A Field Report

1
A FIELD REPORT
ON
"A STUDY ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
IN REFERENCE TO LUCKNOW"

Submitted by :
Ashutosh Srivastava
Roll No. : 663/HR/2010D

Submitted to:

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF HUMAN RIGHTS

(2011-13)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Research is a challenging enterprise needing consistent hard work, unhindered dedication and
constant consultation, which is a very pleasing facet of dissertation writing. It gives me an
utmost joy in thanking those who helped me to complete this work.

I have no sufficient words to express my deep sense of gratitude to my learned
supervisor for his talented guidance. It was highly appreciable to find his as a guiding light
for his analytical outlook, constructive locution and irony criticism was pivotal to me
throughout my research work. In his, I found a rare combination of wisdom, intellectual
awareness, hardworking spirit and dedicated teacher.
I am also grateful to other staff members for their necessary cooperation and help. I
also feel great pleasure in expressing my indebtedness to the several authors whose work I
have cited in my study and from whom I have drawn both information and insight.
I must confess that completion of my dissertation have been impossible without the
blessing, emotional support and exceptional encouragement by my respected parents, who
gifted to me inherent intellectual integrity to work ceaselessly to achieve my goal and cope
up the indecisive situation. They are on the highest position in the universe for me. I am
highly grateful to Almighty who gifted me an educational vision.
Ashutosh Srivastava
Roll No. : 663/HR/2010D
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TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter - 1
Introduction
Chapter - 2
Review of Literature
Chapter - 3
Research Methodology
Chapter - 4
Analysis and interpretation of Data
Chapter - 5
Summary and Findings
Chapter - 6
Limitation
Chapter - 7
Suggestions, recommendations and Conclusion
Chapter - 8
Bibliography
Chapter - 9
Appendices
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Domestic violence is defined in many ways and is subject to many stereotypical and false
presumptions that contribute to the stigmatisation of its victims. Paradoxically, there is an
abundance of statistics that outline the prevalence of domestic violence in society and the far-
reaching effects upon women. Research reveals that women in violent relationships suffer
physically, emotionally and psychologically. It has also been established that there are serious
consequential effects that can continue long after the abuse has ended. Focusing specifically
on the under-researched area of the womans exit, this paper aims to discover the processes
involved in moving on from a violent relationship and how womens lives and sense of selves
are rebuilt. A qualitative method was employed and data generated from interviews with ten
female victims of domestic violence was thematically analysed. Results of the research
indicate that one of the biggest barriers to recovery is the stigma associated with domestic
violence and the judgements that society imposes upon victims. This research also provides
an evaluation of one of the existing support services designed to educate women about the
reality of domestic violence and abuse and outlines the impact and effects of that which is
taught upon the lives of those taking part.

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION
Bride tortured to death for dowry, Married woman harassed by in-laws, School going
girl succumbs to her injuries after beaten by father, A seventy year old woman killed over
property dispute, Harassment of women in Chandigarh
All these and what not, turn to any newspaper at random and you would find the reports of
such kind of violence all over the country. These are all what we come to know through
different forms of media. There are more such cases which go unreported every day. In fact,
include the cases which we our self indulge in, or the ones which we witness in the
neighbourhood but are hesitant in taking even a single step to reduce their occurrences.
In our society, domestic violence is bursting. It is present almost everywhere and nowhere is
this eruption more intense than right behind the doors of our homes. Behind closed doors of
homes all across our country, women are being tortured, beaten or killed. It is happening in
rural areas, towns, cities and in metropolitans as well. It is crossing all social classes, genders,
racial lines and age groups. It is becoming a legacy being passed on from one generation to
another.
The term used to describe this exploding problem of violence within our homes is Domestic
Violence. This violence is towards someone who we are in a relationship with, be it a wife,
daughter, sister, mother or grandmother. It can be parents, in-laws or any other atrocity
towards a woman. Anyone can be a victim. This violence has a tendency to explode in
various forms such as physical, sexual or emotional.
Since times immemorial, domestic violence has been an intrinsic part of the society we are
living in. The contributing factors could be the desire to gain control over another family
member, the desire to exploit someone for personal benefits, the flare to be in a commanding
position all the time showcasing ones supremacy so on and so forth. On various occasions,
psychological problems and social influence also add to the vehemence.
Women are often in great danger in the place where they should be safest: within their
families. For many, home is where they face a regime of terror and violence at the hands of
somebody close to them somebody they should be able to trust. Those victimized suffer
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physically and psychologically. They are unable to make their own decisions, voice their own
opinions or protect themselves for fear of further repercussions. Their human rights are
denied and their lives are stolen from them by the ever-present threat of violence.
Domestic violence is a health, legal, economic, educational, and developmental and, above
all, a human rights issue. Much has been done to create awareness and demonstrate that
change is not only necessary, it is also possible.

DEFINITIONS AND KEY CONCEPTS
There is no universally accepted definition of violence against women. Some human rights
activists prefer a broad-based definition that includes "structural violence" such as poverty,
and unequal access to health and education. Others have argued for a more limited definition
in order not to lose the actual descriptive power of the term. In any case, the need to develop
specific operational definitions has been acknowledged so that research and monitoring can
become more specific and have greater cross-cultural applicability. The United Nations
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) defines violence against
women as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical,
sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion
or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life."
This definition refers to the gender-based roots of violence, recognizing that "violence against
women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a
subordinate position compared with men." It broadens the definition of violence by including
both the physical and psychological harm done towards women, and it includes acts in both
private and public life. The Declaration defines violence against women as encompassing, but
not limited to, three areas: violence occurring in the family, within the general community,
and violence perpetrated or condoned by the State.
Domestic violence includes violence perpetrated by intimate partners and other family
members, and manifested through:
Physical abuse such as slapping, beating, arm twisting, stabbing, strangling, burning,
choking, kicking, threats with an object or weapon, and murder. It also includes
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traditional practices harmful to women such as wife inheritance (the practice of
passing a widow, and her property, to her dead husbands brother).
Sexual abuse such as coerced sex through threats, intimidation or physical force,
forcing unwanted sexual acts or forcing sex with others.
Psychological abuse which includes behaviour that is intended to intimidate and
persecute, and takes the form of threats of abandonment or abuse, confinement to the
home, surveillance, threats to take away custody of the children, destruction of
objects, isolation, verbal aggression and constant humiliation.
Economic abuse includes acts such as the denial of funds, refusal to contribute
financially, denial of food and basic needs, and controlling access to health care,
employment, etc.

THE SOCIAL MARKETING ENVIRONMENT
PROGRAM FOCUS
Violence against women by their partners is now recognised as a major international public
health problem, in both developed and developing countries. Traditional domestic violence
program/campaigns focus on legal threats and sanctions in an attempt to stop men from being
violent. While the incarceration of violent men and the issuing of protection orders are
necessary components of domestic violence prevention interventions, they do not - and
cannot - remove the fear women experience in terms of the man reappearing some time, some
place, often with tragic consequences. Furthermore, many women do not want to leave the
relationship, nor do they want the man incarcerated; they simply want the violence to stop.
An ideal and innovative social marketing initiative is that the program should acknowledge
these factors and aims and its main focus is to reduce womens fear by motivating
perpetrators and potential perpetrators to voluntarily attend counselling programs.
CAMPAIGN PURPOSE
The campaign should be a unique initiative, being the first non-punitive campaign focussing
primarily on perpetrators of domestic violence, asking them to voluntarily seek help to
change their violent ways. The logic is that if violent men voluntarily change their violent
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behaviour, this will not only reduce the incidence of violence, but reduce the fear felt by their
women partners. There will therefore be substantial benefits to mental and physical health for
all parties.
The purpose of such campaigns is to encourage women to report incidents, and, where
necessary, to leave the family home and to take out civil protection (or restraining) orders
against violent partners.
SWOT ANALYSIS

Strengths
The government and various NGOs
have significant funds for the
conduction of the campaign.
The government and various NGOs
have resources and mechanisms in
place for coordinating an integrated
response to domestic violence across
various states.
The government is willing to work
with contractors with significant
expertise in social marketing and the
health issue to contribute to the
success of the campaign.
Weaknesses
The planners have to deal with a
difficult social issue with a potentially
controversial goal of targeting
perpetrators that many might consider
in need of criminal action instead of
intervention.
Planners would need to engage a
number of stakeholders for buy-in
and support of a program to target
perpetrators of domestic violence.
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Opportunities
This program would be the first to
target violent men.
Threats
There is a risk that womens victim
support organizations which are
sometimes very female-oriented will
be biased against men. It is important
for these organizations and their
members to understand that the
campaign's primary aim is the safety
of women.
It is recognized that the sector not
only needs to be informed of the
unit's intentions very early on, but
their knowledge, advice, and support
should be sought whenever possible.
Because majority of the times the
campaign relies on government
funding, changes in government
policies/priorities or in the ruling
party could lead to a decrease in
funding.
Backlash from men's groups is
possible since the campaign does not
include female-to-male violence.

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DATA ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA
Violence against women is a serious problem in India. Overall, one-third of women between
ages 15-49 have experienced physical violence. In total, 35 percent have experienced
physical or sexual violence. This figure translates into millions of women who have suffered,
and continue to suffer, at the hands of husbands and other family members. National Family
Health Survey-3 collected information from married and unmarried women between age 15-
49 about their experience of domestic violence. Married women were also asked about their
experience of emotional violence. NFHS-3 findings underscore the extent and severity of
violence against women in India, especially married women.
Married women are more likely to experience physical or sexual violence by husbands than
by anyone else. Nearly two in five (37 percent) married women have experienced some form
of domestic violence by their husband.
Forms of domestic violence against women
At least one of these acts
37 %
Forced her to perform any sexual acts that she did not want to
5 %
Threatened her or attacked her with a knife, gun, or any other weapon
1 %
Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose
2 %
Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up
12 %
Punched her with his fist or with something that could hurt her
11 %
Twisted her arm or pulled her hair
15 %
Slapped her
34 %
Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her
14 %
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Slapping is the most common act of physical violence by husbands. 34 percent of
married women say their husband has slapped them; 15 percent say their husband has
pulled their hair or twisted their arms; and 14 percent have been pushed, shaken, or
had something thrown at them.
Often, this physical and sexual violence causes injuries. Almost two in five women
who have experienced physical or sexual violence report having injuries, including 36
percent who had cuts, bruises or aches; 9 percent who had eye injuries, sprains,
dislocations, or burns; and 7 percent who had deep wounds, broken bones, broken
teeth, or other serious injuries.
The prevalence of spousal physical or sexual violence is much higher among women
in the poorest households (49 percent) than among women in the wealthier
households (18 percent).
Nearly half (46 percent) of married women with no education have experienced
spousal violence; similarly, nearly half of women whose husbands have no education
(47 percent) have experienced spousal violence.
Twelve percent of married women with 12 or more years of education have
experienced spousal violence, compared with 21 percent of married women whose
husbands have 12 or more years of education. This suggests that womens own
education reduces their likelihood of experiencing spousal violence more than their
husbands education.
Spousal violence is lower among couples in which husbands and wives have both
been to school and are equally educated (23 percent) than among couples where the
husband has more education than the wife (36 percent).
The cycle of domestic violence is repeated across generations. Women whose mothers
were beaten by their fathers are twice as likely to experience violence as women
whose mothers were not beaten by their fathers: 60 percent, compared with 30
percent.
Women married to men who get drunk frequently are more than twice as likely to
experience violence as women whose husbands do not drink alcohol at all. However,
even though alcohol is important, it is not the only factor accounting for the high
prevalence of violence against women, as 30 percent of even women whose husbands
do not drink have experienced spousal violence.
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One in six (16 percent) married women have experienced emotional violence by their
husband.
Sixteen percent of never married women have experienced physical violence since
they were 15 years of age, generally by a parent, a sibling, or a teacher.
One percent of never married women report having ever been sexually abused by
anyone. Among never married women who have experienced sexual violence, 27
percent say that the perpetrator of the violence was a relative.
CAUSES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Dissatisfaction with the dowry and exploiting women for more of it.
Arguing with the partner.
Refusing to have sex with him.
Neglecting children.
Going out of home without telling the partner.
Not cooking properly or on time.
Indulging in extra marital affairs.
Not looking after in-laws.
Infertility in females.
Desire for a male child.
Alcoholism of husband.
There have been gruesome reports of young bride being burnt alive or subjected to
continuous harassment for not bringing home the amount of demanded dowry. The Tandoor
Murder Case of Naina Sahni in New Delhi in the year 1995 is one such dreadful incident of a
woman being killed and then burnt in a Tandoor by his husband. This incidence was an
outcome of suspicion of extra marital affairs of Naina Sahni which led to marital discord and
domestic violence against her.
In urban areas there are many more factors which lead to differences in the beginning and
later take the shape of domestic violence. These include more income of a working woman
than her partner, her absence in the house till late night, abusing and neglecting in-laws, being
more forward socially etc.
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EVALUATION
Evaluation should measure the following
General awareness of, attitudes towards, and professed behaviours relating to
domestic violence. That includes the audiences'
o Awareness of domestic violence as an important social issue.
o Whether the audiences saw domestic violence as acceptable under certain
circumstances.
o Their inclination to behave in physically or emotionally violent ways.
Awareness of how to get help such as knowledge about available support services,
awareness of where to telephone for help, etc.
Inclination to advise others to telephone the helpline.
Advertising reach and impact i.e., awareness of advertising, message take-out,
attitudes towards the campaign, calls to the helpline, acceptance of referrals to
counselling.
The domestic violence against women has somewhat decreased in the urban areas due
systematic plan carried out by the government and the NGOs. Other reasons for the decrease
in domestic violence in the urban areas is due women getting more conscious about the
various laws against domestic violence, increase in the educational level of women, getting
more independent and consciousness about self respect.
However the issue of domestic violence against women in rural areas is a bit of concern with
women do not have any or little access to available resources such as government schemes,
access to helpline, women empowerment schemes, etc.
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EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON WOMEN'S
Women suffer many types of physical and emotional abuse as a result of illegal actions taken
within the private home, and those who have experienced some form of domestic violence
tend to have greater long-term mental disorders and drug dependencies than those who do
not.
[26]
In India, reducing domestic violence is imperative not only from an ethical and human
rights perspective but also because of obvious instrumental and immediate health benefits
that would be gained from such reduction
Health
Serious health problems often result from physical, emotional, and sexual forms of domestic
violence.
[8]
Physical health outcomes include: Injury (from lacerations to fractures and
internal organs injury), Unwanted Pregnancy, Gynaecological problems, STDs including
HIV, Miscarriage, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Chronic pelvic pain, Headaches, Permanent
disabilities, Asthma, Irritable bowel syndrome, Self-injurious behaviours (smoking,
unprotected sex) Mental health effects can include depression, fear, anxiety, low self-esteem,
sexual dysfunction, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or post traumatic stress
disorder. Fatal effects can include suicide, homicide, maternal mortality, or HIV/AIDS.
Negative public health consequences are also strongly associated with domestic
violence.
[8]
Social and economic costs have been identified as direct results of these public-
health consequences, and it is argued that these justify state action to act in the interest of the
public to reconcile these costs (specifically including costs such as worker earnings and
productivity, public healthcare, and costs associated with the criminal justice system).
Women's agency
The act of domestic violence towards women is a human rights violation as well as an illegal
act under Indian law. It is therefore widely considered a threat to womens agency through
any lens, and there is a growing recognition in many Indian regions that the nation can reach
a higher potential through obtaining greater social and economic capital than by reducing
womens participation in society. Domestic violence is one of the most significant
determinants of this denial. Greater gender equality through greater womens agency cannot
be achieved if basic health needs are not being met and if cultural biases that allow for
domestic violence in India persist
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
TARGET AUDIENCES
Primary Target Audiences
Violent men, or perpetrators; i.e., men who are physically violent against their domestic
partners, acknowledge it as a problem, and are not currently in treatment. While these men
may not take full responsibility for their behavior, they can be reached.
Secondary Target Audiences
The second identified target audience segment were men 15-40 years old "at risk" of
committing domestic violence. Potentially violent men were defined as those subjecting their
partner to non-physical forms of abuse (e.g., emotional abuse, financial deprivation, social
isolation). There is evidence that these non-physical forms of abuse are often precursors to
physical abuse.
Tertiary Target Audiences
A third target group consisted of those individuals who might encourage the primary target
audience to seek assistance: victims, family members, friends and professionals with whom
they might come in contact (e.g., lawyers, doctors, nurses, Police Officers, counsellors).
Finally, the campaign targeted all members of the community in terms of maintaining the
salience of domestic violence as a community concern, and in terms of reinforcing men not
engaged in violent behaviour.
OBJECTIVES & GOALS
For all audiences, the primary communication objectives of the promotional materials were
that:
(a) the perpetrator, not the victim, is responsible for the violence; and
(b) that there are no circumstances in which violence is justified.
Amongst members of the primary and secondary target groups, the main
communication objectives were to increase awareness that non-punitive, anonymous help
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was available and to stimulate motivations and intentions to seek help. The intermediate
behavioural objective was that they should call the helpline for assistance, or seek assistance
from some credible source. The final behavioral objectives - particularly following
counselling - were a reduction in violent incidents - both physical and verbal - amongst
perpetrators, and the prevention of violence amongst potentials.
The overall goals of the campaign are the reduction of violence against women by male
partners and, consequently, increased physical and mental health amongst victims. The
campaign aims to achieve the goal of reduced violence by voluntary behaviour change
amongst male perpetrators, and the prevention of first and subsequent acts of violence
amongst potential perpetrators.
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COMPETITORS
The major competitors for this campaign are
Many women do not even acknowledge that they are the victims of domestic
violence.
As most of the women suffering from domestic violence are married they do not want
to complain against their husbands or in-laws because of the socio-cultural pressures.
Men who are generally the culprits accept that they have committed domestic
violence but do not acknowledge that they are the perpetrators.
Men also deny that they have ever conducted domestic violence even though they
might have committed it.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Why is domestic violence so prevalent among women?
Are women aware of their rights?
Does the dependence of women on men have any effect on domestic violence?
Does culture play any role on violence against women?
Are there any available resource centers to report cases of violence and counsel those
affected women?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the study is to investigate domestic violence that is prevalent amongst
women in Lucknow District Municipality. This study seeks to solicit different views of
the community on domestic violence and the availability of centers that give guidance
and counseling on those affected by violence.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study is to find out whether women in Lucknow District are aware of
their human rights. The study will further assess whether the dependence of women on men
affects domestic violence. The study will investigate whether culture impacts negatively on
violence against women.

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1.6 ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING THE STUDY
This study will assume that in rural areas there is high prevalence of domestic violence
which is caused by the lack of awareness among women and society at large. It will be
further assumed that most women are victims of domestic violence because they are afraid of
their husbands, given their cultural background. The study will further assume that there is
scarcity of health services and resource centers for victims of domestic violence.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE/RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
The study intends to gain a better understanding of domestic violence against rural women.
Among others, it seeks to help policy makers and practitioners to come up with policies and
strategies that would assist to limit domestic violence against women, provide a platform for
vulnerable women, and assist men to contribute positively to the fight against domestic
violence in rural areas. It is also intended to raise critical awareness on the seriousness of
domestic violence amongst women and also officials, as a means of effecting behavior
change.

1.8 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study focuses on domestic violence in Lucknow District Municipality. It will concentrate
on women between the ages of 20 to 45 years because many women between these ages
commonly live with their spouses. It will further look at the effects of culture on domestic
violence. The population of the study will comprise of representative from the Department of
Social Development, Indian Police Service, and House of Traditional Leaders in Lucknow
District Municipality. The study will focus on these institutions because they deal with the
rural community in Lucknow District Municipality. Data collection will rely mainly on views
and perceptions of the respondents and documents. The interviews will be comprised of
women and some men in order to compare and balance the views of victims and perpetrators
of domestic violence.

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CHAPTER -2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
There are certain differences in the terminology and language used to explain and define
domestic violence. This is often attributable to the way in which a particular society deals
with and politicises the issue. American research may use the term spousal abuse or
battering whilst in the UK, domestic violence or domestic abuse is more commonplace.
There are also major differences in the way in which this type of abuse is explained,
accounted for and dealt with. However for the purposes of this research, literature has been
reviewed from both Britain and America and both British and American phraseology are used
interchangeably.
As the aim of this research is focused primarily upon the adverse circumstances and internal
struggles involved in the womans exit from an abusive relationship, it is therefore deemed to
be crucial that a review of the available literature outlining the consequential effects of this
sort of abuse are considered in order to comprehend the enormity and complexity of the
process. Current research highlights an important consideration by emphasising the fact that
women are experiencing similar patterns of abusive behaviour and are still subject to the
same sort of despicable, misogynistic conduct whatever their geographical location.

Despite there being numerous definitions of domestic violence and an abundance of statistics,
ambiguity regarding the true nature of domestic violence is regretfully apparent within
society and subject to various myths and stereotypical attitudes. Statistics abound and
connote that although chronically underreported and with more repeat victims than any other,
domestic violence accounts for 16% of all violent crime. Of the one in four women that
experience domestic violence over their lifetimes 57% are involved in more than one incident
and an average of 35 assaults occur before victims call the police and of these, two lives of
women are claimed each week (Womens Aid, 2002).

Aside from the physical aftermath of such abusive behaviour, there are other serious
consequences for the victim. The World Health Organisation (2001) lists depression, anxiety,
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psychosomatic symptoms, eating problems, sexual dysfunction and effects on reproductive
health as being a direct result of the endurance of domestic violence. Campbell (2000) cites
depression and post-traumatic stress disorder as the most prevalent mental-health sequelae of
intimate partner violence with substantial co morbidity. Research has shown with certainty
that domestic violence has long-term negative health consequences for survivors which can
continue long after the abuse has ended. Some of these effects become manifest in poor
health status, poor quality of life, and high use of health services (Campbell, 2002). The
Department of Health (1996) recognise that 5% of health years of life are lost worldwide by
women because of domestic violence and on a worldwide scale, domestic violence is a
significant cause of disability and death.

Assertions that all forms of domestic violence whether psychological, economic, emotional
or physical come from the abusers desire for power and control are widely supported
(Womens Aid, 2004). Research suggests that domestic violence occurs within a context of
coercive control because of male attitudes and beliefs in the rightness of male dominance and
control over women (Johnson, 2001). Dobash & Dobash (1998) reveal four general themes:
mens possessiveness and jealousy, disagreements and expectations regarding domestic work
and resources, mens sense of their right to punish their women for perceived wrongdoing
and the importance to men of maintaining and exercising their power and authority.
Similarly, describing violence in intimate relationships, Cavanagh et al (2001) state that
violence does not just happen; it is used as a means of exercising power and control over
women it is purposeful and intentional. As the roots of violence lie not in individual
pathology or in family conflicts, but in mens domination and control over women (Milner,
2004), this type of violence is distinguishable from other types of traumatic events as it is
likely to occur multiple times over an extended time period within the home (Hage, 2000).
Because violence is gendered and a considerable problem of masculinity, (Braithwaite &
Daly, 1994) it is therefore a defining male characteristic, fundamental to mens power over
women (Dobash & Dobash, 1979). As one of the most obvious and discernible forms of
domination used by men to assert and maintain their authority over women, as well as to
uphold male honour, is the use or threat of violence, womens unequal status in patriarchal
societies and consequently ones value, status, authority, power, privileges, and socialization
are determined by gender (Taylor, 2001).
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It is not only while enduring an abusive relationship that the woman feels the impact of the
negative stereotyping associated with domestic violence, research shows that even after
leaving the relationship, feelings of rejection and stigma from the wider society are apparent.
McInnes (2003) describes these negative stereotypes as being a form of social violence
inflicted upon single mother families, who she says are an easy and visible scapegoat for
public lamentations about the breakdown of family values, the associated costs and the lack
of discipline for children without fathers.

Victims of domestic violence can also encounter an unexpected and more specific form of re-
victimisation when engaging in the criminal process. By seeking redress through the criminal
justice system, it appears that victims are seeking to gain acknowledgement and validation of
their experiences, not only from the perpetrator but from bystanders. However, women
often discover their insignificance when the crimes committed against them that have had
such a profound impact on their lives are not of major concern to others; thus preventing
victims from transferring the burden of disgrace to the offender (Lewis Herman, 2005). In
this instance, the woman is denied the opportunity to tell her story in her own way which
once more, has the effect of silencing the victim (Braithwaite & Daly, 1995).

In view of the profusion of statistics and abundance of information available, domestic
violence is still often explored in ways that portray women as helpless victims (Davis, 2002).
It is important to note that a woman is made a victim by the use of violence; however, the
construct of victim is a product of culture and language, meaning different things at different
times, (Hyden, 2005). It is therefore important to distinguish that in the case of domestic
violence the victim label is worn not to typify a characteristic of a woman but it is bestowed
upon the woman as a direct result of the perpetrators actions.
One of the most common questions asked regarding the predicament of the victim of
domestic violence is Why does she stay? This is the prevailing question that contains its
own underlying assumptions that there is something about the woman that makes her want to
be abused, (Rhodes & McKenzie Barranoff, 1998). Similarly, Burman & Chantler (2005)
24

suggest that the question of why doesnt she leave brings its own conjecture, inferring
notions of learned helplessness and battered womens syndrome which is not helpful in
understanding the complex dynamics of domestic violence, nor does it convey the true,
definitive nature of the problem.

Without an acknowledgement of the far-reaching consequences of domestic violence,
uninformed opinions appear to perpetuate current myths regarding this form of abuse that
already exist within society, some of which are revealed in statements such as; It cant be
that bad or else she would leave or She must ask for it. Hyden (1999) elaborates on the
question Why doesnt she leave? and suggests that this enquiry not only implies
dissociation from the violent event but also adds an undertone of criticism of its victim. This
consequently renders the question into a judgement, not upon the perpetrator of violence but
upon the victim.

Upon review of the literature, it becomes apparent that despite the available information
regarding domestic violence, its consequences, impact and effects, victims are still viewed in
some way as being responsible for their plight. Arguing for a greater acknowledgement to be
given to the link between domestic violence and serious emotional distress, Humphreys &
Thiara (2003) suggest that womens accounts of emotional abuse are likely to be
misconstrued, misunderstood and possibly used against them. Consequently, these responses
generate a climate of judgement and suspicion resulting in many women learning how to
survive by silencing their voices (Van Hook, 2000). Seemingly, with regards to either staying
in the relationship or leaving it, it appears that the victim is damned if she does and damned if
she doesnt.

It becomes apparent that the content and volume of information available regarding domestic
violence is not sufficient to dispel the myths, nor is it able to challenge societys stereotypical
assumptions. Mullender & Hague (2005) advocate that an appropriate response to the nature
and scope of domestic violence can only occur if the myths about it are replaced with services
that are designed according to the discourse of womens actual lived experiences.
25

This research was carried out within a service offered to women that have experienced
domestic violence; The Freedom Programme (Craven, 2000-2002) (Please see Appendix 1)
operating from Stockton Doves (Please see Appendix 2); with the specific intention of giving
a voice to those that have previously been silenced and to give a voice to womens versions
of reality (Wilkinson & Kitzinger, 1996). The research also provides an evaluation of the
service by outlining the impact of that which is taught and its effects upon the lives of those
taking part in the Programme.

As most of the literature available tends to focus upon the relationship itself or the exit in
general, this research is concerned with the investigation of an area that is presently under
researched by focusing specifically upon the womens exit in order to generate insight into
how women deal with the important process of surviving and coping with life outside of the
relationship. There appears to be no one reason why a woman chooses to stay in or to return
to an abusive relationship as all women are individuals. Therefore this research provides
valuable insight from the individual perspective as to how not only womens lives are rebuilt,
but also their sense of selves.
Domestic violence that is any act of physical, sexual, or psychological abuse, or the threat of
such abuse, inflicted against a woman by a person intimately connected to her through
marriage, family relation, or acquaintanceship is universal and has its root in the socio-
cultural set up of the society. The perpetrators of domestic violence have often been found to
be the males and the victims, their sexual partners. Internationally, one in three women have
been beaten, coerced into sex or abused in their lifetime by a member of her own family
(Heise et al. 1999). Looking at the domestic front, staring from Vedic age to twenty first
century, women in India perhaps have never experienced equal rights and freedom compared
to their male counterparts. The concept of Ardhangini [half of the body] seems to be
restricted only in literatures and have never implemented in practical life. In addition to this,
extracts from Ramcharitamanas of Tulsidas like Dhol, Gauwnaar, Shudra, Pashu aur Nari;
Sakal Tadan ka Adhikari [drums, uncivilized illiterates, lower castes, animals and women
are all fit to be beaten] besides other indicators like Pardaha system [hiding the face in veils],
Sati system [self immersion of the lady in husbands pyre] that are subject to women only; is
26

a reflection of the history of womens subordinate status. In short, it is always the women
who have to be in the tight rope, subject to inequality and looked down as an inferior sex.
Staring from childhood to the end of her life she has to be under the control of father or
husband or the son. The subordinate status of women combined with socio cultural norms
that are inclined towards patriarchy and masculinity can be considered as an important factor
determining the domestic violence.

In view of the prevalence as well as the pervasiveness of domestic violence, many
researchers in the past have attempted to assess the situation besides exploring its possible
cause and subsequent consequences for society in general and women in particular. INCLEN
(2000), found it as a problem that cuts across age, education, social class and religion in
India. The same study is of the view that 40 percent women had experienced at least one form
of physical violence in their married life. Murthy et al. (2004) is of the view that numbers of
family members, type of marriage and husbands education besides menstrual problems have
significant influence on domestic violence. While many researchers come out with findings
that lifestyle of men such as smoking, alcoholism and drugs promote men to commit
domestic violence (Leonard, 1992; McKenry et al., 1995; Rao, 1997 and Bhatt, 1998), some
are of the view that masculinity and domestic violence are closely interlinked (Duvvury and
Nayak, 2003 and Hamberger et al., 1997). Again, persons with lower socialization and
responsibility are found to be the enhancers of the problem (Barnett and Hamberger, 1992).
Studies have also revealed that sons of violent parents (Straus et al., 1980 and Martin et al,
2002), men raised in patriarchal family structure that encourages traditional gender role
(Fagot et al., 1998 and Malamuth et al., 1995) are more likely to abuse their intimate partners.
Gendered socialization process is what mainly responsible for domestic violence (Sahu,
2003). Another study among Uttar Pradesh men by Gerstein (2000) is of the view that low
educational level and poverty are important reasons for domestic violence. Further, marriage
at a younger age makes women vulnerable to domestic violence (Mishra, 2000; Hindin, 2002
and Rao, 1997). Besides this, the role of inter spousal relationship, sex of the children,
ownership of property, dowry, working status, autonomy, religion and caste of the person
cant be ignored (Sahu, 2003; Swain, 2002 and Jejeebhoy, 1998).

27

Many studies are of the view that violence by intimate partner most likely undermines the
sexual and reproductive health of the women. This extensive violence has significant harmful
effects like unwanted pregnancy (Khan et al., 1996), gynecological disorders (Golding and
Taylor 1996) and physical injuries to private parts (Starck et al., 1979) besides large-scale
mental health impacts (UNICEF, 2000). Again, many of the commonly associated
disorders/problems are found to be inadequately addressed (Mitra, 1999; Visaria, 1999; Dave
and Solanki, 2000 and Jaswal, 2000). Further, as Freedman has written, violence by husbands
against wife should not be seen as a break down in the social order rather than an affirmation
to patriarchal social order (Travers, 1997). Similarly, Jejeebhoy (1998) is of the view that not
only wife beating is deeply entrenched, but also people justify it. Thus, domestic violence is
simply not a personal abnormality but rather it roots in the cultural norms of the family and
the society. Again, looking from another angle, it is found that many of the victims of
domestic violence has either refused to name the perpetrator of the assault or attributed the
injuries to other reasons (Daga et al., 1999).

In order to develop effective intervention programme and policy, it is vital to know the
attitude and perception of the women towards the issue in-depth. Most of the studies
conducted in the past are small in nature and reflects the regional picture that might not be a
true picture of the whole country. In view of the above discussion, it seems essential to
understand the womens viewpoint besides the assessment of the problem and its correlates at
national level. Further, in the present world, where gender equality and justice have become
the buzz words, examining the domestic violence in the largest democracy of the world
appears worthy for the betterment of half of its citizens.

In the present paper, an attempt has been made to study whether ever-married women of
reproductive age group in India view wife beating justified on certain situations. In addition,
emphasis is there to examine the prevalence of beatings or physical mistreatment since age 15
and in last one year, regionally and also by background characteristics. Specifically, the
objectives of the present paper are as follows:
28

1. To study the regional variations of womens view about wife beating as justified, with
specific reasons.
2. To examine the differentials of womens view about wife beating as justified with
specific reasons by background characteristics.
3. To understand the regional variations of the prevalence of beatings or physical
mistreatment since age 15 and the person who beat or physically mistreated and also
the prevalence of beatings or physical mistreatment in the last one year (12 months)
preceding the survey.
4. To examine the prevalence of beating or physical mistreatment since age 15 and also
in the last one year by selected background characteristics.
5. To investigate the determinants of womens view about wife beating as justified and
also the determinants of prevalence of beatings or physical mistreatment since age 15
and in the last one year.

Differentials of womens view about wife beating as justified with specific reasons by background
characteristics

Table 2 shows the percentage of ever-married women who agree with specific reasons for justifying a
husband beating his wife by selected background characteristics. It is evident from the table that
younger women and those married before 18 years of age are agreeing relatively more with at least
one reason of wife beating than the women who doesnt fall in those respective categories. Inter
spousal age differences and lower age confounded with lack/poor awareness of the marital life may be
the contributing factors for the same. Women engaged in agricultural activities are again found to be
agreeing more towards the reasons for wife beating than those who are either not working or working
in non-agricultural sector. Further, agreement with at least one reason and with each of the different
reasons for wife beating declines sharply with the level of education. This may be due to the possible
increase in awareness of their rights and duties with the higher level of education. Again, rural
women, women belonging to low SLI households and women having low autonomy are having more
acceptable attitude towards wife beating than their respective counterparts. More adherence to
traditional gender norms in the rural areas as well as in the low SLI households and households where
women are having lower autonomy may be the possible explanation.

29

Regional variations in the prevalence of domestic violence

The reported prevalence of domestic violence since age 15 as well as in the last one-year preceding
the survey is presented in table 3. It is evident from the table that one out of every five Indian women
has reportedly experienced beating or physical mistreatment since they have turned 15. There is
substantial state wise variation in the proportion of ever-married women who have been beaten or
physically mistreated since age 15. Two-fifth of ever-married women in Tamil Nadu and at least one-
quarter of ever-married women in Meghalaya, Orissa, Arunachal Pradesh and Bihar have been
physically mistreated since age 15. Himachal Pradesh with only 6 percent women reporting it reflects
a possible better position women cherished.

About one-fifth of ever-married women in India are beaten or physically mistreated by their husbands
and there are interstate variations too in the same. More than one-third of women in Tamil Nadu have
reported their husbands as the perpetrator. Again, the more than 20 percent of the women in the states
like Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh have reportedly been assaulted by their
husbands as against of Meghalaya where a majority (29 percent) blame other persons for the
mistreatment. Beating by persons other than the husband or in-laws constitutes a substantial
proportion in most of the northeastern states as well as in Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. The
percentages of women beaten in the 12 months preceding the survey varies from less than 5 percent in
Himachal Pradesh and Kerala to more than 15 percent in Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
Nagaland.

Differentials of domestic violence by background characteristics

Table 4 represents the percentage of ever-married women who have been beaten or physically
mistreated since age 15 by background characteristics. Prevalence is also shown according to the
persons who beat or physically mistreated them their husband, their in-laws or other persons. The
youngest age group (15-19) shows a lower proportion of being beaten since age 15 compared to older
women. This is probably due to their less time to be exposed to the risk of being beaten since age 15.
Educational level of women makes substantial difference of being beaten or physically mistreated.
Illiterate women have found to experience violence more than three times compared to women who
are educated higher secondary or above. Workingwomen are found to be more mistreated than non-
30

working women since age 15. Higher the age at marriage leads to lower the proportion of women to
be beaten since age 15. Women who have been married for less than five years are less likely to have
been beaten than women who have longer marital duration. It is generally believed that not bearing
children and not bearing a son are important reason for wife beating. However, the findings show that
women with no living child are somewhat less experienced violence than women with living children.
The prevalence of violence also varies by caste of women as 16 percent of women belonging to other
caste have been beaten compared to 27 percent of women belonging to SC and 23 percent belonging
to ST as well as OBC. This reflects that women belonging to higher caste have a lower chance of
being mistreated since age 15.

Again, the prevalence of domestic violence decreases substantially as the standard of living increases.
This is reflected by the result that 29 percent of women with low standard of living have experienced
violence compared with 20 percent of women with medium and 10 percent of women with high
standard of living. Again, lower proportion of urban women (17 percent) has experienced violence
since age 15 compared to rural women (23 percent). Further, their husbands beat majority of women
who report beatings since age 15. This is so in case of almost all the socio demographic
characteristics. The proportion of women beaten or physically mistreated by their in-laws or by other
persons is too small to allow a meaningful discussion of differentials by womens background
characteristics.

Looking at the prevalence of beating or physical mistreatment in the last 12 months preceding the
survey, it is clear that one out of every 10 women have reportedly experienced it. Age of the women,
education of the women, age at marriage of the women, autonomy of the women and standard of
living of the household shows a inverse relationship with occurrence of beating as with increase in the
above mentioned indicators shows a decreasing trend in the beating or physical mistreatment. Again,
as expected, the prevalence is found less in female-headed households and women residing in urban
areas than their respective counterparts.

Determinants of womens view about wife beating as justified and also the determinants of domestic
violence

31

Table 5 reveals the odds ratios of womens view in justifying a husband beating his wife and womens
experience with beatings or physical mistreatment. After controlling the effect of other variables
women in the older age group (40-49) are 9 percent less likely to agree with at least one reason for
justifying a husband beating his wife compared to the youngest age group of 15-19 years. Higher the
educational level leads to lower the probability for justifying at least one reason. This is amply clear
from the result that women with higher secondary and above educational level are 45 percent less
likely for justifying at least one reason compared to illiterate women. Therefore, educational level of
women is one of the main determinants of justifying at least one reason for husband beating his wife.
Women engaged in agricultural activities are more likely for justifying one or more reason of wife
beating. Lower the age at first marriage, higher is the probability of justifying at least one reason.

With regard to the sex composition of living children, those women having only daughter and both
son and daughter are 13 and 15 percent more likely for justifying at least one reason of husband
beating his wife compared to those who do not have any child. Further, controlling the effect of other
variables, women who are not exposed to mass media are 22 percent more likely for justifying at least
one reason. With respect to womens autonomy, medium and higher category are 11 percent and 37
percent less likely to justify at least one reason compared to low category of women. Similarly, the
result also consistent with respect to the ethnicity and religious categories of women. It is again found
that women with higher standard of living are less likely to justify at least one reason for beating than
those of low standard of living. Again, rural women are 16 percent more likely for justifying at least
one reason than their urban counterparts. This may be due to the fact that urban women are more
aware about their rights and duties compared to rural women.

With respect to beaten or physically mistreated since age 15, it is clear that women marrying between
19-24 years are 6 percent less likely of being beaten or physically mistreated since age 15 compared
to those who marrying below 18 years of age. Longer the marital duration leads to greater the
probability of being mistreated. It is noticeable that women who are not currently married (divorced,
separated, disserted or widowed) are more likely than currently married women to have been beaten
since age 15. After controlling the effect of other variables, rural women are 10 percent less likely of
being beaten since age 15 compared to urban women. Educational level of women seems to have a
negative effect on domestic violence in India. Similarly, women from scheduled caste, Muslim
community is more likely of being beaten than their respective counterparts.

32

Women with lower autonomy are more likely of being beaten compared to women of higher
autonomy. Those who are not exposed to mass media are 18 percent more likely of being beaten than
those who have exposed. Households headed by female members are about 15 percent less likely of
being beaten since age 15 compared to those household headed by male members. Workingwomen
have a greater likelihood of being mistreated than the non-working women. Women from medium and
high standard of living are about 34 percent and 60 percent respectively less likely of being beaten or
physically mistreated compared to low standard of living. The similar trend also follows in case of
women being beaten or physically mistreated in the last 12 months preceding the survey.

33

CHAPTER-3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

34

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It basically means business and in business collection of raw data allows the managers to see
the real scenario and then take a decision as per the data obtained. There are several
implications in this statement:
They can examine the available information in the form of data to make a decision.
The information can only be gathered by data collection and then analyzing the
available data.
Therefore, it can be said that the data collection is an important part of the project.

The projected objectives were considered and as per the requirement a respondents survey
was done.
Procedure:
The procedure that followed can be enlisted as below:
Deciding on the objective to proceed.
Developing Survey instruments
Conducting personal interviews of age, sex, monthly income and department through a
Questionnaire.

Data
Raw numbers
Information
35

Process adopted:
1.Gaining knowledge about the topic:
Reading about the products was the first step undertaken. This gave not only in depth
knowledge about what is been offered by others but also proved useful while developing
the questionnaire.
2. Steps in the Development of the Survey Instruments
The main instruments required for survey was a well-developed questionnaire. The
questionnaire development took place in a series of steps as described below:

Research objectives had transformed into
information objectives.
Research objectives transformed into information
objectives.
The information required by each objective .
Specific Questions/Scale Measurement format
developed.
Question/Scale Measurements had evaluated.
36

Research Design:
A two stage Research was conducted:
1- Primary Research:
A Primary Research was conducted:
The questionnaire was prepared for the respondents and following areas covered:
The number of information needed had
determined.
The questionnaire and layout had evaluated.
Revise the questionnaire layout if needed.
The Questionnaire format is being finalized.
37

competing distribution houses
Employee profile.
2- Secondary Research:
Data was collected from websites and catalogues to understand the department of the
different sections.
Sample size: 50 people.
Sample Area: Babuganj, Lucknow.

Data Collection
The final draft of the questionnaire was prepared on the basis of the observations of the
respondents . All data was the collected for the descriptive study.
Obtaining the Primary Data:
The data collection was primarily done through communication. Communication involves
questioning respondents to secure the desired information, using a data collection
instrument called questionnaire. The questions were in writing and so were the response.
Most of the data was secondary data for the data collection.

38

CHAPTER-4
ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
OF DATA

39

PART-I
1. Age ( years ) :

S.No. Age (in years) Percentage (%)
1 15-25 25
2 25-35 45
3 35-45 30

25%
45%
30%
15-25 25-35 35-45
40

2. Religion : -
S.No. Religion Percentage (%)
1 Hindu 25
2 Muslim 35
3 Sikh 10
4 Christian 10
5 Others 20

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Hindu Muslim Sikh Christian Others
Percentage (%)
Percentage (%)
41

3. Educational Level : - Illiterate/ primary / literate / ju. High School / Intermediate /
Graduate / Masters
S.No. Educational Level Percentage (%)
1 Illiterate 10
2 Primary 10
3 Literate 10
4 Jr. High School 20
5 Intermediate 25
6 Graduate 20
7 Masters 5

10%
10%
10%
20%
25%
20%
5%
Illiterate Primary Literate Jr. High School
Intermediate Graduate Masters
42

4. Relationship Status : single / married / widowed / divorced
S.No. Relationship Status Percentage (%)
1 Single 20
2 Married 45
3 Widowed 15
4 Divorced 10

22%
50%
17%
11%
Single Married Widowed Divorced
43

5. Occupation:
S.No. Occupation Percentage (%)
1 Business 20
2 Labour 10
3 Employment 30
4 Other 40

20%
10%
30%
40%
Business Labour Employment Other
44

6. Monthly Earnings ( in Rupees )
S.No. Monthly Earnings (in Rs.) Percentage (%)
1 2500-3500 30
2 3500-4500 35
3 4500-5500 20
4 5500 & above 15

30%
35%
20%
15%
2500-3500 3500-4500 4500-5500 5500 & above
45

7. Family background

S.No. Family Background Percentage (%)
1 Rural 55
2 Urban 45

55%
45%
Rural Urban
46

PART-II
1. If you grew up with domestic violence
S.No. Topic Percentage (%)
1 Yes 70
2 No 30

70%
30%
Yes No
47

2. Impact of domestic violence on women is
1 Yes 75
2 No 25

75%
25%
Yes No
48

3. What is the impact on the health of women from domestic violence

1 Yes 60
2 No 40

60%
40%
Yes No
49

4. What is the impact of domestic violence on children

1 Yes 80
2 No 20

80%
20%
Yes No
50

5. If you want to end domestic violence and if so how

1 Yes 85
2 No 15

85%
15%
Yes No
51

6. According to your day domestic violence - is growing daily
1 Yes 80
2 No 20

80%
20%
Yes No
52

Ongoing government schemes relating to domestic violence , you know ? If so how ?

1 Yes 45
2 No 55

45%
55%
Yes No
53

Do you agree on the government to stop domestic violence

1 Television 40
2 Radio 30
3 Newspaper 15
4 Other 15

40%
30%
15%
15%
Television Radio Newspaper Other
54

What is the right to promote domestic violence

1 Yes 80
2 No 20

80%
20%
Yes No
55

7. You have the right to promote domestic violence

1 Yes 82
2 No 18

82%
18%
Yes No
56

8. Is domestic violence in the family

1 Yes 75
2 No 25

75%
25%
Yes No
57

9. Do you want to carry on domestic violence ? If so how ?

1 Yes 70
2 No 30

70%
30%
Yes No
58

10. Impact of domestic violence on women's states of mind , how else , if so how ?

1 Yes 78
2 No 22

78%
22%
Yes No
59

11. What is the impact of domestic violence on society
1 Yes 90
2 No 10

90%
10%
Yes No
60

12. What is the impact on the mental state of women from domestic violence

1 Yes 95
2 No 5

95%
5%
Yes No
61

13. Domestic violence is the way in which women
1 Yes 85
2 No 15

85%
15%
Yes No
62

14. How many varieties of domestic violence has had

1 By Sentences 40
2 By Torture 45
3 Other 15

40%
45%
15%
By Sentences By Torture Other
63

15. Domestic violence because of the exploitation or oppression of women

1 Psychological 40
2 Anatomic 48
3 Other 22

36%
44%
20%
Psychological Anatomic Other
64

16. What is to prevent domestic violence - you know what the law is created - yes , no , if
yes then tell
1 Yes 70
2 No 30

70%
30%
Yes No
65

17. Is domestic violence in a relationship might be

1 Yes 73
2 No 27

73%
27%
Yes No
66

18. What may be the culprit in women is domestic violence

1 Yes 78
2 No 22

78%
22%
Yes No
67

19. The idea of the law on domestic violence

1 Yes 89
2 No 11

89%
11%
Yes No
68

20. The impact of domestic violence on children 's mental

1 Yes 60
2 No 40

60%
40%
Yes No
69

21. How do you help women suffering from domestic violence ?
1 Yes 78
2 No 22

78%
22%
Yes No
70

21. Domestic violence assistance may be available to you for help ?

1 Yes 80
2 No 20

80%
20%
Yes No
71

22. What is domestic violence may be the result of stress ?

1 Yes 72
2 No 28

72%
28%
Yes No
72

23. What dowry domestic violence causes ?

1 Yes 70
2 No 30

70%
30%
Yes No
73

24. What is the cause of domestic violence crush cup of wine ?
1 Yes 85
2 No 15

85%
15%
Yes No
74

25. What is domestic violence can also cause mental imbalance ?
1 Yes 85
2 No 15

85%
15%
Yes No
75

26. What is the cause of unemployment, domestic violence ?
1 Yes 90
2 No 10

90%
10%
Yes No
76

27. Promotes the prostitution of domestic violence ?

1 Yes 78
2 No 22

78%
22%
Yes No
77

27. What domestic violence is legitimate ?

1 Yes 85
2 No 15

85%
15%
Yes No
78

28. Domestic violence is also helpful in increasing the population ?

1 Yes 60
2 No 40

60%
40%
Yes No
79

CHAPTER-5
SUMMARY AND FINDINGS

80

SUMMARY AND FINDINGS

The preceding chapter provided an understanding on the findings gathered during the analysis
of data. This chapter presents a brief summary of the research study and states whether the
research theory has been supported or not. The contribution of the study as well as its
limitations will also be highlighted. Conclusions drawn from the study will be presented.
Finally, the recommendations will assist the government and other stakeholders to empower
rural women to realize their human and social security rights.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the factors that conduce towards domestic
violence which is prevalent among rural women in the Lucknow District Municipality of
Babuganj Province. The reasons why women continue to support traditional beliefs that work
against them were also examined. In addition, national legislation and international
instruments for the protection of womens human rights were examined.
This research was caused by the ignorance and constant violation of womens human rights
through loyalty to different traditional beliefs. Domestic violence against rural women is
imposed by a system of patriarchy, economic dependence on men and poor education of rural
people who are not aware of many of their rights. The principle underlying this study is that
the inequality between men and women should be changed by educating women to defend
their own rights.
The study was limited to uMzimkhulu in the LucknowDistrict Municipality of Babuganj
To obtain information, in depth interviews with eighteen Zulu speaking participants (eleven
women and seven men) and four professionals were conducted. Chapter One focused on the
introduction, defined the purpose of the study, provided the research question and limitations
of the study.
81

Chapter Two focused on the literature review on the factors that conduce towards domestic
violence against rural women. It further reviewed literature, and presented national
legislations and international instruments aimed at protecting women against violation of
their rights. The literature described why women stay in abusive relationships, despite the
abuse and the violations that they endure.
Chapter Three described the methodology and research design that was used in the study.
This chapter considered the different ways of analyzing data, ethics in research and issues of
reliability and validity. The qualitative method of collecting and gathering information,
combined with case study design was used. Face-to-face interviews were preferred as one
way of collecting data from the participants.
Chapter Four was dedicated to the analysis of data obtained through face-to-face interviews.
It further discussed and confirmed the findings with the relevant literature that was explored
in Chapter Two. The findings were categorized into themes, namely demographic
information; womens and mens understanding of domestic violence;
factors of domestic violence; aftermath experience of violence; perceived services for
victims and perpetrators; and, the perspectives on existing laws on domestic violence. Having
presented the summary of the study, the conclusion and recommendations drawn from
analysis of the data collected from eighteen (eleven women and seven men) participants
(victims and perpetrators) will be addressed. Thereafter, attention willbe directed towards the
focus group findings

82

CHAPTER-6

LIMITATIONS

83

LIMITATIONS
The study focuses on domestic violence in Lucknow District Municipality. It will concentrate
on women between the ages of 20 to 45 years because many women between these ages
commonly live with their spouses. The study will focus on these institutions because they
deal with the rural community in Lucknow District Municipality. Data collection will rely
mainly on views and perceptions of the respondents and documents. The interviews will be
comprised of women and some men in order to compare and balance the views of victims and
perpetrators of domestic violence.

84

CHAPTER-7
SUGGESTIONS,
RECOMMENDATIONS AND
CONCLUSION

85

SUGGESTIONS
There is an urgent need for counseling for male violence perpetrators and these should offer:
behavior change sessions, alternative coping skills, improved self-esteem, social skills and
communications, and marital skills programs. The researcher believes that embracing such
skills will reduce the probability of men using violence against their spouses.
There is a need to address gender issues in most communities through awareness programs
that will challenge the negative impact of customs such as lobolo whilst at the same time
preserving their positive aspects. The issues of infidelity need to be addressed in conjunction
with HIV/AIDS education. The fight against AIDS pandemic should be taken together with
efforts to combat crimes against women such as abuse, violence and rape.
There is a need for educational programs that focus on men. Specifically they should focus on
disseminating information on domestic violence and its effects in order to sensitize
communities on this issue. Barnet states that men have a major role to play in educating other
men about the nature of abuse and how men can change226. The programs should also
extend to schools and other places where young people congregate in numbers so as to
deconstruct the patriarchal system as a breeding ground for gender related violence.
Community outreaches should extend to how to disseminate information so as to strengthen
informal civil society networks (family, church, traditional leaders and chiefs) and on how to
provide concrete assistance in domestic violence situations.
86

CONCLUSION
Domestic violence does not only result in immediate, short-term injuries. The detrimental
effects of violence can occur even after the abuse has ended (Campbell et al. 2002). Short-
and long-term physical health consequences of intimate partner violence place the health-
care system in an appropriate and pivotal position to respond to women experiencing
violence. Ramsden and Bonner (2002 p. 37) stated that health services can no longer
ignore that domestic violence is a major health concern for women in NSW. Screening
studies have shown the need for health-care professionals to be trained adequately to be able
to respond appropriately to women experiencing domestic violence. Health-care professionals
that are able to validate, support and refer women in a non-judgemental and caring fashion,
play a large role in validating and empowering women (Gerbert 1999). They can also ensure
that the health impacts of domestic violence are thoroughly assessed and that appropriate
treatment is offered to women.

87

CHAPTER-8
BIBLIOGRAPHY

88

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94

CHAPTER-9
APPENDICES

95

QUESTIONNAIRE
Part-I

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100

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101

QUESTIONNAIRE
Interview Schedule
1. Name of respondent : -
2. Age ( years ) :
3. Religion : - Hindu / Muslim / Sikh / Christian / Other
4. Educational Level : - Illiterate/ primary / literate / Jr. High School / Intermediate /
Graduate / Masters
5. Relationship Status : single / married / widowed / widowed / divorced
6. Occupation: - Business/ Labour / Employment / Other ( Specify)
7. Monthly Earnings ( in Rupees )
8. Family background - rural / urban
9. Family Details

10. Family monthly income from all sources (in Rs. )
11. What is domestic violence
12. If you grew up with domestic violence
Yes No
13. Impact of domestic violence on women is
Yes No
14. What is the impact on the health of women from domestic violence
Yes No
102

15. What is the impact of domestic violence on children
Yes No
16. If you want to end domestic violence and if so how
Yes No
17. According to your day domestic violence - is growing daily
Yes No
18. Ongoing government schemes relating to domestic violence , you know ? If so how ?
Yes No
19. Do you agree on the government to stop domestic violence
Television Radio Newspaper Other
20. What is the right to promote domestic violence
Yes No
21. You have the right to promote domestic violence
Yes No
22. What is domestic violence in the family
Yes No
23. Do you want to carry on domestic violence ? If so how ?
Yes No
24. Impact of domestic violence on women's states of mind , how else , if so how ?
Yes No
25. Domestic violence occurs in the home , it is clear that the impact on the family ....
103

26. Tell me due to domestic violence ?
27. What is the impact of domestic violence on society
Yes No
28. What is the impact on the mental state of women from domestic violence
29. Domestic violence is the way in which women
30. How many varieties of domestic violence has had
31. Recommend measures to eliminate domestic violence
32. Domestic violence because of the exploitation or oppression of women is how the top
33. What is to prevent domestic violence - you know what the law is created - yes , no , if
yes then tell
Yes No
34. What is domestic violence in a relationship might be gay
Yes No
35. What may be the culprit in women is domestic violence
Yes No
36. The idea of the law on domestic violence
Yes No
37. The impact of domestic violence on children 's mental
Yes No
38. How do you help women suffering from domestic violence ?
Yes No
104

39. Domestic violence assistance may be available to you for help ?
Yes No
40. What is domestic violence may be the result of stress ?
Yes No
41. What dowry domestic violence causes ?
Yes No
42. What is the cause of domestic violence crush cup of wine ?
Yes No
43. What is domestic violence can also cause mental imbalance ?
Yes No
44. What is the cause of unemployment, domestic violence ?
Yes No
45. Promotes the prostitution of domestic violence ?
Yes No
46. What domestic violence is legitimate ?
Yes No
47. What helps NGOs to prevent violence ?
48. Domestic violence is also helpful in increasing the population ?
Yes No
49. What is domestic violence can be physical , or psychological ?
Yes No
105

50. Human Rights is able to prevent domestic violence ?
Yes No
51. If there is a fight by your family is yes then how ?
Yes No
52. What is the effect of the conflict on ( Specify)
53. What do you look for trouble in the family is concerned
Yes No

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