Balai Teknologi Survei Kelautan - The West Bengkulu Seamount - An Early Investigation

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Balai Teknologi Survei Kelautan
Technology Center for Marine Survey
The West Bengkulu Seamount: An early investigation
Created on Monday, 07 April 2014 14:42 | | Hits: 131
Dwi Haryanto
1
, Wahyu W. Pandoe
2
, Yusuf Surachman
3
, Arnold Dannari
4
, Anan Fauzi
5
Balai Teknologi Survei Kelautan - The West Bengkulu Seamount: An early... http://barunajaya.bppt.go.id/index.php/artikel-2/65-the-west-bengkulu-se...
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1,4,5
Staff of Technology Center for Marine Survey, BPPT
2
Program Director of Indonesia Tsunami Buoy Operation, Technology Center for Marine Survey, BPPT
3
Deputy of Geospatial Information Infrastructure, BIG

Abstract
The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) in support to the National Program
on the Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS) have performed series of surveys of hydro-
oceanographic data collection and bathymetric mapping in the vicinity of the Indian Ocean along western
Sumatra to the southern Java.
On 5 to 15 October 2010 bathymetric mapping was carried out using a 12 KHz SIMRAD EM-12 multibeam
mounted on R/V Baruna Jaya III in Indian Ocean west of Bengkulu waters. The seamount was clearly
mapped starting from the 5000 m depth as a mount base rising up to 1300 m depth as the mount peak. To
enhance the picture of the peak of the sea mount, the survey was repeated from 14 to 24 December 2010
using higher frequency 50 KHz SEABEAM 1050 mounted on R/V Baruna Jaya IV.
The selected are of bathymetric mapping refers to the results of a seismic survey previously conducted by
geology researchers of BPPT, LIPI, ESDM, CGGVeritas, and the Institute de Physique du Globe (IPG) using
the seismic vessel owned by CGGVeritas Geowave Champion in 2009. These previous research recorded a
mountain body in the waters was located about 330 km west of Bengkulu at a base depth of approximately
6400 m. The mapping bathymetry conducted by R/V Baruna Jaya III and Baruna Jaya IV recorded a
mountain base at a depth of approximately 5000m with peaks around 1300m, where the mountain peaks are
in the approximate position of 99 22 '50.19 "E and 4 24' 3.69 "S.
Further investigation by lowering a CTD probe showed no significant temperature change around the sea
mount peak indicating that the sea mount was not volcanically active.

Keyword : InaTEWS, bathymetric mapping, multibeam,

I. PRELIMENARY
The discovery of seamounts in waters off the west of Bengkulu in 2009 has made headlines in electronic
media in Indonesia. This discovery began when a team of geologists BPPT, LIPI, EMR, CGGVeritas, and the
Institut de Physique du Globe (IPG) is conducting deep sea seismic survey using seismic vessel Geowave
Champion owned by CGGVeritas in 2009(1)
Deep-sea seismic survey conducted in collaboration with French scientists and CGGVeritas Geophysical
company. The purpose of this survey was to determine the geological structure of the (penetration up to 50
km) which includes the Sunda Trench, prism accretion, outer arc high, and fore arc basin Sumatera waters(2)
and to investigate the potential for an earthquake in the western island of Sumatra (1).
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Teams are comprised of a combination of the Indonesian Geologists, U.S., and France managed to find the
body of mountain under the waters west of Sumatra. The mountain is 50 km in diameter, 4,600 meters high,
and is 330 km north west of the city of Bengkulu (1).
Figure 1. Seamount locations in the west of Bengkulu (3).
In support of the National Program Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS), Agency for the
Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) has conducted a series of survey data collection hydro-
oceanographic and bathymetric mapping of the Indian Ocean from southern Sumatra to West Java. On 05-10
October 2010 is conducted mapping using multibeam bathymetry SIMRAD EM-12 with a frequency of 12
KHz mounted on the R/V Baruna Jaya III in the Indian Ocean, approximately 330km West of Bengkulu.
Location mapping refers to the deep-sea seismic survey conducted earlier by geological researchers BPPT,
LIPI, EMR, CGGVeritas, and the Institut de Physique du Globe (IPG) using the CGGVeritas seismic vessel
owned Geowave Champion in 2009 (1). To improve image of the peak of seamount, is conducted bathymetry
survey again on December 14 to 24 December 2010 using ELAC Seabeam 1050 with higher frequency
(frequency 50 kHz) installed on the R/V Baruna Jaya IV.
Along with mapping bathymetry, oceanographic data collection performed well as data Conductivity,
Temperature, and Depth (CTD) in the vicinity of the survey. CTD data will be used to calculate the Sound
Velocity Profile (SVP) data. SVP is used to correct the raw data multibeam. CTD Data collection was carried
out near the peak of the mountain, is focused on temperature observations.

II. METHODE
Bathymetry mapping for preliminary investigations at the site of Mount Sea westward Bengkulu done twice,
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the first with a multibeam Simrad EM 12D onboard in R/V Baruna Jaya III on June 5 to 15 October 2010 and
the second with the ELAC Seabeam onboard in R/V Baruna Jaya IV on December 14 to 24 December 2010.
II.1. Multibeam Simrad EM12D System.
Simrad multibeam EM12D has 2kHz frequency capable of measuring ocean depths up to 11000 m. This
system can operate at angles up to 150o sweep by the number of beam width of 162 and a total
distance of approximately 7.4 times the depth of the sweep.
Figure 2. The Sweep Width on Simrad EM12D
Simrad EM12D multibeam system mounted Research Vessel Baruna Jaya III consists of several main
parts, namely:
Transducer arrays (transmitter and receiver)
Surface Sound Velocity Sensor (SSV)
Preamplifier Unit
Transceiver Unit
Bottom Detector Unit (BDU)
Operator Unit (OPU)
Acquisition Data Software (Mermaid), software that displays data acquisition in real-time
(Merlin)
To get the system operating optimally, the main parts of the multibeam system is equipped with some
tools or other sensors as shown in the flow diagram (figure 3).
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Figure 3. Flowchart Multibeam SIMRAD EM-12D System in K / R Baruna Jaya III (4).
II.1.1. Positioning and Navigation System
Positioning system is used in multibeam EM12D SIMRAD system which is a GPS (global positioning
system) and MRU (motion reference unit). GPS is a tool to determine the absolute position of the earth
through satellite navigation system, while the MRU is an inertial positioning tool that can generate
information of ship motion is called attitude (roll, pitch, and yaw).
GPS is used in the navigation system in K / R Baruna Jaya III is a GPS C-NAV and Seapath. GPS
C-NAV can produce absolute position on earth which can be corrected with DGPS method. Seapath is a
positioning system that uses two GPS receivers with two antennas permanently mounted in the bow of
the ship, so as to produce the data direction (heading) of ship (known as GPS gyro). Seapath integrated
with MRU so as to produce an integrated navigation data in the form of position, direction, speed, roll,
pitch, yaw, heave, and the time in real-time. MRU used is Seatex MRU, so that the integrated system is
called Seatex Seapath.
Navigation system of R/V Baruna Jaya III using HYU software (Hidrographic Utility). This software
has the ability to read data from multiple sensors navigate through the NMEA 0183 format. Several
navigational sensors are mounted and connected with HYU are GPS C-NAV, Seatex Seapath,
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echosounder for shallow waters, and multibeam (depth data from the central beam).
Figure 4. R / V Baruna Jaya III is on track survey (HYU software)
II.1.2. Retreivel SVP Data
SVP data retrieval is used to determine the sound velocity profile in the ocean. Sound speed data
required as input parameters and or correction of equipment that uses acoustic wave for example
multibeam echosounder. Input data is intended to obtain outcomes data more accurate and careful in
acoustic equipment. Supposed to be a tool used in this survey is Applied Microsystems SvPlus V2, but
because the tool is broken then the data using the data obtained from the Seabird CTD SBE19Plus.
II.1.3. Data Acquisition systems from Multibeam Simrad 12D.
Simrad Mermaid software used to record depth obtained from the OPU (Operating Processor Unit) and
then stored into a SIMRAD file format (*. All), to the next as the raw data for bathymetry data
processing software. Simrad Merlin software is used to monitor acquisition and recording of data and
quality control data in real time. The main display on software merlin shows the track survey that
recorded during the survey and extensive coverage of the survey. Simrad Mermaid and Merlin are both
running on a UNIX program.
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Figure 5. Visualization multbeam data in real time during acquisition (merlin software)
II.1.4. CTD Data Collection
CTD measurements are measurements taken to determine parameters oceanography in water such as
conductivity, temperature, pressure and salinity vertically according to depth. The tools used are
Seabird SBE19Plus. CTD data retrieval is done by 5 stations, all located in the survey area. one CTD
station was close to the top of the mountain, which is at position: 99 23 '12:53' E, 4 24 '15.75 "S.
II.1.5. Processing Multibeam Data from Simrad EM 12D
Sotfware Caris Hips & Sips 6.1 is used to process the results of the acquisition of multibeam data
SIMRAD EM 12D. The final result is a contour map and 3D map bathymetry.
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Figure 6. Flowchart of Data Processing at Multibeam Simrad EM 12D
II.2. System of Elac Seabeam 1050
ELAC Sea Beam multibeam 1050D has a number of beam width as much as 126 with the ability to
sweep at 153. Sea Beam 1050D has the ability to dual-frequency, ie at a frequency of 50 kHz and 180
kHz. Multibeam ELAC Seabeam 1050D system consists of navigation sensors, software hidrostar,
hypack 2.b, and multibeam transceiver.
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Figure 7. Workflow ELAC Seabeam 1050D(5).
II.2.1. Positioning and Navigation System of ELAC Seabeam 1050
Positioning systems using Coda Octopus F180, which is the Inertial Attitude and Positioning System.
Coda Octopus F180 system consists of: IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) and two GPS receivers to
have its own antenna. This tool is used to obtain the geographical direction of the ship, measure attitude
(roll, pitch, yaw, and heave) the geographical position of the vessel and thus suitable for bathymetric
survey applications.
Navigation software which is used as a navigation aid is Hypack 2.b softaware. Navigation data derived
from the F180 (position, heading, and speed) displayed by this software. Hypack Software are equipped
with facilities to make waypoint (for a survey line planning), so that navigation guidance to do
II.2.2. Data Acquisition systems from Elac Seabeam 1050
For the purposes of multibeam data acquisition is used Hydrostar software. This software runs in the
Windows operating system. Hydrostar have function to perform data acquisition while controlling the
multibeam system in real-time (as merlin software at multibeam Simrad EM 12D). The main sensors are
controlled by this software include multibeam transceiver (that is connected directly to the transducer
multibeam), Coda Octopus F180 (GPS positioning and inertial motion), and additional data such as SVP
data, tides, and file management for multibeam raw data. Multibeam raw data recorded in the format *.
XSE, *. UNB, and *. Dat.
II.2.3. Data Processing at Elac Seabeam 1050
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multibeam raw data (format *. unb) which is the result of recording software hydrostar, then processed
using Caris HIPS and SIPS 6.1 software, which are then visualized into 3D bathymetry.
Figure 8. Flowchart of Data Processing at ELAC Seabeam 1050
II.3. Tidal Data
Multibeam data processing both data from SIMRAD EM 12D and ELAC Seabeam 1050D on software
Caris Hips & Sips 6.1 using zero tide.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
III.1. Seamount formation process
Seamount is a mountain that rises from the sea floor that is not up to sea level rise, and thus is not an
island as well. Commonly found are formed from volcanic formation process and appear at depths
ranging from 1000-4000 meters from the depths of the ocean floor. Seamount generally isolated and
conical and derived from volcanic processes (6). Seamount is a hilly mound unstructured form the
bottom of the sea to a peak can be seen above the sea level (7).
Seamounts formation process can be seen in the process of plate tectonics. In the area of oceanic rift
occurs the release of material from the upper mantle such as the release of bubbles during boiling water.
Figure 9, describes the process of the formation seamounts due to oceanic rift. Blue-red adalang
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oceanic plate, while the green is the color of the continental shelf. The order of the formation of
seamounts can be explained as follows :
Liquid material coming out of the upper mantle usually large and will form a submarine volcano 1.
Underwater volcanoes formed above the oceanic plate and carried over to the meeting zone
between the oceanic plate with a continental plate.
2.
Figure 9. Seamount formation process(7).
The farther away from the rift zones, of course molten mantle material and heat it, it will lose its
temperature. Thus forming Seamount, which often form a mound that is no longer active
volcanoes.
1.
Upon approaching the meeting zone, the upper course of the oceanic plate will rub against the
continental plate. This friction causes heat and often cause the rocks that form the oceanic plate
melts. Rocks are melted and liquid will come out to form volcanoes as we see in a series of
Volcano along the western Sumatra, to the south of Java. Including Mountain Merapi, Semeru
and the ather volcanoes that are still active.
2.
III.2. Seamount Around Indonesia
According to The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Surono, there are only five
underwater volcanoes in Indonesia. In the waters of North Sulawesi there Seamounts which erupted in
1922 and Banuawalu (1919). Other underwater volcano is Hobal (1999) in the waters of Nusa Tenggara
Timur(8).
In addition there is the famous sea Mountains located to the south of Java. One of the mountain rise to
the surface forming Christmas Island. The island area does not include territorial Indonesia, it entered
Australian territorial.
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Picture 10. Seamount Area in the South Island of Java (7).
III.3. Bathymetry results from Multibeam Simrad EM 12D
Line survey bathymetry are conducted using multibeam SIMRAD EM 12D do with the direction of
Southeast - Northwest. The length of each line survey average of 70-80 km and the distance between
the survey line average 6-8 km. Specifically in the area of the mountain peaks, the distance between the
survey line average 2-2.5 km.
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Figure 11. Line bathymetry survey when using multibeam Simrad EM12D
Results multibeam processing of the raw data, generate 2D bathymetry map.
Picture 12. Bathymetry map results Multibeam Processing of Raw Data Simrad EM 12D
Results of editing and filtering at Caris software shown in the base surface (Figure 12) further exported
into ASCII format that only displays the data Longitude, Latitude, and depth. ASCII data is then
processed to produce a 3D map bathymetry. This is done in order to facilitate the interpretation.
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Figure 13. 3D Bathymetry map results Multibeam Processing of Raw Data Simrad EM 12D.
In figure 13, tried to draw a line from the valley (the southwest) through the top of the mountain to the
valley to the next (East Sea) along 54.8 Km. The drawn line will produce a depth profile along the line.
Based on 3D maps and the depth profile along the line, information is obtained : the valley is at a depth
of about 5000m, while the peak in the depth of about 1300m. Bathymetry results found the body of
mountain that relative cone-shaped and the peak not to come to the surface water. This is like the
Wikipedia definition about seamounts(6).
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Picture 14. Seamount in the West of Bengkulu
in addition to the 3D bathymetry maps, depths contour are also shown in locations that were seamounts
west bengkulu.
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Picture 15. Contour maps that were seamounts west Bengkulu (first survey)
III.4. CTD Data Analysis in the Survey Area
CTD data retrieval is done by 5 (five) stations, all located in the survey area. One of the CTD stations
are close to the top of the mountain, which is at position: 99 23 '12:53' E, 4 24 '15.75 "S.
Tabel 1. Logsheet CTD
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Pada tulisan ini hanya ditampilkan hasil pengambilan data CTD di stasiun 2 (berdekatan dengan puncak
gunung).
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Picture 16. Vertical profile of salinity, temperature, and conductivity at station CTD-02.
Temperature profile (green) in Figure 16 shows that, to a depth of 1200m is not an increase in sea water
temperatures are significant. Sea water temperature at a depth of 1000m approximately 6.3 C, while
at a depth of 1200m approximately 5 C. Based on data from the CTD (Fig. 16), seamount in the west
of Bengkulu is not an active volcano.
III.5. Bathymetry results from Elac Seabeam 1050D
Line survey bathymetry are conducted using Elac Seabeam 1050D do with the direction of East - West.
The length of each line survey average of 22 km and the distance between the survey line average 4-5
km.
Figure 17. Line bathymetry survey when using Elac Seabeam 1050D
ELAC Seabeam has frequency 50KHz, so that the maximum depth that can be reached only about
3000m. This is in accordance with the purposes of the survey, which is to obtain a clearer picture of the
peak of the seamount.
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Picture 18. Bathymetry map results Multibeam Processing of Raw Data Elac Seabeam 1050D
Results of editing and filtering at Caris software shown in the base surface (Figure 18) further exported
into ASCII format that only displays the data Longitude, Latitude, and depth. ASCII data is then
processed to produce a 3D map bathymetry.
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Figure 19. 3D Bathymetry map results Multibeam Processing of Raw Data Elac Seabeam 1050D.
In picture 19, it appears there are two peaks with a separator like the valley. two peaks of the mountain
is at a depth of about 1300m while dividing the valley at a depth of approximately 1600m. in addition
to the 3D bathymetry maps, depths contour are also shown in locations that were seamounts west
Bengkulu.
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Picture 20. Contour maps that were seamounts west Bengkulu (The second survey).
From the contour map (Fig. 20), it is clear that there are two peaks with dividing the West-East
direction at latitude approximately 4d23'S.
IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Based on the results of early investigation with the multibeam Simrad EM12D (onboard in R/V Baruna Jaya
III) and ELAC Seabeam 1050D (onboard in R/V Baruna Jaya IV) there is a seamount in the West of
Bengkulu. The seamount has a valley at a depth of approximately 5000m and the peak was at a depth of
approximately 1300m. The mountain has two peak due to separation at a depth of about 1600m (west - east
at latitude about 4d23'S).
CTD data retrieval near the peak of the seamount that was lowered at a depth of 1200m, did not show an
increase in sea water temperature around the peak of the seamount. It can be concluded that the seamount is
not an active volcano.
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Going forward, it is advisable to resurvey that bring Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) in order to get the
pictures of the activities of life near the peak of the seamount.
In addition, it is also advisable to immediately provide the name of the seamounts are located in the west of
Bengkulu.
V. REFERENCES
(1)http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2009/05/29/058178788/Ditemukan-Gunung-Api-Dibawah-Laut-Bengkulu.
(2)http://sains.kompas.com/read/2009/05/28/18081172
/Ditemukan.Gunung.Api.Raksasa.Bawah.Laut.Sumatera).
(3)http://innerpower.wordpress.com/2009/05/28/di-sinilah-letak-gunung-berapi-raksasa-bengkulu-itu/
(4) Balai Teksurla-BPPT, 2009, Survey Report, Recovery and Deploymnet Halmahera Buoy.
(5)L3 Communication Elac Nautik, 2006, presentation materials, Configuration and setup.
(6)(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_laut).
(7).(http://geoenviron.blogspot.com/2013/03/seamount-gunung-raksasa-didasar-laut.html).
(8).(http://sains.kompas.com/read/2009/05/30/10191939/Indonesia.Punya.5.Gunung.Api.Bawah.Laut)

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