Task 1: Solar Energy - Additional Mathematics Project SPM 2014

1
PRASANA A/P ARASU Additional Mathematics Project SPM 2014

NAME : PRASANA A/P ARASU
CLASS : 5 ARIF
IC NUMBER : 970503-14-6114
EXAMINATION CODE : WL 064 4353875803Y
TEACHERS NAME : MRS TAN GIEN PEI

STUDENTS SIGNATURE, VERIFIED BY,

( ) ( )

NAME : PRASANA A/P ARASU
CLASS : 5 ARIF
IC NUMBER : XXXXXX-XX-XXXX
EXAMINATION CODE : WL XXX XXXX
TEACHERS NAME : MRS. TAN GIEN PEI

2

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Page Index

NUM. . TOPIC (S) PAGE
1. Title page 1
2. Rubric for Additional Mathematics Project Work 2014 2
3. Page Index 3
4. Acknowledgement 4
5. Introduction 5
6. Solutions for Task 1
- Part A
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4 (a)
Question 4 (b)
Question 4 (c) (i)
Question 4 (c) (ii)
Question 5 (a) (i)
Question 5 (a) (ii)
Question 5 (a) (iii)
Question 5 (b) (i)
Question 5 (b) (ii) [a]
Question 5 (b) (ii) [b]

- Part B
Question a
Question b
Question c

6

35
7. Conclusion 36
8. Reference 37
9. Enclosure 38

4
Acknowledgement

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my
guide Mrs Tan Gien Pei, for exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant
encouragement throughout this assignment. The blessing, help and guidance given
from time to time had carried me a long way in the journey of completing this
assignment.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to my parents, Mr
and Mrs Arasu for their valuable information and guidance based on daily life
matters, which helped me in completing this task through various stages.

I am obliged to my lovely friends for their cordial-valuable information in their
respective views. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my
assignment.

Lastly, I thank almighty God, teacher, parents, and friends for their constant
encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.

Sincely,

Prasana a/p Arasu.

5
Introduction

Solar energy in one form or another is the source of nearly all energy on the earth. Humans,
like all other animals and plants, rely on the sun for warmth and food. However, people also
harness the sun's energy in many other different ways. For example, fossil fuels, plant matter
from a past geological age, is used for transportation and electricity generation and is
essentially just stored solar energy from millions of years ago. Similarly, biomass converts
the sun's energy into a fuel, which can then be used for heat, transport or electricity. Wind
energy, used for hundreds of years to provide mechanical energy or for transportation, uses
air currents that are created by solar heated air and the rotation of the earth. Today wind
turbines convert wind power into electricity as well as its traditional uses. Even
hydroelectricity is derived from the sun. Hydropower depends on the evaporation of water
by the sun, and its subsequent return to the Earth as rain to provide water in dams.
Photovoltaic (often abbreviated as PV) are a simple and elegant method of harnessing the
sun's energy. PV devices (solar cells) are unique in that they directly convert the incident
solar radiation into electricity, with no noise, pollution or moving parts, making them robust,
reliable and long lasting. Solar cells are based on the same principles and materials behind
the communications and computer revolutions, and this CDROM covers the operation, use
and applications of photovoltaic devices and systems.

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PART A
Question 1
Answer:
According to my view, I think it is true that more sustainable, cleaner and safer
world can be created by making wiser energy choices. This is because nature
resources behind every technology are not realized by human. Energy here
meant is renewable energy such solar energy, wind power and etc. These
energies are trapped and applied in most of the developed countries in order
to reduce the amount of electricity (kW) used. By using renewable energy, we
can avoid pollutions as well as can manage to have a healthy-living
environment.

Question 2
Answer:
Types of renewable energy are:

Solar Energy
- Is radiant light and heat from the sun.
- Widely used in Japan.

Hydropower
- Power derived from the energy of falling water and running water.
- Widely practised in China.

Wind Power
- is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to
produce electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water
pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
- Well known in Denmark.

Wave (Ocean) Power
- Is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do
useful work for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into
reservoirs).

Geothermal Energy
- Is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that
determines the temperature of matter.
- Well known renewable energy in Iceland.

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1. SOLAR ENERGY

How does it look like?

How does it function?

8
2. HYDROPOWER



9
3. WIND POWER


How does it work?

10
4. WAVE (OCEAN) POWER



11
5. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY



12
Question 3

If the Sun energy creates a current density of
in silicon solar
cell at 40, what is the voltage generated?

Solution:
V = ?
T = 313
k =
J
e =
Coulomb

V =

V =

V =

[12.737]
V = (

) (
)
V = 0.068 V

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Question 4 a

(a) Complete the table. Make conjecture regarding the relationship between

and V.

0 1 5 10 50 98 1 000 10 000 99 540
v
0 0.0185 0.048 0.064 0.105 0.123 0.185 0.246 0.308

Conjecture : When
increase, then V increases linearly too.

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Solution:
The value of
, when
= 5
V =

0.048 =
(

0.048 =
(

=
(

0.0268 =
(

0.0268 (

4.31212 x
= 312.472

312

15
The value of
, when
= 1000
V =

0.185 =
(

0.185 =
(

=
(

0.0268 =
(

0.0268 (

4.31212 x
= 312.472
312
Since

=
, hence the constant value of T is 312

16
(a) The values of V
When
= 10
Solution :
V =

V =
(

V =
(

V =
(

V = 0.064 V

17

When
= 10 000
Solution:
V =

V =
(

V =
(

V =
(

V = 0.246 V

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(b) The values of
,
When V = 0.123
Answer:
V =

0.123 =

0.123 = (

) x (

4.5965 =
= 4.5965 x
= 1.996
x + 1 =

x + 1 = 99.0
x = 99 1
x = 98

= 98

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When V = 0.308
V =

0.308 =

0.308 = (

) x (

11.5099 =
= 11.5099 x
= 4.9982
x + 1 =

x + 1 = 99 540.5
x = 99 540.5 - 1
x = 99 539.5
x 99 540

= 99 540

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Question 4 - b
(b) Based on the table, plot the curve of
against V. Explain your graph to

your conjecture.
(Turn to next page to refer the graph I)
Conjecture: When
increase, then V increases too. A constant increment in the

value of
increases the value of V where the graph does not curve

downwards (negative value) and it maintains its positive curve
shape. Since, there is no negative values produced in V, hence the
graph formed is not a quadratic graph.

Question 4 c
(c) From the graph, find :

(i) The photoelectric current density required from the suns energy to
generate a cell voltage of 0.2 volts.
Solution:
=?
=2 000
=2 000 x (
=2 000 x ( 4.26 x
=8.52 x

(ii) The voltage generated when
= 200 000
Solution:
V = 0.3275 V

21

Graph of
against V

0 1 5 10 50 98
1000
10000
99540
180000
200000
-50000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Y = ((1.38*10^(-23 ) )(312))/((1.609*10^(-19))) * log_10+1/
log_102.718 y
The value of V
when = 200
The value of
when V = 0.2 V

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Question 5 - a
(a) The variation of with respect to the
day of the year is given by the

following relation (Cooper, 1969) ,

(i) Plot the curve of against the
day of the year.

Solution:
January

23
February

March

24
April

May

25
June

]

July

]

26
August

]

September

]

27
October

]

November

]

28
December

]

Tabulation for graph
Month Number of days
day (3 D.P) (1 d.p for

graph)
- 1 day 1
st
day -23.012 -23.0
January 31 days 31
st
day -17.782 -17.8
February 28 days 59
th
day -8.670 -8.7
March 31 days 90
th
day 3.619 3.6
April 30 days 120
th
day 14.587 14.6
May 31 days 151
st
day 21.898 21.9
June 30 days 180
th
day 23.241 23.2
July 31 days 212
th
day 18.171 18.2
August 31 days 243
rd
day 8.105 8.1
September 30 days 273
rd
day -3.818 -3.8
October 31 days 304
th
day -15.056 -15.1
November 30 days 334
th
day -21.970 -22.0
December 31 days 365
th
day -23.086 -23.1

(Turn to next page to refer the graph of against
)

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Graph of against
day of the year

-23
-17.8
-8.7
3.6
14.6
21.9
23.2
18.2
8.1
-3.8
-15.1
-22
-23.1
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
The minimum
value of .
The maximum
value of .

30
Question 5 a
(ii) Hence, find the maximum and minimum value of
Maximum value of = 23.4
Minumum value of = -23.5

(iii) What are the dates in 2010 that these maximum and minimum values
occur?
-
day of maximum value = 175

th
day
Date : 25
th
June of 2010
-
day of minimum value = 355

th
day
Date : 21
st
December 2010

Question 5 b

(i) The values of some slope azimuth angles are given in table 2 below.
Complete the table.
Surface orientation Slope azimuth angle)
Slope towards south 0
Slope towards north 180
Slope towards east 90
Slope towards west + 90
Slope towards south east 45
Slope towards south west + 45

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(ii) Based on the given information,
(a) Calculate the angle of incidence of the suns radiation, on a solar
panel located at Kuala Lumpur at 12:00 (solar time) on the 31
st
of August
2010. The panel is tilted at 45 from the horizontal and pointed at south.
[ The latitude of Kuala Lumpur is 3.13 N ]

To find the value of hour angle,
= 3.13 N
ST = 12:00
= 45
= 0
= ?

= (ST 12)15 where ST is the local solar time
= (12-12)15
= (0)15
= 0

32
To find the angle of incidence, between the suns radiation on the solar panel
surface and the normal to the surface,
= 3.13 N
= 45
= 0
= 8.105 (Refer to the Augusts column in the tabulation of graph at page 28)
= 0

= + +
+ ( - )

= + +
+ ( -
)

= (0.74466) (0.990) + (0) + (-0.6674)

= 0.73721 + (-0.0941)

= 0.64311

=
(0.643)
= 49 59
= 49 59

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(b) Obtain an equation that relates to on the 31
st
of August 2010.
When does the suns ray become parallel to the surface?

= + +
( ) + ( - )

0.7447 + (-0.6674)
0.7337 - 0.0941

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The suns ray becomes parallel on:
Let = 90,
=
0.7337 - 0.0941
0.7337 - 0.0941
0.7337
=
= 0.1283
= 82 38
= (ST 12)15
82 38 = (ST 12)15
ST = 17.51 hour or 6.49 hour

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PART B
(a) What are the common renewably energy sources in Malaysia? Find out the
location of 3 renewable energy installations in Malaysia and how much
power each installation can generate? If an average family needs 3kW of
power, how many families can each renewable energy installation support?

Types of energy Location of installation Output current Number of families

Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu
650kW 650k 3k = 217
Hybrid Energy - - -
- - -

Temenggor, Perak
348 MW 348M 3k = 116 000
Hydroelectric Energy
Tenom Pangi, Sabah
66 MW 66M 3k = 22 000

Bakun Dam, Sarawak
2400 MW 2400M 3k = 800 0000

Bumibiopower Sdn Bhd, Perak
6 MW 6M 3k = 2 000
Biomass Energy
Recycle Energy Sdn Bhd, Selangor
9 MW 9M 3k = 3000

Naluri Ventures Sdn Bhd, Johor
12 MW 12M 3k = 4 000

(b) State at least 3 applications of solar energy in daily life.

Generates electricity for home (lights, refrigerator)
Solar hot water heaters
Swimming Pools with Solar Heat
Ventilation Using Solar Power

(c) Malaysia aims to reduce carbon emissions from 187 million tons in 2005
to 74.8 million tons in 2020. In your opinion, what are the steps to be
taken to achieve this goal in 2020?
According to my point of view, I think the increment in usage of renewable
energy could reduce the percentage of carbon emissions from 187 million tons
to 74.8 million tons by 2020. This can be proven when the transports which
releases ample amount of carbon monoxide, CO to the air can be overcome by
using palm oil as a form of Biomass energy. In fact, each house should fix a
solar panel in the future in order to reduce the carbon emissions as well as to
maintain a cost saving or budget daily life.

36
Conclusion

As a conclusion of this project, I would like to say that this project helped me in
thinking using various ways. For an instance, the answers obtained by us (my friends
and I who chose the same task Task 1; Solar Energy) is almost the same with
different solutions or methods. From this, I also learnt to strengthen the topics I am
weak at such as logarithms and trigonometric.

Besides that, I have learnt a new lesson while completing my project which
was doing graph using Microsoft Excel efficiently. Using the Microsoft Word, I was
also able to interpret data neatly. In fact, doing graphs using Microsoft Excel is way
smarter than drawing it by hand. Undeniable, it helps us to find certain values
accurately as how the examiner wants.

Finally, I highly appreciate and am thankful to those who helped me to
complete my assignment in a short period of time including my Additional
Mathematics teacher Mrs. Tan Gien Pei, parents and also dearest friends.

37
Reference

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Malaysia#Hybrid_po
wer_stations (Power Stations in Malaysia)

2. http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/introduction/solar-energy
(Introduction about Solar Energy)

3. http://www.bms.co.in/acknowledgement-sample-for-project-
reports/comment-page-1/ (Acknowledgement sample)

4. https://www.google.com.my/search?q=solar+energy&source=lnms&tbm=is
ch&sa=X&ei=x8DAU-
erDsuWuASEyIKQAg&sqi=2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=624
(Solar Energy images)

5. https://www.google.com.my/search?q=wind+energy&source=lnms&tbm=is
ch&sa=X&ei=ZMLAU6mOEYS9uASQrIKIDg&sqi=2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&bi
w=1366&bih=624 (Wind Energy images)

6. https://www.google.com.my/search?q=wave+power+energy&tbm=isch&tbo
=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=OsLAU763N8KhugTVoICYDg&ved=0CCcQsAQ&
biw=1366&bih=624 (Wave power images )

7. https://www.google.com.my/search?q=hydropower+energy&tbm=isch&tbo
=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=8cHAU5SZKc6fugSnsYCAAg&sqi=2&ved=0CCY
QsAQ&biw=1366&bih=624 (Hydropower images)

8. https://www.google.com.my/search?q=geothermal+energy&source=lnms&t
bm=isch&sa=X&ei=wMHAU6SrB4qSuASc4YJg&sqi=2&ved=0CAYQ_AUoA
Q&biw=1366&bih=624 (Geothermal energy images)

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PRASANA A/P ARASU Additional Mathematics Project SPM 2014

increase, then V increases linearly too.

, hence the constant value of T is 312

against V. Explain your graph to

increase, then V increases too. A constant increment in the

increases the value of V where the graph does not curve

day of the year is given by the

day of the year.

day (3 D.P) (1 d.p for

day of the year

day of maximum value = 175

day of minimum value = 355

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