G.R. No. 13862, In re Dick, 38 Phil.

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Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
EN BANC
April 15, 1918
G.R. No. 13862
In re R. McCULLOCH DICK.
Kincaid & Perkins, W. H. Lawrence and D. R. Williams for petitioner.
Acting Attorney-General Paredes for the Government.
CARSON, J.:
The Solicitor-General moves the court to revoke its orders providing for a stay of execution
of its judgment pending proceedings looking to a review of the judgment by the supreme
Court of the United States and not exceed three months; and, further, to remand the
petitioner to the custody of the chief of police of the city of Manila, so that the order of
deportation may be executed forthwith.
Since the enactment by Congress of the Amendments to the Judicial Code which require
litigants in this court, seeking review of our judgment by the supreme court of the United
States, to institute proceedings to that end by filing an application for a writ of certiorari in
the clerk's office of the Supreme Court of the United States, we have adopted the practice
of temporarily staying or suspending the execution of our judgments, when timely
application is made therefor, in any case wherein it is made to appear that the applicant
desires to make application for such writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United
States; that he will diligently prosecute the prescribed remedy and intends to take
necessary steps to submit his application without unnecessary delay; that his application for
suspension of execution of our judgment is made in good faith and not merely for the
purpose of securing delay, nor based on frivolous grounds; and that the execution of the
judgment would subject him to irreparable loss, damage, or injury in the event of its
subsequent reversal by the Supreme Court of the United States.
In the absence of the statutory rules governing the procedure in such case, our practice has
been to direct the clerk of the court, in case heard on appeal, to retain the record of the
cause in his hands without certifying our judgment to the court below, and in cases heard in
the exercise of our original jurisdiction, to retain control over the record without certifying
our judgment to the inferior tribunal corporation board or person charged with its execution
or with obedience to its mandate until, a day fixed in the order, or until the further order of
the court.
Suspensions or stays of execution under this practice have usually been limited to a period
of from two to three months, which experience has shown to be sufficient, under ordinary
circumstances, to give the application an opportunity to file his petition for the writ
of certiorari in the office of the clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States.
In the instance case timely application was made for suspension of the execution of our
judgment remanding the petitioner to the custody of the chief of police for compliance with
the deportation order; and it was shown to the satisfaction of the court that the application
was made in good faith, and that the application would suffer irreparable injury by the
execution of the deportation order, if reverse our judgment and accept the views of the four
members of this court who dissented therefrom and were of opinion that the deportation
order was "without warrant of law."
No objection having been made to the motion for a stay of execution of our judgment
remanding the petitioner, an order was entered in accordance with the established practice
above set out.
At the same time, the petitioner (who, by virtue of the suspending order remained in the
custody of the court) was released from the technical custody of our sheriff, and set at
liberty upon his filing an approved bond in the sum of P2,000 which under the exceptional
circumstances of the case, was conditioned not merely upon his remaining within the
jurisdiction of the court and subject to its order at all times pending the proceedings looking
to the review of our judgment, but also upon his keeping the peace and not being guilty of
any offense against the public order and tranquility, nor inciting others to like conduct
throughout that period.
The Solicitor-General prays for an order vacating these orders providing for a stay or
suspension of the execution of our judgment and setting the petitioner at liberty on bail, on
the ground that we have no jurisdiction to issue such orders; and on the further ground
that, granting, for the sake of argument, that we have jurisdiction in the premises, the facts
disclosed by the record do not justify us in maintaining these orders in force under existing
conditions in the Philippine Islands.
The Solicitor-General contends that this court having declared, upon full consideration of
law and the facts, that the Governor- General is vested with power to deport the petitioner,
we have no power, under our own rulings, to interfere with or to control his action in the
premises.
But is equally true that by entering upon the inquiry as to whether the Governor-General
was lawfully clothed with power to deport the petitioner, we recognized the power and duty
of the court to adjudicate the question raised by the petitioner as to the power of the
Governor-General in the premises; and asserted our authority, under the law, to have the
body of the petitioner brought before us in habeas corpus proceedings, and placed at our
disposal pending the final disposition of the question thus submitted for adjudication.
In the very nature of things the right of the Chief Executive to exercise his lawful powers
without the interference of the court must give way, so far that may be necessary to secure
a full, fair, and final adjudication by the courts of a question as to the legality and existence
of powers which he assumes to exercise, when that question is raised in habeas
corpus proceedings by a petitioner alleging that he has been unlawfully deprived of his
liberty.
The petitioner in the instant case is now under the custody of this court, pending the final
adjudication of the question raised by him as to the existence and legality of the power
raised by the Governor-General in ordering his deportation; and although this court has
solemnly declared that the Governor-General is lawfully vested with such power, there can
be no question as to the right of the petitioner to apply to the Supreme Court of the United
States for a review of our judgment.
We are satisfied that under the law and the settled practice of this court, we have
jurisdiction to suspend the execution of our judgment, and to withhold the order remanding
the petitioner for deportation for a period of time sufficient to give him a suitable
opportunity to apply for a writ of certiorari form the Supreme Court of the United States. (U.
S. vs. Lim, 36 Phil. Rep., 682; Campagnie de Commerce et de Navigation D'Extreme
Orient vs. Hamburg Amerika Packetfacht Actien Gesellschaft, 36 Phil. Rep., 590; E.
Viegelmann & Co. vs. Collector of Customs, 37 Phil. Rep., 10; R. G. No. 11899, Ynchausti &
Co. Board of Public Utility Commissioner.
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)
As a corollary to our ruling that we have jurisdiction temporarily to stay or suspend
execution of our judgment remanding petitioner to the custody of the officer who delivered
him to the custody of the court in compliance with the writ of habeas corpus, it flows that it
is our duty and that we have the power to adopt such measures as may be appropriate and
necessary for his safe-keeping while in our custody, and to secure of the chief of police for
deportation if and when the order staying or suspending execution of that judgment is
vacated.
But while we entertain no doubt as to our jurisdiction to provide for a temporary stay or
suspension of execution of our judgment remanding the petitioner, and pending such stay,
to provide, his retention in our custody, either in the ands of our sheriff or at liberty under
bail; we are forcibly impressed with the representations of the Solicitor-General as to the
impropriety of maintaining the order letting him to bail, over the objection of the chief
Executive, who is primarily charged with maintenance of the peace, good order, and safety
of these Island.
As the Solicitor-General well says, the logical and necessary conclusion to be derived from
the record of these proceedings, read together with the opinion of the court, is that the
petitioner is an undesirable alien, who presence in the Philippine islands is a menace to the
peace and safety of the community. The Governor-General in the lawful exercise of the
authority conferred upon him under section 69 of the Administrative Code, has so declared,
after prior investigation f the course of which the petitioner had full opportunity to be head
in his own behalf; and this court has expressly held that we are not at liberty in the course
of these proceedings to reexamine or to controvert the sufficiency of the evidence on which
he based his conclusions.
Indeed, it was the knowledge of these findings by the Governor-General as disclosed by the
record, which caused us to condition the letting of the petitioner to bail upon the execution
of a bond in a substantial sum, conditioned not merely upon his holding himself subject to
the orders of the court pending the stay of execution of our judgment, but also upon his
keeping the peace throughout that period.
At that time no objection had been filed by the Solicitor-General to the motion of petitioner
to suspend our judgment pending proceedings looking to its review by the supreme court of
the United States; and, in the absence of objection, we conceived that the convenience of
the petitioner might properly be consulted by setting him at liberty under a substantial bond
conditioned as we have just indicated.
But it now becomes our duty to consider whether the order letting the petitioner to bail
should be maintained in force over objection interposed by Solicitor-General on behalf of the
Chief Executive; and notwithstanding his representations that as an undesirable alien who
presence in the Philippine Islands is a menace to the peace and safety of the community the
petitioner should be deported forthwith, and certainly should not be at large to continue his
pernicious activities at will, during the more or less prolonged period of the suspension of
execution of our judgment remanding him to the custody of the chief of police.
In this connection, our attention has been called to the fact that the petitioner is the
proprietor and editor of a weekly newspaper of considerable circulation and as such has it
within his power, if at large to place more or less serious obstacles in the way of measures
contemplated by the executive legislative authorities for the recruiting and organization of
native troops destined to the serve of the United States in the present war. Indeed, the
Solicitor-General asserts that the first issued of that newspaper following the promulgation
of the decision of this court, contains matter well calculated to create and foment racial
prejudices and differences, highly detrimental to the general welfare and good order of the
Island, and especially to be deprecated at this time and when the utmost peace and
harmony should prevail in the face of a common enemy.
But without stopping to consider whether there is anything in this issue of the Free Press
which supports the contentions that there is a manifest inconsistency between the rulings
upon which our judgment was based, and the maintenance in force of our order stetting the
petitioner at large on bail, over the objection of the Solicitor-General representing the Chief
Executive.
Having held that he Governor-General was lawfully authorized to institute and maintain
deportation proceedings against the petitioner under the provisions of section 69 of the
Administrative code; and having declared that we have no jurisdiction in these habeas
corpus proceedings to reexamine or controvert the sufficiency of the evidence on which he
based his ruling in the course of these proceedings; and the Governor-General having
declared, as a result of an investigation lawfully held under his direction, that the petitioner
is an undesirable alien, whose presence in the Philippine Islands is a menace tot he peace
and safety of the community; it would seem to be a flagrant abuse of our discretion to turn
him loose upon the community at such ta time as this, in the face of the insistent objection
of the Chief Executive who is primarily charge with the maintenance of the safety, peace,
and good order of these Islands.
The most that the petitioner is entitled to demand, as of right, is that under the
transcendent authority of its writ of habeas corpus, this court should stay the course of the
deportation proceedings, and if necessary take him into the custody of the court itself, long
enough to secure a full and final adjudication of the legality of the deportation order. He
cannot demand that he be released from custody until that question is determined in his
favor; though, as we have said, the court may, in its discretion, let him to bail pending the
proceedings.
But this discretion is a sound judicial discretion to be exercised in the light of all the
surrounding facts and circumstances. After having held that a petitioner in habeas
corpus proceedings had been lawfully adjudged a dangerous lunatic or a desperate criminal
no court would be justified, except under the most extraordinary circumstances, a letting
him to bail merely for the purpose of securing a review of the proceedings by a superior
court. So this court, after upholding the legality of the order deporting the petitioner and of
the proceedings wherein he was adjudged an undesirable alien whose presence in the
Philippine Island is a menace to the pace and safety of the community cannot consistently
turn him loose upon the community under bail, for the more or less prolonged period
necessary to secure a review of the proceedings by the Supreme Court of the United States,
when objection to that course is interposed by the executive officer more especially charged
with the maintenance of the peace and safety of the community.
What has been said in some of the federal courts of the United Sates as to the propriety of
exercising the discretionary power to grant bail in favor of Chinese person, pending
deportation proceedings against them, in ordinary cases wherein it was not asserted that he
presence of such person was a menace to the peace, safety, good order o health of the
community, or a dangerous anarchist, or a person afflicted with a loathsome and
communicable disease, or the like.
We have conclude, therefore, that while we should and must deny the motion of the
Solicitor-General to vacate our order staying the execution of our judgment and to turn the
petitioner over to the chief of police for deportation forthwith, we would not be justified in
maintaining in force the order letting the petitioner to bail, over the well-founded objection
of the Chief Executive who is primarily charged with the conservation of the peace, safety
and good order of the Islands. Accordingly, we will entertain a new or an amended motion
by the Solicitor-general to take the petitioner into the immediate custody of the court, to
cancel the bond upon which he is now at large, and thereafter to turn him over to the
custody of the chief of police of the city of Manila or such other officer as may be designated
by the chief Executive, for detention pending the stay of execution of our judgment in
these habeas corpus proceedings.
The motion of the Solicitor-General, in the form in which it has been submitted, should be
and is hereby denied.
Arellano, C.J., Torres and Araullo, JJ., concur.
Avancea, J., reserves his vote.
Separate Opinions
MALCOLM, J., concurring:
We never believe in running with the hares and coursing with the hounds. Either the chief of
police of the city of Manilas as the official representative of the Chief Executive has custody,
of the petitioner, or the courts have custody. If the chief of police has custody, the motion
of the attorney-general to vacate the order issued by this court should be granted and the
petitioner should be turned over to the representative of the governor-general for such
action as the judgment of the latter shall dictate. The decision of the majority of this court,
if followed to its logical conclusion, might permit of no other action. If the courts retain
custody of the petitioner, the motion of the Attorney-General should be denied. The
Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands having taken jurisdiction, such jurisdiction should
subsist until the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States attaches. But as
between these two possibilities then can be no compromise.
Let us notice briefly what has happened. Disregarding the dissenting opinions and stating
the proposition in most general terms, the court has decided that the Governor-General
possesses the power to deport aliens and that with this official act the c courts will not
presume to interfere. That judgment, as is our right, the court has suspended, and has
admitted petitioner to bail because of his announced desire to appeal to the United States
Supreme Court. The case many now be considered as on the way to the higher tribunal. All
this means that the judgment has not gone out to the Chief Executive States Supreme
Court and in order to protect the rights of the petitioner, pending decision by that court.
The important question (although apparently the other members of the court do not
consider it so) is whether pending an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States
from a final decision of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands declining to grant the
writ of habeas corpus, the latter court has the right to admit petitioner to bail.
It is a policy inherent in democracy to admit to bail any person arrested in any kind of
proceeding except for contempt and for capital offense. The practice of this court in criminal
case has heretofore been admit to bail pending an appeal. This is merely applied justice for
it may well be that our decision is wrong. The reversal of the decision of the Supreme Court
of the Philippine Islands in the Weems case
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is an instance of the unexpected taking
place. Surely it would come with an illgrace from this court to treat dissatisfied litigants
harshly, or to appear to discourage appeals, or to force a party to surrender the
constitutional right which the Organic Law has given him. Accordingly a person who
ultimately may be declared innocent should not be made to suffer unnecessarily. We should
not stand idly by and see a sentence served before the case can be submitted and decided
by the appellate court.
Now, of course, habeas corpus proceedings are civil and not criminal in nature.
Nevertheless, deportation is by way of punishment. The effect of imprisonment and
deportation is not dissimilar. Just as it is not fair to force an accused person to serve his
sentence before a decision can be reached in the United States Supreme Court, so would it
be to fair to permit a petitioner in habeas corpus to be deported before he can submit his
case. The paraphrase language of the United States Supreme Court which has heretofore
met with the approval of this court, it is a serious thing to detain a foreigner who, as in this
case, has been in this country giving him a full opportunity to assert his rights and exhaust
his remedies before competent court. (Liu Hop Fong vs. United States [1908], 209 U. S.,
453, followed in a decision handed down by Justice Torres, Mapa, Johnson, Carson and
Tracey. U. S. vs. Go-Siaco [1909], 12 Phil., 490.) The hands of authority should be stayed,
if it is legally possible, until it is finally determined whether the power to deport exists.
From the authorities can be sifted out the deduction that pending appeal release under bail
is a matter inherently within the discretion of the court. The status quo is ordinarily to be
preserved. This means that petitioner remains in custody of the courts, either under bail or,
when necessary to safeguard the public welfare in detention, in the hands of its officer to
await the outcome of his appeal. (There can be noted as corroborative authority the
following: U. S. vs. Go-Siaco [1909], 12 Phil., 490; U. S. vs. Lao Chueco [1917], 37 Phil.
Rep., 53; In re Mackane [1894], 61 Fed., 205; Ex Parte Green [1908], 165 Fed., 557; U. S.
Revised Statutes in connection with Jurigo vs. Brush [1891, 140 U. S., 291; Lau Ow
Bew vs. U. S. [1891], 141 U. S. 583; Fong Yue Ting vs. U. S. [1893], 149 U. S., 698; Li
Sing vs. U. S. [1901], 180 U. S., 486; Wright vs. Henkel [1903], 190 U. S., 40; Liu Hop
Fong vs. U. S. [1908], 209 U. S., 453; Rule 34, United States Supreme Court; Bouve,
Exclusion and Expulsion of Aliens in the United States, pages 664-667.) The majority
decision admits the force of all this but then diverges to a contradictory conclusion.
The original action of this court, in the exercise of its discretion, in staying the proceedings
in order that the petitioner can have a reasonable time to secure from the United States
Supreme Court the allowance of an appeal for the purpose of determining whether his
attempted deportation is authorized, and in admitting the petitioner to bail, is believed to be
in accord conforms to reason and justice. No change has taken place the petitioner was
released on bail is believed to be in accord with federal practice. More important still, such
conforms to reason and justice. No change has taken place since the petitioner was released
on bail which would warrant the modification of the order contemplated by the decision of
the majority upon the pending matter. The motion should be denied, without qualification.
Street and Fisher, JJ., concur.
Footnotes
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Decided January 23, 1918, not published.
MALCOLM, J.: