@uation has t!o unkno!n %aria$les ' and 2 and does not contain in"ormation a$out the control
( Let us to di""erentiate e@uation 5A+(326 "or the independent %aria$le s( A"ter su$stitution the
e@uations 5A+(2)6, 5A+(2.6, 5A+(306, and 5A+(326 into the result o" di""erentiation , !e o$tain the
relation "or ' 0, 2 0
( ) ( )
) ) h h
D T D T )
5A+(336
This e@uation does not contain either, $ut it contains the important relation $et!een the %aria$les
) and h on the optimal tra<ector(
>" !e ha%e the "ormulas 5or graphs6
D ! D5h,)6, 5A,(3+6
T ! T5h,)6, 5A+(3,6
!e could "ind the relation
h ! h5)6 5A+(3)6
and the optimal tra<ector "or a gi%en air %ehicle(
This also gi%es important in"ormation a$out the structure o" the optimal solution( >n%estigation o"
e@uation 5A+(336 sho!s that the e@uation has one solution in each o" the su$sonic, supersonic, and
hpersonic "ields( The e@uation can ha%e t!o solutions "or a transonic "ield(
This means the optimal tra<ector in most cases has three parts 5see Fig( A+(26:
a6 =hen clim$ing and in "light a %ehicle mo%es "rom the initial point A !ith the angle t
ma7
up to
the optimal cur%e 5A+(3)6, then continues along the optimal cur%e 5A+(3)6 and mo%es !ith at
an angle t
ma7
to point B(
$6 =hen descending and in "light 5Fig( A+(36 a %ehicle mo%es "rom the initial point A !ith the
angle t
ma7
5up or do!n6 to the optimal cur%e 5A+(3)6, then continues do!n the optimal cur%e
5A+(3)6, and mo%es at an angle t
ma7
5up or do!n6 to the point B(

''/

Fig. A1.2.( #ptimal tra<ector "or air %ehicle clim$ and "light(
Fig. A1.'( #ptimal tra<ector "or air %ehicle descent and "light(
The selection o" direction 5up or do!n, !ith
ma7
or 3
ma7
respecti%el6 depends onl on the

position o" the initial and end points A and B(
For air %ehicles !ith rocket engines T N const, e@uation 5A+(336 has a %er simple "orm
) h
D D )
(
5A+(3*6
The same "orm 5same cur%e6 also applies "or a $allistic !arhead, !hich does not ha%e engine thrust
5a"ter its short initial $urn6 5T N 06(
>" !e !ant to "ind an e@uation "or the control , !e continue to di""erentiate e@uation 5A+(336 !ith the
independent %aria$le s, and su$stitute into the e@uations 5A+(2,6, 5A+(2)6, 5A+(2.6, 5A+(306, 5A+(326,
and 5A+(336( =e o$tain the relation "or i" ' 0, 2 0

,
6 5
2 '
'
,
_
B
)
B m)
D T B
5A+(3-6
!here
( 6 5 6 5
, 6 5 6 5 6 5
2
'
h) h) hh hh
)) )) h) h) h h
D T D T ) B
D T D T ) D T B

+
5A+(3.635A+(+06
''3
;ere signs in "orm
L
h)
D are the second partial deri%ates D "or h, )(
) h
D
D
h)

2
(
5A+(+'6
>" the thrust does not depend on h, ) 5T N const6 or no engine 5T N 06, the e@uation "or $ecames
simpler
(
6 5 Q
6 R5 6 Q5
2
hh h ))
h) h ))
D ) D D m
D T D ) D D
+

5A+(+26
>n accordance !ith other pu$lications
23-
5e,g, e@uation 5+(26
+
6 the necessar condition "or optimal
tra<ector is
( 0 6 ' 5
2
2
1
]
1
,
_

"
ds
d
k
k
k
5A+(+36
!here k N '(
To o$tain results "or di""erent "orms o" the drags and thrusts, !e must take "ormulas 5or graphs6 "or
su$sonic, transonic, supersonic, or hpersonic speed, and speci"ic "ormulas "or the thrust
and su$stitute them in the e@uation 5A+(336 and 5A+(3-6( Consider t!o cases: su$sonic and hpersonic
speeds(
Su+!onic !peed &V Q 25. "G!( and dierent engine!.
Li"t, drag, and deri%ati%e e@uations "or su$sonic speed are
,
2
2 '
,
2
,
,
2
2
, ,
2
,
2
2
2
2
'
2
2
B
'
2
2
2
2
2 2
'
S
)
S )
m
C
- h
D
)S
S )
m
C
)
D
e a
S
)
S )
m
C D C C S
)
C D S
)
m %
Do Do
- h
Do Do D D
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
+ +
5A+(++6
!here , ,
2
2+ ( )
2

+
magnitude
2
$ is an induced drag coe""icient, ! l
?
$S, l is a !ing
span(
>t is kno!n in con%entional aerodnamics that the coe""icient o" "light e""icienc k is
Do
Do
o#t
Do D
%
C
k
C
o-tain 9e k from
C C
C
k
2
, ma7 ,
ma7 2

+

( 5A+(+,6
a( Aircrat 9ith rocket engine. For this aircra"t the thrust T is constant or =( 2@uation 5A+(336
has "orm 5A+(3*6( Find the partial deri%ati%es
( 0 , 0
h )
T T
5A+(+)6
Su$stituting 5A+(++6 to 5A+(+)6 in 5A+(3*6 !e o$tain the relation $et!een air densit , altitude h,
and aircra"t speed ):
'
'
2
ln , ,
2 a
- h
S
m
#
C )
#
Do

, 5A+(+*6
!here # ! m$S is the load on a s@uare meter o" !ing( For a diapason o" h N 03'' km the coe""icients a'
N '(22,, -' N .0-)(
Results o" this computation are presented in Fig( A+(+(
$6 Aircrat 9ith tur+o-=et engine( The thrust "or this engine is

( 0 , ,
' 0
0

) h
T
-
T
T T T
5A+(+-6
''5
Su$stitute 5A+(+-6 in 5A+(336( =e o$tain
( )
h ) ) h
D ) D
)
-
T or D D
-
T
)
,
_

'
'
, 5A+(+-6D
and su$stituting 5A+(++6 and 5A+(+-6 in 5A+(336, !e o$tain
m
T
T 9here
-
T
)
#
C
-
)
#
Do
0
0
0 '
0
2
2
'
2
,
2
2
'

1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
( 5A+(+.6
=e can then "ind , h "rom 5A+(+.6
( ln ,
6 2 5
2
,
2
'
'
0
0
'
2
0
0
2
2
2

a
- h
m
T
T
- )
T #
C A 9here
A )
#
Do

+

5A+(,06
Results o" computation "or the di""erent #, T ! 0(- &$k, a' N '(22,, -' N .0-) are presented in Fig(
A+(,(
Fig. A1.1( Air %ehicle altitude %ersus speed "or !ing load # N +00, ,00, )00, *00 kgBm
2
and a rocket
engine(
Fig. A1./( Air %ehicle altitude %ersus speed "or !ing load # N +00, ,00, )00, *00 kgBm
2
, tur$o-<et
engine, and relati%e thrust 0(- NBkg %ehicle(
''2
c6 *i!ton and tur+o engine! 9ith propeller. All current propeller engines ha%e propellers !ith
%aria$le pitch( The propeller coe""icient e""icienc, , appro7imatel is constant( The thrust o" this
engine is
, , ,
' 0
0
-
T
T
)
T
T
)
&
T
h )

5A+(,'6
!here &0 ! &e, &e is engine po!er at h N 0(
Su$stituting 5A+(++6 in 5A+(336( =e o$tain the e@uation "or thrust
'
2
'
'
6 5
- )
D ) D ) -
T or D
)
T
D
-
T
)
h )
) h
,
_
,
_
+
( 5A+(,'6D
Su$stitute 5A+(++6 and 5A+(,'6 in 5A+(336( =e o$tain
( , ,
' 2
0
0
'
2
0
0
2
2
'
2
S
m
#
m
&
& 9here
- )
&
)
#
C
-
)
#
)
Do

,
_

1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
5A+(,26
=e can then "ind , h "rom 5A+(,26
( ln , ,
2
'
'
3
0
0
3
3
2

a
- h
)
& #
C A 9here
A )
#
Do
+
5A+(,36
Results o" computation "or CDo N 0(02,, N '0, "or di""erent %alues o" #, & are presented in Fig( A+()(
Fig. A1.3. Air %ehicle altitude %ersus speed "or !ing load # N 2,0, 300, 3,0, +00 kgBm
2
, piston
5propeller6 engine, and relati%e engine po!er '00 =Bkg %ehicle(
,yper!onic !peed 5' kmBs \ ) \ * kmBs6(
The li"t and drag "orces in hpersonic "light are appro7imatel 5see 5A+(226D6
(
2
,
B
2
6 B 5 2
2
,
6 B 5 2
,
2 2
6 5 ,
2
6 , , 5
2
2
,
2
2 2
2
2
a)
E
#
E
C
( )
E
#
#
E
C
m
D
or
S
) a
C S
S
( ) m
a)
) a
C D
a)
( ) #
S
) a
C S
) a
C D S
) a
(
m)
m h ) %
-
D- D*
- D- D*
- D- D*

+
1
1
]
1
,
_

+
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
+ +
5A+(,+6
'':
Note
, 2 , + ,
2
,
2
0 0 - D- D* - D- - D* *
0 C 0 C S
a)
C D S
a)
C D

,
2
''000
2
-
h
e a

5A+(,,6
The deri%ati%es o" D $ ), h are
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
a)
( ) m#
D D
-
D D
)
( (
)
a
m#
)
D
)
D
D
- * h h
- *
)

2
2 2
0 0
2
H H
2
2
2
0 0
6 B 5 2 '
,
3 2
(
5A+(,)6
a6 Rocket engine or hyper!onic glider. The deri%ati%es "rom T ! 0onst and T N 0 are
( 0 , 0
h )
T T
5A+(,*6
Su$stituting 5A+(,,6 in 5A+(,)6, and e7pressions 5A+(,)6 and 5A+(,*6 in 5A+(3*6 to "ind , h, !e
o$tain "or h d '',000 m

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+ +
ln ''000 ,
' 3
,
2 a
- h
S
S
C C
-
)
(
)
- )
(
)
A A
a
#
-
D- D*
+
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
, 5A+(,-6
!here a2 N 0(3),, -2 N )..* are coe""icients o" the e7ponent atmosphere "or the stratosphere at '' to
)0 km(
>" !e ignore the small term
,
_
+
2
3
)
"or ' d 3 in 5A+(,-6, the e@uations take the "orm

( )
, ,
6 5
'
,
B 2
0
2
2
, ,
2
,
_
+
+
S
S
C C C 9here
- ) C
A A
a
( ) #
-
D- * Do
Do
!here CD* +0( >" !e ignore the term -? 5"or ' d 36, then
Do
C a)
( ) #
6 B 5 2
2
( 5A+(,.6
>n the limit as ( in 52-,+6, !e "ind
Do
C a)
#
. 5A+(,.6D
;ere o#t Do
C B
is an optimal 5ma7imum C%$CD6 !ing attack angle o" the hori8ontal "light(
Results o" the computation in 5A+(,-6 are presented in Fig( A+(*(
'1.
Fig. A1.5( #ptimal %ehicle altitude %ersus speed "or speci"ic $od load P- N 3, ,, *, '0 tonBm
2
, $od
drag coe""icient C- N 0(02, !ing drag coe""icient Cd N 0(02,, !ing load # N )00 kgBm
2
(
+( Ra"=et engine. The thrust o" the <et engine is appro7imatel 5' \ +6
2
2
2
,
2
,
-
T
T
)
T
T ) T
h )

, 5A+()06
!here is a numerical coe""icient, ? is the air densit at the lo!er end o" the selected atmospheric
diapason 5in our case '' km6(
Su$stituting 5A+()06 and 5A+(,)6 in our main e@uation 5A+(336, $ repeat reasoning !e can o$tain
the e@uation "or the gi%en engine
( ) ( )
, ,
2 2
B
' 3
B
,
2
0
2 0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
) )
m
T
T
)
-
)
a
# T
-
)
S
S
C C
( )
- )
(
)
A A
a
#
-
D- D*
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
1
]
1
,
_
+
1
]
1
,
_
5A+()'6
!here T= is taken at the lo!er end o" the e7ponent atmospheric diapason 5in our case '' km6( The
cur%e o" air densit %ersus altitude h is computed similarl to 5A+(,-6(
Apti"al 9ing area
The li"t "orce and drag o" an !ing ma $e !ritten as
6 , , 5 , 6 , , 5
2
S E D D S E + m + ( 5A+()26
Su$stituting 5A+()26 in 5A+(2-6 and "inding the minimum " %ersus S, !e o$tain the e@uation
, 0 , 0 + + S D D or S D D
S S
5A+()36
!here is the %alue "ound "rom the "irst e@uation 5A+()26( 2@uation 5A+()36 is the general e@uation
"or the optimal !ing area and optimal speci"ic load # ! m$S on a !ing area(
a( Su+!onic !peed( Li"t "orce and drag o" the su$sonic !ing are
( )
ES
m
ES C D ES C D
ES
m
or ES m +
D* Do
'
,
2
2
,
_
+ +
, 5A+()26D
!here E ! )
2
$2 is a dnamic air pressure "or su$sonic speed(
Su$stituting the last e@uation in 5A+()26 into the "irst e@uation in 5A+()36, !e o$tain the optimal
speci"ic load on the !ing area
'11
D*
o#t
C
E
# ( 5A+()36D
Su$stituting "rom 5A+()26D into the last e@uation in 5A+()26D and di%iding $oth sides $ %ehicle mass
m, !e o$tain
E #
E
#
C
m
D
D*
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
2
'
( 5A+()+6
;ere D$m is speci"ic drag 5drag per unit !eight "or the %ehicle6( Su$stituting 5A+()36D into 5A+()+6( =e
a$tain the minimum drag "or a %aria$le !ing
D*
C
m
D
2 min
,
_
, 5A+()+6D
!here the term on the right is !ing drag "or the li"t o" one unit o" !eight "or the %ehicle( =e disco%er
the important "act than the opti"al !ing drag o" a %aria$le !ing doe! not depend on air speed, it
depends only on the geometr o" the !ing( This ma look !rong, $ut consider the "ollo!ing e7ample(
=ing drag is D ! m$K, !here K ! C%$CD is the !ing e""icienc coe""icient( The %alue D$m does not
depend on speed(
>" the air %ehicle has a $od, the minimum drag is
2
, 2 min
2
)
E
#
E
C C
m
D
-
D- D*

+
,
_
( 5A+(),6
Full %ehicle drag depends on speed $ecause the $od drag depends on )(
Su$stituting the 5A+()36D term "or into 5A+()26D, !e o$tain the optimal attack angle
D*
o#t
C
(
5A+())6
This is the angle o" optimal e""icienc, $ut CD* is the !ing drag coe""icient only !hen N 0 5not the
"ull %ehicle as in con%entional aerodnamics6( The coe""icient o" "light e""icienc
6 B min5 B
ma7
m D
k or
m D
k
( 5A+()*6
+( ,yper!onic !peed. The e@uations o" !ing li"t "orce and !ing air drag "or hpersonic speed are as
"ollo!s:
( )
( )
2
, ,
B
,
2
2 2
a)
E ES C D
E
( ) #
or
(
)
m ES +
D*

,
_

(
5A+()-6
Su$stituting "rom 5A+()-6 into D , !e o$tain
( )
ES
ES
( ) m
C D
D*
1
1
]
1
,
_

+
2
2
B
( 5A+()-6D
Su$stituting the !ing load # ! m$S into 5A+()-6D, !e o$tain
E #
E
( )
#
C
m
D
D*
1
1
]
1
,
_

+
2
2
B '
( 5A+().6
To "ind the minimum the air drag D "or #, !e take the deri%ati%es and set them e@ual to 8ero, then !e
o$tain
D*
o#t
C
( )
E
#
6 B 5
2
( 5A+(*06
Su$stituting 5A+(*06 into 5A+().6, !e "ind the minimum !ing drag
'12
D*
9
C
(
)
m
D
,
_

,
_
2
2
min
(
The sum o" the minimum %ehicle drag plus $od drag is
-
-
-
D- D*
S
m
#
a)
E
#
E
C C
(
)
m
D
+
,
_

,
_
,
2
,
2
min
2
. 5A+(*'6
Su$stituting 5A+(*06 into the term "or in 5A+(),6, !e "ind the optimal attack angle o" a %ehicle
!ithout a $od
B
D* o#t
C
( 5A+(*26
The coe""icient o" "light e""icienc k ! +$D is
( ) m D
( )
k
m D
( )
k
B min
B
,
B
B
2
ma7
2
(
For hpersonic speed the coe""icients are appro7imatel

D- D* Do % D- D*
C C C C 0 C 0 C + , , 2 , + , 2 , +
2
'
2
( 5A+(*36
>n numerical computation the angle can $e "ound "rom 5A+(2,6 as ! h$(.
For the rocket engine or gliding "light !e "ind the "ollo!ing relation: !hen S is optimum 5%aria$le6, the
partial deri%ati%es "rom 5A+(*'6 are
-
D-
h
-
D- D* )
# -
a) C
D
#
a
C C
(
)
D
2
2
,
2
+
+
(
Su$stituting these into 5A+(3*6, !e "ind the relationship $et!een speed, altitude, and optimal !ing
load "or a hpersonic %ehicle !ith a rocket engine and $aria+le optimal !ing:

2
2
2
2
ln ''000 ,
6 B 5
- a
- h
- ) ( aC
C ) #
D-
D* -
+
+
( 5A+(*+6
For N +, N 2 e@uation 5A+(*36D has the "orm
, ln ''000 ,
6 B 5
2 2
2
2
2
2
a
- h
- ) a( C
C ) #
D-
D* -
+
+
5A+(*+6D
Results o" computation using 5A+(*+6D "or N +, N 2, a2 N 0(3),, $2 N )..* and di""erent #- are
presented in Fig( A+(* 5dashed lines6( As ou see, the %aria$le area !ing sa%es kinetic energ, $ecause
its cur%e is located o%er an in%aria$le 5"i7ed6 !ing( This is ad%antageous onl at or$ital speed 5*(.
kmBs6 $ecause no li"t "orce is necessar(
-!ti"ation o light range
Air and !pace $ehicle! 9ithout thru!t
The aircra"t range can $e "ound "rom e@uation 5A+(2)6
( 0 ,
B
,
'
2
2
'
2 '

+
>

T if
m D
)d)
( or ) )
m D T
m)d)
(
)
)
a
)
)
a

5A+(*,6
Consider a missile !ith the optimal varia)le $in% in a descent tra<ector !ith thrust T N 0(
a6 4ake the simplest estimation using e@uations "or kinetic energ "rom classical mechanics( Separate
the "light into t!o stages: hpersonic and su$sonic( >" !e ha%e the ratio o" %ehicle e""icienc
'1'
D % D %
C C k C C k B , B
2 '
, !here k', k2 are the ratios o" "light e""icienc "or the hpersonic and
su$sonic stages respecti%el, !e "ind the "ollo!ing e@uations "or a range in each region:
( )
( )
, , ,
6 B 5 2
,
6 B 5
2
2 ' 2 2
2
2
2
2
' '
' '
'
2
2
2
2
'
( ( ( h k (
( )
) ) k
( (
k
( ) m
) )
m
a
+

#r more e7actl
,
_
,
_
( )
( ) ( k
( d(
k
( ) m m)
d
B
B
ln
2
,
6 B 5
2
2
'
2
2 '
' '
'
2 2
, 5A+(*)6
!here (' is the hpersonic part o" the range, (2 is the su$sonic part o" the range, )' is the initial
5ma7imum6 %ehicle hpersonic speed, )2 is a "inal hpersonic speed, and h is the altitude at the initial
stage o" the su$sonic part o" the tra<ector(
$6 To $e more precise( Assume in 5A+(*,6 ! 0onst 5taking a%erage air densit6(
'( For the hyper!onic part o" the tra<ector: su$stitute 5A+(*'6 into 5A+(*)6( =e then ha%e
( 0
2
2
ln
' 2
tanh arg
2
, 0
2
tan arg
2
,
2
ln
2
'
, + ,
2
,
2
,
2
, , ,
2
'
2
'
2
'
'
2
2
'
2
'

+ +
+

1
]
1

+ +
+ +

for
- a)
- a) - a)
[
d)
for
- a)
[
d)
[
d)
a
-
[
a
(
- a0
m
T
0
#
a
C -
(
C
a
0 -) a) [ 9here
[
)d)
( or
0 -) a)
)d)
(
)
)
"
-
D-
D*
)
)
"
)
)
"
( 5A+(**6
2( For the su+!onic part o" the tra<ector: su$stitute 5A+(),6 into 5A+(*,6( =e then ha%e
2
' 2 '
2
2 2 '
2
'
ln
2
'
) C C
) C C
C
(
S

,
5A+(*-6
!here the %alues "or C', C2 are
-
D-
D*
#
C C
a
C
m
T
C
2
,
2
2 '

,
_
+
. 5A+(*.6
The tra<ector 5!ithout the rocket part o" the tra<ector6 is
2 ' ' ' ' '
( ( ( ( or ( ( (
S " S "
+ + +
( 5A+(-06
!here (2 N k2h computed "or altitude h at the end o" the kinetic part o" the su$sonic tra<ector(
3( The +alli!tic tra<ector o" a !ingless missile !ithout atmosphere drag is
6 B 5 2 , ,
2
,
2
,
2
2 2 2 2
' ' '
2
( ) h ) ) ) )
h
) t ) (
h
t
t
h
y y i -
+
, 5A+(-'6
!here h is the initial altitude, )' is the initial hori8ontal speed o" the !ingless missile at altitude h, )y is
initial 5shot6 %ertical speed at h N 0, )i is the "ull initial 5shot6 speed at h N 0 (
For the hpersonic inter%al , \ V \ *(, kmBs, !e can use the more e7act e@uation
6 B 5
2
2
'
'
( )
h
) (
-
, 5A+(-26
!here ( N )3*- km is the radius o" 2arth( The "ull range o" a $allistic rocket plus the range o" a !inged
missile is
(f ! (- 1 (a 1 (, 5A+(-36
'11
!here ( ! kh is the %ehicles gliding range "rom the "inal altitude h2 5see Fig( A+(''6 !ith
aerodnamic e""icienc k(
The classical method "inding o" the optimal shot $allistic range "or spherical 2arth !ithout atmosphere
is
2
2
,
' 2
tan , 2
0
A
A
A
A
o#t o#t -
)
)
( (

, 5A+(-+6
!here o#t is the optimal shot angle, )A is the shot pro<ectile speed, and )0 is an or$ital speed "or a
circular or$it at a gi%en altitude(
+( 0annon pro=ectile( =e di%ide the distance into three su$-distances: '6 '(2' A ', 26 0(.' A ' A
'(2', 36 0 A ' A 0(.'. The range o" the !ing cannon pro<ectile ma $e estimated using the e@uation
' 2 3 0
2
0
2
3
3 2
3
2
2
2 2
2
2
'
'
0 , 6 5
2
6 5
2
6 5
2
) ) ) ) 9here ) )
k
) )
k
) )
k
( < < < < + +
, 5A+(-,6
!here k', k2, k3 are the a%erage aerodnamic e""iciencies "or su$-distances ', 2, 3 respecti%el(
Con%entionall, these coe""icients ha%e the "ollo!ing %alues: su$sonic k3 N -3',, near sonic k2 N 233,
supersonic and hpersonic k' N +3.( >" ) d )00 mBs, the "irst term in 5A+(-,6 has the greatest %alue
and !e can use the more simple e@uation "or range estimation:

2
'
'
2
)
k
(
( 5A+(-+6D
At the top o" its tra<ector, a modern pro<ectile can ha%e an additional impulse "rom small rocket
engines( Their !eight is '03',U o" the "ull mass o" the pro<ectile and increases the ma7imum range $
*3'+ km( >n this case !e must su$stitute ) ! )' 1 d) into 5A+(-+6D, !here d) is the additional
impulse 5',032*0 mBs6(
Su+!onic aircrat 9ith thru!t. ,ori8ontal light
The optimal clim$ and descent o" a su$sonic aircra"t !ith a constant mass and "i7ed !ing is descri$ed
$ e@uations 5A+(,06 and 5A+(+*6( An gi%en point in a clim$ cur%e ma $e used "or hori8ontal "light
5!ith di""erent e""icienc6( =e consider in more detail the hori8ontal "light !hen the aircra"t mass
decreases $ecause the "uel is spent( This consumption ma reach +0U o" the initial aircra"t mass( The
optimal hori8ontal "light range ma $e computed in the "ollo!ing !a:
,
6 5
,
6 5
, ,

m
m s s s s
k
m D
dm
0
)
( dm
m D 0
)
d(
D 0
dm
T 0
dm
dt )dt d(
5A+(-)6
!here m is "uel mass, 0s is "uel consumption, kgBsB kg thrust(
a6 For a ixed 9ing, !e ha%e 5"rom 5A+(++66
2
, ,
2
2
2
)
E
S
S
C C C 9here m
ES
ES C D
-
D- D9 Do Do

,
_
,
_
+ ( 5A(-*6
Su$stituting 5A+(-*6 into 5A+(-)6, !e o$tain
( )
ES C C
ES
C 9here
mm C C
m m C C
C C 0
)
(
Do
k
k
s
,
_
2
2
'
2 '
2 '
2 '
, ,
B '
6 5 B
tan arg
( 5A+(--6
$6 For a $aria+le 9ing !e ha%e 5"rom 5A+(),6
'1/
'
B
0 2 '
2 '
2 '
'
, , 2 , ln
- h
- D- D*
k s
e ES C C C
C 9here
C m C
C m C
C 0
)
(

( 5A+(-.6
Results o" the computation are presented in Fig( A+(-( The aircra"t ha%e the "ollo!ing parameters: CD*
N 0(02C CD- N 0(0-C -' N .0-)C S N '20 m
2
C m N '00 tons, mk N -0 tons, 0s N 0(000'. kgBsBkg thrustC !ing
ratio N '0(
As ou see, the speci"ic "uel consumption does not depend on speed and altitude, a good aircra"t
design reaches the ma7imum range onl at one point, in one "light regime: !hen the aircra"t "lies at the
ma7imum speed possi$le "or the critical 4ach num$er, at the ma7imum altitude possi$le "or that
engine( The de%iation "rom this point decreases in the range in ,3'03', percent or more( The %aria$le
!ing increases e""icienc o" the other regime, !hich that appro7imatel reduces the losses $ a hal"(
The coe""icient o" "light e""icienc ma $e computed using e@uation k ! $5D$m6, !here the %alues
-
D- D*
-
D- D*
#
E
C C
m
D
#
E
C
E
#
#
E
C
m
D
+
,
_
,
_
2 ,
'
2
, 5A+(.06
appl "or "i7ed and %aria$le !ings respecti%el( Results o" computation are presented in Fig( A+(.( The
cur%e o" the %aria$le !ing is the round cur%e o" the "i7ed !ing(
Fig. A1.2( Aircra"t range "or altitude " N ), -, '0, '', '2 kmC ma7imum range (m N +3)' kmC relati%e
"uel mass 'r N 0(2C $od drag coe""icient C- N 0(0-C !ing drag coe""icient Cd N 0(02(
'13
Fig. A1.:. Aerodnamic e""icienc o" non-%aria$le and %aria$le !ings "or !ing load # N +00, )00,
-00, '000 kgBm
2
, !ing drag CD N 0(02, $od drag CD- N 0(0-, !ing ratio '0(
Apti"al engine control or con!tant light pa!! angle
Let us to consider e@uations 5A+('6 3 5A+(,6 "or a constant angle o" tra<ector, N const(
Su$stituting N constant, thrust T ! )e , and a ne! independent %aria$le s ! )t 5!here s is the
length o" the tra<ector6 into the e@uation sstem 5A+('6 3 5A+(,6( =e o$tain the "ollo!ing e@uations
( 0
, 0 cos 2 cos 6 , , 5
,
'
, sin
6 , , 5 6 , 5
, sin
, cos
ma7
2

+ +

E E
e
m)
(
m)
m h ) +
) ds
dm
)
m)
h ) D ) h )
ds
d)
ds
dh
ds
d%
5A+(.'6 3 5A+(.)6
2@uation 5A+(.,6 is used to su$stitute "or in e@uation 5A+(.36 and "or a change o" air drag
6 , , 5 h ) D D D:), h<. 5A+(.*6
=e "ind a non-linear sstem !ith a linear "uel control ( This means the sstem can ha%e a singular
solution(
Solution
Consider the ma7imum range "or %ehicles descri$ed $ e@uation 5A+(.'6 3 5A+(.)6(
Let us !rite the ;amiltonian "

) )
m)
h ) D ) h )
"
e
'
sin
6 , 5 6 , 5
sin cos
3 2 '

1
]
1
+ +
, 5A+(.-6
!here
6 5 6, 5 6, 5
3 2 '
s s s
are unkno!n multipliers( Application o" con%entional methods gi%es
'15
[ ] ( ma7
,
,
'
sin
6 , 5 '
3 2 ma7
2 2 3
2 3 2 2 2
m ) sin "
) m
D )
m
"
) m)
D
m
h ) D )
) )
"
e
e
) e

1
]
1

,
_
,
_
5A+(..6 3 5A+('0'6
=here
)
D
is the "irst partial deri%ate o" D $ )(
The last e@uation sho!s that the "uel control can ha%e onl t!o %alues, tma7( =e consider the
singular case !hen
A N
0
3 2
m )
e

. 5A+('026
This e@uation has t!o unkno!n %aria$les, 2 and 3, and does not contain in"ormation a$out "uel
control (
The "irst t!o e@uations 5A+(.'6 3 5A+(.26 do not depend on %aria$ls and can $e integrated
% ! s cos , 5A+('036
" ! s sin . 5A+('0+6
>n accordance !ith the Re"erences
2
let us di""erentiate e@uation 5A+('026 $ the independent %aria$le s(
A"ter su$stitution into e@uations 5A+(.36 3 5A+(.,6, 5A+(.*6, 5A+(..6, 5A+('006, 5A+('026, and
5A+('0+6 !e o$tain the relation "or 2 0, 3 0:

0 6 sin 5 6 sin 5
,
2
,
+ + +
s e ) e ) e m
) m) m D ) ) D ) m D ) D m) )D A
( 5A+('0,6
This e@uation also does not contain , ho!e%er it does contain an important relation $et!een
%aria$les m, h and ), on an optimal tra<ector( This is a 3-dimentional sur"ace( >" !e kno!
D ! D5h,)6 , 5A+('0)6
)e ! )e5h,)6 , 5A+('0*6
The mass o" our apparatus m, and its altitude h, !e can "ind the optimal "light speed( This means !e
can calculate the necessar thrust and the "uel consumption "or e%er point m, h, ) 5Fig( A+('06(
>" !e !ant to "ind an e@uation "or the "uel control , !e continue to di""erentiate e@uation 5A+('0,6
to "ind the independent %aria$le s and su$stitute in e@uations 5A+(.'6 3 5A+('0+6( >" !e calculate the
relation "or , i" 2 0, 3 0, )e N const, then
m ) e
s )
A m A )
A m) m D A

+

6 sin 5
, 5A+('0-6
!here
,
_
,
_

ds
dA
s
A
ds
dA
)
A
s )

,
( 5A+('0.6

Fig. A1.1.( #ptimal "uel consumption o" "light %ehicles(
'12
The necessar condition o" the optimal tra<ector as it is sho!n in the Re"erences
23 -
5see "or
e7ample, e@uation 5+(26
+
6 is
( 0 6 ' 5
2
2
1
]
1
,
_

s
"
ds
d
k
k
k
5A+(''06
!here k N '(
>" the "light is hori8ontal 5 N 06, the e7pression 5A+('0-6 is %er simpl
e
)
D

( 5A+('''6
This means the thrust e@uals the drag, a "act that is !ell kno!n in aerodnamic science(
To o$tain the speci"ic e@uations "or di""erent "orms o" drag and thrust, !e must take "ormulas 5or
graphs6 "or su$sonic, transonic, supersonic and hpersonic speed "or thrust and su$stitute them into
the e@uations 5A+('0,6 and 5A+('0-6(
Si"ultaneou! opti"i8ation o the path angle and uel con!u"ption
Consider the case !here the path angle and the "uel consumption are simultaneousl optimi8ed(
>n this case the general e@uations 5A+('6 3 5A+(,6 ha%e the "orm:
( cos 2 6 ( , 5
,
'
,
6 , , 5 6 , 5
,
, '
2
E E
e
m)
(
m)
m h ) +
) ds
dm
)
m)
h ) m D ) h )
ds
d)
ds
dh
ds
d%

+ +

5A+(''26 3 5A+('')6
Let us !rite the ;amiltonian
(
' 6 , , 5 6 , 5
'
3 2 '

) )
m)
h ) m D ) h )
"
e

,
_
+ +
5A+(''*6
The necessar conditions o" optima gi%e
, 0
, 0
3 2
2 '

m )
"
B
)
"
A
e
5A+(''-6 3 5A+(''.6
The lam$da e@uations are
(
,
'
6 5 6 5
,
2
H
2 3
2
3
2 2
H H
,
2 2
H H
,
2 '
) m
mD D )
m
"
) )
m)
D ) ) D )
)
"
m)
D )
h
"
m e
e ) ) e
h h e
+
1
1
]
1
5A+('206 3 5A+('226
>" !e di""erentiate A 5A+(''-6, "rom dA$ds ! 0, !e "ind the optimal "uel consumption
'1:
2
, ,
2
6 5 ) ) ) ) )
D ) D )
h e ) e e
h )
+

(
5A+('236
Then !e di""erentiate B 5A+(''.6, "rom dB$ds ! 0 !e "ind the optimal path angle
6 5
B
, ,
,
) ) ) m
D m D ) D ) D ) D )
) e h e
m e ) e ) e
+
+

( 5A+('2+6
=e ha%e used the con%entional "orms "or the partial deri%ati%es in 5A+('20635A+('2+6 as in the
earlier sections o" the chapter 5see "or e7ample 5A+(,'66(
>" !e kno! "rom analtical "ormulas or graphical "unctions )e, D, + !e can "ind the optimal
tra<ector o" the air %ehicle(
>n the general case, this tra<ector includes "our parts:
'( 4o%ing $et!een limitations and (
2( 4o%ing $et!een one limitation or and one optimal control or (
3( 4o%ing simultaneousl !ith $oth optimal controls and (
+( 4o%ing at a gi%en point along one limitation andBor $oth limitations(
,(
Application to aircrat, rocket "i!!ile!, and cannon pro=ectile!
A( Application to rocket $ehicle! and "i!!ile!(
Let us appl the pre%ious results to tpical current middle- and long-distance rockets !ith !arheads(
=e !ill sho!: i" the !arhead has !ings and uses the optimal tra<ector, the range o" the !arhead 5or its
use"ul load6 is increased dramaticall in most cases( =e !ill compute the optimal tra<ectories "or a
rocket-launched !arhead at a particular altitude 5203)0 km6 and speed 5'3*(, kmBs6( &oint B is located
on the cur%e 5A+(,-6 "or a "i7ed !ing and on cur%e 5A+(*36D "or a %aria$le !ing 5Fig( A+(''6( Further,
the !inged !arhead "lies 5descends6 along the optimal tra<ector BD 5Fig( A+(,-6 according to
e@uations 5A+(,-6 5"i7ed !ing6 or e@uations 5A+(*36D 5%aria$le !ing6 respecti%el( =hen the speed is
reduced $ a small amount 5"or e7ample, ' kmBs6 5point D in Fig( A+(''6, the !inged !arhead glides
5distance DE in Fig( A+(''6(

Fig. A1.11. Tra<ector o" "ling %ehicles(
The "ollo!ing e@uations are used "or computation:
'. 3he optimal trajector' #or a #i0e( $in% space vehicle.
a6 2@uation 5A+(,-6 is used to calculate h ! h5)6 to "ind the optimal tra<ector o" a !arhead !ith
a non- %aria$le "i7ed !ing in the speed inter%al ' \ V \ *(, kmBs( The result is presented in Fig(
A+(*(
$6 2@uation 5A+(,+6 gi%es the magnitude 5D$m6(
'/.
c6 The e@uation 5A+(*,6 in the "orm
( )
, ,
B
B
, , ,
B
0
2
0
k h (
m D
( )
k
(
h
( (
m D
) )
(
a
a a a

5A+('2,6
is used "or computation in the inter%als (a, ( 5Fig( A+(''6( ;ere ( is the range o" a gliding
%ehicle(
d6 2@uation 5A+(*,6 is used to calculate (- in the launch inter%al AB 5Fig( A+(''6(
e6 The "ull range, (, o" a !arhead !ith a "i7ed !ing and the "ull $allistic !arhead range, (9, are
- 9 a -
( ( ( ( ( ( 2 , + +
( 5A+('2)6
"6 2@uation 5A+(-+6 is used to calculate the optimal +alli!tic tra<ector o" a shot !ithout air drag
5a %ehicle 9ithout !ings6( The range o" this tra<ector, as it is kno!n, ma $e signi"icantl
more than the range in the atmosphere(
g6
Fig. A1.12( Range o" N#N-VAR>A?L2 !ing %ehicle "or $od drag coe""icient C- N 0(02, !ing drag
coe""icient Cd N 0(02,, !ing load # N )00 kgBm
2
(
'/1
Fig. A1.12. The relati%e range o" a non-%aria$le !ing %ehicle "or the $od drag coe""icient C- N 0(02,
!ing drag coe""icient Cd N 0(02,, !ing load # N )00 kgBm
2
, $od load P- N 33'0 tonBm
2
(

The results are presented in Fig( A+('2( Computation o" the relati%e range 5"or di""erent #-6 using the
"ormula
-
f
r
(
(
(
5A+('2*6
is presented in Fig( A+('2( The optimal range o" the !inged %ehicle is appro7imatel +(, times that o"
the ideal $allistic rocket computed !ithout air drag( >n the atmosphere this di""erence !ill $e
signi"icantl more(
2. &oc4ets! missiles an( space vehicles $ith $aria+le $in%s
The computation is the same( For computing , h, D$m !e can use e@uations 5A+(*36D and 5A+(*'6
respecti%el( The results "or di""erent $od loads are presented in Fig( A+(*( The optimal tra<ectories o"
%ehicles !ith %aria$le !ing areas ha%e less slope( This means the %ehicle loses less energ !hen it
mo%es( >t tra%els a$o%e the optimal tra<ector o" a %ehicle !ith "i7ed !ings, !hich means it needs a lot
more time 5'03206 and more !ing area than a "i7ed !ing space %ehicle 5Fig( A+('+6( The computation
o" the optimal %aria$le !ing area is presented in Fig( A+(',( The relati%e range 5e@uation 5A+('2*66 is
presented in Fig( A+(')(
Fig. A1.11( #ptimal !ing load %ersus speed "or speci"ic $od load P- N 3, ,, *, '0 tonBm
2
, $od drag
coe""icient C- N 0(02, !ing drag coe""icient Cd N 0(02,, !ing load # N )00 kgBm
2
(
'/2
Fig. A1.1/( Range o" a %aria$le !ing %ehicle "or the $od drag coe""icient C- N 0(02, the !ing drag
coe""icient Cd N 0(02,, the !ing load # N )00 kgBm
2
(
Fig. A1.13( Relati%e range o" %aria$le !ing %ehicle "or the $od drag coe""icient C- N 0(02, the !ing drag
coe""icient Cd N 0(02,, the !ing load # N )00 kgBm
2
, the $od load P- N 33'0 tonBm
2
(
'/'
Fig. A1.15( Vehicle e""icienc coe""icient %ersus speed "or speci"ic $od load P- N 3, ,, *, '0 tonBm
2
, $od drag
coe""icient C- N 0(02, !ing drag coe""icient Cd N 0(02,, !ing load # N )00 kgBm
2
(
The aerodnamic e""icienc o" %ehicles !ith "i7ed 5"or di""erent #- $odies6 and optimal %aria$le
!ings computed using e@uations 5A+('2,6 and 5A+()*6 respecti%el is presented in Fig( A+('2( The
di""erence $et!een %ehicles !ith "i7ed and %aria$le !ings reaches 0(230() ( The slope o" the tra<ector
to hori8ontal is small 5Fig( A+('-6(
The range o" the ixed !ing %ehicle computed using e@uation 5A+('2,6 is presented in Fig( A+('2(
The range o" the $aria+le !ing %ehicle computed using e@uation 5A+('2)6 is presented in Fig( A+(',(
The cur%e is practicall the same 5see Figs( A+('2 and A+(',6(
3( 5ncreasin% the roc4et pa'loa( #or the same ran%e. >" !e do not need to increase the range, the
!inged %ehicle can $e used to increase the paload, or to sa%e rocket "uel( =e can change the mass o"
the "uel or the paload( The additional paload ma $e estimated $ the "ollo!ing e@uation
e
)
)
e

'
,
5A+('2-6
!here ! m$m- is relati%e mass 5the ratio o" rocket mass o" the !inged %ehicle to the $allistic rocket6,
) ! )-C) is the di""erence $et!een the optimal $allistic rocket speed 5e@uation 5A+(-+66 and the
rocket !ith a !inged %ehicle 5e@uation 5A+('2)66 "or gi%en range 5see Fig( A+('26( Results o"
computation are presented in Fig( A+('.( The mass o" the rocket !ith a !inged %ehicle ma $e onl
2033,U o" the optimal $allistic rocket "lo!n !ithout air drag(
'/1
Fig. A1.12. Tra<ector angle %ersus speed "or $od drag coe""icient C- N 0(02, !ing drag coe""icient
Cd N 0(02,(
The range o" the ixed !ing %ehicle computed using e@uation 5A+('2,6 is presented in Fig( A+('2(
The range o" the $aria+le !ing %ehicle computed using e@uation 5A+('2)6 is presented in Fig( A+(',(
The cur%e is practicall the same 5see Figs( A+('2 and A+(',6(
3( 5ncreasin% the roc4et pa'loa( #or the same ran%e. >" !e do not need to increase the range, the
!inged %ehicle can $e used to increase the paload, or to sa%e rocket "uel( =e can change the mass o"
the "uel or the paload( The additional paload ma $e estimated $ the "ollo!ing e@uation
e
)
)
e

'
,
5A+('2-6
!here ! m$m- is relati%e mass 5the ratio o" rocket mass o" the !inged %ehicle to the $allistic rocket6,
) ! )-C) is the di""erence $et!een the optimal $allistic rocket speed 5e@uation 5A+(-+66 and the
rocket !ith a !inged %ehicle 5e@uation 5A+('2)66 "or gi%en range 5see Fig( A+('26( Results o"
computation are presented in Fig( A+('.( The mass o" the rocket !ith a !inged %ehicle ma $e onl
2033,U o" the optimal $allistic rocket "lo!n !ithout air drag(
'//
Fig. A1.1:. Ratio o" mass o" !inged rocket to $allistic rocket "or speci"ic engine run-out gas speed )e
N '(-, 2, 2(2, 2(+, 2() and 2(- kmBs(
Conclusion< The !inged air-space %ehicle has a range that is greater $ a minimum o" +(,3,
times than an optimal shot $allistic space %ehicle( The %aria$le !ing impro%es the aerodnamic
e""icienc $ 33'0U and also impro%es the range( An optimal %aria$le !ing re@uires a large !ing area(
>" ou do not need to increase the range, ou ma instead increase paload(
B( Application to cannon 9ing pro=ectile!
&roperties o" a tpical current cannons are sho!n in Ta$le A+('(
4a+le A1.1. *ropertie! o current typical 0annon!.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name cali$er,No88le speed, 4ass o" pro<ectile, Range, RA&,
mm mBs kg km km
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4'0* '*, ,0.3.'2 )* ',333
SG-203 203 .)0 ''0 3*(,
2S'. ',, -'0 +3() 2+(*
2S' '22 ).03*+0 2'() -
S-23 '-0 - - 30(+ +3(-
2A3) ',2 - - '*(' 2+
G-20 ',2 )003)*0 +3(,3+-(- 20
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>ssue: KaneDs
The computations using e@uation 5A+(-+6D "or di""erent k and RA& !ith d) N 2*0 mBs are presented in
Figs( A+(20 and A+(2'(
'/3
Fig. A1.2.. Cannon !inged pro<ectile range "or a%erage aerodnamic e""icienc k N 3, ,, *, .(
Fig. A1.21( Cannon !inged pro<ectile relati%e range "or a%erage aerodnamic e""icienc k N 3, ,, *, .(

Conclusion. As ou see 5Figs( A+(20, A+(2'6, the !inged pro<ectile increase its range 33. times 5"rom
3, up to 3)0 km, k N .6( The pro<ectile !ith RA& increases its range ,3'+ 5"rom +0 up to )20 km, k N
.6 ( =inged shells ha%e another important ad%antage: the do not need to rotate( =e can use a $arrel
!ith a smooth internal channel( This allo!s "or an increase in pro<ectile no88le speed o" up to 2 kmBs
and in shell range o" up to '000 km 5k N ,6(
0( Application to current aircrat.
=e can use e@uations 5A+(--6 and 5A+(-.6 "or computations "or tpical passenger airplanes 5Figs(
A+(22, A+(23, A+(2+, and A+(-6, !here all %alues are di%ided $ the ma7imum range (m N +3-' km
5"or a "uel mass that is 20U o" to %ehicle mass6 at a speed o" ) N 2+0 mBs, and altitude " N '2 km( The
speed is limited $ the critical 4ach num$er 5) A ' N 0(-26, and the altitude is limited $ the engine
trust, !hen engine sta$ilit is such that it !orks in a cruise regime( Fig( A+(22 sho!s the tpical long-
range tra<ector o" aircra"t(
'/5
Conclusion6 The $est "light regime "or a gi%en air %ehicle 5closed to ?oeing *3*6 is altitude " N '2
km, speed ) N 2+0 mBs, speci"ic "uel consumption Cs N 0(000'. kg "uelBsBkg thrust( An de%iation
"rom this "light regime signi"icantl reduces the ma7imum range 5$ up to '03,0U6( The %ehicle !ith
a %aria$le !ing area loses ,0U less range than a %ehicle !ith a "i7ed !ing(

Fig. A1.22. #ptimal tra<ector o" aircra"t(
Fig. A1.2'. Relati%e aircra"t range "or altitude " N ), -, '0, '' and '2 km, ma7imum range (m N +3-' km,
relati%e "uel mass 'r N 0(2, $od drag coe""icient C- N 0(0-, !ing drag coe""icient Cd N 0(02(
Fig. A1.2'. Relati%e aircra"t range "or speed ) N 2+0 mBs, ma7imum range (m N +3-' km, relati%e "uel mass 'r
N 0(2, $od drag coe""icient C- N 0(0-, !ing drag coe""icient Cd N 0(02(
6eneral di!cu!!ion and conclu!ion
'/2
a6 The current space missiles !ere designed 30
3
+0 ears ago( >n the past !e did not ha%e na%igation
satellites that allo!ed one to locate a missile 5!arhead6 as close as ' m to a target( 4issile
designers used inertial na%igation sstems "or $allistic tra<ectories onl( At the present time, !e ha%e
a satellite na%igation sstem and cheap de%ices, that ena$le aircra"t, sea ships, cars, %ehicles, and
people to $e located( >" !e e7change the con%entional !arhead "or a !arhead !ith a simple "i7ed
!ing !ith ha%ing a control and na%igation sstem, !e can increase the range o" our old rockets +(,3
, times 5Fig( A+('36 or signi"icantl increase the use"ul !arhead !eight 5Fig( A+('.6( =e can also
nota$l impro%e the precision o" our aiming(
$6 Current artiller pro<ectiles "or $ig guns and cannons !ere created man ears ago( The designers
assumed that the o$ser%er could see an aim point and correct the artiller( No! !e ha%e a satellite
na%igation sstem that allo!s one to determine the e7act coordinates o" targets and !e ha%e cheap
and light na%igation and control de%ices that can $e placed in the cannon pro<ectiles( >" !e replace
our cannon $allistic pro<ectiles !ith pro<ectiles !ith a "i7ed !ing, and a control and na%igation
sstem, !e increase the range 3
3
. times 5"rom 3, km up to 3)0 km, see Fig( A+(20, A+(2'6( =e can
use a smooth $arrel to increase the no88le shell speed up to 2000 mBs and range up to '000 km(
These sstems can guide the 9inged pro<ectiles and signi"icantl impro%ing their aim( =e can
reach this result $ecause !e use all the kinetic energ o" the pro<ectile( A con%entional pro<ectile
cannot remain in the atmosphere and drops at a %er high speed( 4ost o" its kinetic energ is
!asted( >n our case *0
3
-,U o" the pro<ectileDs kinetic energ is used "or support o" the mo%ing
pro<ectile( This !a the pro<ectile range increases 3
3
. times or more(
a6 All aircra"t are designed "or onl one optimal "light regime 5speed, altitude, and "uel
consumption6( An de%iation "rom this regime decreases the aircra"t range( For aircra"t like to the
?oeing *+* this regime is: altitude " N '2 km, speed ) N 2+0 mBs, speci"ic "uel consumption Cs N
0(000'. kg"BsBkg thrust( >" the speed is reduced "rom 2+0 mBs to 200 mBs, the range decreases $',U
5Fig( A+(236( Application o" the %aria$le !ing area reduces this loss "rom ',U to '0U( >" the
aircra"t reduces its altitude "rom '2 km to . km, it loses '2U o" its ma7imum range 5Fig( A+(2+6( >"
it has a %aria$le !ing area, it loses onl *(,U o" its ma7imum range( Ci%il air %ehicles are "orced to
de%iate "rom the optimal conditions $ !eather or a gi%en "light air corridor( 4ilitar air %ehicles
sometimes ha%e to make a %er large de%iation "rom the optimal conditions 5"or e7ample, !hen the
"l at lo! altitude, $elo! the enem radar sstem6( A %aria$le !ing area ma $e %er use"ul "or them
$ecause it decreases the loss $ appro7imatel ,0U, impro%es supersonic "light and taking o"" and
landing lengths(
The author o""ers some "i7ed and %aria$le !ing designs "or air %ehicles 5Fig( A+(2,6( Variants a, +, c,
and are "or missiles and !arheads, %ariants d, and e are "or shells(
'/:
Fig. A1.2/. &ossi$le %ariants o" %aria$le !ing designs: a, +, c, and "or aircra"tC d and e "or gun
pro<ectiles(
&e#erences #or Attachment 7
'( A( 4iele, E1eneral Varia$le Theor o" the Flight &aths o" Rocket-&o!ered Aircra"t, 4issile
and Satellite CarriesF, Astronauti0a a0ta, Vol( +, pp( 2,)32--, '.,-(
2( A(A( ?olonkin, ESpecial 27trema in #ptimal Control &ro$lemsF, Akademia Nauk, >8%estia,
Thekni0heskaya Ki-ernetika, No( 2, 4arch3April, '.)., pp( '-*3'.-( See also 2nglish
translation in En. Cy-erneti0s, No( 2, 4arch3April '.)., pp( '*03'-3(
3( A(A( ?olonkin, &e9 'ethods of L#timiXation and their A##li0ation, 4osco!, ?auman
Technical 9ni%ersit, '.*2, 5in Russian6(
+( A(A( ?olonkin, EA Ne! Approach to Finding a 1lo$al #ptimumF, &e9 Ameri0ans Colle0ted
S0ientifi0 (e#orts, Vol( ', '..', The ?nai Xion Scientists Gi%ision, Ne! Iork(
,( A(A( ?olonkin, E#ptimi8ation o" Tra<ector o" 4ultistage Flight VehiclesF, in collection
(esear0hes of Fliht Dynami0s, 4asino$ilding, 4osco!, '.),, pp( 203*- 5in Russian6(
)( A(A( ?olonkin, N(S( /hot, E4ethod "or Finding a 1lo$al 4inimumF,
A>AABNASAB9SAFBSS4# Smposium on 4ultidisciplinar Analsis and #ptimi8ation,
&anama Cit, Florida, 9SA, *3. Sept( '..+(
*( A(A( ?olonkin, ESolution 4ethods "or ?oundar-Value &ro$lems o" #ptimal Control TheorF(
'.*3( Consultants ?ureau, a di%ision o" &lenum &u$lishing Corporation, NI( Translation "rom
Prikladnaya 'ekhanika, Vol( *, No ), '.*', p( )3.3),0 52nglish6(
-( A(A( ?olonkin, ESolution 1eneral Linear #ptimal &ro$lem !ith #ne ControlF( Kournal
EPri0ladnaya 'e0hani0aF, Vol( +, No +, '.)-, pps( '''3'22, 4osco! 5in Russian6(
.( A(A( ?olonkin, N( /hot, E#ptimal Structural Control GesignF, >AF-.+-'(+(20), +,th Congress
o" the >nternational Astronautical Federation, =orld Space Congress-'..+, .3'+ #cto$er, '..+,
Kerusalem, >srael(
'0( A( A( ?olonkin, N( S( /hot, E#ptimal ?ounded Control Gesign "or Vi$ration SuppressionF,
A0ta Astronauti0a, Vol( 3-, No( '0, pp( -033-'3, '..)(
''( A(A( ?olonkin, G( Ke""coat, E#ptimal Thrust Angle o" Aircra"tF, 2002, see Attachment )(
'3.
'2( A(A( ?olonkin, R( Sierako!ski, EGesign o" #ptimal RegulatorsF, 2
nd
A>AA E9nmanned
9nlimitedF Sstems, Technologies, and #perations 3 Aerospace, Land, and sea Con"erence and
=orkshop T 27hi$it, San Giego, Cali"ornia, ',-'- Sep 2003, A>AA-2003-))3-(
'3( A(A( ?olonkin, #ptimal Tra<ectories o" Air and Space VehiclesF, Air0raft Enineerin and
Aeros#a0e Te0hnoloy, Vol(*-, No(2, 200+, pp('.232'+(
'+( ?olonkinDs site: http<GGBolonkin.narod.ru (
Attach"ent /
,igh -iciency 4ran!er o >echanical -nergy
Su""ary
At present, high-%oltage electric lines are used "or po!er trans"er( This method is e7pensi%e and
re@uires comple7 de%ices( The author proposes a ne! method o" po!er trans"er 5mechanical ca$le
transmission6 "or long distances in the air( This method does not re@uire electricit transmission lines,
high %oltage e@uipment, large cost, or %er much time "or construction( >t has high e""icienc and is
cheaper $ hundreds o" times( >n space and on planets !ithout atmosphere this method ma $e used in
%er long distance(
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
PThis idea !as presented in manuscript $ author as E>ne7pensi%e Ca$le Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF,
>AC-02-V(&(0*, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct(,
2002B;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
'31
&aper !as also presented at the >nternational 2nerg Con%ersion 2ngineering Con"erence at &ro%idence, R>,
')3'. August, 200+, as A>AA-200+-,))0(
&aper !as pu$lished as EAir Trans"er o" 4echanical 2nergF in A0tual Pro-lems of Aviation and Aeros#a0e
Systems, Vol( '0, No ' 5'.6, 200,, pp( '023''0(
%ntroduction

At the current time, tur$o, thermo, hdro, and !ind po!er stations produce mechanical energ( This
energ is con%erted into lo!-%oltage electricit $ electric generators, then the lo!-%oltage electricit
is con%erted into high-%oltage electricit, trans"erred o%er middle or long distances, con%erted $ack
into lo!-%oltage electricit and distri$uted among customers( 4an customersD de%ices con%ert the
electricit $ack into mechanical energ 5"or e7ample, machines, pumps, locomoti%es, electric motors,
etc(6( Short electricit lines ha%e length 203'20 km , %oltage ''0,000 V, and trans"er po!er 3,3,0 4=,
middle-length electricit lines ha%e length 2003300 km, %oltage 330,000 V, and trans"er po!er 3003
+00 4=, long electricit lines ha%e length -003',00 km, %oltage up to 0(*, 4V, and trans"er up to
'(-32(, 1=, and %er long electricit lines ha%e length up to 2000 km, %oltage '(', 4V, and trans"er
+3) 1=( The coe""icient o" e""icienc o" the trans"eror is -,-.2U( All o" the lines are %er e7pensi%e
5tens and hundreds millions o" dollars6 $ecause the re@uire a lot o" e7pensi%e, clean, electric copper
5!ire6, a lot o" masts, ground to $e "ound "or to put them in, and a long construction time( Terrorists
can easil damage the masts and depri%e a large region o" energ, and capa$ilit to !ork( The detail
researches !ere pu$lished in Re"erences
'3+
(
The trans"er sstem includes 5Fig( A,('6: mechanical stations "or transmission and reception, and air
transmission, supported $ !inged de%ices( The transmitter station ma $e tur$o, hdro, or !ind
po!ered( The reception station ma include an electric generator, "l!heels as accumulators o" energ,
an electric andBor mechanical distri$ution net!ork( Transmission in%ol%es a long closed-loop ca$le
made "rom strong arti"icial "i$er, !ith the !inged de%ices connected to the ca$le $ rope( The ca$le is
located in the air, and is supported $ the !inged de%ices( The ca$le ma $e located at high altitude,
!here the air has lo! densit and lo! air "riction( The cross-section o" the ca$le can $e round or
rectangular 5"lat6 5Fig( A,('6( The round "orm has less air drag, the "lat "orm is $etter "or the dri%e
mechanism(
The energ trans"eror !orks in the "ollo!ing !a( The transmitter pulls one $ranch o" the closed-
loop ca$le, and rotates the ca$le and the electricit generator 5or !heel6 at the reception station(
The ca$le can $e installed $ an aircra"t 5"or e7ample, a C-'306 or $ a helicopter in !ind !eather,
and the !inged de%ices 5or small $alloons6 can keep the ca$le in the air until the aircra"t "inishes the
"light and the ca$le is connected in a loop and $egins to rotate and support itsel"( The !inged de%ices
ha%e controls that allo! the altitude and ca$le stress to $e changed( There is !ind %irtuall all the time
at high altitude( Iou can see clouds mo%ing at altitude in spite o" the "act that there is no !ind on the
ground(
'32

Fig. A/.1. Trans"eror o" mechanical energ( Notations are: ' 3 transmission station, 2 3 reception station, 3 3
closed-loop mo$ile ca$le, + 3 supporting !inged de%ice( a 3 trans"er sstem 5side %ie!6, + 3 trans"er sstem
5top %ie!6, c 3 supporting !inged de%ice, d 3 cross-section o" the ca$le(
4heory o Air -nergy 4ran!er
5in metric sstem6
1( 4a7imum trans"er energ, E, is
, 2+ ( 0
2
) d T) E 5A,('6
!here T N
2
2+ ( 0 d is thrust QNR, ) is ca$le speed QmBsR, d is ca$le diameter QmR, is ca$le tensile
stress QNBm
2
R(
Results o" computations "or current "i$ers, !hiskers, and nanotu$es are presented in Figs( A,(2,
A,(+, A,()(
As ou see a large amount o" energ 5up to 200 4=6 can $e trans"erred o%er a distance o" up to ',0
km using a "i$er ca$le o" diameter '0F2, mm, up to '(- 1= o%er a distance o" '000 km using a
!hisker ca$le o" diameter ',F30 mm, and up to 2, 1= o%er a distance o" more than *000 km 5"or
e7ample "rom continent to continent, the 9SA to 2urope6 using nanotu$es ca$le( =ith more po!er
sstems then one can trans"er more energ o%er longer distance(
2( The air drag o" a dou$le ca$le can $e computed $ the "ollo!ing e@uations 5Renolds num$er is
included6:
, 6 5 , ( 0 , , ( 0
, B , 22.2 ( 0 , 0- ( 2
2
- ( 0 - ( ' 2 ( 0 - ( 0 - ( 0 , ( ' , ( 0 , ( 0
S T %
S T %
D D D D % d m
k m D d % ) D d % ) D
+ +

5A,(26
!here D% is laminar air drag QNR, DT is tur$ulent air drag QNR, DS is drag o" !ing support de%ices
QNR, D is a%erage air drag QNR 5it is impossi$le to sho!, $ut "ull drag e@uals hal" the sum o" laminar
and tur$ulent drag6, is air densit at a gi%en a%erage altitude " 5"or e7ample, "or " N '0 km, N
0(+'2,, N '(+,-
(
'0
3,
6, is air %iscosit QkgBs
.
mR, % are ca$le length $et!een the trans"er and
reception station QmR, m is mass o" hal" the ca$le QkgR, is densit o" the ca$le QkgBm
3
R, k is the
aerodnamic coe""icient 5k N 20F30 in our case6(
'( 2""icienc coe""icient o" trans"er, , is
'3'
, '
T
D

5A,(36
Results o" computations "or current "i$ers, !hiskers, and nanotu$es are presented in Figs( A,(3, A,(,,
A,(*(
The trans"er e""icienc 5 N --3.+(,6 is the same as or $etter than e""icienc o" current electricit lines
(
Fig. A/.2( Trans"er energ %ersus ca$le speed "or ca$le diameter d N '032, mm, ca$le stress 200 kgBmm
2
, ca$le
length % N ',0 km, a%erage ca$le altitude " N '0 km, aerodnamic e""icienc o" !inged support
de%ices k N 2,(
Fig. A/.'( 2lectrical e""icienc coe""icient %ersus ca$le speed "or ca$le diameter d N '032, mm, ca$le stress
200 kgBmm
2
, ca$le length % N ',0 km, a%erage ca$le altitude " N '0 km, aerodnamic e""icienc o"
!inged support de%ices k N 2,(
'31
Fig. A/.1( Trans"er energ %ersus ca$le speed "or ca$le diameter d N ',330 mm, ca$le stress '000 kgBmm
2
,
ca$le length % N '000 km, a%erage ca$le altitude " N '0 km, aerodnamic e""icienc o" !inged
support de%ices k N 2,(
Fig. A/./( 2lectric e""icienc coe""icient %ersus ca$le speed "or ca$le diameter d N ',330 mm, ca$le stress
'000 kgBmm
2
, ca$le length % N '000 km, a%erage ca$le altitude " N '0 km, aerodnamic e""icienc
o" !inged support de%ices k N 2,(
'3/
Fig.A/.3. Trans"er energ %ersus ca$le speed "or ca$le diameter d N 2,3+0 mm, ca$le stress )000 kgBmm
2
,
ca$le length % N *000 km, a%erage ca$le altitude " N '0 km, aerodnamic e""icienc o" !inged
support de%ices k N 2,(
Fig. A/.5. 2lectric e""icienc coe""icient %ersus ca$le speed "or ca$le diameter d N 2,3+0 mm, ca$le stress
)000 kgBmm
2
, ca$le length % N *000 km, a%erage ca$le altitude " N '0 km, aerodnamic e""icienc
o" !inged support de%ices k N 2,(
1. 4a7imum energ storage using a ' kg "l!heel "rom arti"icial "i$er, !hisker, or nanotu$es is
,
2
S
E
5A,(+6
!here is !heel tread densit QkgBm
3
R(
,( 4inimum energ needed to support the ca$le in the air !hen there is no trans"er o" energ(
min min min
6 5 ) ) D E ( 5A,(,6
'33
This energ ma $e estimated using Figs( A,(2, A,(+, and A,() i" the continue at lo! ca$le speed(
Di!cu!!ion
0a+le pro+le" 5see also Chapters ', 26( At present, industr produces cheap arti"icial "i$ers !ith a
tensile stress o" up N ,003)20 kgBmm
2
and densit N .*03'-00 kgBm
3
( This is enough "or a distance
up ',03300 km( The coe""icient o" e""icienc is a$out -*U( ;o!e%er, i" the ca$le made the !hiskers
5"or e7ample, CD !ith ma7imum N -000 kgBmm
2
, the range increases $ '00032000 km 5Figs( A,(+
and A,(,6(
The nanotu$es created in scienti"ic la$oratores promise a re%olution in space, a%iation, machine-
$uilding, and trans"erring o" energ( The increase the trans"er distance $ up to *000F'0000 or more,
kilometers, in air 5in space, !ithout limit6( The allo! a trans"er distance o" up to 20,000 km throgh
space !ith high ca$le speed !hen the ca$le is supported $ centri"ugal "orce(
Building pro+le"!( This pro$lem ma $e sol%ed $ transport aeroplanes or helicopters as descri$ed
in the description o" the inno%ation(
Air traic pro+le"!. Commercial passenger aircra"t "l in special air corridors in most cases( The
energ lines 5!inged support de%ices6 !ill $e %isi$le in datime and can ha%e red lights at night( The
can $e located at high altitudes 5'+3', km6, o%er the con%entional aircra"t routes( ;igh altitude onl
impro%es the parameters(
The proposedd design o" the air trans"er po!er lines is not optimal( 4 purpose is to sho! the ne!
method and its possi$ilities(
The o""ered method ma seen strange to electrical engineers( ;o!e%er, this method can ha%e a $ig
"uture( The author has more detailed research and can take part in design and testing an e7perimental
installation(
Ad$antage! o propo!ed "ethod
The proposed mid-length energ trans"eror has large ad%antages in comparison !ith e@ui%alent
electricit lines(
'6 The ca$le trans"eror is cheaper than e@ui%alent 5e@ual po!er6 electricit line $ tens or hundreds o"
times 5no masts, e7pensi%e copper !ires, ground costs, high-%oltage su$stations, no additional
electricit generator, trans"ormers, etc(6( Arti"icial "i$ers are cheap and !idel produced $ current
industr, and current "i$ers ma $e used "or short and mid-length 5up to 300 km6 lines(
26 Construction time is reduced "rom months to das 5onl line is installed6(
36 =e can trans"er a high energ more than current electric lines(
+6 =e can trans"er a huge amount o" energ o%er a %er long distance 5*0003'000 km6, "rom
continent to continent 5"or e7ample, "rom the 9SA to 2urope and $ack6 !ith high e""icienc 5more
than electrical line e""icienc6(
,6 The ca$le trans"eror can $e used "or deli%er o" a paload 5"or e7ample, mail6(
)6 The ca$le trans"eror can $e used as high altitude communication antenna "or radio, TV, and
telephone(
*6 Nanotu$es ha%e an electrical conducti%it close to copper and the proposed trans"eror can $e used
to deli%er electricit and communications(
-6 Terrorists cannot damage the line(
Defe0t5
'6 >" no is energ $eing trans"erred it is necessar to e7pend a small amount o" energ "or ca$le
rotation 5"or support in the air i" there is no !ind6(
'35
Reerence!
'( ?olonkin, A(A(, E>ne7pensi%e Ca$le Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, >AC-02-V(&(0*, ,3rd
>nternational Astronautical Congress( The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct(, 2002B;ouston, Te7as,
9SA(
2( A(A( ?olonkin, ETransmission o" 4echanical 2nerg to Long GistanceF, The >nternational 2nerg
Con%ersion 2ngineering Con"erence at &ro%idence, R>, ')3'. August, 200+, as &aper A>AA-200+- ,))0(
3( A(A( ?olonkin, EAir Trans"er o" 4echanical 2nergF, A0tual Pro-lems of Aviation and Aeros#a0e Systems,
Vol( '0, No ' 5'.6 200,, pp( '023''0(
+( A(A(?olonkin, ENon-Rocket Transportation Sstem "or Space Tra%elF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No *B-, pp( 23'32+.,
2003(
Attach"ent 3
Apti"al Aircrat 4hru!t Angle!;
? Ale7ander ?olonkin
P
and Ga%id Ke""coat
PP
520036
'32
Summar
The optimal angle "or an aircra"tDs thrust %ector is deri%ed "rom "irst principles( T!o e@uations
are sho!n to encompass si7 di""erent "light regimes( The main result "or takeo"" and landing is
that the optimal thrust angle in radians appro7imatel e@uals the coe""icient o" rolling "riction(
For clim$, cruise, turn and descent, the optimal thrust angle e@uals the arctangent o" the ratio o"
the drag coe""icient to the li"t coe""icient( The second result di""ers "rom the !ell-kno!n result
that optimal thrust angle e@uals the arctangent o" the partial deri%ati%e o" drag !ith respect to
li"t( The authors discuss this di""erence(
No"enclature
B C arti"icial "unction, B N dx$dt C ",
CD C drag coe""icient,
C% C li"t coe""icient,
D C drag,
d C takeo"" or landing distance,
E C aircra"t e""icienc, C%$CD ,
F C "uel consumption,
f C per"ormance "unction,
C n-dimensional %ector constraint "unction,
0 C acceleration due to gra%it,
" C ;amiltonian, Cf 1 ,
h C altitude,
I C per"ormance inde7,
% C li"t "orce,
' C aircra"t mass ,
LTA C optimal thrust angle,
E C dnamic pressure, 2 B
2
) ,
( C range,
S C !ing area,
t C time,
T C thrust or time o" "light,
Tf C "riction "orce,
u C m-dimensional control %ector,
) C aircra"t speed,
* C aircra"t !eight,
9f C speci"ic "uel consumption,
x C n-dimensional state %ector,
C n-dimensional Lagrange multiplier,
C thrust angle,
j C "riction coe""icient,
C speci"ic "unction,
C roll angle
%ntroduction
'3:
Aircra"t designers must determine the angle o" the thrust %ector relati%e to the main hori8ontal "light
direction( =hen this angle is positi%e 5up "rom the hori8ontal plane6, an additional li"t "orce is
generated, $ut at the e7pense o" hori8ontal thrust( >n this chapter, the optimal thrust angle is deri%ed,
using $oth classical methods and an alternati%e optimi8ation method de%eloped $ the "irst author(
',2
4an methods o" de"lecting the no88le e7haust stream o" rocket engines to pro%ide thrust %ector
control ha%e $een in%estigated, including <et %anes, gim$aled or s!i%eled no88les, and e7tenda$le
no88le de"lectors(
3,+,,,)
Ket %anes ha%e $een !idel applied "or the control o" solid rocket engines and
"or earl li@uid-rocket engines, including the 1erman V-2 missile(
*
Re"erence
-
presents metrics "or
assessing the per"ormance o" "ighter aircra"t implementing thrust %ector control(
Re"erences
3
and
.
are most closel related to this paper( 1ilard and ?olonkin
3
use numerical
calculations to search "or the optimal thrust angle, !hereas in this chapter the "ocus is theoretical,
rather than numerical( 4iele
.
presents a $asic theor "or anal8ing the optimum "light paths o" rocket-
po!ered %ehicles( 4iele simultaneousl optimi8es the time histor o" li"t, thrust modulus and thrust
direction, and states that the optimal thrust angle e@uals the arctangent o" the partial deri%ati%e o" drag
!ith respect to li"t( >n this chapter, !e pro%ide theor and "ormulas "or the #TA "or si7 primar "light
regimes o" an aircra"t tpe( The "ormulas pro%ided are accurate "or sta$le "light conditions, $ut ma
$e su$-optimal during high dnamic maneu%ers( The si7 "light regimes are listed $elo!, each !ith one
or more optimi8ation o$<ecti%es(
'( Takeo"", to minimi8e takeo"" distance(
2( Clim$, to minimi8e "uel consumption(
3( Cruise, to minimi8e "uel consumption or to ma7imi8e range(
+( Turn, to minimi8e "uel consumption or to minimi8e turn time(
,( Gescent, to minimi8e "uel consumption or to ma7imi8e range(
)( Landing, to minimi8e landing distance(
6eneral >ethodology
Consider the pro$lem o" minimi8ing a per"ormance inde7 I, !here
I N
T
dt u x t f
0
6 , , 5
5A)('6
=e !ish to minimi8e I !ith respect to x and u, su$<ect to the dnamic constraint
x

6 , , 5 u x t 5A)(26
=e assume an initial condition,
6 0 5 x
, is kno!n( Follo!ing the approach descri$ed in Re"erence
'
, !e
de"ine an arti"icial "unction
t
u x t
x
f B

6 , , 5
5A)(36
>n particular, the "unction
ma $e de"ined $
x t 6 5
5A)(+6
>" !e "ind
R 6 5 6 , , 5 6 5 6 , , 5 Q min min
, ,
x t u x t t u x t f B
u x u x

5A)(,6
then the %alues o" x and u that minimi8e B, su$<ect to the constraint gi%en in e@uation 5A)(26, are
optimal control and state %ectors "or the pro$lem stated in e@uation 5A)('6(
=e can also sol%e this pro$lem $ a classical method
'0
using the ;amiltonian "or this pro$lem, !hich
is gi%en $
6 , , 5 6 5 6 , , 5 6 , , , 5 u x t t u x t f u x t " +
, 5A)()6
and
'5.
x
"

The %alues o" u !hich ma7imi8e the ;amiltonian, su$<ect to the constraint in 5A)(26, are optimal
control %ectors "or 5A)('6( That is,
6 , , , 5 ma7 u x t " "
u
5A)(*6
=hen the process does not change !ith time, !e ha%e a more straight"or!ard pro$lem:
4inimi8e a per"ormance inde7 I, de"ined $
I N
T
dt u x f
0
6 , 5
5A)(-6
!ith respect to x and u, su$<ect to the dnamic constraint
6, , 5 u x x
i

"or i N ',2, z, n 5A)(.6
6 , 5 6 5 6 , 5 6 , , , 5 u x t u x f u x t " +
5A)('06
6 , , , 5 ma7 u x t " "
u
, 6 , 5 x t u u 5A)(''6
The parameter is an n-dimensional unkno!n Lagrange multiplier and u is the optimal control(
2@uations 5A)(+6 through 5A)()6 gi%e the sstem o" e@uations

0
k k
u
"
u
B
, k N ',2, z, mC
0 6 5
i
i
i
x
"
t
x
B
, i N ',2, z, n 5A)('26
These e@uations are e@ui%alent to con%entional principle o" ma7imum
'0
i
i
x
"
t
6 5
, i N ',2,z, nC
0
k
u
"
, k N ',2,z,m( 5A)('36
These e@uations, together !ith e@uation 5A)(26, allo! us to "ind an e7treme o" the ;amiltonian ",
!hich is optimal i" the appropriate second-order su""icient conditions "or optimalit are satis"ied(
Apti"al 4hru!t Angle or 4akeo and Landing
For takeo"", the per"ormance inde7 is the takeo"" distance, descri$ed $
T
)dt d
0
( 5A)('+6
The aircra"t speed ser%es as the per"ormance "unction( The dnamic constraint on acceleration is gi%en
$ as illustrated in Fig( A)('(
f
T D T
'
) cos 5
'
6 5A)(',66

'51
y
%
*
D
T
T
f d
x


Fig( A)('( Takeo""
The "riction "orce is gi%en $
sin 5
0
T % * T
f

6 5A)(')6
=e kno! "rom aerodnamics and trigonometr that
ES C %
%
, ES C D
D
,
2
cos ' sin 5A)('*6
=e consider onl the positi%e root, $ut the result is the same "or the negati%e root(
To simpli" su$se@uent calculations, make the su$stitution
cos u
5A)('-6
so that
2
' sin u 5A)('.6
Su$stituting e@uations 5A)(')6 C 5A)('.6 into 5A)(',6 ields
6R ' 5 Q
'
2
0
u T % * D u T
'
)
5A)(206
!hich leads to "unction B or the ;amiltonian "
6R ' 5 Q
'
6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5
2
0
u T % * D u T
'
t ) t ) ) t ) t f B + + + +

" ) t + 6 5
, 5A)(2'6
!here
6R ' 5 Q
'
6 5
2
0
u T % * D u T
'
t ) " +
5A)(226
To "ind the minimum o" B o%er all admissi$le u, the necessar condition is that the partial deri%ati%e is
e@ual to 8ero, that is,
0
u
B
5A)(236
or
0
'
'
6 5
2

1
]
1
u
u
'
T t
u
B
5A)(2+6
>" ', T, and 0, then "rom e@uation 5A)(2+6, it must $e true that
2
' u u 5A)(2,6
or
2 2 2
' u u 5A)(2)6
so that the "inal result "rom 5A)(2)6 is
2
'
'
+
t u
5A)(2*6
Returning to the original notation, !e ha%e the thrust angle as a "unction o" the coe""icient o" "riction,
2
'
'
cos
+
t
or
,
_
+
t

2
'
'
'
cos
radians( 5A)(2-6
=e can use the trigonometric identit
2
tan '
'
cos
+
5A)(2.6
to get our "inal result,
t tan
5A)(306
'52
or, "or small , sa \ 0(2, !e ha%e the design rule-o"-thum$ that
t
5A)(3'6
!here is in radians(
The sign o" depends on our goal, minimi8ation or ma7imi8ation o" the "unction, as !ell as the sign
o" and T in e@uation 5A)(2+6( Clearl, the thrust must ha%e a "or!ard direction "or aircra"t takeo"",
and the angle must $e positi%e( Similarl, "or landing, the thrust must ha%e a $ack!ard direction to
$rake the airplane, and the angle must $e negati%e, pushing the airplane to the ground, as illustrated
in Fig( A)(2(
Fig( A)(2( Landing
The angles "or takeo"" and landing are di""erent, $ecause the coe""icients o" rolling "riction are di""erent
"or takeo"" and landing( For takeo"", the "riction coe""icient is small 5 is appro7imatel 0(0'30(0,6C
"or landing, the coe""icient is larger 5 is appro7imatel 0(330(+6( The direction o" thrust is also
di""erent "or takeo"" 5 [' to [3 degrees6 than "or landing 5 C') to C22 degrees6( For takeo"", the
thrust has a "or!ard directionC "or landing the thrust has a $ack!ard direction( As a design Erule-o"-
thum$,F !e can sa that the #TA in radians is e@ual to the coe""icient o" rolling "riction "or takeo"", and
the #TA is !ithin ,U o" the coe""icient o" rolling "riction "or landing( The e7pression tan N is
e7act "or an rolling "riction coe""icient(
The optimal angles "or takeo"" and landing are sho!n in Figs( A)(3 and A)(+, respecti%el(
'5'
y
%
*
D
T
T
f d
x

Fig( A)(3( #ptima "or takeo""
Fig( A)(+( #ptimal thrust angle "or landing
Apti"al Angle o 4hru!t ?ector in ,ori8ontal Flight &0rui!e Regi"e(
Assume that speed, altitude, and direction o" "light are constant during hori8ontal "light time, and that
!e !ish to ma7imi8e range, (, o" the aircra"t o%er the time inter%al Q0,TR( Then
T
)dt (
0
5A)(326
The e@uili$rium e@uations o" motion 5Fig( A)(,6 are
0 cos D T
, 5A)(336

0 sin
0
+ T * %
5A)(3+6
'51
Fig( A)(, ;ori8ontal "light(
Fig( A)(, ;ori8ontal "light
9sing the notation
D
%
C
C
D
%
E
,
cos u
, and 0 ' sin
2
u , 5A)(3,6
!e can su$stitute D and u "rom 5A)(3,6 and % "rom 5A)(3+6 into 5A)(336 to o$tain
0 '
2 0
+
u
E
T
E
*
u T 5A)(3)6
Ne7t, compose the ;amiltonian "unction ", as in e@uation 5A)('06
6 ' 5
2 0
u
E
T
E
*
u T ) " +
+ 5A)(3*6
And "ind the ma7imum o" this "unction
0
'
'
2

1
]
1
u E
u
T
u
"
5A)(3-6
>" !e take %alues "or and T such that 0 T , !e "ind that
'5/
y
%
*
D
T
x

2
' u E u 5A)(3.6
or
( )
2 2 2
' u E u 5A)(+06
From 5A)(+06, it "ollo!s that
2
' E
E
u
+
t
5A)(+'6
or
2
'
cos
E
E
+
t
or

,
_
+
t
2
'
arccos
E
E
5A)(+26
Note that in degrees gi%en $
B '-0
( 5A)(+36
From phsical conditions, it is e%ident that angle is positi%e( For "ighter aircra"t, aerodnamic
e""icienc, E, ranges "rom 2 to '0( For transport or passenger aircra"t, e""icienc ratios %ar "rom '0 to
20( 9sing the trigonometric identi" in 5A)(2.6, !e o$tain a "inal result
E
'
tan
or
%
D
C
C
tan
5A)(++6
For small , sa \ 0(2 radians, !e ha%e the design rule-o"-thum$ that
%
D
C
C

5A)(+,6
The #TA "or the cruise regime is sho!n in Fig( A)() "or aerodnamic e""iciencies ranging "rom 2 to
'0, tpical o" "ighter aircra"t(

Fig( A)()( #ptimal thrust angle "or cruise regime
So "ar, !e ha%e used as the per"ormance inde7 the ma7imum range o" the aircra"t( The results are the
same i" !e minimi8e "uel consumption,

T
f
dt 9 F
0
5A)(+)6
#r minimi8e time
'53
T
dt T
0
( 5A)(+*6
0li"+ and De!cent Regi"e
Let us take as the per"ormance inde7 the range or altitude,
T
)dt (
0
or
T
dt ) h
0
sin
( 5A)(+-6
Then the e@uili$rium e@uations are
0 sin cos
0
* D T
5A)(+.6
0 cos sin
0
+ * T %
5A)(,06
!here is the angle $et!een the tra<ector and the hori8on( 9sing the notation

D
%
C
C
D
%
E
,
u cos
,
2
' sin u ( 5A)(,'6
and su$stituting e@uations 5A)(,06 and 5A)(,'6 into e@uation 5A)(+.6, !e ha%e
0 sin '
cos
2 0
+
* u
E
T
E
*
Tu 5A)(,26
And

R sin '
cos
Q
0
2 0
* u
E
T
E
*
Tu ) " +
+
5A)(,36
!
Fig( A)(* illustrates the clim$ regime(
Fig( A)(*( Clim$(
'55
y
%
*
D
T
x

Fig( A)(* illustrates the clim$ regime(
The necessar condition "or an e7treme is

0
u
"
5A)(,+6
or
0
'
'
2

,
_
u E
u
T
u
"
5A)(,,6
Let u! take a! the peror"ance index the range or altitude,
T
)dt (
0
or
T
dt ) h
0
sin
. &A3.12(
4hen the e7uili+riu" e7uation! are
0 sin cos
0
* D T
&A3.1:(
0 cos sin
0
+ * T %
&A3./.(
9here i! the angle +et9een the tra=ectory and the hori8on. #!ing the notation

D
%
C
C
D
%
E
,
u cos
,
2
' sin u . &A3./1(
and !u+!tituting e7uation! &A3./.( and &A3./1( into e7uation &A3.1:(, 9e ha$e
0 sin '
cos
2 0
+
* u
E
T
E
*
Tu &A3./2(
And
R sin '
cos
Q
0
2 0
* u
E
T
E
*
Tu ) " +
+ &A3./'(
4he nece!!ary condition or an extre"e i!

0
u
"
&A3./1(
or
0
'
'
2

,
_
u E
u
T
u
"
&A3.//(
4hat is the same as e@uation 5A)(3-6, !hich means that the "inal e@uation "or the optimal angle o"
thrust %ector in clim$ and descent !ill $e e@ual to the e@uation "or a cruise regime(
2
'
cos
E
E
+
t
or
%
D
C
C
E

'
tan
or
%
D
C
C

5A)(,)6
From phsical conditions, it is e%ident that angle is positi%e( The aerodnamic e""iciencies are
di""erent "or clim$, descent, and cruise, so that the optimal thrust %ector angle !ill $e di""erent, $ut the
e@uations "or the calculation are the same( Again, note that !e can use trigonometric e@ualities to
deri%e the more concise e7pression, cot N 2, !hich is e7act "or an aerodnamic e""icienc ratio(
The results are the same !hether time or "uel consumption is used "or the per"ormance inde7(
4urning o airplane
Consider no! the turning o" an airplane in one plane, !ith a constant roll angle (
#ur per"ormance inde7 can $e distance, minimum time o" turn, or "uel consumption(
'52
T
)dt (
0
, ,
0
T
dt T dt 9 F
T
f
0
5A)(,*6
The e@uations o" motion are
0 cos D T
5A)(,-6
0 cos sin
0
+ * T %
5A)(,.6
9sing the notation
C
D
%
C
C
D
%
E C cos u
2
' sin u 5A)()06
and su$stituting 5A)(,.6 and 5A)()06 into 5A)(,-6, !e o$tain
0
' cos
2
0

E
u T
E
*
u T

5A)()'6
and
1
]
1
+
2 0
'
cos
u
E
T
E
*
Tu ) "

5A)()26
The necessar condition "or an e7treme is
0
u
"
or
0
'
'
2

,
_
u E
u
T
u
"
5A)()36
2@uation 5A)()36 is e@ui%alent to e@uation 5A)(3-6, !hich means the "inal e@uation "or the optimal
angle o" thrust %ector in a roll is e@ual to the e@uation "or a cruise regime
2
'
cos
E
E
+
t
or
%
D
C
C
E

'
tan
or
%
D
C
C

5A)()+6
From phsical conditions, it is e%ident that angle is positi%e(
Di!cu!!ion
The pro$lem o" determining an #TA is also discussed in Re"erence
.
, in !hich the #TA "or rocket-
po!ered aircra"t is gi%en $
%
D
arctan
5A)(),6
!here is e@ui%alent to our angle ( >n the particular case o" a para$olic polar drag coe""icient o" the
"orm
2
6 5 6 5
0
% D D
C ' K ' C C +
, !here ' is the 4ach num$er, K is the induced drag "actor, and
0
D
C
is the 8ero-li"t drag coe""icient, e@uation 5A)(),6 leads to
6 2 arctan5
%
KC ( 5A)())6
2@uations 5A)(++6 and 5A)())6 gi%e %er di""erent results 5Fig( A)(-6( For e7ample, !hen there is no
li"t "orce 5C% N 06, e@uation 5A)(++6 gi%es N .0V, meaning that the optimal thrust angle is strictl
%ertical 5perpendicular to the desired tra<ector6, !hile e@uation 5A)())6 gi%es N 0, corresponding to
a hori8ontal thrust( Con%ersel, !hen the li"t "orce is ma7imum, e@uation 5A)(),6 gi%es N .0V( =e
also see in Fig( A)(- that as the li"t "orce 5C%6 decreases a"ter passing through its ma7imum point,
e@uation 5A)(),6 ields an optimal thrust angle greater than .0V, producing a re%erse thrust "orce( So,
!e conclude that e@uations 5A)(),6 and 5A())6 do not ade@uatel model the #TA near e7treme points(
'5:
Fig( A)( -( Comparison o" and (
The angle produced $ e@uation 5A)(++6 also has $etter trend characteristics, starting at .0V !hen C%
N 0, then decreasing as the li"t "orce is increasing and positi%e( The angle starts at 8ero !hen C% N 0,
then increases as the aerodnamic li"t "orce increases( 2@uation 5A)(++6 and 5A)(),6 do produce the
same result at one point, !hen the e""icienc coe""icient, E ! C% $ CD is ma7imi8ed( 2@uation 5A)(),6
!as deri%ed "or an optimal angle o" attack, and the result is %alid at the point o" optimal aircra"t li"t(
2@uation 5A)(++6 is more general, and ma $e used at an polar coordinate in an o" the "our "light
regimes: clim$, cruise, turn or descent(
0onclu!ion!
>n this application, !e deri%ed t!o simple e@uations "or the optimal thrust angle o" an aircra"t( #ne
e@uation is %alid "or takeo"" and landing, the other "or clim$, cruise, turn, and descent( Guring takeo"",
the #TA is positi%e, decreases as the coe""icient o" rolling "riction decreases, and is essentiall e@ual to
the "riction coe""icient( Guring landing, the #TA is negati%e, increases as the coe""icient o" rolling
"riction increases, and is !ithin ,U o" the %alue o" the "riction coe""icient( The simple e7pression tan
#TA N pro%ides an e7act result "or the #TA as a "unction o" the rolling "riction coe""icient(
'2.
C
%
C
D
C
D
,
=
=
A
B
C
H=
=

>n the clim$, cruise, turn or descent "light regimes, the #TA depends onl on the coe""icient o"
aerodnamic e""icienc( ;ere !e o$ser%e an in%erse proportion: the greater the coe""icient o"
aerodnamic e""icienc, the smaller the #TA( The #TA is positi%e in all "light regimes, !ith the
possi$le e7ception o" air $raking, !hich is not addressed in this research( As in the cases o" takeo""
and landing, !e ha%e a simple e7pression, tan #TA N ' B E, relating the optimal thrust angle to a single
parameter, the aerodnamic e""icienc( The e@uations "or #TA de%eloped in this attachment !ere also
sho!n to ha%e more intuiti%e trends and $etter $eha%ior at e7treme points than the 4iele e@uations(
Reerence!

'( ?olonkin, Ale7ander, EA Ne! Approach to Finding a 1lo$al #ptimum,F &e9 Ameri0an7s Colle0ted
S0ientifi0 (e#orts, Vol( ', The ?nai Xion So%iet3American Scientists Gi%ision, '..0(

2( ?olonkin, Ale7ander, ENe! 4ethods o" #ptimi8ation and their Application,F ?auman Technical
9ni%ersit, 4osco!, '.*2 5in Russian6(

3( 1ilard, 1lenn and ?olonkin, Ale7ander, E#ptimal &itch Thrust-Vector Angle and ?ene"its "or all
Flight Regimes, NASA-T4-2000-20.02', 4arch 2000(

+( 1al-#r, ?en<amin, EThrust Vectoring "or Flight Control and Sa"et: A Re%ie!,F International
Journal of Tur-o and Jet Enines, Vol( '', '..+, pp( ''.3'3)(

,( 1erren, Gonna S(, EGesign, Analsis, and Control o" a Large Transport Aircra"t 9tili8ing Selecti%e
2ngine Thrust as a ?ackup Sstem "or the &rimar Flight Control,F NASA-CR-'-)03,,
Septem$er '..,(

)( 4angold, &(, and =edekind, 1, E>n"light Thrust Vectoring: A Further Gegree o" Freedom in the
AerodnamicBFlight 4echanical Gesign o" 4odern Fighter Aircra"t,F A6A(D, Aerodynami0s of
Com-at Air0raft Controls and of 6round Effe0ts, April '..0(
*( /oelle, ;ein8 ;ermann, 52d(6, "and-ook of Astronauti0al Enineerin, 4c1ra!-;ill, '.)', pp(
'.33-(

-( /utschera, Anton, and Render &eter 4(, E&er"ormance Assessment o" Thrust Vector Controlled
&ost Stall 4anoeu%ra$le Fighter Aircra"t 9sing 4inimal >nput Gata,F A>AA &aper ..-+020, '...(

.( 4iele, Angelo, E1eneral Variational Theor o" the Flight &aths o" Rocket-&o!ered Aircra"t,
4issiles and Satellite Carriers,F Astronauti0a a0ta, Vol( +, Ne! Iork: &ergamon &ress, '.,-, pp(
2*232*3(

'0( &ontragin, L(S(, ?oltanskii V(1(, 1amkrelid8e R(V(, and 4ischenko 2(F(, The
'athemati0al Theory of L#timal Pro0esses( Ne! Iork: >nterscience &u$lishers, >nc(, '.)2, pp(
'*320(
'21
Appendix 1
Summar
;ere there are %alues use"ul "or calculations and estimations o" aerospace pro<ects(
1. Sy!te" o >echanical and -lectrical #nit!

The "ollo!ing ta$le contains the deli%ered metric mechanical and the electromagnetic S> units that
ha%e $een introduced in this te7t, e7pressed in terms o" the "undamental units meter, kiloram, se0ond,
and am#ere( From these e7pressions the dimensions o" the phsical @uantities in%ol%ed can $e readil
determined(
Lengthzz( ' meter N ' m Forcezz(' ne!ton N ' N N ' kg{mBs
2
4asszzz((' kilogram N ' kg &ressurez((' NBm2 N ' kgBm
(
s
2
Timezzz((' second N ' s 2nergz((' <oule N ' K N' NBm N ' kg
(
m
2
Bs
2
2lectric currentz((' ampere N ' A &o!erzz' !att N ' = N' KBs N ' kg
(
m
2
Bs
3
Rotational inertiazzzzz(' kilogram
(
meter
2
N ' kg
(
m
2
Tor@uezzzzzzzzz((' meter
(
ne!ton N ' kg
(
m
2
Bs
2
2lectric chargezzzzzz((' coulom$ N ' C N ' A
(
s
2lectric intensitzzzzz(((' NBC N ' VBm N ' kg
(
mBs
3(
A
2lectric potentialzzzzz(((' %olt N ' V N ' KBC N ' kg
(
m
2
Bs
3(
A
2lectric resistancezzzzz((' ohm N' s N' VBA N ' kg
(
m
2
Bs
3(
A
2
Capacitancezzzzzzzz' "arad N ' F N' CBV N ' C2BK N ' s
+(
A
2
Bkg
(
m
2
>nductancezzzzzzzzz' henr N ' ; N' KBA2 N ' s
(
s N ' kg
(
m
2
Bs
2(
A
2
4agnetic "lu7zzzzzzz(' !e$!er N ' =$ N ' KBA N ' V(s N ' kg
(
m
2
Bs
2(
A
4agnetic intensitzzzzz(' tesla N ' =$Bm2 N' V(sBm2 N' kgBs
2(
A
Reluctancezzzzzzzz(' ampera-turnB!e$er N ' AB=$ N' s
2(
A
2
Bkg
(
m
2
'22
4agneti8ing "orcezzzzz((' ampere-turnBmeter N ' ABm
/el%in is "undamental unit o" temperature
Candela is "undamental po!er-like unit o" photometr
Funda"ental *hy!ical 0on!tant!
Standard gra%itational accelerationzz( .(-0) ), mBs
2
Standard atmosphere 5atm6zzzzz(('0' 32, NBm
2
Thermochemical kilocaloriezzzzz(+'-+ K
Speed o" light in %acuum 506 zzzz 2(..* .3,S'0
-
mBs
2lectronic charge 5e6 zzzzzzz('()02'0S'0
3'.
C
A%ogadro constant 5&A6 zzzzz((( )(022,S'0
2)
Bkmol
Farada constant 5F6 zzzzzzz((.()+-*S'0
*
CBkmol
9ni%ersal gas constant 5(6 zzzzz(-3'+ KBkmol
1ra%itational constant 566 zzzzz(()()*S'0
3''
N
(
m
2
Bkg
2
?olt8mann constant 5k6 zzzzzzz'(3-.,S'0
323
KB/
Ste"an-?olt8mann Constant 526zzzz,()*0S'0
3-
=B/
+(
m
2
Rest energ o" one atomic mass unitz(((.3'(+- 4eV
2lectron-%olt 5e)6zzzzzzzzz'()02'0S'0
3'.
K

(est masses of #arti0les
5u6 5kg6 54eV6
2lectron ,(+-, .*S'0
3+
.('0.'S'0
33'
0(,'' 00)
&roton '(002 2*)) '()*2 ,2S'0
32*
.3-(2)
o-particles +(00' ,,3 )()++'S'0
32*
3*2*(3
A!trono"ical Data
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Space $od Gistance "rom sun 5'0
)
km6 &eriod o" 4ean 4ass 4ean 1ra%it #r$ital
4ean Aphelilion &erithelion Re%olution radius '0
2+
kg densit on sur"( speed
5d6 5km6 4gBm
3
mBs
2
kmBs
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sun -- -- -- -- ).) 000 -- '(+' 2*+ --
4ercur ,*(. ).(- +)(0 --(0 2 +20 3(')* ,(+) 3(*2 +-(-
Venus '0-(' '0.(0 '0*(, 22+(* ) 2)' +(-*0 +(.) -(). 3,(0
2arth '+.(, ',2(' '+*(' 3),(2 ) 3*' ,(.*, ,(,2 .(*- 2.(-
4ars 22*(- 2+.(2 20)() )-*(0 3 3-. 0(()3. +('2 3(*2 2+(2
Kupiter ***(- -',(. *+0(* + 333 ). .00 '.00 '(33 23(0' '3(0
Saturn '+2) ',0- '3+- '0 *)0 ,* ,00 ,)-(- 0(*' .('+ .(),
9ranus 2-)- 300* 2*3* 30 ).0 23 *00 -)(. '(,) .()* )(*-
Neptune ++.+ +,3* ++,. )0 '00 2' ,00 '02(. 2(+* ',(0 ,(+2
&luto ,.0- *3*0 ++,0 .0 *+0 2 .00 ,(3* ,(,0 -(0 +(*,
4oon 0(3-+ "rom 2arth 2*(322 ' *3* 0(0*3, 3(3+ '()2 '(02
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gensit o" gases at normal pressure and temperature 0
o
C in kgBm
3
Air '(2.3
;drogen 0(0-.--
;elium 0('*-,
'2'
&arameters o" 2arth atmosphere 5relati%e densit and temperature6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
" km T$To T
o
/ | " km T$To T
o
/ | " km T$To T
o
/ | " km T$To T
o
/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0 2--(2 | , 0()0' 2,,() | 20 0(0*2, 2')(* | ,0 0(0003*, 2*+
' 0(.0- 2-'() | * 0(+-2 2+2,) | 2, 0(0332 2')(* | )0 0(0002*' 2,3(+
2 0(-22 2*,(' | '0 0,33- 223(' | 30 0(0'+) 230(+ | '00 0(32S'0
3)
20-(2
3 0(*+2 2)-() | '2 0(2,, 2')(* | 3, 0(00)*) 2++(0 | 200 0(2.,S'0
3.
'22*
+ 0()). 2)2(' | ', 0(',. 2')(* | +0 0(0032* 2,*(* | 300 0(2*3S'0
3'0
'3,-
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S#e0ifi0 im#ulse of liEuid fuel 5no88le '00:0(', seconds6:
#7gen 3 kerosene 3*2
#7gen 3 hdrogen +)3
S#e0ifi0 im#ulse of solid fuel 5no88le +0:0(', seconds6: 22-33+'(
"eat of 0om-ustion 54KBkg6:
?en8ene ++ 4a8ut 303+' Natural gases +23+* Fire!ood 30
Giesel "uel +3 Spirit 2*(2 ;drogen '20 &eat - 3''
/erosene +3 ?ituminous coal 2'32+ Acetlene +- gunpo!der 3
6eneral Reerence!

Some $ooks and articles $ A( ?olonkin are pu$lished on line: http:BB!!!(scri$d(com, http:BB!!!(archi%e(org ,
http:BBar7i%(org 5+,6, http:BB%iMra(org, http:BBintellectualarchi%e(com 52-6, http:BBA>AA(org 5+'6 and in ?olonkinDs =2?
http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru /p65.htm, http:BB!!!(lulu(com ( Search: E?olonkinF(
Third List o" pu$lication: http:BB!!!(scri$d(comBdocB'*333)33-B&u$lications-$-?olonkin-30-Septem$er-20'3,
http:BB%iMra(orgBa$sB'3'0(0022

l4m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.,-a6( Gesign o" ;dro-Aircra"t !ith 9nder!ater =ing( (e#ort of Air0raft State
Constru0tion Bureau named Antonov, /ie%, 9kraine, '.,. 5in Russian6, '20 p(
l?m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.,.a6( >n%estigation o" Aircra"t AN-'2 in Take-o""( (e#ort of Air0raft State Constru0tion
Bureau named Antonov, /ie%, 9kraine, '.,. 5in Russian6, )0 p(
lBm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.,.$6( Research o" #ptimal &arameters o" VT#L Aircra"t, (e#ort of Air0raft State
Constru0tion Bureau named Antonov, /ie%, '.,. 5in Russian6, &art ' +0 p(, part 2 3, p(
lOm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.,.c6( Research o" #ptimal &arameters o" ;igh Altitude Aircra"t( (e#ort of Air0raft
State Constru0tion Bureau named Antonov, /ie%, 9kraine, '.,. 5in Russian6, )0 p(
l>m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.,.d6( Computation o" ;igh Thrust Aircra"t !ith unstead polar( (e#ort of Air0raft State
Constru0tion Bureau named Antonov, /ie%, 9kraine, '.,. 5in Russian6, ,0 p(
lPm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.)0a6( 4ethod o" 2stimation the Control o" Aircra"t >nter"ace( Presidin of Kiev "ih
Enineerin Aviation 'ilitary S0hool 5/V>AV96, /ie%, 9kraine, >ssue ^*2, '.)0(
lQm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.)2a6, Theory of Fliht 'odels, 4osco!, Association o" Arm, Air Force, and NAVI,
32-p( '.)2, 5in Russian6(
lRm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.)+a6( #ptimi8ation o" parameters o" %ariation pro$lems 59krainian( Russian and
2nglish summaries6( Do#oviti Akad. &auk `krain. (S(, '.)+, ^,, p( ,-0-,-2( 4ath(Re%( ^)3,2(
'21
lHm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.)+$6The calculus o" %ariations and a "unctional e@uation o" ?ellman, and an
interpretation o" LangrangeDs undetermined multipliers( 59krainian( Russian and 2nglish summaries6(
Do#ovidi Akad. &auk `krain., (S( '.)+, ^'0, p( '2.0-'2.3( 4(R( ^,'3)(
l4=m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.)+c6( The e7tension principle and the Kaco$i condition o" the %ariation calculus(
59krainian( Russian and 2nglish summaries6( Do#ovidi Akad. &auk `krain. (S( '.)+( ^*( p( -+.--,3(
4(R( ^,''*(
l44m ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.),a6, ETheor o" Flight Vehicles !ith Control Radial ForceF( Collection (esear0hes of
Fliht Dynami0s, 4ashinostroenie &u$lisher, 4osco!, pp( *.3''-, '.),, 5in Russian6( >ntern(Aerospace
A$stract A))-2333-^ 52ng6(
l4?m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.),$6, >n%estigation o" the Take o"" Gnamics o" a VT#L Aircra"t( Collection
(esear0hes of Fliht Dynami0s( 4osco!, 4ashinostroenie &u$lisher, '.),, pp( ''.-'+* 5 in Russian6(
>nternational Aerospace A$stract A))-2333.^ 52nglish6(
l4Bm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.),c6, #ptimi8ation o" Tra<ectories o" 4ultistage Rockets( Collection (esear0hes of
Fliht Dynami0s( 4osco!, '.),, p( 20-*- 5in Russian6( >nternational Aerospace A$stract A))-2333*^
52nglish6(
l4Om ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.),d6( A method "or the solution o" optimal pro$lems 5Russian6( Collection Com#lex
Systems Control, pp(3+-)*( Nauko%a Gumka, /ie%, '.),( 4(R( ^,,3,(
l4>m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.),e6( Special, Sliding, and >mpulse Regimes in &ro$lems o" Flight Gnamics
5Russian6( Collection Com#lex Systems Control, pp()--.0( Nauko%a Gumka, /ie%, '.),( 4(R( ^,,3,(
l4Pm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.))a6( ?oundar-%alue pro$lems o" #ptimal Control( 4ilitar Aviation Eneenerin
A0ademy :))IA< named ahukovskii, >ssue ^''3', '.)), p( '03-'2-( 5Russian6(
l4Qm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.)*a6( Special e7treme, (e#ort #resented to Sym#osium of A##lied 'athemati0s, 1orkii,
9SSR, '.)*( 5Russian6(
l4Rm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.)-a6( >mpulse solution in control pro$lems( 5Russian6( IXv. Si-irsk. Ltdel. Akad. &ayk
`SS(, '.)-, No( '3, p( )3-)-( 4(R( *,)-( 5Russian6(
l4Hm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.)-$6( Solution o" &ro$lem the Linear #ptimal Control !ith one Control, Journal
NPrikladnaya 'e0hani0aN, Vol( +, ^+, '.)-, p('''-'2'( 5Russian6(
l?=m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.).a6( Solution o" discrete pro$lems o" optimal control on the $asis o" a general
minimum principle 5Russian( 2nglish summar6( )y0isl. Prikl. 'at. :Kiev< )y#. Q :4HPH<, '2'-'32(
4athematical Re%ie! **'(
l?4m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.).$6, Special e7treme in optimal control( Akademia Nauk 9SSR, >8%estia(
Tekhnicheskaa /i$ernetika, No 2, 4ar-Apr(,'.)., p('-*-'.-( See also Enlish translation in 2ngineering
C$ernetics, ^ 2, 4ar- Apr('.)., p('*0-'-3, 52nglish6(
l??m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.*0a6( A certain method o" sol%ing optimal pro$lems( IXv. Si-irsk. Ltdel. Akad. &auk
SSS(( '.*0, no(-, p( -)-.2( 4(R( ^)')3(
l?Bm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.*0$6( A certain approach to the solution o" optimal pro$lems( 5Russian( 2nglish
summar6( )y0isl. Prikl. 'at( 5/ie%6( Vp( '2 5'.*06, p( '23-'33( 4(R( ^*.+0(
l?Om ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.*'a6, Solution 'ethods for -oundaryDvalue #ro-lems of L#timal Control Theory.
Translated "rom &rikladnaa 4ekhanika, Vol( *, No ), '.*', p( )3.-),0, 5in 2nglish6(
l?>m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.*'$6( Solution o" #ptimal &ro$lems( Colle0tion N'athemati0al Pro-lems of Produ0tion
ControlN, 4osco! State 9ni%ersit 54196, >ssue ^3, '.*', p( ,,-)*(
l?Pm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.*2a6, &e9 'ethods of L#timiXation and their A##li0ations, 4osco! ;ighest
Technolog 9ni%ersit named ?auman, '.*2, p(220 5in Russian6(
l?Qm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.-2a6, Installation for L#en Ele0trostati0 Field, Russian patent application
^3+)*2*0B2' ''))*), . Kul, '.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
l?Rm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.-2$6, (adioisoto#e Pro#ulsion( Russian patent application ^3+)**)2B2, '').,2, .
Kul '.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
l?Hm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.-2c6, (adioisoto#e Ele0tri0 6enerator( Russian patent application ^3+).,''B2,
'').2*( . Kul '.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
'2/
lB=m ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.-3a6, S#a0e Pro#ulsion `sin Solar *in and Installation for It, Russian patent
application ^3)3,.,,B23 '2)+,3, '. August, '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
lB4m ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.-3$6, 1etting o" 2lectric 2nerg "rom Space and >nstallation "or >t, Russian patent
application ^3)3-)..B2, '2)303, '. August, '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
lB?m ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.-3c6, Prote0tion from Chared Parti0les in S#a0e and Installation for It, Russian
patent application ^3)++')- '3)2*0, 23 Septem$er '.-3, 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
lBBm ?olonkin, A( A(, 5'.-3d6, 'ethod of Transformation of Plasma Enery in Ele0tri0 Current and
Installation for It( Russian patent application ^3)+*3++ '3))-' o" 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian
&T#(
lBOm ?olonkin, A( A(, 5'.-3e6, 'ethod of Pro#ulsion usin (adioisoto#e Enery and Installation for It. o"
&lasma 2nerg in 2lectric Current and >nstallation "or it( Russian patent application ^3)0'')+B2, 0-).*3
o" ) Kune, '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
lB>m ?olonkin, A( A(,5'.-3"6, Transformation of Enery of (arefa0tion Plasma in Ele0tri0 Current and
Installation for it( Russian patent application ^3))3.''B2, ',.**,, 23 No%em$er '.-3 5in Russian6,
Russian &T#(
lBPm ?olonkin, A( A(, 5'.-3g6, 'ethod of a Kee#in of a &eutral Plasma and Installation for it. Russian patent
lBQm ?olonkin, A(A(,5'.-3h6, (adioisoto#e Ele0tri0 6enerator( Russian patent application ^3)200,'B2,
'0-.+3, '3 Kul '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
lBRm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.-3i6, 'ethod of Enery Transformation of (adioisoto#e 'atter in Ele0tri0ity and
Installation for it. Russian patent application ^3)+*3+3B2, '3)).2, 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian
&T#(
lBHm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'.-3<6( 'ethod of stret0hin of thin film. (ussian #atent a##li0ation ^3)+))-.B'0
lO=m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.-+a6( 4ethod Solution o" #ptimal &ro$lem, Collection L(esear0h of Com#uter and
Control SystemL, >rkutsk, 9SSR, '.-+, pp(.+-.-( 5in Russian6(
lO4m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.-*a6( 4ethod o" Ge"ormation o" 27treme( Collection L'ethods and Prorams of
L#timal Pro-lems in &et9orksL, >rkutsk State 9ni%ersit and =est Si$erian Technological >nstitute, '.-*,
5in Russian6(
lO?m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.-*$6( 4ethod "or Solution o" #ptimal &ro$lems ha%ing e@ualities and non-e@ualities
limitations( Collection L'ethods and Prorams of L#timal Pro-lems in &et9orksL, >rkutsk State
9ni%ersit and =est Si$erian Technological >nstitute, '.-*, 5in Russian6(
lOBm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.--a6( Application o" the Ge"ormation 4ethod to #ptimi8ation &ro$lems on an SetL 5in
Russian6, Collection LDesin of 'i0roD#ro0essorsL, >rkutsk 59SSR6, '.-- . p(
lOOm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'.--$6( Ge"ormation 4ethod in Control &ro$lemsL 5in Russian6, Collection LDesin of
'i0roD#ro0essorsL, >rkutsk 59SSR6, '.-- '0 p(
lO>m ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'..0a6( EA%iation, 4otor and Space GesignsF, Collection Emerin Te0hnoloy in the
Soviet `nion, '..0, Gelphic Ass(, >nc(, pp(323-0 52nglish6(
lOPm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'..'a6, The Develo#ment of Soviet (o0ket Enines, '..', Gelphic Ass(>nc(,'22 p(
=ashington, 5in 2nglish6(
lOQm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'..'$6, Ne! Approach to Finding a 1lo$al #ptimum( &e9 Ameri0an7s Colle0ted
S0ientifi0 (e#orts. Vol( ', '..', The ?nai Xion Scientists Gi%ision(, Ne! Iork(
lORm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'..2a6, EA S#a0e 'otor `sin Solar *ind Enery :'aneti0 Parti0le Sail<F( The =orld
Space Congress, =ashington, GC, 9SA, 2- Aug( 3 , Sept(, '..2, >AF-0)',(
lOHm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'..2$6, ES#a0e Ele0tri0 6enerator, run -y Solar *inF( The =orld Space Congress,
l>=m ?olonkin, A(A(, 5'..2c6, ESim#le S#a0e &u0lear (ea0tor 'otors and Ele0tri0 6enerators (unnin on
(adioa0tive Su-stan0esF, The =orld Space Congress, =ashington, GC, 9SA, 2- Aug( 3 , Sept(, '..2,
>AF-.2-0,*3(
'23
l>4m ?olonkin A(A(, The T9enty D First Century5 The advent of the nonD-ioloi0al 0iviliXation.
http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru (
l>?m ?olonkin, A(A( 5'..+a6, EThe Sim#lest S#a0e Ele0tri0 6enerator and 'otor 9ith Control Enery and
ThrustF, +,th >nternational Astronautical Congress, Kerusalem, >srael, .3'+ #ct(, '..+, >AF-.+-R('(3)-(
l>Bm ?olonkin A(A(, /hot N(, 5'..+$6, L#timal Stru0tural and Control Desin. O>th International
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l>Om ?olonkin A(A(, 5'..+c6, 'ethod for Findin a 6lo-al 'inimum, A>AABNASAB9SAFBSS4# Smposium
on 4ulti-disciplinar Analsis and #ptimi8ation, &anama Cit, Florida, 9SA, Sept( *-., '..+(
l>>m ?olonkin A(A(, /hot N(, 5'..,a6, Gesign and #ptimal Control in Smart Structures( Con"erence
E'athemati0s and Control in Smart Stru0turesF, 2) Fe$(-3 4arch '..,, San Giego, CA, 9SA(
l>Pm ?olonkin A(A(, /hot N(, 5'..,$6, L#timum Stru0tural )i-ration Control 9ith Bounds on Control For0es,
'.., AS42 Gesign Technical Con"erence, ',th ?iennial Con"erence on Vi$ration and Noise, Septem$er
'*-2','..,, ?oston, 4A, 9SA(
l>Qm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'..,c6, T9enty D First Century D the -einnin of human immortality(
l>Rm ?olonkin A(A(, /hot N(, 5'..)a6, L#timal Bounded Control Desin for )i-ration Su##ression. A0ta
Astronauti0s, Vol(3-, No( '0, pp-03--'3, '..)(
l>Hm ?olonkin A(A(, /hot N(, 5'..)$6, 'inimum *eiht of Control Devi0es 9ith Bounded %G6 Control. The
=orld Space Congress -.), Kune '-), '..), Al$u@uer@ue, 4N, 9SA(
lP=m ?olonkin A(A(, /hot N(, 5'..)c6, Desin of Smart Stru0tures 9ith Bounded Controls, Smart Stru0tures
and 'aterials, Fe$( 2,-2.,'..),San-Giego, CA(
lP4m ?olonkin A(A(, /hot N(, 5'..*a6, Gesign o" Structure control Sstem using ?ounded LW1, En.L#t(,
'..*, Vol( 2., pp( 3+*-3,-(
lP?m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'..*$6( E00entri0 internal 0om-ustion enine( &atent application 9S &T# 0-B-.2,)), o"
0*B'+B.*(
lPBm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'..-a6( Inflata-le fliht vehi0les( &atent application 9S &T# 0.B2*',*00 o" 'B2)B.-(
lPOm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'..-$6( Inflata-le fliht vehi0les( &atent application 9S &T# 0.B2*',*00 o" 'B2)B.-(
lP>m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'...a6( 'ethod of s#a0e laun0h and hy#ersoni0 laun0h system( &atent application 9S
&T# 0.B3++,23, o" )B2,B..(
lPPm ?olonkin, A(A( 5'...$6, A ;igh 2""icienc Fuselage propeller 5EFuse"anF6 "or Su$sonic Aircra"t, Z...
=orld A%iation Congress, A>AA, ^'...-0'-,,).(
lPQm ?olonkin A(A(, 1ilard 1(?(, 5'...c6, 2stimated ?ene"its o" Varia$le-1eometr =ing Cam$er Control "or
Transport Aircra"t( &ASA Center for AeroS#a0e Information :CASI<, &ASA$T'D4HHHD?=P>RP@ "D?BPR@
&AS 4.4>5?=P>RP , 4HHH4==4@ L0to-er 4HHH
lPRm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'...d6( The t!ent-"irst centur: the ad%ent o" the non-$iological ci%ili8ation and the
"uture o" the human race, Journal EKy-ernetesF, Vol( 2-, No(3, '..., pp( 32,-33+, 4C? 9ni%ersit &ress,
03)--+.2 52nglish6(
lPHm ?olonkin A(A(, 5'...e6( S0ien0e, Soul, "eaven and Su#reme 'ind, http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru 5Russian,
2nglish6(
lQ=m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'...d6( Breakthrouh in Immortality( http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru 5Russian, 2nglish6(
lQ4m ?olonkin A(A(, 5'...d6( "uman Immortality and Ele0troni0 CiviliXation( 2lectronic $ook, '...( =2?:
http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru, http:BB?olonkin(narod(ruBp'0'(htm 52nglish6, http:BB?olonkin(narod(ruBp'00(htm
5Russian6(
lQ?m ?olonkin A(A(, 1ilard 1(?(, 52000a6, L#timal Pit0h ThrustD)e0tor Anle and Benefits for all Fliht
(eimes, &ASA Center for AeroS#a0e Information :CASI<, &ASA$T'D?===D?=H=?4@ &AS 4.4>5?=H=?4@
"D?O=? , ?====B=4@ 'ar0h ?===(
lQBm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200'a6( 'ethod and Installation for S#a0e Tri#( &atent application 9S &T# 0.B*-.,.,. o"
2B23B0'(
'25
lQOm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200'$6( 'ethod and Installation for S#a0e %aun0h( &atent application 9S &T#
0.B-*3,.-, o" )B0+B0'(
lQ>m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200'c6( L'ethod Trans#ortation of )ehi0les and Installations for ItL( &atent application
9S &T# 0.B-.3,0)0 o" )B2-B0'( &atent 9S ),+3+,'+3 ?' o" '2B'*B02(
lQPm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200'd6( 'ethod and Installation for ettin of Enery( &atent application 9S &T#
0.B.+,,+.* o" .B0)B0'(
lQQm A(A( ?olonkin, 5200'e6( L'ethod for 6as and Payload Trans#ortation at %on Distan0e and Installations
for ItL, &atent Application 9S&T# ^ 0.B.*-,,0* o" '0B'-B0'(
lQRm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200'"6( Ca$le Launcher( &atent application 9S &T# 0.B.*+,)*0 o" '0B''B0'(
lQHm ?olonkin, A(A(, 52002a6, E&onD(o0ket S#a0e (o#e %aun0her for Peo#leF, >AC-02-V(&(0), ,3rd
Te7as, 9SA(
lR=m ?olonkin, A(A,52002$6, E&onD(o0ket 'issile (o#e %aun0herF, >AC-02->AA(S(&('+, ,3rd >nternational
Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
lR4m ?olonkin, A(A(,52002c6, EInex#ensive Ca-le S#a0e %aun0her of "ih Ca#a-ilityF, >AC-02-V(&(0*, ,3rd
Te7as, 9SA(
lR?m ?olonkin, A(A(,52002d6, E"y#ersoni0 %aun0h System of Ca#a-ility u# >== tons #er day and Delivery Cost
n4 #er %-F( >AC-02-S(&(',, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002,
'03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
lRBm ?olonkin, A(A(,52002e6, EEm#loyment Asteroids for 'ovement of S#a0e Shi# and Pro-esF( >AC-02-S()(0+,
,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston,
Te7as, 9SA(
lROm ?olonkin, A(A(, 52002"6, EL#timal Inflata-le S#a0e To9ers of "ih "eihtF( C#S&AR-02 C'('-003,-02,
3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6, The =orld Space Congress 3
2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
lR>m ?olonkin, A(A(, 52002g6, E&onD(o0ket EarthD'oon Trans#ort SystemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(3-F3(3-0032-02,
02-A-0222), 3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6, The =orld Space
lRPm ?olonkin, A( A(,52002h6 E&onD(o0ket EarthD'ars Trans#ort SystemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(+-C3(+-003)-02,
3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6, The =orld Space Congress 3
2002, '03'. #ct 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
lRQm ?olonkin, A(A(,52002i6( ETrans#ort System for Delivery Tourists at Altitude 4O= kmF( >AC-02->AA('(3(03,
,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '0-'. #ct( 2002, ;ouston,
Te7as, 9SA(
lRRm ?olonkin, A(A(, 52002<6, F"y#ersoni0 6asD(o0ket %aun0h System(F A>AA-2002-3.2*, 3-th
A>AABAS42BSA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$it, *3'0 Kul 2002( >ndianapolis, >N,
9SA(
lRHm ?olonkin A(A(, Cloutier G(, 52002k6( Search, #$ser%ation, and Attack &ro$lems, Te0hni0al (e#ort AFRL-
4N-21-TR-2003-'*'*, 2'p( 2002(
lH=m ?olonkin, A(A(, 52003a6, EAir Ca$le TransportF, Journal of Air0raft, Vol( +0, No( 2, 4arch3April 2003(
lH4m ?olonkin, A(A(, 52003$6,E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers !ith 3-'00 km ;eightF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No 3B+,
pp( -*3.*, 2003(
lH?m ?olonkin, A(A(,52003c6, EAsteroids as &ropulsion Sstems o" Space ShipsF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No 3B+, pp( .*3
'0*, 2003(
lHBm ?olonkin A(A(, 52003d6, ENon-Rocket Transportation Sstem "or Space Tra%elF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No *B-, pp(
23'32+., 2003(
lHOm ?olonkin A(A(, 52003e6, E;personic Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, A0tual #ro-lems of aviation
and aeros#a0e systems, /a8an, No( '5',6, Vol( -, 2003, pp( +,3,-( /a8an A%iation >nstitute(
'22
lH>m ?olonkin A(A(, 52003"6, ECentri"ugal /eeper "or Space Stations and SatellitesF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No .B'0, pp(
3'+332*, 2003(
lHPm ?olonkin A(A(, 52003g6, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, Advan0es in S#a0e (esear0h, Vol(
3'B'', pp( 2+-,32+.0, 2003, 2lse%ier( London(
lHQm ?olonkin A(A(, 52003h6, E2arth Accelerator "or Space Ships and 4issilesF( JBIS, Vol( ,), No( ''B'2, 2003,
pp( 3.+3+0+(
lHRm ?olonkin A(A(, 52003i6, EAir Ca$le Transport and ?ridgesF, TN *,)*, >nternational Air and Space
Smposium 3 The Ne7t '00 Iears, '+3'* Kul 2003, Gaton, #hio, 9SA(
lHHm ?olonkin, A(A(, 52003<6, EAir Ca$le Transport SstemF, Journal of Air0raft, Vol( +0, No( 2, 4arch-April
2003, pp( 2),-2).(
l4==m ?olonkin A(A(, Sierako!ski R(, 52003k6( Desin of L#timal (eulators( The manuscript is accepted as
paper A>AA-2003-))3- $ 2
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A>AA E9nmanned 9nlimitedE Sstems, Technologies, and #perations-
Aerospace, Land, and See Con"erence and =orkshop and 27hi$it, San Giego, Cali"ornia, 9SA, ',-'- Sep
2003( http:BBar7i%(org , search L?olonkinL(
l4=4m ?olonkin A(A(, 4urph R(, 52003-l6( 1eometr-?ased Feasi$ilit Constraints "or Single &ursuer
4ultiple 2%ader &ro$lems, 2nd A>AA E9nmanned 9nlimitedF Sstems, Technologies, and #perations 3
Aerospace, Land, and sea Con"erence and =orkshop and 27hi$it, San Giego, Cali"ornia, ',-'- Sep 2003,
A>AA-2003-))3-(
l4=?m ?olonkin A(A(,5200+a6, E/inetic Space To!ers and Launchers f, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No 'B2, pp( 3333., 200+(
l4=Bm ?olonkin A(A(,5200+$6, E#ptimal tra<ector o" air %ehiclesF, Air0raft Enineerin and S#a0e
Te0hnoloy, Vol( *), No( 2, 200+, pp( '.332'+(
l4=Om ?olonkin A(A(, 5200+c6, E%on Distan0e Transfer of 'e0hani0al EneryF, >nternational 2nerg
Con%ersion 2ngineering Con"erence at &ro%idence R>, Aug( ')3'., 200+, A>AA-200+-,))0(
l4=>m ?olonkin, A(A(, 5200+d6, ELight 4ulti-Re"le7 2ngineF, Journal JBIS, Vol( ,*, No .B'0, pp( 3,333,.,
200+(
l4=Pm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5200+e6, E#ptimal tra<ector o" air and space %ehiclesF, AEAT, No 2, pp( '.332'+,
200+(
l4=Qm ?olonkin, A(A(,5200+"6, E;personic 1as-Rocket Launcher o" ;igh CapacitF, Journal JBIS, Vol( ,*,
No ,B), pp( ')*3'*2, 200+(
l4=Rm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5200+g6, E;igh 2""icienc Trans"er o" 4echanical 2nergF( >nternational 2nerg
Con%ersion 2ngineering Con"erence at &ro%idence R>, 9SA( ')3'. August, 200+, A>AA-200+-,))0(
l4=Hm ?olonkin, A(A(, 5200+h6, E4ulti-Re"le7 &ropulsion Sstem "or Space and Air VehiclesF, JBIS, Vol( ,*,
No ''B'2, 200+, pp( 3*.33.0(
l44=m?olonkin A(A(, 5200+i6, 9tili8ation o" =ind 2nerg at ;igh Altitude, A>AA-200+-,*0,, A>AA-200+-,*,),
>nternational 2nerg Con%ersion 2ngineering Con"erence at &ro%idence(, R>, Aug(')-'.( 200+( 9SA(
http:BBar7i%(org (
l444m ?olonkin A(, Cloutier G(, 5200+<6( Sear0h and Atta0k Strateies, A>AA Con"erence 1uidance, Na%igation,
and Control, Rhide >sland, ')-'. August, 200+, Tr( ^2020'(
l44?m?olonkin A(, Cloutier G(, 5200+k6( Search "or 2nem Targets, Te0hni0a. (e#ort AFRL-4N-21-TR-2003-
'*'), Kune 2002( +. p(
l44Bm?olonkin A(A(, 5200+k6T!ent-"irst centur 3 the $eginning o" human immortalit, Journal EKy-ernetesF,
Vol( 33, No(.B'0, 200+, pp( ',3,-',+2, 2merald &ress, !!!(emeraldinsight(comB>SSN 03)--+.2M(htm
52nglish6(
l44Om?olonkin A(A(,5200,a6 E"ih S#eed Cata#ult AviationF, A>AA-200,-)22', Atmospheric Flight 4echanic
Con"erence 3 200,, ',3'- August, 200,, 9SA(
l44>m?olonkin A(A(, 5200,$6, EKineti0 AntiC6ravitatorF, A>AA-200,-+,0+, +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2
l44Pm?olonkin, A(A(, 5200,c6, EEle0trostati0 Solar *ind Pro#ulsion SystemF, A>AA-200,-3-,*, +' &ropulsion
Con"erence, '03'3 Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
'2:
l44Qm?olonkin, A(A(, 5200,d6, ESlin (otary S#a0e %aun0herF, A>AA-200,-+03,, +' &ropulsion Con"erence,
'03'3 Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
l44Rm?olonkin A(A(, 5200,e6, EEle0trostati0 `tiliXation Asteroids for S#a0e FlihtF, +' &ropulsion con"erence,
'03'2 Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-3-,*(
l44Hm?olonkin A(A(, 5200,"6, E6uided Solar Sail and Ele0tri0 6eneratorF, +' &ropulsion con"erence, '03'2
l4?=m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200,g6, EPro-lems of %evitation and Artifi0ial 6ravityF, +' &ropulsion con"erence, '03
'2 Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-33),(
l4?4m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200,h6, E(adioisoto#e Sail and Ele0tri0 6eneratorF, +' &ropulsion con"erence, '03'2
Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-3),3(
l4??m ?olonkin A(A(, 4urph R(, 5200,i6( 1eometr-?ased &arametric 4odeling "or Single &ursuer 4ultiple
2%ader &ro$lems( Kournal K1CG, %(2-, ^', 200,
l4?Bm ?olonkin A(A( 5200)a6, ?ook L&onD(o0ket S#a0e %aun0h and FlihtL, 2lse%ier, London, 200), +-- ps(
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l4?>m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)$6, Beam S#a0e Pro#ulsion, A>AA-200)-*+.2, Con"erence Space-200), '--2'
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l4?Pm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)c6, Ele0trostati0 ABD(amket S#a0e Pro#ulsion, A>AABAAS Astrodnamics
Specialist Con"erence, 2'-2+ August 200), 9SA( A>AA-200)-)'*3( Kournal LAircra"t 2ngineering and
Aerospace TechnologL, Vol(*., ^', 200*( http:BBar7i%(org , search L?olonkinL(
l4?Qm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)d6, 2lectrostatic Linear 2ngine, A>AA-200)-,22., +2nd Koint &ropulsion
Con"erence, .-'2 Kune 200), Sacramento, 9SA( Journal NAir0raft Enineerin and Aeros#a0e
Te0hnoloyL, Vol(*-, ^), 200), pp(,02-,0-(
l4?Rm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)e6, "ihDS#eed Solar Sail, A>AA-200)-+-0), +2nd Koint &ropulsion Con"erence,
.-'2 Kune 200), Sacramento, 9SA( http:BBar7i%(org , search L?olonkinL(
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2. Aug( 200), /estone, 9SA( http:BBar7i%(org , search L?olonkinL(
l4B4m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)h6, #ptimal Solid Space To!er, A>AA-200)-**'*( AT># Con"erence, 2,-2* Sept(
200), =ichita, /ansas, 9SA( http:BBar7i%(org , search L?olonkinL(
l4B?m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)i6, Theory of S#a0e 'aneti0 Sail Some Common 'istakes and Ele0trostati0
'aSail. &resented as paper A>AA-200)--'+- to '+-th Space &lanes and ;personic Sstem Con"erence,
)-. No%em$er 200), Australia( http:BBar7i%(org , search L?olonkinL(
l4BBm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)<6 'i0ro DThermonu0lear ABD(ea0tors for Aeros#a0e( &resented as paper A>AA-
200)--'0+ in '+th Space &lane and ;personic Sstems Con"erence, )-- No%em$er, 200), 9SA(
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l4OBm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)s6( =ireless Trans"er o" 2lectricit in #uter Space( http:BBar7i%(org , search
L?olonkinL(
l4OOm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)t6( 2lectrostatic A?-Ram<et space propulsion "or interplanetar "light, AEAT, %ol(
*., No( ', 200*, pp( 3 - ')(
l4O>m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200)u6( 'ethod of (e0ordin and Savin of "uman Soul for "uman Immortality and
Installation for it( &atent application 9S &T# '')'33-0 o" '2B20B0)(
l4OPm ?olonkin, A(A( and R(?( Cathcart 5200)%6, E>n"lata$le f2%ergreenD dome settlements "or 2arthDs &olar
RegionsF, Clean Te0hnoloies and Environmental Poli0y G#> '0('00*Bs'00.--00)-00*3-+(
l4OQm Cathcart R(, ?olonkin A(, 5200)!6, The 6olden 6ate Textile Barrier5 Preservin California Bay of San
Fran0is0o from a (isin &orth Pa0ifi0 L0ean( http:BBar7i%(org( Search: L?olonkinL(
l4ORm Cathcart R(, ?olonkin A(, 5200)76, L0ean Terra0in, http:BBar7i%(org ( Search: L?olonkinL(
l4OHm ?ook 5200)6,: 'a0roDEnineerin D A 0hallene for the future( Collection o" articles( 2ds( V( ?adescu,
R( Cathcart and R( Schuiling, Springer, 200)( 5Collection contains t!o ?olonkinHs articles: Space To!ersC
Ca$le Anti-1ra%itator, 2lectrostatic Le%itation and Arti"icial 1ra%it6(
l4>=m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200*a6( A? Le%itrons and their Applications to 2arthDs 4otionless Satellites,
http:BBar7i%(ru , search: ?olonkin(
l4>4m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200*$6( &assenger li"e-sa%ing in a $adl damaged aircra"t scenario, A>AA-200*-,-++,
l4>?m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200*c6( #ptimal 2lectrostatic Space To!er 54ast, Ne! Space 2le%ator6, A>AA-200*-
)20', http:BBar7i%(ru , search: ?olonkin(
l4>Bm ( ?olonkin A(A(, 5200*d6( 2lectrostatic Space Clim$er, A>AA-200*-,-3-, http:BBar7i%(ru , search:
?olonkin(
l4>Om ?olonkin A(A(, 5200*e6( >n"lata$le Gome "or 4oon, 4ars, Asteroids and Satellites, A>AA-200*-)2)2,
l4>>m ?olonkin A(A(, 5200*"6( ;uman >mmortalit and 2lectronic Ci%ili8ation, 3-rd 2dition, Lulu, 200*, ))
pgs(, 52n"lish and Russian6, http:BB!!!(lulu(com search E?olonkinF(
l4>Pm ?olonkin A(A(, 5200*g6( 4emories o" So%iet &olitical &risoner, Lulu, 200*, )) pgs(, 52n"lish and
Russian6, http:BB!!!(lulu(com search E?olonkinF( 2nglish is translated "rom same Russian $ook, Ne!
our, '..'(
l4>Qm Calasso F(2(, 5'.-.6, Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osite, 1ordon and ?ranch Scienti"ic &u$lisher, Ne!
Iork, '.-.(
l4>Rm Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers, 5'..,6, Girector, NI '..,, Chapman and ;all, )th ed(, Ne!
Iork(
l4>Hm Con0ise En0y0lo#edia of Polymer S0ien0e and Enineerin, 5'..06, 2d( K( >( /rosch!it8, '..0( Ne!
Iork(
l4P=m Clarke A(C(: Fountains of Paradise, ;arcourt ?race Ko%ano%ich, Ne! Iork, '.*-(
l4P4m Gresselhous, 4(S(,520006, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, Ne! Iork, 200'(
l4P?m Fedoro% V(G(, 5'.-'6, Basis of (o0ket Fliht, 4osco!, Nauka(5Russian6(
l4PBm "and-ook of Physi0al Guantities, 2d( >gor S( 1rigorie%, '..*, CRC &ress, 9SA(
l4POm ;arris, K(T( 5'.*36, Advan0ed 'aterial and Assem-ly 'ethods for Inflata-le Stru0tures( A>AA, &aper
No( *3-++-(
l4P>m Kohnson A(, S#a0e (esear0h5 LraniXin for E0onomi0al Effi0ien0y( &resented as paper A>AA-200)-
*22+ in Con"erence LSpace-200)L, '.-2' Septem$er 200), San Giego, Cali"ornia, 9SA(
l4PPm Kohnson A(, Space research: pro$lems o" e""icienc( Journal LA0tual Pro-lems of Aviation and
Aeros#a0e SystemL, No(', 200*( http:BB!!!(kcn(ruBtatJenBscienceBans
B<ournalsBras<JcntB0*J'J'0(html
l4PQm /ikoin >(/(, 5'.*)6, Ta-le of Physi0al 'anitudes, 4osco!, Atomic &u$lish ;ouse(5Russian6(
l4PRm Landis 1(A(, 5200+6, >nterstellar Flight $ &article ?eam, A0ta Astronauti0a, Vol( ,,, pp(.3' - .3+(
':1
l4PHm Landis 1(, 520006( LGielectric Films "or Solar- and Laser-pushed Lightsails,L AIP Conferen0e
Pro0eedins )olume >=+, pp( .-.-..2C Space Technolog and Applications >nternational Forum 5STA>F-
20006, Kan( 30 - Fe$( 3, Al$u@uer@ue N4(
l4Q=m Landis 1eo""re A(, Ca"arelli Craig, 5'...6( The Tsiolko%ski To!er Re-27amined, JBIS, Vol( 32, pp(
'*) -'-0, '...(
l4Q4m Landis, 1eo""re A( and Ca"arelli, Craig, 5'..,6, LThe Tsiolko%ski To!er,L paper >AF-.,-V(+(0*, +)th
>nternational Astronautics Federation Congress, #slo Nor!a, 2-) #ct( '..,( There is also an errata to this
paper, !hich !as pu$lished in K?>S: Landis, 1eo""re A(, 5200,6,LCorrection,L Journal of the British
Inter#lanetary So0iety, Vol( ,-, p( ,-(
l4Q?m Landis, 1eo""re A(, 5'..-6, LCom#ression Stru0tures for Earth %aun0h,L paper A>AA-.--3*3*, 2+th
A>AABAS42BSA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"(, Kul '3-',, Cle%eland #;(
l4QBm Nishika!a /(, =akatani 4(, Plasma Physi0s, Spring, 2000(
l4QOm #midi N( and /arima$adi ;(, 520036, EEle0trostati0 Plasma SailF, A>AA 2003-,22*, 2003( 3.th
A>AABAS42BSA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$it 20-23 Kul 2003, ;urtis%ille, Ala$ama(
Contains a principal scienti"ic mistakes(
l4Q>m Regan F(K(, Anandakrishnan S(4(, Dynami0s of Atmos#heri0 (eDEntry, A>AA, '..3
l4QPm Shortle 1(, =illiams G(, Elements of Physi0s, &rentice-;all, >nc(, 2ngle!ood Cli""s, Ne! Kerse, '.*',
9SA(
l4QQm Smitherman G(V(, Kr(, Space 2le%ators, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2., 2000(
l4QRm Tsiolko%ski /(2(: FSpeculations a$out 2arth and Sk on Vesta,F 4osco!, >8d-%o AN SSSR, '.,.C 1re8i
o 8emle > ne$e 5in Russian6, Academ o" Sciences, 9(S(S(R(, 4osco!, p(3,, '...(
Ru!!ian Jork!
l4QHm Tsiolko%ski, /(2( 5'.,.6,FS#e0ulations a-out Earth and Sky on )estaF, 4osco!, >8d-%o AN SSSR,
'.,.C 1re8i o 8emle i ne$e 5in Russian6, Academ o" Sciences, 9SSR(, 4osco!, p( 3,, '...(
l4R=m 4a$oroda A(, Xero 1ra%it on 2arth, E+uniy TehnikF 5EIoung TechnicianF6, No( '0, #cto$er '.--,
4osco! 5in Russian6(
l4R4m &okro%skii 1(>(, 5'.)+6, S#a0e To9er, T4, 5LTechnolog "or IouthL6, No( '0, 5in Russian6(
l4R?m &oliako% 1(, 5'.**6, S#a0e &e0kla0e of Earth, T4, 5LTechnolog "or IouthL6, No( +, 5in Russian6(
l4RBm Iunitskii A(, 5'.-26, L6eneral Planetary Trans#ort SystemL, LT4L 5LTechnolog "or IouthL6, No( ),6 5in
Russian6( 5see last "our Russian !orks in: http:BB!!!(ipu(ruBstranB$odBingBso%et2(htm, &ictures:
http:BB!!!(ipu(ruBstranB$odBing
Bso%etJris(htm6
N%A0 Report!
l4ROm http:BBauditing-science(narod(ru or http:BB!!!(geocities(comBauditing(scienceB
l4R>m Christensen C(, E9ltralight Solar Sail "or >nterstellar Tra%elF, http:BBNASA-N>AC(narod(ru
l4RPm ;ose S( G(, EAntimatter Gri%e Sail "or Geep Space 4issionsF, http:BBNASA-N>AC(narod(ru
l4RQm Landis 1( A(, EAd%anced Solar and Laser &ushed Lightsail ConceptsF, http:BBNASA-N>AC(narod(ru
l4RRm 4iller G( =(, E2lectromagnetic Formation FlightF, http:BBNASA-N>AC(narod(ru
l4RHm Xu$rin, R(, EThe 4agnetic SailF( http:BBNASA-N>AC(narod(ru (
l4H=m A$out N>AC: 1# T#: http:BBauditing-science(narod(ru or http:BB!!!(geocities(comBauditing(scienceB ,
http:BBNASA-N>AC(narod(ru (
So"e *opular BolonkinN! *u+lication! and *u+lication! a+out hi! %dea!
l4H4m &ersonal site: ?olonkin A(A(, http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru
':2
l4H?m ?i$liograph 5a$out the author and discussing his ideas6 pu$lication in Russian press and >nternet in
'..+ - 200+ 5http:BB!!!(km(ru , http:BBpra%da(ru , http:BBn-t(ru , ets( Search: ?olonkin6(
l4HBm ?olonkin A(A(, #ur children ma $e a last people generation, %iterary ne9s#a#er, '0B''B.,, ^+' 5,,*26,
4osco!, Russia 5Russian6(
l4HOm ?olonkin A(A(, Stop the 2arth( > step o""( Peo#le &e9s#a#er, Sept(,'..,( 4insk, ?elorussia 5Russian6(
l4H>m ?olonkin A(A(, 2nd o" ;umanit, $ut not 2nd o" =orld( &e9 (ussian *ord, 3B)B.), p('+, Ne! Iork,
9SA 5Russian6(
l4HPm ?olonkin A(A(, &atural "uman Pur#ose is to -e 6od( http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru 5Russian6(
l4HQm ?olonkin A(A(, Ameri0an and (ussian S0ien0e(52nglish6( http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru(
l4HRm ?olonkin A(A(, Locate the 1od into Computer->nternet Net!ork 5in Russian6( http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru(
l4HHm ?lekherman A(, Short -iora#hy of Dr. A. Bolonkin( 52nglish, Russian6 http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru
l?==m Gr(Sci( 4( /rinker, =orld Space Congress-2002 5a$out . ?olonkinHs scienti"ic !orks presented to
Congress6( http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru 5Russian6(
l?=4m Ruduk ?(, Ne! ideas o" Gr( ?olonkin, &e9s#a#er NFa0tN, 9kraine 5in 9kraine6(
http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru(
l?=?m /urolenko N(, 2lectronic Societ, &e9s #a#er NKievskie )edomostiL, C( /ie%, 9kraine, 2* 4a, 2002(
http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru(
l?=Bm ?a 2(, #ur soul is onl set our kno!ledge 5a$out ideas o" A( ?olonkin6( &e9s#a#er N%iterary
&e9s#a#erN. '0 Kul, 2002( 4osco! 5in Russian6(
l?=Om 1olo%ko% A(, Time "or thinking, 4aga8ime NLonekN, '.--, 4osco!, Russia 5in Russian6(
l?=>m Le%in V(, LTakeDoff and %andinL 5article "rom maga8ine LVestnikL a$out ?olonkin( '..265Russian6(
l?=Pm ?olonkin A(A(, &eculiarities o" So%iet and American Sciences( 5Russian6( http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru
l?=Qm ?olonkin A(A(, 4emoirs o" So%iet &olitical &risoner 52nglish6( http:BB?olonkin(narod(ru(
l?=Rm http:BB!ikipedia(org search E?olonkinF, http:BBCoogle(com search E?olonkinD(
l?=Hm 1etmansk >gor, &rice o" >mmortalit, 4osco!, 2/C4#, 2003, +-0 pgs(,5Fantas, in Russian6(
6eneral Reerence!
'( ?olonkin, A(A(, ETheor o" Flight Vehicles !ith Control Radial ForceF( Collection (esear0hes of
Fliht Dynami0s, 4ashinostroenie &u$lisher, 4osco!, '.),, pp( *.3''-, 5in Russian6(
2( ?olonkin, A(A(, EAir Ca$le TransportF, Journal of Air0raft, Vol( +0, No( 2, 4arch3April 2003(
3( ?olonkin A(A(, E/inetic Space To!ers and Launchers f, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No 'B2, pp( 3333., 200+(
+( ?olonkin, A(A(, ENon-Rocket Space Rope Launcher "or &eopleF, >AC-02-V(&(0), ,3rd
,( ?olonkin, A(A, ENon-Rocket 4issile Rope LauncherF, >AC-02->AA(S(&('+, ,3rd >nternational
9SA(
':'
)( ?olonkin A(A(, E#ptimal tra<ector o" air %ehiclesF, Air0raft Enineerin and S#a0e Te0hnoloy,
Vol( *), No( 2, 200+, pp( '.332'+(
*( ?olonkin, A(A(, E>ne7pensi%e Ca$le Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, >AC-02-V(&(0*, ,3rd
-( ?olonkin, A(A(, E;personic Launch Sstem o" Capa$ilit up ,00 tons per da and Geli%er
Cost A' per L$F( >AC-02-S(&(',, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space
.( ?olonkin, A(A(, E2mploment Asteroids "or 4o%ement o" Space Ship and &ro$esF( >AC-02-
S()(0+, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '03'. #ct
'0( ?olonkin, A(A(, E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers o" ;igh ;eightF( C#S&AR-02 C'('-003,-02,
''( ?olonkin, A(A(, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(3-F3(3-0032-02,
02-A-0222), 3+th Scienti"ic Assem$l o" the Committee on Space Research 5C#S&AR6, The
'2( ?olonkin, A( A(, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4ars Transport SstemF, C#S&AR-02 ?0(+-C3(+-003)-02,
'3( ?olonkin, A(A(, ETransport Sstem "or Geli%er Tourists at Altitude '+0 kmF( >AC-02-
>AA('(3(03, ,3rd >nternational Astronautical Congress, The =orld Space Congress 3 2002, '0-'.
#ct( 2002, ;ouston, Te7as, 9SA(
'+( ?olonkin, A(A(, E#ptimal >n"lata$le Space To!ers !ith 3-'00 km ;eightF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No
3B+, pp( -*3.*, 2003(
',( ?olonkin, A(A(, EAsteroids as &ropulsion Sstems o" Space ShipsF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No 3B+, pp(
.*3'0*, 2003(
')( ?olonkin, A(A(, F;personic 1as-Rocket Launch Sstem(F A>AA-2002-3.2*, 3-th
A>AABAS42BSA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$it, *3'0 Kul 2002(
>ndianapolis, >N, 9SA(
'*( ?olonkin A(A(, ENon-Rocket Transportation Sstem "or Space Tra%elF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No *B-, pp(
23'32+., 2003(
'-( ?olonkin A(A(, E;personic Space Launcher o" ;igh Capa$ilitF, A0tual #ro-lems of aviation
and aeros#a0e systems, /a8an, No( '5',6, Vol( -, 2003, pp( +,3,-(
'.( ?olonkin A(A(, ECentri"ugal /eeper "or Space Stations and SatellitesF, JBIS, Vol( ,), No .B'0,
pp( 3'+332*, 2003(
20( ?olonkin A(A(, ENon-Rocket 2arth-4oon Transport SstemF, Advan0es in S#a0e (esear0h, Vol(
3'B'', pp( 2+-,32+.0, 2003, 2lse%ier(
2'( ?olonkin A(A(, E2arth Accelerator "or Space Ships and 4issilesF( JBIS, Vol( ,), No( ''B'2, pp(
3.+3+0+(
22( ?olonkin A(A(, E;igh Speed Catapult A%iationF, A>AA-200,-)22', Atmospheric Flight
4echanic Con"erence 3 200,, ',3'- August, 200,, 9SA(
23( ?olonkin A(A(, ELong Gistance Trans"er o" 4echanical 2nergF, >nternational 2nerg
Con%ersion 2ngineering Con"erence at &ro%idence R>, Aug( ')3'., 200+, A>AA-200+-,))0(
2+( ?olonkin A(A(, EAir Ca$le Transport and ?ridgesF, TN *,)*, >nternational Air T Space
Smposium 3 The Ne7t '00 Iears, '+3'* Kul 2003, Gaton, #hio, 9SA(
2,( ?olonkin A(A(, E/inetic Anti31ra%itatorF, A>AA-200,-+,0+, +' &ropulsion Con"erence, '03'2
2)( Calasso F(2(, Advan0ed Fi-ers and Com#osite, 1ordon and ?ranch Scienti"ic &u$lisher, '.-.(
2*( Car-on and "ih Performan0e Fi-ers, Girector, NI '..,(
':1
2-( Con0ise En0y0lo#edia of Polymer S0ien0e and Enineerin, 2d( K( >( /rosch!it8, '..0(
2.( Gresselhous, 4(S(, Car-on &anotu-es, Springer, NI, 2000(
30( Anderson K(G(, "y#ersoni0 and "ih Tem#erature 6as Dynami0s. 4c1ra!-;ill ?ook Co( '.-.(
3'( Space technolog T Application, >nternational Forum, '..)3'..*, Al$u@uer@ue, 4N, part('-3(
32( Smitherman, G(V( Kr,, ESpace 2le%atorsF, NASABC&-2000-2'0+2.(
33( Cosmo 4( L( and Loren8ini 2(C(, Tethers in S#a0e "and-ook, 3rd 2dn, prepared "or NASA,
'..*(
3+( ;ose S( G(, EAntimatter Gri%e Sail "or Geep Space 4issionsF, http<GGNASA-N%A0.narod.ru
3,( Landis 1( A(, EAd%anced Solar and Laser &ushed Lightsail ConceptsF, http<GGNASA-
N%A0.narod.ru
3)( Christensen C(, E9ltralight Solar Sail "or >nterstellar Tra%elF, http<GGNASA-N%A0.narod.ru
3*( 4iller G( =(, E2lectromagnetic Formation FlightF, http<GGNASA-N%A0.narod.ru
3-( Xu$rin, R(, EThe 4agnetic SailF( http<GGNASA-N%A0.narod.ru(
3.( ?olonkin, A(A(, ELight 4ulti-Re"le7 2ngineF, Kournal JBIS, Vol( ,*, No .B'0, pp( 3,333,.,
200+(
+0( ?olonkin, A(A(, E/inetic Space To!ers and LaunchersF, Kournal JBIS, Vol( ,*, No 'B2, pp( 333
3., 200+(
+'( ?olonkin, A(A(, E#ptimal tra<ector o" air and space %ehiclesF, AEAT, No 2, pp( '.332'+, 200+(
+2( ?olonkin, A(A(, E;personic 1as-Rocket Launcher o" ;igh CapacitF, Kournal JBIS, Vol( ,*, No
,B), pp( ')*3'*2, 200+(
+3( ?olonkin, A(A(, ELight 4ulti-re"le7 2ngineF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No .3'0, 200+, pp( 3,3-3,.,
++( ?olonkin, A(A(, E;igh 2""icienc Trans"er o" 4echanical 2nergF( >nternational 2nerg
Con%ertion 2ngineering Con"erence at &ro%idence R>, 9SA( ')3'. August, 200+, A>AA-200+-
,))0(
+,( ?olonkin, A(A(, EAir Ca$le Transport SstemF, Journal of Air0raft, Vol( +0, No( 2, 4arch-April
2003, pp( 2),-2).(
+)( ?olonkin, A(A(, E4ulti-Re"le7 &ropulsion Sstem "or Space and Air VehiclesF, JBIS, Vol( ,*, No
''B'2, 200+, pp( 3*.33.0(
+*( ?olonkin, A(A(, E2lectrostatic Solar =ind &ropulsion SstemF, A>AA-200,-3-,*, +' &ropulsion
Con"erence, '03'3 Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
+-( ?olonkin, A(A(, ESling Rotar Space LauncherF, A>AA-200,-+03,, +' &ropulsion Con"erence,
'03'3 Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA(
+.( ?olonkin, A(A(, Space &ropulsion 9sing Solar =ing and >nstallation "or >t, Russian patent
application ^3)3,.,,B23 '2)+,3, '. August, '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
,0( ?olonkin, A(A(, >nstallation "or #pen 2lectrostatic Field, Russian patent application ^3+)*2*0B2'
''))*), . Kul, '.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
,'( ?olonkin, A(A(, 1etting o" 2lectric 2nerg "rom Space and >nstallation "or >t, Russian patent
application ^3)3-)..B2, '2)303, '. August, '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
,2( ?olonkin, A(A(, &rotection "rom Charged &articles in Space and >nstallation "or >t, Russian patent
application ^3)++')- '3)2*0, 23 Septem$er '.-3, 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
,3( ?olonkin, A( A(, 4ethod o" Trans"ormation o" &lasma 2nerg in 2lectric Current and >nstallation
"or >t( Russian patent application ^3)+*3++ '3))-' o" 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
,+( ?olonkin, A( A(, 4ethod o" &ropulsion using Radioisotope 2nerg and >nstallation "or >t( o"
&lasma 2nerg in 2lectric Current and >nstallation "or it( Russian patent application ^3)0'')+B2,
0-).*3 o" ) Kune, '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
,,( ?olonkin, A( A(, Trans"ormation o" 2nerg o" Rare"action &lasma in 2lectric Current and
>nstallation "or it( Russian patent application ^3))3.''B2, ',.**,, 23 No%em$er '.-3 5in
,)( ?olonkin, A( A(, 4ethod o" a /eeping o" a Neutral &lasma and >nstallation "or it( Russian patent
':/
,*( ?olonkin, A(A(, Radioisotope &ropulsion( Russian patent application ^3+)**)2B2, '').,2, .
Kul '.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
,-( ?olonkin, A(A(, Radioisotope 2lectric 1enerator( Russian patent application ^3+).,''B2,
'').2*( . Kul '.-2 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
,.( ?olonkin, A(A(, Radioisotope 2lectric 1enerator( Russian patent application ^3)200,'B2,
'0-.+3, '3 Kul '.-3 5in Russian6, Russian &T#(
)0( ?olonkin, A(A(, 4ethod o" 2nerg Trans"ormation o" Radioisotope 4atter in 2lectricit and
>nstallation "or it( Russian patent application ^3)+*3+3B2, '3)).2, 2* Kul '.-3 5in Russian6,
Russian &T#(
)'( ?olonkin, A(A(, 4ethod o" stretching o" thin "ilm( Russian patent application ^3)+))-.B'0
)2( ?olonkin, A(A(, ENe! =a o" Thrust and 1eneration o" 2lectrical 2nerg in SpaceF( Report
2ST>, '.-*, 5So%iet Classi"ied &ro<ect6(
)3( ?olonkin, A(A(, EA%iation, 4otor and Space GesignsF, Emerin Te0hnoloy in the Soviet `nion,
'..0, Gelphic Ass(, >nc(, pp(323-0 52nglish6(
)+( ?olonkin, A(A(, EA Space 4otor 9sing Solar =ind 2nergF( The =orld Space Congress,
=ashington, GC, 9SA, 2- Aug( 3 , Sept(, '..2, >AF-0)',(
),( A(A(?olonkin, EThe Simplest Space 2lectric 1enerator and 4otor !ith Control 2nerg and
ThrustF, +,th >nternational Astronautical Congress, Kerusalem, >srael, .3'+ #ct(, '..+, >AF-.+-
R('(3)- (
))( ?olonkin, A(A(, ESpace 2lectric 1enerator, run $ Solar =ingF( The =orld Space Congress,
)*( ?olonkin, A(A(, ESimple Space Nuclear Reactor 4otors and 2lectric 1enerators Running on
Radioacti%e Su$stancesF, The =orld Space Congress, =ashington, GC, 9SA, 2- Aug( 3 , Sept(,
'..2, >AF-.2-0,*3(
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'03'2 Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-3-,*(
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*0( ?olonkin A(A(, E&ro$lems o" Le%itation and Arti"icial 1ra%itF, +' &ropulsion con"erence, '03'2
Kul 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-33),(
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Kul, 200,, Tucson, Ari8ona, 9SA, A>AA-200,-3),3(
*2( N( #midi and ;( /arima$adi, E2lectrostatic &lasma SailF, A>AA 2003-,22*, 2003( 3.th
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Ala$ama(
*3( L( Funaki, et( al, ETrust &roduction 4echanism o" 4agnetoplasma SailF, A>AA 2003-+2.2(
*+( For!ard R(L(, ERadioisotope Sails "or Geep Space, &ropulsion and 2lectric &o!er, 3'st
A>AABAS42BSA2BAS22 Koint &ropulsion Con"erence and 27hi$it, '03'2 Kul '..,, San Giego,
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':3
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Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters 1

Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters 2

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Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters

Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight, Version 32 All Chapters

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