Bsi 8010 Sec 2.1

BS 801 O : Section 2.
1 : 1987
UDC 621.644
0 British Standards Institution. No part of this publicalion may be phofocopied or otherwise reproduced without t he prior permission in writing of BSI
British Standard Code of practice for
a Pipelines
Part 2. Pipelines on land: design, construction and installation
Section 2.1 Ductile iron
Canalisations. Code de bonne pratique
Partie 2. Canalisations terrestres: conception, construction et installation
Section 2.1 Fonte ductile
Leitfaden fr Rohrleitungen
Teil 2. Landverlegte Rohrleitungen: Bemessung, Bau und Montage
Abschnitt 2.1 Rohrleitungen aus Gueisen
British Standards Institution
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
BSI BS*BOLO P T 2 S E C *2- 1 87 W L b Z' i b b 9 O021848 2 W
BS 801 O : Section 2.1 : 1987
Foreword
This Section of BS 8010 has been prepared under the
direction of the Civil Engineering and Building Structures
Standards Committee. The standard is being published in
four Parts to form a complete revision of all Parts of
CP 2010 as follows.
Part 1 Pipelines on land: general
Part 2 Pipelines on land: design, construction and
installation
Part 3 Pipelines subsea: design, construction and
installation
Part 4 Pipelines on land and subsea: operation and
maintenance
The new Part 1 (which will supersede CP 2010 : Part 1
1966) is intended to contain general information which is
relevant to a variety of pipeline construction materials and
a variety of transported materials. It deals with those
aspects of pipeline development which affect the owner
and occupier of land through which the pipeline passes.
Part 2 isdivided into several Sections which will be published
as separate documents as follows.
Section 2.1 Ductile iron
Section 2.2 Steel
Section 2.3 Asbestos cement
Section 2.4 Prestressed concrete
Section 2.5 Glass reinforced thermosetting plastics
Section 2.6 Thermoplastics
Section 2.7 Precast concrete
Each Section will contain information on the design,
construction and installation of a pipeline in the particular
material. These Sections will supersede the existing Parts 2,
3,4 and 5 of CP 2010.
This Section supersedes CP 2010 : Part 3 : 1972. The
content and the ti tl e of the 1972 edition have been changed
to refer to ductile iron only, as grey iron is no longer used
as a material for pipelines. By the exclusive use of ductile
iron it has been possible to raise the pressure ratings and
introduce self-anchoring joints.
Part 3 will include information relevant to the design,
instaliation and commissioning of subsea pipelines in steel
and other materials.
Part 4 will contain advice on the operation and maintenance
of pipelines and will probably be in Sections related to the
conveyed material.
Appendix A describes and illustrates some typical types of
joint used with ductile iron pipe.
Appendix B gives requirements for non-metallic materials
for use with potable water.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard
that the execution of i ts provisions is entrusted to appro-
priately qualified and experienced people.
Attention is drawn to the following principal statutory
legislation in the UK. This l i st is not intended to be complete
and the relevant authorities should be consulted and
reference made to Part I. These Acts are supplemented by
Statutory Instruments.
Acquisition of Land Act 1981
Control of Pollution Act 1974
Countryside Act 1968
Countryside (Scotland) Acts 1967 and 1981
Gas Acts 1965 and 1972
Land Powers (Defence) Act 1958
Pipelines Act 1962
Public Health Acts 1936 and 1961
Requisitioned Land and War Works Act 1948
Water Acts 1945,1948,1973,1975,1981 and 983
Water (Scotland) Acts 1946,1949,1967 and 1980
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself
confer immunity from legal obligations.
Contents
Foreword
Committees responsible
Code of practice
Subsection one. General
1 Scope
2 Definitions
3 Applications
4 Safety
5 Inspection
Page
Inside front cover
Back cover
Page
Subsection six. Construction
24 Trenching 13
25 Pipe inspection, repairs and cutting 13
26 Laying, jointing and anchoring 14
27 Backfilling 14
Subsection seven. Cleaning, testing and commissioning
28 Cleaning 15
29 Testing 15
30 Com mission i ng 16
o
a
Subsection two. Materiais and availability
6 General
7 Pipes
8 Valves
9 Flanges
10 Bolts, nuts and washers
1 1 Gaskets
Subsection three. Design considerations
12 Pipeline design
13 Pipe design
14 Service and environmental considerations
15 Pipelines on supports
16 Access to the pipeline
17 Protective devices and under pressure
connections
18 J oints
Subsection four. Protection against corrosion
19 Pipes and fittings
20 J oints containing steel components
Subsection five. Transport, handling and storage
21 General
22 Transport
23 Handling and storage
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
8
8
8
9
10
10
1 1
1 1
1 1
Appendices
A Types of joint for ductile iron pipelines
B Effect of non-metallic materials on water quality
C References
D Further reading
Tables
1 Maximum hydraulic working pressures, exclusive
of surge, for ductile iron pipes and fittings and
flanged joints
ductile iron pipes and fittings and flanged joints
2 Maximum site hydrostatic test pressures for
3 Stacking heights
Figures
1 Push-in joint (type 1)
2 Bolted mechanical joint (type 2)
3 Slip-on coupling (type 3)
4 Flange adapter (type 4)
5 Self-anchoring flange adapter (type 5)
6 Self-anchoring push-in joint (type 6)
7 Self-anchoring tie-bar joint (type 7)
8 Self-anchoring bolted mechanical joint (type 8)
9 Lead-caulked joint (type 9)
10 Flanged joint (type IO)
18
22
22
22
6
7
12
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
22
1 COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
BSI BS*&OLO P T 2 S E Cm2. 1 87 W l bZ4bb7 0023850 O
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Code of practice: Subsection one
Subsection one. General
1 Scope
This Section of BS 8010 gives design considerations and
construction and installation recommendations for ductile
iron pipelines and should be read in conjunction with Part I *
This British Standard code of practice is not intended to
replace or duplicate hydraulic, mechanical or structural
design manuals.
NOTE 1. The numbers in square brackets in the text of this Section
refer to the numbered references in appendix C.
NOTE 2. The titles of the publications referred to in this standard
are listed on the inside back cover.
'2 Definitions
For the purposes of this Section of BS 8010, the following
definitions apply.
2.1 ductile iront. Iron in which graphite is present substan-
tially in spheroidal form, instead of in flakes such as occur
in grey iron.
2.2 pipeline. A line of pipes, of any length, without
frequent branches. It does not include piping systems such
as process plant piping within refineries, factories or
treatment plant.
2.3 flexible jointt. A connection between individual pipes
and/or fittings that provides angular deflection or axial
movement, or a combination of both, in service, without
impairing the efficiency of the connection.
NOTE. See appendix A.
2.4 rigid joint. A connection that is designed not to permit
angular deflection or axial movement in service.
2.5 self-anchoring joint. A connection that i s designed to
prevent separation under the axial thrust induced by
internal pressure, temperature fluctuations or ground
movement whilst sti l l permitting angular deflection and/or
axial movement without impairing the efficiency of the
joint.
2.6 stringing. The placing of pipes in line on the ground
ready for laying.
2.7 surge pressure. Pressure that is produced by a change
in velocity of the moving fluid. Surge pressure may be
positive or negative.
3 Applications
The pipelines covered by this Section of BS 8010 are
generally suitable for conveying water, sewage, trade waste,
slurries, sludges, non-corrosive gases, brine and certain
chemicals. Ductile iron pipes are used in distribution
systems for natural and town gases and they may also be
used in pipelines for the conveyance of these fuel gases
*In preparation.
tDefinition repeated from BS 4772 which is currently under revision.
under similar service condil.ms. For limits of pressure
adopted by the British Gas Corporation in the United
Kingdom and guidance in connection with the installation
of ductile iron pipelines for gas, reference may be made to
IGE/TD/3 [ I l . When used for the conveyance of sewage,
reference should be made to BS 8301 and CP 2005. Ductile
iron is suitable for pipelines in locations where ground
instability, traffic loading and frost effects present potential
hazards and in areas where damage risks are high.
4 Safety
4.1 General
The recommendations of this Section of BS 8010 are
considered to be adequate for public safety under conditions
usually encountered in ductile iron pipelines, including
pipelines within towns, cities, water catchments and
industrial areas. Attention is called to the need to consider
measures to prevent damage or leakage arising from:
(a) corrosive soil conditions;
(b) internal corrosion/erosion;
(c) external damage by mechanical equipment used on
other works;
(d) erosion or ground subsidence;
(e) any abnormal circumstances.
4.2 Preventative measures
Consideration should be given to the use of preventative
measures such as the following:
(a) additional external protection (see 19.2);
(b) additional internal linings (see 19.3) and/or
limitation of flow velocities;
(c) provision of increased cover or a concrete cover
as a protection against external mechanical damage,
or erosion;
(d) for serious subsidence, additional flexible joints,
anchored joints, rafts or piling;
(e) indication of the presence of the pipeline with
additional markers particularly in congested areas or
areas where future development is known to be planned,
and adequate marking at river and water course crossings;
(f) provision of protection from frost for pipelines above
ground or in ducts.
5 Inspection
The integrity of a properly designed pipeline depends more
on the standards and quality of inspection applied at all
stages than on any other single feature.
Particular attention should be given to inspection of the
pipe and coating before installation for possible damage,
of the bedding of the pipeline, jointing and anchoring and
to testing. Any sub-standard materials or workmanship
detected should be rectified or, where necessary, rejected,
before any further work is done.
r ,
r
2
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection two
Subsection two. Materials and availability
6 General 8 Valves
Ductile iron pipes and fittings should comply with BS 4772.
Ductile iron possesses high tensile strength, ductility and
resistance to impact fracture, which makes it suitable for
the applications referred to in clause 3. I t i s capable of
deforming to a significant extent before fracture.
All materials should be compatible with the products that
are to be conveyed in the pipeline.
All materials, including repair materials. likely to come
in contact with potable water should be incapable of
permitting bacterial growth. Non-metallic materials should
comply with the requirements for the effect of non-metallic
materials on water quality (see appendix B).
7 Pipes
o
7.1 Spigot and socket pipes
Ductile iron pipes are manufactured in accordance with
BS 4772 in lengths of 5.5 m for DN 80 to DN 800 inclusive
and lengths of 8 m for DN 900 to DN 1600 inclusive.
A percentage of the pipes supplied may be of shorter length,
in accordance with BS 4772. Special arrangements should
be made for procuring shorter lengths, where these are
considered necessary.
External diameters for metric size ductile iron pipes
complying with BS 4772 and metric size grey iron pipes
complying with BS 4622 are such that the pipes are directly
interchangeable. Metric size ductile iron pipes are not
directly interchangeable with ductiie or grey iron pipes in
imperial sizes and appropriate change fittings should be
used in accordance with BS 4772.
7.2 Flanged pipes
Flanged ductile iron spun pipes are manufactured by
casting the pipe barrel centrifugally and then welding or
screwing loose ductile iron flanges on to specially prepared
ends. Short lengths are often supplied with integrally cast
flanges. The lengths available will vary according to the
source of supply. Flanged pipework i s available in sizes
DN 80 to DN 1600 inclusive.
@
7.3 Fittings
Fittings are generally of the all socket or flanged type.
BS 4772 permits the supply of fittings beyond the specified
range in certain aspects, such as:
(a) laying dimensions;
(b) pressure rating;
(c) permutations of branch/main diameters;
8.1 Control valves
Control valves should comply with one of the British
Standard specifications listed below.
BS 5150 Cast iron wedge and double disk gate valves
for general purposes.
BS 5152 Cast iron globe and globe stop and check
valves for general purposes.
BS 5153 Cast iron check valves for general purposes.
BS 5155 Specification for butterfiy valves
BS 5163 Double flanged cast iron wedge gate valves for
waterworks purposes.
Valves outside the range of sizes, or differing in type or
otherwise not complying with the specifications listed may
be used, provided that they have at least equal strength and
tightness and are capable of withstanding the test require-
ments of the appropriate specifications and the tests
recommended in this Section of BS 8010.
A clear indication should be given on all valves of the
direction of rotation needed to close the value (see
clause 12).
8.2 Air valves
Automatic air valves are available in a number of forms.
The most common are single orifice, double orifice and
kinetic. Reference should be made to the manufacturer's
recommendations.
9 Flanges
Dimensional details of flanges designated PN IO, PN 16,
PN 25 and PN 40 should comply with BS 4772. These are
dimensionally compatible with the corresponding flanges
in accordance with BS 4504. Unless otherwise specified by
purchaser, PN 16 flanges are supplied for working pressures
up to and including 16 bar.
BS 4772 permits the use of high tensile steel bolts of
smaller diameter than the corresponding low carbon steel
bolts, to facilitate manufacture and installation of larger
diameter flanges. Such flanges are marked accordingly.
Where high tensile bolts are used with flanges holed for low
carbon steel bolts, special washers should be used in
accordance with the pipe manufacturer's recommendations.
NOTE. Flanges complying with other standards may be supplied
against special orders.
IO Bolts, nuts and washers
(d) configurations such as angle branches, crosses, etc;
(e) joint ends, e.g. socket and spigot bends.
Such fittings are deemed to comply with BS 4772 and are
required to be marked as specified in BS 4772.
LOWcarbon steel bolts and nuts Should comP!Y with
BS 4190 and high tensile steel bolts and nuts should
comply with BS 3692, minimum grade 8.8. Washers should
with BS 4320.
B S I BS*8030 P T2 SEC*2.3 87 m Lb24bb7 0023852 4 m
BS 801 O : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection t wo
11 Gaskets
11.1 General
Elastomeric components of gaskets should comply with the
requirements of BS 2494 but other materials may be used
if they have been proven to be more suitable.
The section of gaskets which is likely to come in contact
with potable water, and gasket lubricants, should be
incapable of permitting bacterial growth and should comply
with the requirements for the effect of materials on water
quality (see appendix BI. Where the product conveyed
might have a deleterious effect on the gasket, the gasket
should be provided with a protective tip of suitable material
to isolate it from the contents of the pipeline.
ximum mum temperature limitations apply to the use c
both natural and synthetic rubbers. These limitations vary
with the type of material used and the design of joints.
The manufacturer's advice should be sought if the likely
temperature i s below O OC or above 50 OC for mechanical
joints or above 60 OC for push-in joints (see appendix A).
Gaskets should be protected from unnecessary exposure to
the effects of ultra-violet light and ozone.
NOTE. Gaskets f or f l exi bl e j oi nt s are f requent l y referred t o as j oi nt
rings.
11.2 Flange gaskets
The dimensions of gaskets for flanges designated PN IO,
PN 16, PN 25 and PN 40 should comply with BS 4865.
The use of moulded gaskets designed to suit a range of
nominal pressure ratings is permitted.
BSI BS*aO>O P T 2 ~~ SECm2. J -
87 ~~- W LbZLthb ~ - - ~ ~ ~~ 002LB53 b ~ W ~~
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection three
Subsection three. Design considerations
e
12 Pipeline design
The necessary hydraulic, structural and economic assess-
ments should be made in accordance with recognized
practice [21 and [31.
On new installations, consideration should be given to
standardizing the direction of rotation needed to close
valves as clockwise.
A clear indication should be given on all valves of the
direction of rotation needed to close the valve. The direction
of rotation for closure should be the same for any one
pipeline installation.
13 Pipe design
13.1 Works hydrostatic test pressure
Each pipe and fitting should be subjected to a hydrostatic
test at the manufacturer's works. The pressure is required
to be applied steadily and maintained for a period sufficient
to facilitate adequate inspection and not less than 15 s.
NOTE. Practical considerations limit the works hydrostatic test
pressure to values which may be lower than the site test pressure.
13.2 Working pressure
Maximum working pressures for classes of pipes and fittings
in accordance with BS 4772 are given in table 1.
13.3 Surge pressures
The maximum surge pressure should be calculated. It i s
essential that the total pressure of the pipeline, including
surge, does not exceed the pressure given in table 2. Should
it be found that this pressure is likely to be exceeded then
protective devices, such as those described in clause 17,
should be installed to reduce the actual surge pressure so
that the above criterion can be met.
a
13.4 Site hydrostatic test pressure
The site hydrostatic test pressures for ductile iron pipes and
fittings and flanged joints in accordance with BS 4772
should be not iess than:
(a) the working pressure +5 bar;
(b) the maximum pressure under surge conditions;
but should not exceed the pressures given in table 2.
1 4 Service and environmental
considerations
14.1 General
The pipeline internal pressure may be subject to limitations
according to the service and environmental conditions in
which the pipeline operates.
0 14.2 Pipelines for liquids
The internal design pressures for the conveyance of liquids
14.3 Pipelines for gases
Where the pipeline conveys a gas and there is, therefore,
a considerable amount of energy stored in the compressed
gas in the pipeline, operating pressures are restricted,
see IGE/TD/3 [Il, Gas operating pressures of the order of
8 bar may be permitted in ductile iron pipelines depending
on the type of joint used and the environmental conditions.
At these pressures, consideration should be given to the use
of self-anchored mechanical joints.
NOTE. Such joints provide resfraint within the joint and thus
dispense with the need for the traditional form of concrete thrust
or anchor block [see appendix A).
14.4 Pipelines for liquids and gases
14.4.1 Vacuum and external fluidpressure. The pipeline
should be capable of withstanding a differential pressure
brought about by internal vacuum or external fluid pressure
(e.g. ground water). Where external pressure exceeds
internal pressure by more than 1 bar, the manufacturer's
advice should be sought on the choice of joint.
14.4.2 External loading. Ductile iron pipes have adequate
strength for all normal installations when operating up to
the maximum recommended internal pressures for each
type of pipe.
Where it is necessary to consider the effects of external
loads, calculations should be made in accordance with one
of several recognized approaches for computing trench
loads, pipe deflection and pipe stress, some of which are
listed in appendix D. Consultation with manufacturers
should be made where abnormal laying conditions are
encountered, e.g. very deep or very shallow with vehicular
loading.
14.4.3 Thermal insuiation. Pipelines carrying water that
have a depth of cover of at least 0.9 m are not normally
subject to freezing in the UK. Where this depth of cover
cannot be achieved, adequate thermal insulation should be
provided and maintained (see CP 30091 or the system
should be designed so that there is always a flow through
the pipeline.
14.4.4 Temperature range. The temperature range for
ductile iron pipelines is limited to that of the gasket and i s
normally O "C to 50 "C or 60 "C as appropriate (see clause
clause II). Special elastomeric gaskets are available for the
temperature range -10 "C to 120 "C with peaks of up to
130 'C. Gaskets of other materials should be used for
temperatures beyond this extended range. Where substantial
variations in pipeline temperature may occur, provision
should be made for thermal movement. Flexible joints can
accommodate normal thermal movement but special
installations, such as bridge crossings where the movement
may be localized, may require the inclusion of a special
expansion joint. Where pipelines are subjected to substantial
temperature variations, the effects of fluid expansion of the
internal pressure during shut-down should be taken into
account and pressure-relieving devices should be installed,
if required.
should not exceed the pressures given in table 1
5
B S I BS*AOLO P T 2 SEC*Z.L 87 W Lb24bb 0023854 8 W
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection three
Table 1. Maximum hydraulic working pressures, exclusive of surge, for ductile iron pipes and fittings and flanged
joints"
Nominal
size
DN
80
1 O0
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1 O00
1100
1200
1400
1600
Maximum hydraulic working pressures
Class K9 centrifugally cast pipes. Class K I 2 fittings
(including flange pipes with integrally cast flanges)
bart
60
60
60
60
53
47
43
40
38
36
33
31
29
28
27
26
25
25
25
Class K14 fittings
(.e. tees) and thicker
bar
60
60
60
50
40
40
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Flanged joints
PN 10
bar
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
PN 16
bar
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
PN 25
bar
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
PN 40
bar
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
NOTE 1. The maximum hydraulic working pressures of pipes and fittings in other classes will vary from those given in table 1.
The manufacturer should be consulted by the purchaser with regard to the production of such pipes and fittings.
NOTE 2. Not all flexible joints are suitable for the pressures given in table 1 and manufacturers should be consulted for the
maximum hydraulic working pressures for particular joint designs.
NOTE 3. The maximum hydraulic working pressures given for flanged joints apply to joints in which axial thrusts generated by
internal pressure impose tensile stresses to the bolting. Where the bolting of flanged joints i s not subjected to tensile stresses created
by axial thrusts from internal pressure (e.g. flanged valves connected by flanged sockets and flanged spigots in a spigot and socket
non-anchored pipeline) the preferred PN 16 flange i s capable of operating at the pressures given for class K9 centrifugally cast pipe.
NOTE 4. The maximum hydraulic working pressure ratings of flanged pipes and fittings i s the rating of the flange or the rating of the
pipe or fitting body, whichever is the lower.
NOTE 5. The maximum hydraulic working pressures for pipes and fittings with flanges are applicable in the temperature range
-10 O C to 120 O C . The manufacturer should be consulted in connection with maximum hydraulic working pressures for temperatures
outside this range and for information in respect of the suitability of specific gasket materials for operating at particular temperatures.
NOTE 6. Internal pressure induces higher stresses in fittings with branches, .e. tees, than in fittings without branches, consequently
the maximum hydraulic working pressures for tees in classes K14 and thicker are often lower than for class KI 2 fittings without
branches.
'This table i s extracted from BS 4772.
t l bar =I O5 N/m2 =100 kPa.
6
c
SSIBS*AOLO- ~ ~~ - PT2 ~ SEC*2-1 ~_ _ ~ ~ _ _ ~ 87 1b~4667 0021855 -~ -~~~ T =
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection three
Table 2. Maximum site hydrostatic test pressures for ductile iron pipes and fittings and flanged joints
Nominal
size
DN
80
1 O0
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1 O00
1100
1200
1400
1600
Maximum site hydrostatic test pressures
Class K9 centrifugally cast pipes. Class K I 2 fittings
(including flange pipes with integrally cast flanges)
bar
65
65
65
65
58
52
48
45
43
41
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
30
Class K I 4 fittings
(.e. tees) and thicker
bar
65
65
65
55
45
45
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Flanged joints
PN 10
bar
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
i 6
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
PN 16
bar
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
PN 25
bar
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
PN 40
bar
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
NOTE 1. The maximum site hydrostatic test pressures of pipes and fittings in other classes will vary from those given in table 2.
The manufacturer should be consulted by the purchaser with regard to the testing of such pipes and fittings.
NOTE2. Not all flexible joints are suitable for the pressures given in table2 and manufacturers should be consulted for the
maximum site hydrostatic test pressures for particular joint designs.
NOTE 3. The maximum site hydrostatic test pressures given for flanged joints apply to joints in which axial thrusts generated by
internal pressure impose tensile stresses to the bolting. Where the bolting of flanged joints i s not subjected to tensile stresses created
by axial thrusts from internal pressure (e.g. flanged valvesconnected by flanged sockets and flanged spigots in a spigot and socket
non-anchored pipeline) the preferred P N 16 flange i s suitable for the test pressures given for class K9 centrifugally cast pipe.
NOTE 4. The maximum site hydrostaficfest pressure of flanged pipes and fittings is the lower of that applicable to the flange or the
pipe or fitting body.
NOTE 5. The maximum site hydrostatic test pressure for pipes and fittings with flanges are applicable in the temperature range
-10 OC to 120 OC. The manufacturer should be consulted in connection with maximum site hydrostatic test pressures for
temperatures outside this range and for information in respect of the suitability of specific gasket materials for operating at particular
temperatures.
NOTE 6. Internal pressure induces higher stresses in fittings with branches, .e. tees, than in fittings without branches, consequently
the test pressures for tees in classes K14 and thicker are often lower than for class KI 2 fittings without branches.
NOTE7. When operating temperatures in excess of 60 "Care expected consideration should be given to carrying out the test at the
operating temperature.
NOTE8. Special conditions for gas pipelines are given in 14.3.
7
ES1 BS*8010 P T 2 S E C * Z * L 87 l b24bb7 0023856 3 U
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection three
15 Pipelines on supports
15.1 General
For pipelines or sections thereof carried on supports,
whether above ground, or buried in ground having an
inadequate load bearing capacity, the spacing of the
supports depends upon the type of joint and the load
imposed on the pipeline. Account should be taken of the
variation in length of pipes permitted in BS 4772. In all
cases the beam strength and the effect of load concentration
at supports should be checked. Adequate anchorage of the
pipe to the support should be provided.
15.2 Pipelines on piers above ground
15.2.1 Flexibly jointedpipes. In normal installations where
the pipe is required to carry only i ts own mass and contents,
one support per pipe, cradling the pipe over at least 90 o
and positioned immediately behind the socket, i s recom-
mended.
NOTE. This arrangement allows f ree art i cul at i on of t he j oi nt t o
accommodate temperature movement or settling of t he support and
ensures t hat each support carries an equal share of t he load.
Where double spigot pipes and coupling are used, twin
supports should be provided adjacent to and on each side
of the coupling.
Where a pipeline is required to span more than one pipe
length, e.g. at stream crossings, special supporting arrange-
ments should be provided to allow a single span of two pipe
lengths for socket and spigot pipes. The manufacturer's
advice should be sought.
15.2.2 Flangedpipes. In installations where the pipe
is required to carry only i ts own mass and contents,
the maximum span should be 8 m for sizes up to and
including DN 250 and 12 m for sizes DN 300 and above.
These spans may be increased in some circumstances,
e.g. where the pipeline is working at less than the rated
pressure of the flange or where the pipeline can be designed
as a continuous beam. The manufacturer's advice should be
sought if increased spans are required.
In all cases, the supports should be accurately aligned to
ensure that each carries the designed load and cradles the
pipe over at least 90 O.
15.2.3 Pipes carrying superload. The manufacturer's advice
should be sought where the pipes are required to carry
loads greater than their own mass and contents.
15.3 Pipelines on piers below ground
Pipelines laid on piers below ground may be subject to
extremely high loads and the manufacturer's advice should
be sought. Where buried pipelines are supported on wooden
piers, a layer of isolating material, e.g. polyethylene sheet,
should be inserted to prevent contact between the pier and
the pipeline.
16 Access to the pipeline
The design should take full account of the pipeline route
and layout and ensure that adequate access i s available to all
parts of the pipeline. In large diameter pipes, internal access
should be provided at suitable intervals for inspection,
maintenance and removal of obstructions and consideration
should be given to the need to provide a safe working
environment at all times. Where the use of scraping or
swabbing equipment is contemplated, provision for insertion
and extraction and the removal of debris should be made at
suitable locations.
17 Protective devices and under pressure
connections
Protective devices such as relief valves, surge chambers,
pressure limiting stations, and automatic shutdown
equipment should be provided where necessary, to ensure
that the internal pressure at any point in the pipeline
system does not exceed the site hydrostatic test pressure of
the pipes used. This is particularly important where any
pipeline is connected to another pipeline that is designed
for a higher operating pressure.
17.1 In-line valves
Valves should be placed in the pipeline at intervals so that
sections of the pipeline can be isolated and emptied,
if necessary, within a reasonable time and without too great
a loss of material. At special crossings of major roads, water
courses, and railways or other such major points, or in
extremely hazardous locations, consideration should
be given to the fitting of valves to isolate the section
concerned, having due regard to the material being
conveyed. Consideration should be given to providing
locking arrangements for valves, particularly if butterfly
valves are used. Valves should be placed in positions which
allow easy access and minimize interference with the use of
the land. On larger pipelines in-line valves should be fitted
with devices to indicate the degree of opening. Bypass and
hydrant arrangements are also recommended for ease of
operating and recommissioning sections.
17.2 Air valves
Air release valves should be provided between isolating
valves on pipelines transporting liquid, for the release and
admission of air during filling and emptying of sections of
the pipeline and for bleeding off air released by solution
during operation of the pipeline.
The type of air valve (small single orifice, large single
orifice, double orifice or kinetic) should be selected after
consideration of the duty and location of the valve and
the nature of liquid or gas to be conveyed. Air valves
should be located at all topographic high points and at
.- .. .
. . .
... .
high points on the pipeline with respect to the hydraulic
gradient, and should also be located at intervals along any
sections where the gradient of the pipeline is parallel to
or less than the hydraulic gradient. On long sections of
pipeline of even gradient, air valves should be positioned at
intervals of approximately 0.5 km, depending on the
diameter of pipeline and the air valve chosen. Air valves
may also be required where the gradient of the pipeline
changes.
The chamber housing an air valve should be designed to be
free draining and free from risk of flooding or possible
back siphonage. It i s essential that the chamber housing an
air valve i s properly ventilated or provided with an adequate
discharge into the atmosphere.
17.3 Drainage valves and washouts
Drainage valves should be provided between isolating valves
for emptying sections of pipelines transporting liquids and
for flushing out the pipeline while in service. Drainage
valves on water pipelines should discharge to a watercourse
or ditch through a washout pipe, although in urban areas it
may be necessary to construct a discharge chamber from
which water i s pumped to the surface water drainage
system, On sewage pipelines, discharge should be made to
a watertight chamber, controlled by a valve at the end of
the washout pipe or be returned to a convenient gravity
foul sewer. The relevant water or drainage authority should
be consulted with respect to the allowable size and location
of washout discharge.
NOTE. The gradient between air release valves and bet ween drainage
valves should not normal l y be less t han 1 :250 al t hough i n special
cases a mi ni mum gradient of 1 :400 may be used.
0
17.4 Under pressure connections
These specialized fittings are used to take branches from
existing live pipelines. Several designs are available and the
particular manufacturer's recommendations should be
fol lowed.
18 Joints
18.1 General
Flexible joints are of proprietary design and the
manufacturer's guidance should be sought regarding
interchangeability. The gasket and pipe joint should be in
accordance with the manufacturer's dimensions and
tolerances. The gasket should be of such size and shape
that, when jointed in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions, it provides a positive seal within the manufac-
turer's range of maximum joint deflection and spigot
withdrawal, under all combinations of joint and gasket
dimensional tolerances and in the range of pressures likely
to occur along the pipeline including, where applicable,
pressures below atmospheric.
18.2 Types of joint
18.2.1 Joint selection. The pipeline should either be
designed with sufficient flexibility or be provided with
sufficient restraint to prevent thermal movement from
causing excessive stresses in the pipes, excessive bending
or unusual loads at joints, and to prevent undesirable forces
at or adjacent to points of connection to equipment or
supporting structures, or at anchors, valves and branches.
Account should also be taken of the effects of ground
movement. The type of joint to be used should be selected
from those described below and illustrated in appendix A.
18.2.2 Flexible non-anchored joints. Flexible non-anchored
joints are either of a push-in form (type 1, see appendix A)
or a mechanical form (types 2, 3 and 4, see appendix A).
Such joints offer little or no resistance against spigot
withdrawai due to internal pressure and dynamic loading
and should usually be anchored at changes of direction and
at blank ends (see 26.3).
NOTE. For low pressure gas installations, underground anchorage
may not be requi red.
18.2.3 Flexible self-anchoredjoints, Flexible self-anchored
joints are either of the push-in form (types 6 and 7, see
appendix A) or mechanical form (type 8, see appendix AI.
At changes in direction, blank ends, etc. these joints are an
ideal alternative to the traditional concrete anchor block
especially in areas where the latter i s undesirable on
technical grounds, e.g. very soft ground conditions, remote
areas, in busy streets, etc. Careful consideration should be
given to the number of anchorage points in order to achieve
satisfactory anchorage using self-anchoring joints. It i s rarely
satisfactory to anchor the fitting alone since this will only
move the point of possible separation further along the
pipeline. However, it i s not normally necessary to anchor
the entire pipeline and the manufacturer or other expert
authority should be consulted to give guidance on the
number of joints which need to be anchored.
NOTE. Specific recommendations f or gas pipelines are given i n
IGE/TD/3 [ I ] .
18.2.4 Rigid non-anchoredjoints. Where connections are
to be made to existing pipelines, which may be in imperial
sizes, it may be necessary to use the traditional lead-caulked
joint (type 9, see appendix A). This joint allows no
deflection or spigot withdrawal and it is essential that it be
anchored if there i s any possibility of joint separation.
1 8 2 5 Rigidanchoredjoints. Rigid anchored joints are of
the flanged design (type IO, see appendix A). They give no
provision for deflection but are self-anchored and, therefore,
no external anchorage is required at changes in direction or
at blank ends. Self-anchoring flange adapters (type 5,
see appendix A) obviate the need for external anchorage
but offer limited resistance to deflection and should be
supported to prevent sag under the mass of the pipe and
i ts contents. Iti s essential that flanged joints are tightened
to a predetermined torque using clean bolts, lubricated on
all mating surfaces, to ensure that the design load i s
obtained. Advice on recommended torques should be
obtained from the manufacturer.
I I-
\
9
BSI BS*AOLO P T 2 S E C *2*1 87 M 3624669 0023858 5
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection four
Subsection four. Protection against corrosion
19 Pipes and fittings
19.1 General
Pipes should comply with the requirements for corrosion
protection specified in BS 4772. In sizes DN 80 to DN 800
the pipes are required to be zinc coated externally prior to
bitumen coating internally and externally. For sizes
DN 900 to DN 1600 pipes are required to be cement
mortar lined and coated externally with bitumen. All fittings
are required to be coated internally and externally with a
bitumen material. The bitumen to be used should comply
with BS 3416 type II or BS 4147 type 1.
19.2 Additional external protection
In naturally corrosive soils (usually water-logged heavy
clays and saline and peat marshes characterized by an
electrical resistivity below 400 i2-m) additional external
protection should be provided, e.g. by the correct applica-
tion of loose polyethylene sleeving as specified in BS 6076.
NOTE. Guidance on the correct application of polyethylene sleeving
is available from pipe manufacturers and Water Research Centre
Information and Guidance Note No, 4-50-01 [41.
In made-up ground containing industrial debris, or in
natural soils containing large, sharp-edged stones, shale or
flints, the polyethylene sleeving may be liable to mechanical
damage during backfilling. Selected backfill should be used
to prevent damage to polyethylene sleeving.
Where there is a risk of electrical interference currents,
or in abnormally corrosive ground, consideration should be
1 .
given to the use a. a more robust protective coat..ig, such as
bitumen sheathing or protective tape, alone or with cathodic
protection, and advice should be sought from manufacturers
or other expert advisory body.
19.3 Additional internal linings
Where the contents of the pipeline are conducive to
tuberculation, the pipes should be cement mortar lined
or protected by other suitable linings.
20 Joints containing steel components
Where steel i s used for bolts, nuts and washers, slip-on
couplings, or anchorage devices, protection from corrosion
should be provided.
Protection can be afforded by packing a suitable mastic
material over the components and the adjacent external
surface of the pipe so as to form a continuous layer with a
smooth profile which can subsequently be wrapped with a
compatible cold-applied tape (e.g. petrolatum-based or
plastic-backed types, depending on the mastic used). Care
should be taken to ensure there are no voids between the
mastic and the pipe component substrate, nor between the
tape and the mastic.
Alternatively, heat-shrinkable sleeves can be obtained for
the protection of certain profiles, e.g. flanged joints, bolted
flange couplings.
~ BSI BS*8OJO _ _ _ _ _ P T 2 ~~ SEC* 2 9 I ~ 47 W JbZLt-bb7 -- 00238597 -~~ _ _
~
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection five
Subsection five. Transport, handling and storage
O
NOTE. See BS 8010 : Part 1 f or procedures t o be f ol i owed bef ore
any wor k i s commenced. Pari 1 details procedures and recommenda-
tions f or wor k on land whi ch are common t o all types o f pipelines.
21 General
Pipes should be loaded and handled with reasonable care in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and
should not be dropped. Although ductile iron pipes are not
susceptible to breakage by impact loading, bad handling can
result in damaged coatings or linings and, in severe cases,
deformation of the spigot, which could affect the sealing of
the joint.
Particular attention should be paid to the following to
prevent damage to pipes or joint components:
(a) securing of loads on lorry or wagon;
23.2 Off-loading without crane
Where lifting gear i s not available and the mass of the pipe
permits (normally DN 250 max.), individual pipes should
be off-loaded by rolling them down a ramp formed of
timber skids extending from the vehicle side to the ground.
During this operation, suitable steadying ropes should be
used to prevent the pipes from rolling down at excessive
speeds and striking other pipes or objects on the ground.
23.3 Stacking non-bundled pipes
23.3.1 General. Pipes being taken to a central stockground
for storage and held pending further distribution should be
arranged in stacks. The stacking area should provide a firm
foundation with a suitable approach road for vehicles.
Stacks should be arranged so as to provide safe vehicular and
pedestrian access. During stacking and removal operations,
safe access to the top of the stack i s essential. In bad
(b) correct use of suitable handling equipment; weather conditions, when pipe surfaces may become
(c) correct stacking methods;
(d) proper storage of joint components.
22 Transport
slippery, consideration should be given to the use of
lightweight stagings placed on top of the stacks. Pipes
should be stacked on a base of raised wooden battens at
least 100 mm thick x 225 mm wide. The battens should
be positioned approximately 600 mm from each end of
the pipe. The bottom layer of pipes should be securely
anchored. Three types of stacking are recommended:
All pipes should be secured to the lorry or railway wagon
during transit to prevent movement. The means of securing
should be designed to minimize damage to the coating.
(a) square stacking: suitable for pipes
including DN 400;
to and
The pipes may-be loaded on to the vehicle in pyramid or
straight-sided formation. all sizes;
When pyramid loaded, the pipes in the bottom layer should
be restrained by the use of profiled cradles or broad wooden
wedges secured to the vehicle platform. The pyramid
should be built by restingthe pipes between pairs of pipes
in the preceding layer with the sockets in successive layers
reversed.
have purpose designed supports along the sides of the
vehicle platform or where special cradles separating the
layers are used, or where pipes are bundled.
(6) parallel stacking using timber: suitable for pipes of
(c) pyramid stacking: suitable for pipes of all sizes.
23.3.2 Square stacking. Each tier of pipes should be
positioned with their axes at right angles to those of the
preceding tier to form a stable and compact stack.
The sockets of the pipes in each tier should be at the same
end, except for the two end pipes which should be reversed
alternate pipes in each tier may be reversed. The pipes rest
directly upon those beneath and extra care should be
exercised when lowering the pipes into position to prevent
damage to the protective coating.
Straight-sided loading should only be used where vehicles
to lock the tiers in position. Alternatively, the sockets of
23 Handling and storage
23.1 Off-loadina bv crane
- .
It is essential that pipe masses, type of stacking, outreach
required and site conditions be taken into account when
determining the suitability of lifting equipment. The lifting
machine should be of the type which retains the load safely
in the event of a power failure. Off-loading should be
carried out smoothly and without snatch.
Where pipes up to and including DN 400 have been bundled,
it is essential that the bundles be off-loaded using fork-lifts
or cranes with slings around the complete bundle. It is
essential that bundles are NOT lifted by means of their
retaining straps.
When cranes are used for off-loading individual pipes, slings
or lifting beams with purpose designed padded hooks
should always be used.
23.3.3 Parallel stacking using timbers. For this method of
stacking, two timber battens of sufficient strength should
be placed across the pipes between each tier, approximately
600 mm from the pipe ends. The sockets of pipes in each
successive tier should be reversed and the battens should be
of sufficient thickness to avoid metal to metal contact.
An adequate number of chocks should be wedged under the
outer pipes of each tier and nailed to the timber bearers to
ensure stability.
NOTE. Pipes may be roiled i nt o posi t i on along t he battens, thus
faci l i tati ng stacking or removal from t he end of t he stack.
23.3.4 Pyramid stacking. In pyramid stacks, each pipe
nestles between the two pipes immediately beneath it and
care should be exercised when lowering pipes into position.
It i s essential that the end pipes of the bottom tier be
securely anchored along their length with chocks preferably
fixed to timbers running the width of the stack. The axes of
all pipes should be in the same direction, and the sockets
should be reversed in successive tiers.
11
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection five
23.3.5 Stacking heights. The heights of stacks should be
determined by consideration of:
(a) the stresses on the lowest layer of pipes in the stack;
(b) the total lift given by the available crane; and
(c) the facilites available to ensure stable stacking.
All these factors should be taken into consideration and the
stacking heights should not exceed those in table 3.
be permissible, in such circumstances the manufacturer
should be consulted. Care should be exercised when handling
such pipes to avoid damaging the protection. They should
be lifted by hooks engaging in the socket and spigot ends.
The hooks should be as wide as possible and padded with
rubber to minimize damage to cement linings. Smaller sizes,
up to DN 400, may be lifted with wide fabric slings. Wire
ropes or chain slings should not be used.
Table 3. Stacking heights
Nomi nal size
DN
80
1 O0
150
200
250
300
350 and 400
450 and 500
600
700
800 and above
Maxi mum number of
layers in stack
18
16
14
12
10
8
7
6
4
3
2
23.3.6 Pipes having special external protection. Wherever
possible, pipes with special external protections should not
be stacked but should be laid out in a single layer and
supported on the shoulder of the socket and the unprotected
spigot end, so that the whole barrel is clear of the ground.
If the space available is limited, then reduced stacking may
12
23.4 Stacking bundled pipes
23.4.1 General. The stacking area should provide a firm
foundation with a suitable approach road for vehicles.
Stacks should be arranged to provide safe vehicular and
pedestrian access. Bundles are provided with base timbers
and these can be laid directly onto a good, level, hard-
standing surface. The bundles should be stacked one on
top of the other with the axes of pipes parallel.
The maximum recommended stacking height on a good,
level, hard-standing surface is five bundles. However the
maximum stacking height for any particular location should
be determined by a competent supervisor.
23.4.2 Breaking down ofpi pe bundles. It is essential that
bundles which have been stacked be lowered to ground
level before the straps are cut. Special precautions should
be taken when cutting the straps of the bundles and when
removing pipes from individual tiers. The manufacturer's
recommendations should be followed.
23.5 Stringing
Pipes should be wedged or pinned to prevent accidental
movement.
NOTE. See also BS 8010 : Par t 1.
Subsection six. Construction
24 Trenching
NOTE. See BS 8010 : Part 1 for general considerations regarding
trenching.
The width of trench should be as narrow as practicable,
taking into consideration the type of native soil and backfill
and the compaction equipment required. Where mechanical
compaction is required, the width of the trench should be
typically pipe 0.d. +600 mm but may be increased for
heavier equipment.
Where mechanical compaction is not required, the width of
trench should be typically pipe 0.d. +300 mm but may be
reduced where narrow trenching techniques are employed.
The trench bottom should be prepared to give an even bed
for the barrel of the pipe and to ensure proper alignment.
The bed should be provided with joint holes to ensure that
the pipe rests on the barrel and not on the socket.
In rocky ground, the trench should be excavated at least
100 mm deeper than normally required and then made up
to the required level by the addition of well compacted,
selected bedding material or imported granular bedding.
Where a change in direction is being made by utilizing the
lateral deflection available from flexible joints, the trench
should be cut to give sufficient room for the joint to be
made with the pipes in line, the pipe being deflected after
the joint has been made. Deflection of any as-laid joint
should not exceed 75 % of the maximum deflection
recommended by the manufacturer (see appendix A) to
allow for subsequent movement.
25 Pipe inspection, repairs and cutting
25.1 Inspection
Ductile iron pipes are not normally susceptible to handling
and transport damage but mishandling can damage
protective coatings and linings or bruise and deform
jointing surfaces and may create ovality. In the case of
pipes to be used with a self-anchoring type 8 joint (see
appendix A), the presence, at the spigot end, of the groove
for retaining the circlip should be checked.
a
25.2 Repairs of damaged external coatings and linings
25.2.1 Damage to concrete lining or zinc coating should be
repaired in accordance with BS 4772.
25.2.2 Coarings and linings. Damage should be made good
with a material which i s compatible with the original
material and offers equivalent protection.
25.2.3 Special external coatings and linings. Damaged
coatings and linings should be made good. The materials
and method to be employed will depend upon the material
originally used and the protection required and should
comply with the manufacturer's recommendations.
25.3 Cutting
25.3.1 General. Methods of cutting ductile iron pipes
should be selected from the following.
(a) By hand orpower operated hacksaw, using blades
having teeth at a pitch of 1 mm (24 teeth per inch).
NOTE. This method is suitable for pipes up to DN 200.
(b] By manually operated wheel cutter, with wheels
specifically designed for use with ductile iron.
NOTE. This type of cutter i s suitable for pipes up to DN 300.
(c) By pipe cutting machine, using cutting tools of the
simple lathe or milling saw type. A 7 o front rake is
recommended for cutter heads in machines using lathe
type cutting tools.
NOTE. Pipe cutting machines are available throughout the
diameter range and are usually driven mechanically, e.g. by
compressed air motor, although for pipes smaller than DN 300
a hand operated windlass may be used.
(d) By power driven abrasive wheel cutting machine,
with abrasive discs fitted to suitable hand tools, usually
driven by compressed air or small internal combustion
engines. It i s important that abrasive disc cutting equip-
ment i s specifically designed for use with ductile iron
pipe, that it i s used by a competent operator and that
the disc type, size and spindle speed of the equipment
are compatible.
NOTE. This i s the most widely used method for cutting ductile
iron pipes. It has the advantage of being suitable for al l sizes,
with no need for adjustment to suit pipe size or to attach
machinery to the pipe.
25.3.2 End preparation of cut pipes forjointing. Any burrs
or sharp edges left after cutting should be trimmed off by
filing or grinding.
Where self-anchored joints of type 8 (see appendix A)
are to be used, the cut end of the pipe may be grooved
and chamfered on site by means of one of a number of
proprietary lightweight cutting machines specially adapted
for the purpose.
Where joints of type 1 or 6 (see appendix A) are to be used,
the cut ends should be chamfered by filing or grinding
similar to the original spigot ends.
For sizes up to and including DN 300 and for larger sizes
where the pipes are marked as being suitable for cutting,
the diameter will be within the tape tolerances given in
BS 4772, but may be outside the ovality tolerances given
in BS 4772. Manufacturer's guidance should be sought as
to re-rounding. Other pipes, when cut, may have tape
diameters outside the tolerance and these should be ground
or machined to the tolerancesgiven in BS 4772. The ground
or machined area of spigot projecting out of the socket-face
should be coated to give a similar degree of protection as
the rest of the pipe, see 25.2.
13
BSI BSm8OLO P T 2 SEC*E'*L 87 l b 2 4 b b 7 O023862 7 W
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection six
26 Laying, jolliting and ancl roring
26.1 Laying
Pipes should at all times be handled with care in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendations. Pipes should be
lowered into the trench with tackle suitable for the mass of
the pipes. A mobile crane or a well designed set of shear
legs should be used and the positioning of the sling checked,
when the pipe is just clear of the ground, to ensure a proper
balance. Where lifting equipment is not available, small
diameter pipes (normally DN 250 max.) should be lowered
by hand using suitable ropes.
All persons should vacate the section of the trench into
which the pipe i s being lowered.
All construction debris should be cleared from the inside of
the pipe either before or just after a joint is made. This can
be done by passing a pull-through along the pipe, or by
hand, depending on the diameter of the pipe. When laying
i s not in progress, a temporary end-closure should be fitted
securely to the open end of the pipeline. This may make
the pipes buoyant in the event of the trench becoming
flooded, in which case the pipes should be held down either
by partial re-filling of the trench or by temporary strutting.
26.2 J ointing
26.2.1 General. J ointing procedures will vary according to
the type of joint being used.
Basic conditions which should be ensured for all types of
joint are:
(a) cleanliness of all parts;
(b) correct location of components;
(c) centralization of spigot within socket; and
(d) strict compliance with the manufacturer's jointing
instructions.
The inside of sockets and the outside of spigots should be
cleaned for at least the insertion depth for each joint.
Glands and gaskets should be wiped clean and inspected for
damage. Where lifting gear has been used to place the pipe
in the trench it should be used to support the pipe and
assist in centralizing the spigot in the socket. Where the
pipeline i s suspected to be subject to movement due to
ground settlement or temperature variation, a suitable gap
should be left between the end of the spigot and the
bottom of the socket.
26.2.2 Joi nt i ngpi pes l ai d ongradi ents. If pipes are laid on
steep gradients where the soil/pipe friction is low, care
should be taken to ensure that no excessive spigot entry or
withdrawal occurs. As soon as the joint assembly has been
made, the pipe should be held in place and the trench
backfilled over the barrel of the pipe.
Unless the gradient is 1 :2 or steeper, anchorages are not
normally necessary. However, for these very steep gradients,
self-anchoring joints or anchor blocks at each socket are
recommended.
For pipelines laid above ground on steep gradients, self-
anchoring joints should be used.
26.3 Anchoring
Unless an adequate length of the line i s fitted with self-
anchoring joints, external anchorage should be provided at
blank ends, bends, tees, tapers and valves to resist the thrust
arising from internal pressure and dynamic loading. Anchors
and thrust blocks should be designed to withstand the forces
resulting from the internal pressure when the pipeline is
under test, taking into account the safe bearing pressure of
the surrounding soil. Consideration should also be given to
forces on the pipeline, when empty, and precautions taken
against possible flotation. Where possible, concrete anchor
blocks should be of such a shape as to leave the joint area
clear.
27 Backfilling
NOTE. See BS 8010 : Part 1 f or general considerations regarding
backfilling, clearing-up and reinstatement.
Wherever possible, in order to minimize misalignment of the
bed with resulting shear across the joint, backfill material
should not be placed on a pipe until the succeeding pipe is
laid and jointed. If joints are are to be individually inspected
during hydrostatic testing, it is not practicable to backfill
the trench completely. It is important, however, to backfill
over the barrel of each pipe and to compact the backfill or
take other such measures to prevent movement of pipes
during the testing processes.
On pipes greater than DN 600 special attention should be
given to the compaction of the backfill material under the
haunch of the pipe.
In most cases tamped, selected excavated material, from the
trench will be suitable for the backfill. The material selected
for backfill should exclude debris, organic material, frozen
soil, large stones, rocks, tree roots or similar large objects.
In instances of excessive depths, high vehicular loading or
super-loading from buildings, etc. or of very poor soil
properties it may be necessary to import backfill (see
also 19.2). The manufacturer or other advisory body should
be consulted where any doubt exists.
. ..
14
Subsection seven. Cleaning, testing and commissioning
28 Cleaning
Before a pipeline can be considered ready for service it should
be cleaned internally as thoroughly as possible to ensure
that no foreign matter remains inside the pipe. The first
stage of the cleaning operation, .e. cleaning individual
pipes during jointing, shouid be performed in accordance
with 26.1. Pigs of suitable design, e.g. polyurthane swabs,
may be used provided that the pipeline has been constructed
to allow the passage of such pigs. Where the pipeline i s to be
tested with water, the filling and emptying of the pipeline
may to some extent cleanse the line.
29 Testing
29.1 General
All pipelines should be tested before being brought into
service. The type of test will depend upon the fluid which
the pipeline will eventually convey and may be a hydrostatic
test or a pneumatic test, or both. The hydrostatic test i s
safer to carry out and can be made more stringent as regards
the strength of a completed pipeline. It should be used
wherever practicable, but it has certain disadvantages when
applied to pipelines designed to carry gases. With the
exception of testing non-pressure pipelines at very low
pressures (100 mm water gauge), pneumatic testing is to be
avoided, if possible, because of the hazards inherent in
containing large volumes of compressed air. However,
there may be occasions when hydrostatic testing is not
possible and air is the only medium available for applying
a test pressure. For pneumatic testing of gas pipelines
see 29.3.
29.2 Hydrostatic testing
29.2.1 General- The completed pipeline may be tested
either in one length or in sections; the length of section
should be decided by considering:
(a) the availability of suitable water;
(b) the number of joints to be inspected; and
(c) the difference in elevation between one part of the
pipeline and another.
Where joints are left uncovered until after testing, sufficient
material should be backfilled over the centre of each pipe to
prevent movement under the test pressure (see clause 27).
29.2.2 Initialprocedure. It is prudent to begin testing any
particular pipeline in comparatively short lengths and to
increase the length of test section progressively as experience
is gained, until lengths of about 1.5 km or more are tested
in one section, subject to consideration of the length of
trench which it is permissible to leave open in particular
circumstances.
Each test section should be properly sealed off, preferably
with special stop ends, designed for the safe introduction
and disposal of the test water and release of air, which
should be secured by adequate temporary anchors.
The thrust on the stop ends should be calculated on the full
spigot external diameter and on the anchors designed to
resist it.
NOTE. It may of t en be economical t o provide a concrete anchor
block whi ch has subsequently t o be demolished, rather t han risk
movement of t he stop ends duri ng testing. Hydraul i c jacks may be
inserted bet ween t emporary anchors and stop ends t o t ake up any
hori zont al movement of t he t emporary anchors.
All permanent anchors (see 26.3) should be in position and,
if of concrete, should have developed adequate strength
before testing begins. The section under test should be
filled with clean, disinfected water, taking care that all air
i s displaced through vents at high points or by using a pig
or a sphere. After filling, the pipeline shouid be left at
working pressure for a period in order to achieve conditions
as stable as possible for testing. The length of this period
will depend upon many factors, such as movement of the
pipeline under pressure, the quantity of air trapped and
whether the pipeline has a cement mortar lining which
absorbs water. If pressure measurements are not made at
the lowest point of the section, an allowance should be
made for the static head between the iowest point and the
point at measurement to ensure that the maximum pressure
is not exceeded at the lowest point.
29.2.3 Test procedure. Site hydrostatic test pressures
should be in accordance with 13.4.
The pressure in the pipeline should be raised steadily until
the site test pressure i s reached in the lowest part of the
section. This pressure should be maintained, by pumping if
necessary, for a period of 1 h. The pump should then be
disconnected and no further water permitted to enter the
pipeline for a period of 1 h. At the end of this period,
the original pressure should be restored by pumping and the
loss measured by drawing off water from the pipeline until
the pressure reached at the end of the test i s reached again.
The acceptable loss should be clearly specified and the test
should be repeated until this is achieved. The generally
accepted loss for non-absorbent pipelines such as steel and
iron is 0.02 L/mm of nominal bore per kilometre of pipeline
per 24 h per bar of pressure applied head (caiculated as the
average head applied to the section under test). The rate of
loss should be plotted graphically to show when absorption
is substantially complete.
A more stringent requirement may be necessary for pipelines
carrying fluids other than water.
29.2.4 Detection of leaks. If the test is not satisfactory,
the fault should be found and rectified.
Consideration should be given to leak detection methods
such as:
(a) visual inspection of pipeline, especially each joint,
if not covered by the backfill;
(b) aural inspection, using a stethoscope or listening
stick in contact with the pipeline;
(c) use of electronic listening devices including leak noise
correlators which detect and amplify the sound of any
escaping fluid; actual contact between the probe and the
pipe may or may not be essential;
t
BSI BS*8OLO P T 2 SEC*2-L 87 L b 2 4 b b 9 002LBb4 O
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection seven
(d) use of a bar probe to detect signs of water in the
vicinity of joints, if backfilled;
(e) introduction of a gas compound into the test water,
using a gas detection device to detect the presence of
any gas that has escaped through the leak.
Where there is difficulty in locating a fault, the section
under test should be subdivided and each part tested
separately.
NOTE. A pneumatic test with an air pressure not exceeding 2 bar
may be used to detect leaks in pipelines laid in water-logged ground.
29.2.5 Final procedure. After all sections have been jointed
together on completion of section testing, a test should
be carried out on the complete pipeline in accordance
with 29.2.3. During the test, all work which has not been
subject to sectional tests should be inspected.
29.2.6 Disposal of water. It is important to ensure that
proper arrangements are made for the disposal of water
from the pipeline after completion of hydrostatic testing
and that all consents which may be required from land
owners and occupiers, and from river drainage and water
authorities have been obtained.
NOTE. With some liquids, notably oil and oil products, it may be
necessary to provide temporary interceptors to prevent any oil being
discharged with the water. In some cases, e.g. heavily Chlorinated
water, some treatment may be necessary before final disposal.
29.3 Pneumatic testing of gas pipelines
29.3.1 General. A pneumatic test should be carried out to
prove the tightness of joints rather than the strength of the
pipeline.
NOTE. The air pressure to be applied will vary according to
circumstances.
29.3.2 Safety precautions during pneumatic testing.
Pneumatic testing could in the event of failure, give rise to
a serious explosion. During each test, it is important that all
persons not engaged in the test operations be kept away
from the section of the pipeline under test.
Persons engaged on pneumatic testing operations should
remain in a safe place whilst pressure is being raised and
during the whole of the time the pressure i s maintained.
No approach should be made for inspection or any other
purpose until the pressure has been reduced to the maximum
working pressure.
I f these precautions are not possible or if hazards to persons
and property are likely to arise during pneumatic testing,
then a hydrostatictest should be applied first, in accordance
with 29.2.
29.3.3 Test procedure. Reference should be made to
lGE/TD/3 [ I 1. Ductile iron pipelines for conveying gas
should be pneumatically tested at not less than the
maximum gas working pressure. The maximum pneumatic
pressure applied should not exceed that specified for any
particular jo.int or any other pressure restriction that may
be imposed as a result of local conditions or regulations
(see 14.3).
29.3.4 Detection of leaks. I f the pneumatic test i s not
satisfactory the fault should be found and rectified.
Consideration should be given to leak detection methods
such as:
(a) application of soapy water or similar solution around
the joints;
(b) aural inspection using a stethoscope or listening stick;
(c) use of electronic listening device;
(d) introduction of halogen gas into the pipeline and use
of a suitable detector to indicate the presence of gas
outside the pipeline; and
(e) introduction of a distinctive odorant into the
pipeline.
30 Commissioning
30.1 General
The procedure for commissioning a completed pipeline will
vary according to whether it has been hydrostatically or
pneumatically tested and whether it is to convey a liquid or
a gas.
30.2 Liquid pipelines
Pipelines intended to convey liquids are usually tested
hydrostatically and, therefore, commissioning consists of
displacing the test water from the line by the liquid to be
conveyed. Visible dirt and debris should have been removed
either manually or by the use of cleaning pigs before testing
(see 26.1 and clause 28). Filling and emptying the pipeline
with test water may also help cleanse the line. Where air
release and drainage valves have been installed, the test
water may be drained and the pipeline refilled with the
liquid to be conveyed.
If the pipeline is intended to carry potable water, it should
be thoroughly flushed with clean water, where feasible.
It should then bedisinfected by contact for 24 h with water
containing at least 20 mg/L of free chlorine, then emptied
and filled with potable water. The chlorinated water
should receive treatment to dilute the chlorine to an
acceptable level before discharge to sewer or watercourse.
After a further 24 h, samples should be taken for bacterio-
logical examination at a number of points along the pipeline
and at all extremities.
The pipeline should not be brought into service until the
water at each sampling point, having stood in the pipeline
for 24 h, has maintained a satisfactory potable standard as
described in DHSS Report 71 [51.
30.3 Gas pipelines
Reference should be made to IGE/TD/3 [ I I . When the
pipeline has been subjected to hydrostatic test, the water
should be drained from the pipeline. In some cases it may
be found convenient to incorporate air release and drainage
valves in the construction of the pipeline and to blank off
BSI ~ BS*8LO P T 2 SEC*2. 3 87 W Lb24669 ~ 0023865 ~~ 2 W
~ ~ ~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~
- ~~~ ~ ~c ~ ~- ~~~
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Subsection seven
these fittings after the line has been emptied. Air-propelled
swabs may subsequently be used to assist in removing any
remai ni ng water.
If the pipeline is intended to convey a flammable gas then,
when it i s considered to be sufficiently dry, the pipeline
should be purged by introducing a slug of inert gas, such as
nitrogen. The slug should be of sufficient length to preclude
the possibility of the gas to be conveyed coming into
contact with the air in the pipeline.
The gas to be conveyed should be admitted immediately
after the nitrogen slug at a carefully maintained rate to
ensure turbulent flow conditions along the pipeline. The gas
should be turned on as the nitrogen is turned off.
Proper venting arrangements should be provided at the end
of the pipeline and should consist of:
(a) a vent pipe connected to the pipeline through a
valved connection;
(b) a small, valved sampling connection;
(c) a pressure gauge connected to the pipeline; and
(d) a suitable detection apparatus to check the change
from air to nitrogen and from nitrogen to gas or the
change from air to gas where purging i s not required.
For gases that are lighter than air, the vent pipe (see item a)
should be vertical and should terminate not less than 2 m
above ground level. For gases that are heavier than ait-,
the vent pipe should lead to temporary storage where any
gashitrogen mixture can be retained and disposed of later.
For flammable gases, an efficient flame arresting terminal
should be fitted at the end of the vent pipe.
When 100 % gas i s being received either the regulated flow
should be closed down and switched to the normal
operating route or the pipeline should be closed down
ready for use when required. In the latter case, the pipeline
should be closed down under a positive pressure which
should be monitored regularly until the pipeline i s brought
into normal operating service.
All temporary connections used during the testing, purging
and commissioning procedure should be closed off and
securely blanked before the pipeline is brought up to full
operating pressure.
17
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Appendix A
Appendices
Appendix A. Types of joint for ductile iron
pipelines
A.0 Introduction
J oints are generally of a type using elastomeric gaskets as a
sealing medium. The most commonly used types of joint
are described in A. l to A.lO. The actual details may differ
from one manufacturer to another,
The joint deflections stated are the maximum recommended
by the manufacturers and are intended to provide for
changes in gradient and level, slow curves, the adjustment of
angle at bends and any subsequent movement. Deflection at
installation should not exceed 75 % of the maximum
recommended and, where subsequent movement is
anticipated, consideration should be given to further
limitation of the installed deflection.
A.1 Push-in joints (type 1)
NOTE. See f i gure 1.
Push-in joints are made on pipes having a chamfered plain
spigot at one end and a specially formed socket at the other.
The seal is effected by means of a gasket placed within the
socket before jointing, Entry of the spigot into the socket
through this gasket completes the joint. Little effort is
required to complete assembly in the case of smaller pipes;
tackle to joint larger pipes i s supplied by the manufacturer.
Push-in joints are available throughout the pipe diameter
range, DN 80 to DN 1600. They can be deflected 5 o in any
direction for pipes of diameter up to and including DN 300
and 4 o for pipes of diameter DN 350 and above, and can
accommodate considerable axial movement.
L-
Figure I. Push-in joint (type I )
A.2 Bolted mechanical joints (type 2)
NOTE. See fi gure 2.
Bolted mechanical joints are made on pipes having a plain
spigot at one end and a specially formed socket at the other.
The spigot i s entered centrally into the socket and the seal
i s effected by the compression of a wedge-shaped gasket
between a seating on the inside of the socket and the
external surface of the spigot. Compression i s achieved by
means of a pressure gland and bolts passing through a
circumferential flange cast integrally on the face of the
socket.
Bolted mechanical joints are currently available for pipes in
the range DN 80 to DN 600 and all diameters of fittings
DN 80 to DN 1600. The joint may be deflected up to 4 o
in any direction and is capable of considerable axial
movement.
Figure 2. Bolted mechanical joint (type 2)
A.3 Slip-on couplings (type 3)
NOTE. See figure 3.
Slip-on couplings are designed for use with plain end pipes.
The coupling consists of a sleeve, at the ends of which are
wedge-shaped rubber gaskets and flanges held together by
bolts. Tightening of the bolts compresses the gaskets
between the sleeve and pipe to seal the joint.
The coupling sleeve may have an internal rib (central
register) which acts as a locating stop, but sleeves without
this rib are supplied to facilitate the insertion of closing
lengths in a pipeline. The coupling includes steel components
which should be suitably protected.
18
BSI BS*BOLO PTE! S E Cm2. 1 87 W 162LIbb7 00218b7 b
BS 801 O : Section 2.1 : 1987
Appendix A
Slip-on couplings are currently available in the pipe diameter
range DN 80 to DN 1600 and special couplings to connect
pipes of different diameters and/or materials are available.
Several designs are available and the manufacturer's advice
regarding deflection and withdrawal should be sought.
Centrai regisfer optional
/
/
Figure 3. Slip-on coupling (type 3)
@ AA Flange adapters (type 4)
NOTE. See figure 4.
Flange adapters are designed to connect flanged pipe or
any flanged fitting to plain-ended pipe. They consist of a
flange and sleeve piece, a wedge-shaped rubber gasket and a
loose gland fastened to the main body by bolts. Tightening
of the bolts compresses the gasket between the sleeve and
pipe to seal the joint. The flange joint i s made using standard
jointing procedures for flanged pipework. The adapter
includes steel components which should be suitably
protected.
Several designs are available and manufacturers' advice
regarding deflection and withdrawal should be sought.
Flange adapters do not provide the anchorage and rigidity
of a flanged joint and should be supported or anchored
accordingly.
A.5 Self-anchoring flange adapters (type 5)
NOTE. See figure 5.
Self-anchoring flange adapters are used to connect pipes in
the same way as type 10 flanged joints but incorporate
special anchor segments. They consist of a loose flange,
Figure 4. Flange adapter (type 4)
bolts and one or more rubber seafs, which carry anchoring
segments. Tightening of the bolts seals both the flanges and
between the pipe and adapter, and also forces the anchor
segments into contact with the pipe. The adapter is made of
ductile iron.
Self-anchoring flange adapters are availabfe in the range
DN 80 to DN 300. Being self-anchoring they obviate the
need for external anchorage but offer limited resistance to
deflection and require support to prevent sag under self-
weight, the mass of the pipe and its contents.
A.6 Self-anchoring push-in joints (type 6)
NOTE. See figure 6.
Self-anchoring push-in joints are used to connect pipes in
the same way as type 1 push-in joints but have a special
gasket. The gasket is of a push-in design in respect of ~
dimensions and shape but stainless steel toothed inserts are
moulded into the gaskets. The angle of the teeth i s such
that during jointing, the spigot is able to enter through the
gasket unimpeded. When the pipeline is subsequently
pressurized, the teeth are firmly presented to the spigot
surface and, as the joint tends to separate under the axial
thrust induced by the internal pressure, the inserts rotate
around the gasket retaining bead in the socket. This causes
the teeth to grip onto the spigot surface and prevent joint
.separation. The sealing properties are exactly as type 1.
The joint i s available in sizes DN 80 to DN 400 inclusive
with certain pressure limitations throughout the range.
They are capable of being deflected 3 o in any direction and
being self anchoring obviate the necessity for anchor blocks
at changes in direction etc.
-
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Appendix A
A.7 Se. F-anchoring tie- bar joints (type 7)
Anchor segments Pipe seal
\ I
Figure 5. Self-anchoring flange adapter (type 5)
Figure 6. Self-anchoring push-in joint (type 6)
NOTE. See figure 7.
Self-anchoring tie-bar joints are used to connect pipes in the
same way as type 1 push-in joints but have a special loose
anchor ring placed behind the socket and a special anchor
ring welded onto the outer surface of the spigot. The joint
offers the same sealing performance as a type 1 joint.
The two anchor rings are then locked together using
tie-bolts. The joint is available throughout the diameter
range up to and including DN 1600. The joint can be
deflected 5 o in any direction for pipes of diameter up to
and including DN 300 and 4 o for pipes of diameter DN 350
and above, and can be assembled to permit a controlled
amount of axial withdrawal before self-anchoring takes
effect. Being self-anchored tie-bar joints obviate the need
for anchor blocks at changes in direction, etc.
i' f
Figure 7. Self-anchoring tie-bar joint (type 7 )
A.$ Self-anchoring bolted mechanical
joints (type 8)
NOTE. See figure 8.
This i s a modified form of the type 2 bolted mechanical
joint incorporating a ductile iron circlip which i s located in
a chamber or groove cast in the socket and which registers
with a groove specially machined in the spigot. This joint is
used primarily for gas pipelines at pressures of up to 8 bar
working. IGE/TD/3 [I 1 lays down working pressures and
trench conditions where this type of joint should be used in
gas pipelines. When the circlip i s fitted, the joint becomes
self-anchoring and obviates the use of anchor blocks.
This joint i s available in the range of sizes DN 100 to
DN 450 excluding DN 350.
the other. The spigot is entered centrally into the socket of
the adjacent pipe and a quantity of spun yarn compressed
A special tool i s required to dismantle the joint.
The joint is capable of 2 o angular deflection in any direction.
into the annulus until this is filled to approximately half
the socket depth. Molten lead i s poured into the remaining
annulus and, after cooling, is caulked using a suitable tool.
NOTE. For gas pipelines, IGEITDIJ lays down working pressure
and trench conditions where this type of joint should be used.
Figure 8. Self-anchoring bolted mechanical joint (type 8)
Fibrous lead may be substituted for molten lead.
This joint allows no deflection or spigot withdrawal and it
i s essential that it be anchored if there is any possibility of
joint separation.
Lead Yarn Bead on spigot optional
Figure 9. Lead-caulked joint (type 9)
A.9 Lead-caulked joints (type 9)
NOTE. See figure 9.
Leadcaulked joints are not recommended for use in new
installations. Their use should be restricted to connections
A.l O Flanged joints (type 1 O)
NOTE. See figure I O.
Flanged joints are made on pipes by welding, screwing or
intearallv casting flanges onto the end of the standard pipe.
- .
and repairs to existing pipelines where no suitable alternatives
are available.
The leadcaulked joints are made on pipes having an
enlarged socket at one end and a
The seal i s usual& effected by means of a flat rubber
gasket compressed between the flanges by means of bolts
which also serve to connect the pipes rigidly. Gaskets of
other materials, both metallic and non-metallic, are available
for special applications.
or beaded spigot at
B S I BS*&030 P T 2 S E C * 2 * L 87 W 362Ybb9 0023870 b W
BS 8010 : Section 2.1 : 1987
Appendix A
(a) Integral
(b) Welded
(c) Screwed
Figure IO. Flanged joint (type IO)
Appendix B. Effect of non-metallic
materials on water quality
When used under the conditions for which they are
designed, non-metallic materials in contact with or likely to
come into contact with potable water shall not constitute a
toxic hazard, shall not support microbial growth and shall
not give rise to unpleasant taste or odour, cloudiness or
discoloration of the water.
Concentrations of substances, chemicals and biological
agents leached from materials in contact with water, and
measurements of organoleptic/physicaI parameters shall
not exceed the maximum values recommended by the
World Health Organization in i ts publication 'Guidelines for
drinking water quality' Vol 1 'Recommendations' (WHO,
Geneva 1984) or as required by the EEC Council Directive
of 15 J uly 1980 relating to the quality of water intended
for human consumption (Official J ournal of the European
Communities L229 pp 11-29), whichever in each case i s
the more stringent.
NOTE 1. Requirements for the testing of non-metallic materiais in
these respects are set out in the UK Water Fittings Byelaws Scheme
Information and Guidance Note No. 5-01-02, ISSN 0267-0313
obtainable from the Water Research Centre, Water Byelaws Advisory
Service, 660 Ajax Avenue, Slough, Berkshire SL1 4BG.
NOTE 2. Pending the determination of suitable means of character-
izing the toxicity of leachates from materials in contact with potable
water, materials approved by the Department of the Environment
Committee on Chemicals and Materials of Construction for use in
Public Water Supply and Swimming Pools are considered free from
toxic hazard for the purposes of compliance with this appendix. A l i st
of approved chemicals and materials i s available from the Technical
Secretary of that Committee at the Department of the Environment,
Water Division, Romney House, 43 Marcham Street, London
SWlP 3PY.
NOTE 3. Products manufactured for installation and use in the
United Kingdom which are verified and listed under the UK Water
Fittings Byelaws Scheme administered by the Water Research
Centre (address as in note 1 ) are deemed to satisfy the requirements
detailed in this appendix.
Appendix C. References
1. INSTITUTION OF GAS ENGINEERS. Recommenda-
tions on transmission and distribution practice. Technical
Document IGE/TD/3. Second edition, 1983.
2. HYDRAULICS RESEARCH LTD. Charts for the
hydraulic design of channels and pipes. Fifth edition,
1983.
3. HYDRAULICS RESEARCH LTD. Tables for the
hydraulic design of pipes and sewers. Fourth edition,
1983.
4. WATER RESEARCH CENTRE. Information and
Guidance Note No. 4-50-01.
5. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL
SERVICES. The bacteriological examination of water
supplies. DHSS Report 71, 1982.
Appendix D. Further reading
These documents are listed for information and guidance.
The l i st should not be assumed to be complete or exclusive.
Where there are differences the advice of this standard
should be followed or an engineer's decision taken.
TRANSPORT AND ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY.
A guide to design loadings for rigid pipes". TRRL, 1983.
WATER RESEARCH CENTRE AND WATER
AUTHORITIES ASSOCIATION. Civil engineering
specification for the water industry. 1984.
WATER RESEARCH CENTRE. Information and Guidance
Notes Nos. 4-21-01 and 4-51-01.
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND
INFORMATION ASSOCIATION. Trenching Practice.
CIRIA Report 97.
NATIONAL WATER COUNCI L. Water supply hygiene.
Occasional Technical Paper No. 2.
Manufacturer's literature.
O
a
0
m l
'This document i s for guidance on vehicular loading only.
I -
Publications referred t o
BS 2494
BS 341 6
BS 3692
BS 4147
BS 4190
BS 4320
BS 4504
BS 4622
BS 4772
BS 4865
BS 5150
BS 5152
BS 5153
BS 5155
BS 51 63
BS 6076
BS8010
BS 8301
CP 2005
CP 3009
Specification for elastomeric joint rings for pipework and pipelines
Black bitumen coating solutions for cold application
I S0 metric precision hexagon bolts, screws and nuts
Specification for bitumen based hot applied coating material for protecting iron and steel including suitable primers where
required
IS0 metric black hexagon bolts, screws and nuts
Metal washers for general engineering purposes
Flanges and bolting for pipes, vaives and fittings. Metric series
Grey iron pipes and fittings
Specification for ductile iron pipes and fittings
Dimensions of gaskets for pipe flanges to BS 4504
Cast iron wedge and doubledisk gate valves for general purposes
Cast iron globe and globe stop and check valves for general purposes
Cast iron check valves for general purposes
Specification for butterfly valves
Double flanged cast iron wedge gate valves for waterworks purposes
Specification for tubular polyethylene film for use as protective sleeving for buried iron pipes and fittings
Code of practice for pipelines
*Part 1 Pipelines on land: general
Code of practice on building drainage
Sewerage
Thermally insulated underground piping systems
*In preparation.
B S I BS*AOLO P T 2 SECm2 . 1 87 W 3624bb9 0023872 T W
Amd. No. Date of issue
BS 801 O : Section 2.1 : 1987
Text affected
This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of
the Civil Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee,
was published under the authority of the Board of BSI and comes
into effect on27 February 1987.
O British Standards Institution, 1987
ISBN O 580 15570 6
British Standards Institution
Incorporated by Royal Charter, BSI is the independent national
body for the preparation of British Standards. It i s the UK member
of the International Organization for Standardization and UK
sponsor of the British National Committee of the International
Electrotechnical Commission.
Beyond the production of standards, BSI offers specialist services
including the provision of information through the 8SI Library and
Standardline Database, Technical Help to Exporters, and other
services. Advice can be obtained from the Enquiry Section, BSI,
Milton Keynes MK14 6LE, Telephone 0908 320066.
Copyright
Users of British Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in
all BSI publications. No part of this publication may be reproduced
in any form without the prior permission in writing of BSI. This
does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details such as symbols and size, type or
grade designations. Enquiries should be addressed to the
Pubiicdtions Manager, British Standards Institiition, Linford Wood,
Milton Keynes MK14 6LE. The number for telephone enquiries i s
0908 320033 and for telex 825777.
Contract requirements
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible
for their correct application.
Revision of British Standards
British Standards are revised, when necessary, by the issue either
of amendments or of revised editions. It is important that users of
British Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of
the latest amendments or editions. Information on all BSI
publications is in the ES/ Catalogue, supplemented each month by
BSI News which i s available to subscribing members of the
Institution and gives details of new publications, revisions,
amendments and withdrawn standards. Any person who, when
making use of a British Standard, encounters an inaccuracy or
ambiguity, i s requested to notify BSI without delay in order that
the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:
Committee reference CSB/lO Draft for comment 85/12791 DC
Committees responsible for this British Standard
The publication of this British Standard was entrusted by the Civil
Engineering and Building Structures Standards Committee (CSB/-)
to Technical Committee CSB/lO, upon which the following bodies
were represented:
Association of Consulting Engineers
British Compressed Gases Association
British Gas Corporation
British Plastics Federation
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
British Railways Board
Chemical Industries Association
Concrete Pipe Association
Country Landowners' Association
County Surveyor's Society
Department of Energy (Petroleum Engineering Division)
Ductile Iron Producers Association
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users' Association
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Health and Safety Executive
Home Office
Institute of Petroleum
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Gas Engineers
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Institution of Public Health Engineers
Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
National Farmers' Union
Pipeline Industries Guild
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
Society of British Gas Industries
UK Offshore Operators Association Ltd.
Water Authorities Association
Water Companies Association
Water Research Centre
The following body was also represented in the drafting of the
standard, through subcommittees and panels:
Association of Municipal Engineers
Amendments issued since publication
British Standards Institution - 2 Park Street London W A 2BS . Telephone 01-629 9000 . Telex 266933
8702 -7-3k-B CSB/I O

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