(Pwede ipasok sa Abstract or kahit sa intro nadin ng RRL)

http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2013/performance-based-routine-maintenance-rural-
roads-manual.pdf
The physical condition of roads is critical to any transport network. However, unless roads are
adequately maintained, they inevitably deteriorate, leading to higher road user costs and longer travel
times. Routine maintenance is often delayed due to various factors, such as lack of funds or insufficient
technical knowledge. When simple routine maintenance is postponed for long periods, there is often a
need for more extensive rehabilitation, which is much more costly.


http://www.construction-
innovation.info/images/pdfs/Research_library/ResearchLibraryC/Literature_Review/Review_of_the_Lite
rature.pdf
This report presents a review of the literature on risk assessment of errors in budget estimates for road
maintenance. Risk of errors in budget estimates arises from uncertainties and variability in input
parameters. Uncertainties and variability of input parameters arise from the randomness of events such as
climatic conditions, soil conditions and road user traffic. This report presents how current practices
incorporate uncertainty and variability of road asset conditions and other critical input parameters in
assessing risk of errors in budget estimates for road maintenance.

Wells, J. 1986. "The Construction Industry in Developing Countries: Alternative Strategies for
Development." London:Croom Helm. ISBN: 0709936265

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTTRANSPORT/EXTROADSHIGHWAYS/0,,conten
tMDK:20596514~menuPK:1476380~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:338661,00.html#labor
Labor-Based Construction and Maintenance Methods for Road Works
Experience gained under the Rural Travel and Transport Program, a component of the Sub-Saharan
Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP), identifies two key reforms that are necessary to mainstream
labor-based programs, but which have not received the attention they require. These are improved
financial management, to ensure that funds flow adequately and laborers are paid on time, and
decentralization, to streamline payment procedures and strengthen stakeholders' support of these
programs. These two reforms, together with government commitment, effective labor laws,
appropriate design standards, and training, should facilitate the mainstreaming of labor-based
programs in countries where such methods are feasible.

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/17452/569570NWP0Tran10Box35375
1B01PUBLIC1.pdf?sequence=1
Road Maintenance from force account to performance based
With road infrastructure growing older, maintenance has progressively emerged as the crucial issue in the
management of the road networks. Such maintenance, initially executed by force account, has been
gradually transferred to the private sector starting in the mid-seventies through traditional unit-price
contracts.
The force account maintenance model was progressively abandoned as it was raising several performance
issues, among others: a lack of flexibility in the administration to appropriately adapt and manage their
means and services to the growing need in maintenance services and works; the chronic unavailability of
equipment, which was often inadequately maintained; the diversion of available equipment for purposes
other than road maintenance such as politically rewarding paving works; heavy bureaucratic processes
(for example, in the use of consumables). The impact of these issues was further compounded by low
levels of motivation among administrations staff.
http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2013/performance-based-routine-maintenance-rural-
roads-manual.pdf
Road maintenance ensures that all of the different road elements work properly, any existing damage to
these elements is repaired, and further damage is prevented. Routine maintenance consists of three types
of activities, which are carried out by maintenance groups throughout the year: clearing road elements,
repairing road elements, and creating protection measures.

http://www.arrivealive.co.za/Roadworks-and-Road-Safety
Roadwork activities can also consist of installing detection loops, and the maintenance of signposting and
constructions. In addition, large scale maintenance occurs approximately every fifteen years, such as renewal of the
road surface (re-tarring) or replacement of guard rails.

Road works crashes
The work zone appears to be the most risky area at road works.
In rural areas, road works crashes often occur in the vicinity of slip roads.
Road workers experience working at night as being dangerous (Swuste & Heijer, 1999). Literature indeed shows
that at road works the night hours generally have an increased crash rate (Van Gent, 2007). The number of road
works crashes, however, is higher during the day: more than two thirds of the road works crashes happen in the
daytime and the proportion of nightly road works crashes is barely higher than that of daytime crashes. This is
probably due to the fact that road works are more frequently carried out during the day, rather than at night. More
than two thirds of the road works crashes happen in dry weather and on a dry road surface.
http://flh.fhwa.dot.gov/resources/pse/specs/fp-03/fp-03usc.pdf
Maintaining Roadways During Work. Perform roadway maintenance as follows:
(a) Construct and remove diversion roads and bridges as required by the traffic control plan.
(b) Maintain intersections with trails, roads, streets, businesses, parking lots, residences, garages, farms, and other
features.
(c) Snow removal to facilitate the work is the Contractors responsibility. Snow removal to provide public access is the
responsibility of the maintaining agency and will be performed at the maintaining agencys discretion. Allow the
maintaining agency access to perform snow removal.
(d) Maintain a dust-free traveled way such that visibility and air quality are not affected and a hazardous condition is
not created.
(e) Remove accumulations of soil and other material from traveled way. Section 156 74
(f) Maintain the roadway, detours, and diversions in a safe and acceptable condition.
If corrective action is requested and the corrective action is not taken immediately, the condition may be corrected
and the cost of the corrective action deducted from monies due the Contractor.
http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps1138.pdf
The World Bank (2010) stresses that efficient transport and logistics performance is essential for countries to
compete in the global marketplace as traders need to be able to move goods and services across borders on time
and with low transaction costs. The ability of countries to participate in global and regional production and distribution
networks depends a great deal on efficient transport and logistics infrastructure.
In the Philippines Kimura and Maeda (2005) regard unreliable and inadequate infrastructure to be a major
impediment for economic growth. While neighboring countries have made substantial investments in transport
infrastructure and logistics services to become significant players in global markets, the Philippines has lagged
behind. Kimura and Maeda pointed out that poor road condition in the Philippines is one of the major concerns in
order to effectively utilizing globalization forces for economic development.
In a study of road infrastructure In Europe and Central Asia, Shepherd and Wilson (2006) found that improved road
network quality is robustly associated with higher intraregional trade flows. Their simulations using a gravity model
suggest that an ambitious but feasible road upgrade could increase trade by 50% over baseline5. In a study of a rural
fishing community in the Philippines characterized by poor transport conditions and poor accessibility to major
markets, Olsson (2008) demonstrated that the improvement of road accessibility leads to considerable benefits to the
community.