Old Latin

1
Old Latin
For the "Old Latin" Biblical texts, see Vetus Latina.
Old Latin
Prisca Latinitas
The playwright Titus Maccius Plautus wrote using Old Latin.
Nativeto Roman Republic
Region Italy
Era pre-1st century BC
Language family
Indo-European
Italic
Latino-Faliscan
Latin
Old Latin
Writing system
Latin alphabet
Official status
Official languagein
Rome
Regulatedby Schools of grammar and rhetoric
Language codes
ISO 639-3 itc-ola
Linguist list
qbb
[1]
Expansion of the Roman Republic during the 2nd century BC. Very little Latin is likely to have been spoken beyond the area coloured green, nor
was it ubiquitous within it.
Old Latin
2
Old Latin, also known as Early Latin and Archaic Latin, refers to the Latin language in the period before 75BC,
i.e. before the age of Classical Latin. In New and Contemporary Latin, it is called prisca Latinitas ("ancient Latin")
rather than vetus Latina ("old Latin") as the latter is used to refer to a set of Biblical texts.
The use of "old", "early" and "archaic" has been standard in publications of Old Latin writings since at least the 18th
century. The definition is not arbitrary but these terms refer to writings with spelling conventions and word forms not
generally found in works written under the Roman Empire. This article presents some of the major differences.
Philological constructs
The old-time language
The concept of Old Latin (Prisca Latinitas) is as old as the concept of Classical Latin, both dating to at least as early
as the late Roman Republic. In that time period Marcus Tullius Cicero, along with others, noted that the language he
used every day, presumably the upper-class city Latin, included lexical items and phrases that were heirlooms from a
previous time, which he called verborum vetustas prisca,
[2]
translated as "the old age/time of language."
During the classical period, Prisca Latinitas, Prisca Latina and other expressions using the adjective always meant
these remnants of a previous language, which, in the Roman philology, was taken to be much older in fact than it
really was. Viri prisci, "old-time men," were the population of Latium before the foundation of Rome.
The four Latins of Isidore
In the Late Latin period, when Classical Latin was behind them, the Latin- and Greek-speaking grammarians were
faced with multiple phases, or styles, within the language. Isidore of Seville reports a classification scheme that had
come into existence in or before his time: "the four Latins" ("Latinas autem linguas quatuor esse quidam
dixerunt").
[3]
They were Prisca, spoken before the founding of Rome, when Janus and Saturn ruled Latium, to which
he dated the Carmen Saliare; Latina, dated from the time of king Latinus, in which period he placed the laws of the
Twelve Tables; Romana, essentially equal to Classical Latin; and Mixta, "mixed" Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin,
which is known today as Late Latin. The scheme persisted with little change for some thousand years after Isidore.
Old Latin
In 1874 John Wordsworth used the definition:
By Early Latin I understand Latin of the whole period of the Republic, which is separated very
strikingly, both in tone and in outward form, from that of the Empire.
Although the differences are striking and can be easily identified by Latin readers, they are not such as to cause a
language barrier. Latin speakers of the empire had no reported trouble understanding old Latin, except for the few
texts that must date from the time of the kings, mainly songs. Thus the laws of the twelve tables, which began the
republic, were comprehensible, but the Carmen Saliare, probably written under Numa Pompilius, was not entirely.
An opinion concerning Old Latin, of a Roman man of letters in the middle Republic, does survive: the historian,
Polybius,
[4]
read "the first treaty between Rome and Carthage", which he says "dates from the consulship of Lucius
Junius Brutus and Marcus Horatius, the first consuls after the expulsion of the kings." Knowledge of the early
consuls is somewhat obscure, but Polybius also states that the treaty was formulated 28 years after Xerxes I crossed
into Greece; that is, in 452 BC, about the time of the Decemviri, when the constitution of the Roman republic was
being defined. Polybius says of the language of the treaty: "...the ancient Roman language differs so much from the
modern that it can only be partially made out, and that after much application by the most intelligent men."
There is no sharp distinction between Old Latin as it was spoken for most of the republic and classical Latin, but the
earlier grades into the later. The end of the republic was too late a termination for compilers after Wordsworth;
Charles Edwin Bennett said:
Old Latin
3
'Early Latin' is necessarily a somewhat vague term ... Bell, De locativi in prisca Latinitate vi et usu,
Breslau, 1889, sets the later limit at 75 BC. A definite date is really impossible, since archaic Latin does
not terminate abruptly, but continues even down to imperial times.
Bennett's own date of 100 BC did not prevail but rather Bell's 75 BC became the standard as expressed in the
four-volume Loeb Library and other major compendia. Over the 377 years from 452 BC to 75 BC Old Latin evolved
from being partially comprehensible by classicists with study to being easily read by men of letters.
Corpus
The Forum inscription, one of the oldest
known Latin inscriptions. It is written
boustrophedon, albeit irregularly. From a
rubbing by Domenico Comparetti.
Old Latin authored works began in the 3rd century BC. These are
complete or nearly complete works under their own name surviving as
manuscripts copied from other manuscripts in whatever script was current
at the time. In addition are fragments of works quoted in other authors.
Numerous inscriptions placed by various methods (painting, engraving,
embossing) on their original media survive just as they were except for
the ravages of time. Some of these were copied from other inscriptions.
No inscription can be earlier than the introduction of the Greek alphabet
into Italy but none survive from that early date. The imprecision of
archaeological dating makes precise dates impossible but the earliest
survivals are probably from the 6th century BC. Some of the texts,
however, surviving as fragments in the works of classical authors, had to
have been composed earlier than the republic, in the monarchy. These are
listed below.
Fragments and inscriptions
Notable Old Latin fragments with estimated dates include:
The Carmen Saliare (chant put forward in classical times as having
been sung by the Salian brotherhood formed by Numa Pompilius,
approximate date 700 BC)
The Praeneste fibula (traditionally attributed to the 7th century BC,
though it has been suggested that it may be a 19th-century forgery)
The Forum inscription (illustration, right c. 550 BC under the
monarchy)
The Duenos inscription (c. 500 BC)
The Castor-Pollux dedication (c. 500 BC)
The Garigliano Bowl (c. 500 BC)
The Lapis Satricanus (early 5th century BC)
The preserved fragments of the laws of the Twelve Tables (traditionally, 449 BC, attested much later)
The Tibur pedestal (c. 400 BC)
The Scipionum Elogia
Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (c. 280 BC)
Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio (consul 259 BC)
Epitaph of Publius Cornelius Scipio P.f. P.n. Africanus (died about 170 BC)
The Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus (186 BC)
The Vase Inscription from Ardea
The Corcolle Altar fragments
Old Latin
4
The Carmen Arvale
Altar to the Unknown Divinity (92 BC)
Works of literature
Cato the Elder and his wife
The authors are as follows:
Lucius Livius Andronicus (c. 280/260 BC c. 200 BC), translator,
founder of Roman drama
Gnaeus Naevius (c. 264 201 BC), dramatist, epic poet
Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254 184 BC), dramatist, composer of
comedies
Quintus Ennius (239 c. 169 BC), poet
Marcus Pacuvius (c. 220 130 BC), tragic dramatist, poet
Statius Caecilius (220 168/166 BC), comic dramatist
Publius Terentius Afer (195/185 159 BC), comic dramatist
Quintus Fabius Pictor (3rd century BC), historian
Lucius Cincius Alimentus (3rd century BC), military historian
Marcius Porcius Cato (234 149 BC), generalist, topical writer
Gaius Acilius (2nd century BC), historian
Lucius Accius (170 c. 86 BC), tragic dramatist, philologist
Gaius Lucilius (c. 160s 103/102 BC), satirist
Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd century BC), public officer, epigramatist
Aulus Furius Antias (2nd century BC), poet
Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus (130 BC 87 BC), public officer, tragic dramatist
Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis (2nd century BC), comic dramatist, satirist
Lucius Cassius Hemina (2nd century BC), historian
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (2nd century BC), historian
Manius Manilius (2nd century BC), public officer, jurist
Lucius Coelius Antipater (2nd century BC), jurist, historian
Publius Sempronius Asellio (158 BC after 91 BC), military officer, historian
Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus (2nd century BC), jurist
Lucius Afranius (2nd & 1st centuries BC), comic dramatist
Titus Albucius (2nd and 1st centuries BC), orator
Publius Rutilius Rufus (158 BC after 78 BC), jurist
Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus (154 74 BC), philologist
Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius (2nd and 1st centuries BC), historian
Valerius Antias (2nd and 1st centuries BC), historian
Lucius Cornelius Sisenna (121 67 BC), soldier, historian
Quintus Cornificius (2nd and 1st centuries BC), rhetorician
Old Latin
5
Script
Main articles: History of the Latin alphabet, Latin alphabet and Old Italic alphabet
Old Latin surviving in inscriptions is written in various forms of the Etruscan alphabet as it evolved into the Latin
alphabet. The writing conventions varied by time and place until classical conventions prevailed. The works of
authors in manuscript form were copied over into the scripts current in those later times. The original writing does
not exist.
Orthography
Some differences between old and classical Latin were of spelling only; pronunciation is thought to be essentially as
in classical Latin:
Single for double consonants: Marcelus for Marcellus
Double vowels for long vowels: aara for ra
q for c before u: pequnia for pecunia
gs/ks/xs for x: e.g. regs for rex, saxsum for saxum
c for g: Caius for Gaius
These differences did not necessarily run concurrently with each other and were not universal; that is, c was used for
both c and g.
Phonology
See also: History of Latin
Diphthong changes from Old Latin (left) to Classical
Latin (right)
[5]
Stress
Old Latin had a strong stress on the first syllable of a word up
through about 250 BC. All syllables other than the first were
unstressed and were subjected to greater amounts of phonological
weakening. Starting around 250 BC the Classical Latin stress
system began to develop. It passed through at least one
intermediate stage, found in Plautus, where the stress occurred on
the fourth from the last syllable in four-syllable words with
entirely short syllables.
Vowels and diphthongs
Most original PIE diphthongs were preserved in stressed syllables,
including /ai/ (later ae); /ei/ (later ); /oi/ (later , or sometimes oe);
/ou/ (from PIE /eu/ and /ou/; later ).
The Old Latin diphthong ei evolves in stages: ei > > . The intermediate sound was simply written e but must
have been distinct from the normal long vowel because the former subsequently merged with while the latter did
not. It is generally thought that was a higher sound than e (e.g. perhaps [e] vs. [] during the time when both
sounds existed). Even after the original vowel /ei/ had merged with //, the old spelling ei continued to be used for a
while, with the result that ei came to stand for // and began to be used in the spelling of original occurrences of //
that did not evolve from /ei/ (e.g. in the genitive singular /-/, which is always spelled -i in the oldest inscriptions but
later on can be spelled either -i or -ei).
Old Latin
6
In unstressed syllables, *oi and *ai had already merged into ei by historic times (except for one possible occurrence
of poploe for popul "people" in a late manuscript of one of the early songs). This eventually evolved to according
to the process described above.
Old Latin often had different short vowels than Classical Latin, reflecting sound changes that had not yet taken
place. For example, the very early Duenos inscription has the form duenos "good", later found as duonos and still
later bonus. A countervailing change wo > we occurred around 150 BC in certain contexts, and many earlier forms
are found (e.g. earlier vot, voster, vorsus vs. later vet, vester, versus).
Old Latin frequently preserves original PIE (Proto-Indo-European) thematic case endings -os and -om (later -us and
-um).
Consonants
Intervocalic /s/ (pronounced [z]) was preserved up through 350 BC or so, at which point it changed into /r/ (called
rhotacism). This rhotacism had implications for declension: early classical Latin, honos, honoris (from honos,
honoses); later Classical (by analogy) honor, honoris ("honor"). Some Old Latin texts preserve /s/ in this position,
such as the Carmen Arvale's lases for lares. Later instances of /s/ are mostly due either to reduction of early /ss/ after
long vowels or diphthongs; borrowings; or late reconstructions.
There are many unreduced clusters, e.g. iouxmentom (later imentum, "beast of burden"); losna (later lna, "moon")
< *lousna < */leuksn/; cosmis (later cmis, "courteous"); stlocum, acc. (later locum, "place").
Early du /dw/ becomes later b: duenos > duonos > bonus "good"; duis > bis "twice"; duellom > bellum "war".
Final /d/ occurred in ablatives (later lost) and in third-person secondary verbs (later t).
Grammar and morphology
Nouns
Latin nouns are distinguished by grammatical case, a word with a termination, or suffix, determining its use in the
sentence, such as subject, predicate, etc. A case for a given word is formed by suffixing a case ending to a part of the
word common to all its cases called a stem. Stems are classified by their last letters as vowel or consonant. Vowel
stems are formed by adding a suffix to a shorter and more ancient segment called a root. Consonant stems are the
root (roots end in consonants). The combination of the last letter of the stem and the case ending often results in an
ending also called a case ending or termination. For example, the stem puella- receives a case ending -m to form the
accusative case puellam in which the termination -am is evident.
In Classical Latin textbooks the declensions are named from the letter ending the stem or First, Second, etc. to Fifth.
A declension may be illustrated by a paradigm, or listing of all the cases of a typical word. This method is less
frequently applied to Old Latin, and with less validity. In contrast to Classical Latin, Old Latin reflects the evolution
of the language from an unknown hypothetical ancestor spoken in Latium. The endings are multiple. Their use
depends on time and locality. Any paradigm selected would be subject to these constraints and if applied to the
language universally would result in false constructs, hypothetical words not attested in the Old Latin corpus.
Nevertheless the endings are illustrated below by quasi-classical paradigms. Alternative endings from different
stages of development are given, but they may not be attested for the word of the paradigm. For example, in the
Second Declension, *campoe "fields" is unattested, but poploe "peoples" is attested.
Old Latin
7
First declension (a)
The 'A-Stem' declension. The stems of nouns of this declension usually end in and are typically feminine.
[6]
puell, s
girl, maiden f.
Singular Plural
Nominative puell puell
Vocative puella puellai
Accusative puellam puells
Genitive puell-s/-/-ais puell-om/-sm
Dative puelli puell-eis/-abos
Ablative puelld puell-eis/-abos
Locative Romai Syracuseis
A nominative case ending of s in a few masculines indicates the nominative singular case ending may have been
originally s: paricidas for later paricida, but the s tended to get lost.
[7]
In the nominative plural, - replaced
original -s as in the genitive singular.
[8]
In the genitive singular, the s was replaced with from the second declension, the resulting diphthong shortening
to ai subsequently becoming ae.
[9]
In a few cases the replacement did not take place: pater familis. Explanations
of the late inscriptional -aes are speculative. In the genitive plural, the regular ending is sm (classical rum by
rhotacism and shortening of final o) but some nouns borrow om (classical um) from the second declension.
In the dative singular the final i is either long
[10]
or short. The ending becomes ae, a (Feronia) or e (Fortune).
In the accusative singular, Latin regularly shortens a vowel before final m.
[]
In the ablative singular, d was regularly lost after a long vowel. In the dative and ablative plural, the abos
descending from Indo-European *bhos
[11]
is used for feminines only (deabus). *ais > eis > s is adapted from
ois of the o-declension.
[12]
In the vocative singular, an original short a merged with the shortened a of the nominative.
The locative case would not apply to such a meaning as puella, so Roma, which is singular, and Syracusae, which is
plural, have been substituted. The locative plural has already merged with the eis form of the ablative.
Second declension (o)
campos,
field, plain m.
saxom,
rock, stone n.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative camp-os camp-ei < -oi sax-om sax-/-
Vocative camp-e camp-ei < -oi sax-om sax-
Accusative camp-om camp-s sax-om sax-/-
Genitive camp- camp-m sax- sax-m
Dative camp- camp-eis < -ois sax- sax-eis < -ois
Ablative camp-d camp-eis < -ois sax-d sax-eis < -ois
Locative camp-ei camp-eis < -ois sax-ei sax-eis < -ois
Old Latin
8
The stems of the nouns of the o-declension end in deriving from the o-grade of Indo-European ablaut.
[13]
Classical
Latin evidences the development > . Nouns of this declension are either masculine or neuter.
Nominative singulars ending in -ros or -ris syncopate the ending:
[14]
*agros > *agrs > *agers > *agerr > ager. (The
form terr "three times" for later ter < *tris appears in Plautus.)
Many alternative spellings occur:
As mentioned above, the sound change -ei > -> - leads to numerous variations, including the reverse spelling ei
for . This spelling eventually appears in the genitive singular as well, although - is earliest and the true ending;
cf. populi Romanei, "of the Roman people."
[15]
, which both spellings in the same inscription.
Likewise, the sound change -os > -us and -m > -om > -um affect the nominative and accusative singular, and the
genitive plural.
One very early text has genitive -osio (the Proto-Indo-European ending) rather than - (an ending appearing only
in Italo-Celtic). This form also appears in the closely related Faliscan language.
In the genitive plural, -um (from Indo-European *-m) survived in classical Latin "words for coins and
measures";
[16]
otherwise it was eventually replaced by -rum by analogy with 1st declension -rum.
The nominative/vocative plural masculine -ei comes from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) pronominal ending *-oi.
The original ending -oi appears in a late spelling in the word poploe (i.e. "poploi" = popul "people") in Sextus
Pompeius Festus.
[17]
The dative/ablative/locative plural -eis comes from earlier -ois, a merger of PIE instrumental plural *-is and
locative plural *-oisu. The form -ois appears in Sextus Pompeius Festus and a few early inscriptions.
The Praeneste Fibula has dative singular Numasioi, representing Proto-Indo-European *-i, but this inscription
may be a fraud.
A number of "provincial texts" have nominative plural -eis (later -s from 190 BC on
[18]
), with an added s, by
some sort of analogy with other declensions. Sihler (1995) notes that this form appears in literature only in
pronouns and suggests that inscriptional examples added to nouns may be artificial (i.e. not reflecting actual
pronunciation).
In the vocative singular, some nouns lose the -e (i.e. have a zero ending) but not necessarily the same as in
classical Latin.
[19]
The -e alternates regularly with -us.
The locative was a separate case in Old Latin but gradually became reduced in function, and the locative singular
form eventually merged with the genitive singular by regular sound change. In the plural, the locative was
captured by the ablative case in all Italic languages before Old Latin.
Third declension (consonant/i)
The 'Consonant-Stem' and 'I-Stem' declension. This declension contains nouns that are masculine, feminine, and
neuter. The stem ends in the root consonant, except in the special case where it ends in -i (i-stem declension). The
i-stem, which is a vowel-stem, partially fused with the consonant-stem in the pre-Latin period and went further in
Old Latin.
[20]
I/y and u/w can be treated either as consonants or as vowels; hence their classification as semi-vowels.
Mixed-stem declensions are partly like consonant-stem and partly like i-stem. Consonant-stem declensions vary
slightly depending on which consonant is root-final: stop-, r-, n-, s-, etc.
[21]
The paradigms below include a
stop-stem (reg-) and an i-stem (igni-).
Old Latin
9
Rgs es
king m.
Ignis -is
fire m.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative rg/-s rg-es/-s/-s/-s ign-is/-es ign-es/-s/-s/-s
Vocative rg/-s rg-es/-s/-s/-s ign-is/-es ign-es/-s/-s/-s
Accusative rgem rg-es/-s/-s ignim ign-es/-s/-s
Genitive rg-es/-is/-os/-us rg-om/-um/-erum ignis ign-iom/-ium
Dative rg-ei/-/-/- rg-ebus/-ebs
/-ibos/-ibus
ign-i/-e/- ign-ibus/-ibos
Ablative rg-d/-d/-/-/- rg-ebus/-ebs
/-ibos/-ibus
ign-d/-d
/-/-/-
ign-ebus/-ebs
/-ibos/-ibus
Locative rg rgebos ign ignibos
For the consonant declension, in the nominative singular, the -s was affixed directly to the stem consonant, but the
combination of the two consonants produced modified nominatives over the Old Latin period. The case appears in
different stages of modification in different words diachronically.
[22]
The nominative as rgs instead of rx is an
orthographic feature of Old Latin; the letter x was seldom used alone (as in the classical period) to designate the /ks/
or /gs/ sound, but instead, was written as either 'ks', 'cs', or even 'xs'. The Latin neuter form (not shown) is the
Indo-European nominative without stem ending; for example, cor < *cord "heart."
[23]
The genitive singular endings include -is < -es and -us < *-os.
[24]
In the genitive plural, some forms appear to affix
the case ending to the genitive singular rather than the stem: regerum < *reg-is-um.
[25]
In the dative singular, - succeeded -e and - after 200 BC.
In the accusative singular, -em < *- after a consonant.
In the ablative singular, the -d was lost after 200 BC.
[26]
In the dative and ablative plural, the early poets sometimes
used -bs.
In the locative singular, the earliest form is like the dative but over the period assimilated to the ablative.
[27]
Fourth declension (u)
The 'U-Stem' declension. The stems of the nouns of the u-declension end in and are masculine, feminine and
neuter. In addition is a -stem declension, which contains only a few "isolated" words, such as ss, "pig", and is not
presented here.
[28]
sentus, uos
senate m.
Singular Plural
Nominative sentus sents
Vocative sentus sents
Accusative sentum sents
Genitive sent-uos/-uis/-/-ous/-s sent-uom/-um
Dative sentu sent-ubus/-ibus
Ablative sent-d/-ud sent-ubus/-ibus
Locative senti
Old Latin
10
Fifth declension (e)
The 'E-Stem' declension. The fifth declension in Old Latin is almost morphologically identical to the one of Classical
Latin.
rs, reis
thing f.
Singular Plural
Nominative rs, reis rs
Vocative rs rs
Accusative rem rs
Genitive ris, rs rsom
Dative re rbos
Ablative rd rbos
Locative
While the commonest ending in the nominative in both the singular and plural forms is '-s' (i.e. 'rs, r'), there have
been recorded a few instances of either a shortened 'e' with the addition of a consonantal 'i', as in 'reis', or the
abandonment of the nature of the 'e-stem' declension (i.e. 'res, rei').
The genitive in the singular functions as the second declension: 'r' (the breve above the 'e' is the result of an
approximant 'r' preceding a mid-open vowel). The genitive plural, in a like manner to the second declension, is
formed primarily by '-sm'
The dative is generally formed with an '-ei' in the singular, and an '-bos' in the plural.
The accusative, like all the other declensions, retains the labial 'm', shortening the quantity of the theme vowel.
The ablative singular is a predictable '-d.' The plural is like the dative.
The locative functions exactly in the singular as it does in the plural, with a short '-eis' as the 1st although there are
no singular-based city names in the singular besides the occasional 'Athenseis'.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are among the most common thing found in Old Latin inscriptions. In all three persons, the
ablative singular ending is identical to the accusative singular.
Ego, I Tu, You Su, Himself, Herself, Etc.
Nominative ego tu -
Accusative md td sd
Genitive mis tis sei
Dative mihei, mehei tibei sibei
Ablative md td sd
Plural
Nominative ns vs -
Accusative ns vs sd
Genitive nostrm,
-rum, -i
vostrm,
-rum, -i
sei
Dative nbeis, nis vbeis sibei
Old Latin
11
Ablative nbeis, nis vbeis sd
Relative pronoun
In Old Latin, the relative pronoun is also another common concept, especially in inscriptions. The forms are quite
inconsistent and leave much to be reconstructed by scholars.
que, qua, quod who, what
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative que qua quod
Accusative quem quam quod
Genitive quoius, quoios, -a, -um/om
(according to gender of whatever is owned)
Dative quo, que, quoie, que
Ablative qu, qud qud qud
Plural
Nominative ques, queis qua qua
Accusative qus qus qua
Genitive qum, qurom qum, qurom qum, qurom
Dative queis, qus
Ablative queis, qus
Verbs
Old present and perfects
There is little evidence of the inflection of Old Latin verb forms and the few surviving inscriptions hold many
inconsistencies between forms. Therefore, the forms below are ones that are both proven by scholars through Old
Latin inscriptions, and recreated by scholars based on other early Indo-European languages such as Greek and Italic
dialects such as Oscan and Umbrian.
Indicative Present: Sum Indicative Present: Facio
Old Classical Old Classical
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person som, esom somos, sumos sum sumus fac(e/) fac(e)imos faci facimus
Second Person es estes es estis fac(e/)s fac(e/)teis facis facitis
Third Person est sont est sunt fac(e/)d/-(e/i)t fac(e/)ont facit faciunt
Old Latin
12
Indicative Perfect: Sum Indicative Perfect: Facio
Old Classical Old Classical
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person fuei fuemos fu fuimus (fe)fecei (fe)fecemos fc fcimus
Second Person fuistei fuistes fuist fuistis (fe)fecistei (fe)fecisteis fcist fcistis
Third Person fued/fuit fueront/-erom fuit furunt (fe)feced/-et (fe)feceront/-erom fcit fcrunt/-re
Bibliography
Allen, Frederic De Forest (1897). Remnants of Early Latin
[29]
. Boston: Ginn & Company.
Bennett, Charles Edwin (1895). Appendix to Bennett's Latin grammar for Teachers and Advanced Students.
Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Bennett, Charles Edwin (1907). The Latin language: a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax.
Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Bennett, Charles Edwin (1910). Syntax of Early Latin. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Buck, Carl Darling (1933). Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Gildersleeve, Basil Lanneau; Lodge, Gonzalez (1900). Gildersleeve's Latin grammar (3rd ed.). New York,
Boston, New Orleans, London: University Publishing Company.
Lindsay, Wallace Martin (1894). The Latin language: an historical account of Latin sounds, stems and flexions.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Palmer, Leonard Robert (1988) [1954]. The Latin language. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Roby, Henry John (1872). A grammar of the Latin language from Plautus to Suetonius. Volume I (2nd ed.).
London: MacMillan and Co.
Wordsworth, John (1874). Fragments and specimens of early Latin, with Introduction and Notes
[30]
. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Sources
[1] http:/ / multitree.linguistlist.org/ codes/ qbb
[2] [2] De Oratoribus, I.193.
[3] [3] Book IX.1.6.
[4] Histories III.22.
[5] [5] Allen (1897), p.6
[6] Buck (1933), pp. 174175.
[7] [7] Wordsworth (1874), p.45.
[8] [8] Buck (1933), p. 177.
[9] Buck (1933), pp. 175176.
[10] [10] Wordsworth (1874), p. 48.
[11] [11] Buck (1933), p. 172.
[12] [12] Palmer (1988), p. 242.
[13] [13] Buck (1933), p. 173.
[14] Buck (1933), pp. 99100.
[15] [15] Lindsay (1894), p. 383.
[16] [16] Buck (1933), p. 182.
[17] Sihler (1995), A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin.
[18] [18] Wordsworth (1874), p.56.
[19] [19] Buck (1933), p.181.
[20] [20] Buck (1933), p. 197.
[21] Buck (1933), pp. 185193.
[22] Wordsworth (1874), pp. 6773.
[23] [23] Buck (1933), p. 185.
Old Latin
13
[24] [24] Bennett (1895), p. 117.
[25] [25] Roby (1872), p. 162.
[26] [26] Allen (1897), p. 9.
[27] [27] Gildersleeve (1900), p. 18.
[28] Buck (1933), pp. 198201.
[29] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=I7EgAAAAMAAJ& printsec=titlepage
[30] http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=67wUAAAAQAAJ& printsec=titlepage
External links
Gippert, Jost (19942001). "Old Latin Inscriptions" (http:/ / titus. fkidg1. uni-frankfurt. de/ didact/ idg/ ital/
latinsc. htm) (in German, English). Titus Didactica. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
Article Sources and Contributors
14
Article Sources and Contributors
Old Latin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609476993 Contributors: A. Parrot, Angelo Papenhoff, Angr, Anthony Appleyard, Avicennasis, B1157, BD2412,
Bayerischermann, Benwing, Chameleon, Chowbok, ChristopherWillis, Ciacchi, Cynwolfe, Davidiad, Deeptrivia, Dysmorodrepanis, Eman2129, FeanorStar7, Fsojic, Furrykef, Gandalf1491,
Glenfarclas, Gonda Attila, Grblomerth, GreatWhiteNortherner, Greatgavini, He's a very naughty boy, Heaven's knight, Hergilfs, Hmains, Hyperboreios, Ihcoyc, Intgr, JamesBWatson,
Jason131813, Jborme, Jheald, Joefromrandb, JonMoore, KakistocraticLaw, Kwamikagami, Largoplazo, Lazar Taxon, Llywrch, Man vyi, Mets501, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mirv, MixalisOwen,
Mjhrynick, Muke, Omnipaedista, OttRider, Pail, Peter Chastain, Peter Isotalo, Pfold, Poccil, Prime Entelechy, Prsephone1674, Pstamato, R.123, RafaAzevedo, RandomCritic, RexxS, Rjwilmsi,
Rsvk, Rursus, Rwflammang, S. Neuman, Sandrewdanderson, Sardanaphalus, Shoeofdeath, Sowlos, Steinbach, Stephen MUFC, TheMexican2007, Tifoo, Tim Q. Wells, Torvalu4, Tzetzes,
Wavelength, Woohookitty, Y-barton, Yolgnu, Zundark, 102 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Tito Maccio Plauto.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tito_Maccio_Plauto.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Andreagrossmann, Larry Yuma
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Saint-Pol, Flamarande, Gryffindor, JMCC1, Kirill Lokshin, 4 anonymous edits
Image:Forum inscription.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Forum_inscription.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: G.dallorto, Harris Morgan, Kenmayer, Man
vyi, Mirv, Paulo Cesar-1, Sailko, Smuconlaw
File:Grupo funerario de Catn y Porcia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Grupo_funerario_de_Catn_y_Porcia.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Niplos
Image:Old latin dipthongs nochar.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Old_latin_dipthongs_nochar.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Old_latin_dipthongs.svg:
Rursus
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