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Advance Design of RC Structure

Lecture 11
Retaining Wall
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Retaining Walls
What are retaining walls
Retaining walls are soil-structure systems
intended to support earth backfills.
Type of retaining walls
Gravity retaining wall
gravity walls rely on their own weight to
provide static equilibrium.
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
typically made of plain (unreinforced)
concrete or stone blocks.
Cantilever retaining walls
cantilever walls derive a portion of their
stabilizing forces and moments from the
backfill soil above the heel.
require the use of steel reinforcement to
resist the large moments and shear stresses.
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Retaining Walls
MSE walls
Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls derive their stability
from the internal stresses developing at the interface between the soil
and the reinforcement elements.
MSE walls are constructed by compacting the soil in layers
separated by reinforcement strips or sheets. Reinforcement strips are
attached to facing units, and extend far enough into the backfill to
ensure adequate pullout resistance.
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
ensure adequate pullout resistance.
Soil-Nailed walls
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Retaining Walls
Reinforced Earth Walls
Geotextile-Reinforced Walls
Cantilever Sheet Piles
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Cantilever Retaining Walls
Basic Principles
Cantilever walls are made of reinforced concrete, & come in different
geometries.
Rely on their self-weight to resist sliding & overturning, but derive part
of their stability from the weight of the backfill above the heel of the
wall.
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Cantilever Retaining Walls
Typical Dimensions of retaining walls
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Cantilever Retaining Walls
Basic Design Principles
In addition to the external stability, cantilever walls must also satisfy
internal structural.
The wall section should be able to withstand the shear stresses and
bending moments resulting from the lateral earth pressure as well as the
difference in pressure between the top and bottom faces of the base.
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
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Cantilever Retaining Walls
External stability
In analyzing or designing for external stability, all the forces acting on
the structure are considered. These forces include lateral earth pressures,
the self-weight of the structure, & the reaction from the foundation soil.
The stability of the wall is then evaluated by considering the relevant
forces for each potential failure mechanism.
The wall has to be stable against:
Sliding
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
Sliding
Overturning
Bearing capacity
max
1
all
BC
q
FS
q
= >
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Cantilever Retaining Walls
Design Example
Given data
As shown in the figure

Design the retaining wall

' 25
c
f MPa =
420
y
f MPa =
2
150 /
all
q kN m =
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
Design the retaining wall
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Design Example
Step 1: Check for overturning
Calculate the weight per unit width (W
i
)
(per meter)
1
23.5 0.5 0.7 8.23 W kN = =
2
23.5 5 0.5 58.75 W kN = =
3
23.5 0.5 1.4 16.45 W kN = =
4
(17 2.5 19 0.2)1.4 112.7 W kN = + =
Moment arm (x
i
)
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
1
0.35 x m =
2
0.95 x m =
3
1.9 x m =
4
1.9 x m =
11
Design Example
Calculate the active earth pressure & the water pressure
1
' 17 2.5 0.271 11.52
h
kPa o = =
2
' (17 2.5 (19 9.8) 2.5) 0.271 17.75
h
kPa o = + =
9.8 2.5 24.5 u kPa = =
4
(17 2.5 19 0.2)1.4 112.7 W kN = + =
1 sin35
0.27
1 sin35
a
K

= =
+
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
The active forces P
1
to P
4
per unit width
1
0.5 11.52 2.5 14.4 P kN = =
2
17.75 2.5 44.38 P kN = =
3
0.5 (17.75 11.52) 2.5 7.79 P kN = =
4
0.5 24.5 2.5 30.63 P kN = =
Moment arm (y
i
)
1
2.5 2.5 / 3 3.33 y m = + =
2
2.5 / 2 1.25 y m = =
3
2.5 / 3 0.83 y m = =
4
0.83 y m =
12
Design Example
Calculate the active earth pressure & the water pressure
i i
R
overturning
O i i
W x
M
FS
M P y
= =

8.23 0.35 58.75 0.95 16.45 1.9 112.7 1.9

14.4 3.33 44.38 1.25 7.79 0.83 30.63 0.83
+ + +
=
+ + +
Step 2: Check for bearing capacity
OK
304.1
2.2 1.5
135.3
= = >
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
Step 2: Check for bearing capacity
The eccentricity on the wall base
0.5 ( ) /
R O
e B M M W =
0.5(2.6) (304.1 135.3) / 196.1 =
0.42 / 6 0.43 e m B OK = < =
The maximum & minimum soil pressures at the toe & heel of the base are
2
max
2
196.1 196.1 0.42 6
148.5 /
2.6 2.6
x
toe
x
F M
q q y kN m
A I

= = = + =
2
min
2
196.1 196.1 0.42 6
2.3 /
2.6 2.6
heel
q q kN m

= = =
13
Design Example
max
150
1.01 1
148.5
all
BC
q
FS
q
= = = >
Step 3: Check for shear strength at critical section
The ultimate shear on the base at a distance d from the face of the wall is
0.5 .075 0.02 0.405 d m = =
OK
Effective depth of base
Pressure at distance d from the face of the wall
At the TOE
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
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(148.5 2.3) 2.295
2.3 131.3 /
2.6
d
q kN m

= + =
2
max
148.5 / q kN m =
1.6 (0.7 )
u
V qb d =
( )
148.5 131.3
1.6 1 0.7 0.405 66
2
kN
+
| |
= =
|
\ .
Pressure at distance d from the face of the wall
0
0.17 '
c
V fc b d | | =
0.17 0.85 30 1 0.405 293
u
kN V = = >
OK
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Design Example
2
(148.5 2.3) 0.995
2.3 58.2 /
2.6
d
q kN m

= + =
2
min
2.3 / q kN m =
1.6 (1.4 )
u
V qb d =
( )
58.2 2.3
1.6 1 1.4 0.405 50
2
kN
+
| |
= =
|
\ .
Pressure at distance d from the face of the wall
At the HEEL
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
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|
\ .
0
0.17 '
c
V fc b d | | =
0.17 0.85 30 1 0.405 293
u
kN V = = >
OK
Step 3: Flexural reinforcement
At the HEEL
( )
2 2
1.4 1.4
1.6 1.6 2.3 81 2.3
2 6
u heel
M M
| |
= = +
|
\ .
44.8 .
u
M kN m =
15
Design Example
3
2
0.85 ' 2.61 10
1 1
'
c u
y c
f M
f bd f

=
(
(

3
min
2
0.85 25 2.61 10 (44.8)
1 1 0.0007 0.0018
420 1(0.405) 25

(

= = < =
(

(

2
0.0018(100)(40.5) 7.3
s
A cm = =
Use | 12mm @ 15cm
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
At the TOE
( )
2 2
0.7 0.7
1.6 1.6 109.1 148.5 109.1
2 3
u toe
M M
| |
= = +
|
\ .
53.1 .
u
M kN m =
3
min
2
0.85 25 2.61 10 (53.1)
1 1 0.0009 0.0018
420 1(0.405) 25

(

= = < =
(

(

2
0.0018(100)(40.5) 7.3
s
A cm = =
Use | 12mm @ 15cm
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Design Example
At the STEM
( ) 1.6 1.6 86.7 138.7 .
u stem
M M kN m = = =
3
2
0.85 25 2.61 10 (148.7)
1 1 0.0023
420 1(0.405) 25

(

= =
(

(

2
0.0023(100)(40.5) 9.3
s
A cm = =
14.4 2.83 44.38 0.75 7.79 0.33 30.63 0.33 86.7 .
stem
M kN m = + + + =
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
Use | 14mm @ 15cm
Step 4: Shrinkage reinforcement
2
0.0018(100)(40.5) 7.3
s
A cm = =
Use | 12mm @ 15cm
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Design Example
| 12mm @ 15cm
| 12mm @ 15cm
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
| 14mm @ 15cm
| 12mm @ 15cm
| 12mm @ 15cm
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Any Question?
Notes
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure