INTRODUCTION

A. History

From time immemorial, man was concerned with transportation and control of
liquids through pipes for day-to-day use and perhaps the earlier control
devices believed to be the plug cock used by Romans n their aqueducts.

Leonardo Da Vinci has made some sketches of a moving plug valve mechanism
which is the earliest form of an engineered control valve.

The concept of a moving stem valve was introduced by James Watt in the late
Eighteenth century as a part of his flyball governor, which was developed
to regulate the speed of his steam engine. Since then automatic control
valve technology has moved forward keeping pace with the Industrial Ag

At the start of the 20th century, when large power plants were being set
up, it necessitated the development of the Self Actuated Regulator, which
was basically a Globe Type Valve with a weight loaded stem. Few regulator
companies like Mason, Fisher etc came up with pressure regulators and
pressure reducing valves for power plant and ships. Later the beginning of
the oil and gas industry fuelled further advances that paved the way for
Pressure Reducing Valves, Back Pressure Regulators and Differential
Pressure Regulators.

The rapid development of petroleum industry n 1920s and 1930s
necessitated the

development of automated control and sophisticated control valves for its
reliable

operations. The advent of Pneumatic Transmitters and Controllers turned out
to

be a significant milestone; t led to the introduction of Pneumatic Control
Valves

Which used instrument air instead of process fluids. Supplying adequate
power to

position the valve continued to be a challenge for a long time till
eventually the

double seated design was introduced.

The l930s and 40s witnessed the ntrodtjon of Positioners which brought
about

substantial increase n control valve efficiency. Another key event during
this phase

was the adoption of the concept of Cv as a universal standard for valve
sizing.

Towards the l960s and the 1970s, processes got much more complex throwing
up

new challenges such as Velocity, Noise and Cavitation. Design efforts to
address

these SSUC resulted in Anti Cavitation and Low Noise valves.

The introduction of the Federal Clean Air Act in the US in 1990 proved to
be yet another milestone as it marked a new era of increased environment
consciousness. In Control valves it prompted a worldwide move towards
clean technologies such as advanced gland sealing Systems that cut down
emission levels dramatically.




Typical Control loop which contains control valve/temperature &

transmitters

Control Valves

Valve is a device used for the control of fluid flow. It consist of a fluid
retaining assembly, one or more ports between end openings and a movable
closure member which opens, restricts or closes the ports.

A Control valve, which is generally the final control element in a control
system, is a power-operated device, which modifies the fluid flow rate n a
process control system. It consists of a valve connected to an actuator
mechanism that is capable of changing the position of a flow-contro1Iing
element in the valve in response to a signal from the controlling system.






TR

AINING

MANU

AL

The tasks performed by the control valve can be grouped into three general
categories.

1. Dispensing Applications

The dispensing application occurs when a control valve apportions a utility
service such as steam, water etc. to a user process.






2. Dissipating applications

In a dissipating application, control valves provide a pressure letdown
service. Energy in the form of pressure, is dissipated by the control
valve.

3. Distrbutng applications

A distributing application is one in which a control valve must divide a
process stream. In this process, energy in the process is distributed by
the control valve.

process stream.

control valve.

application s

In thIs pr

one in which

rgy in the

I

process

must divide a

distributed by the

Classification

Valves can be widely

classified based on actuator mechanism

as further classified

such

I

a user process.

In

a utility

service

service.

ap

res

ure letdown

ocess,

ene

a contro

valve

is

valves or power actuated and

as shown

as manually operated

n Fig.

, .(flPF .


J

eneral Sizing Equations

A) Liquid

1 . Cv Calculation

METRIC UNITS

A. Subcritical Flow

e

B.

Critical Flow

cavitat IOfl

or

Flow by Weight

flashing

g-

.....

w

r

I

_(o. 028 j) r,,

or for simplicity, f P, < 0.5 P , IsP P

cv = Valve flow coefficient

cl = Critical flow factor (page 7) = f F1

G1 = Specific gravity at flowing temperature

(water = I @ 15 C)

PI : Upstream pressure, barsabsotute

p, = Downstream pressure, bars absolute

Pressure at

bars absolute (see table, page 4)

Pv = Vapor pressure of liquid at flowing tempera-

turc, bars absolute

= Actual pressure drop P, P2, bars

q =: Liquid flow rate, m/hr

w = Liquid flow rate, 1000 kg per hr

2. Velocity Calculation

v=278Q

A

I

1StP < C,(zsP)

Volumetric Flow

Cv = 1.16q

P C, (jP)

I-ci-

i.16q

cl

4%! t1P1

1.16 W

vG1 iP

.tIPs=PI

I ___________

I

.

Where:

f:

Pc=

thermodynamic

critical

point,

,

t ..

I

, if

;

1!

Where

V = velocity of

Q=FIow

4 I

!! 11

liquid, rn/s

Rate, m3/hr

A = Cross Sectional Area,

3. Noise Calculation

mm2

-30 log(t)705

SL=

10 log +20 log

p

Where

SL =

Sound Level in

dBA

AP =

Pressure drop,

bar

a

t =

Thickness, mm