NASA Contractor Report 4056

A Higher-Order Theory for

Geometrically Nonlinear
Analysis of Composite Laminates
J . N. Reddy and C. F. i i u
NASA Contractor Report 4056
A Higher-Order Theory for
Geometrically Nonlinear
Analysis of Composite Laminates
J. N. Reddy and C. F. Liu
Virginia Polytechnic Institute altd State University
BZacksburg, Virginia
Prepared for
Langley Research Center
under Grant NAG1-459
National Aeronautics
and Space Administration
Scientific and Techni cal
Inf ormat i on Branch
1987
Table of Contents
Page
ABSTRACT .........................................................
1 . I NTRODUCTI ON .................................................
1.1 Background ..............................................
1.2 Review of Li terature ....................................
1.3 Present Study ...........................................
2 . FORMULATION OF THE NEW THEORY ................................
2.1 Kinematics ..............................................
2.2 Displacement F i el d ......................................
2.3 Strain-Displacement Relations ...........................
2.4 Constitutive Relations ..................................
2.5 Equations of Motion .....................................
3 . THE NAVI ER SOLUTIONS .........................................
3.1 I ntroduction ............................................
3.2 The Navier Solutions ....................................
4 .
MI XE D VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES .................................
4.1 I ntroduction ............................................
4.2 Variational P ri nci pl es ..................................
5 . F I NI TE ELEMENT MODEL .........................................
5.1 I ntroduction ............................................
5.2 Finite-Element Model ....................................
5.3 Solution Procedure ......................................
6 . SAMPLE APPLICATIONS ..........................................
6.1 I ntroducti on ............................................
6.2 Exact Solutions .........................................
6.3 Approximate (Finite-Element) Solutions ..................
6.3.1 Bending Analysis .................................
6.3.2 Vi brati on Analysis ...............................
7 . SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................
7.2 Some Comments on Mixed Models ...........................
7.3 Recommendations .........................................
7.1 Summary and Conclusions .................................
REFERENCES .......................................................
APPENDIX A: Coefficients of the Navier Solution .................
APPENDIX B: Sti ffness Coefficients of the Mixed Model ...........
i v
10
10
12
16
17
19
24
24
26
28
28
29
34
34
34
40
46
46
46
57
57
68
73
73
74
74
75
82
85
iii
A HI GHER- ORDER THEORY FOR
GEOMETRI CALLY NONLI NEAR ANALYSI S OF
COMPOSI TE LAMI NATES
J . N. Reddy and C. F. Li u
Depar t ment of Engi neer i ng Sci ence and Mechani cs
B1 acksbur g, Vi r gi ni a
Vi r gi ni a Pol yt echni c I nst i t ut e and St at e Uni ver si t y
ABSTRACT
A r ef i ned, t hi r d- or der l ami nat e t heory t hat account s f or t he
t r ansver se shear st r ai ns i s devel oped, t he Navi er sol ut i ons ar e der i ved,
and i t s f i ni t e el ement model s ar e devel oped. The t heor y al l ows
par abol i c descr i pt i on of t he t r ansver se shear st r esses, and t her ef or e
t he shear cor r ect i on f act or s of t he usual shear def or mat i on t heor y ar e
not r equi r ed i n t he pr esent t heory. The t heor y al so account s f or smal l
st r ai ns but moder at el y l ar ge di spl acement s (i . e. , von Kar man strai ns).
Cl osed- f or msol ut i ons of t he l i near t heor y f or cer t ai n cr oss- pl y and
angl e- pl y pl at es and cr oss- pl y shel l s are der i ved. The f i ni t e- el ement
model i s based on i ndependent appr oxi mat i ons of t he di spl acement s and
bendi ng moment s ( i . e. , mi xed f ormul at i on) , and t her ef or e onl y C"-
appr oxi mat i ons ar e r equi r ed. Fur t her , t he mi xed var i at i onal
f or mul at i ons devel oped her ei n suggest t hat t he bendi ng moment s can be
i nt er pol at ed usi ng di scont i nuous appr oxi mat i ons ( acr oss i nt er el ement
boundari es). The f i ni t e el ement i s used t o anal yze cr oss- pl y and angl e-
pl y l ami nat ed pl at es and shel l s f or bendi ng and nat ur al vi br at i on. Many
of t he numer i cal r esul t s pr esent ed here f or l ami nat ed shel l s shoul d
ser ve as r ef er ences f or f ut ur e i nvest i gat i ons.
V
1. I NTRODUCTI ON
1.1 Backgr ound
The anal yses of composi t e l ami nat es i n t he past have been based on
one of t he f ol l owi ng t wo cl asses of t heori es:
( i ) Thr ee- di mensi onal el ast i ci t y t heor y
( i i ) Lami nat ed pl at e t heor i es
I n t hr ee- di mensi onal el ast i ci t y t heor y, each l ayer i s t r eat ed as an
el ast i c cont i nuumwi t h possi bl y di st i nct mat er i al pr oper t i es i n adj acent
l ayers. Thus t he number of gover ni ng di f f er ent i al equat i ons wi l l be 3N,
wher e N i s t he number of l ayer s i n t he l ami nat e. At t he i nt er f ace of
t wo l ayer s, t he cont i nui t y of di spl acement s and st r esses gi ve addi t i onal
r el at i ons. Sol ut i on of t he equat i ons becomes i nt r act abl e as t he number
of l ayer s becomes l arge.
I n a ' l ami nat ed pl at e t heor y' , t he l ami nat e i s assumed t o be i n a
st at e of pl ane st r ess, t he i ndi vi dual l ami nae ar e assumed t o be el ast i c,
and per f ect bondi ng bet ween l ayer s i s assumed. The l ami nat e pr oper t i es
( i . e. st i f f nesses) ar e obt ai ned by i nt egr at i ng t he l ami na pr oper t i es
t hr ough t he t hi ckness. Thus, l ami nat e pl at e t heor i es ar e equi val ent
si ngl e- l ayer t heor i es. I n t he ' cl assi cal l ami nat e pl at e t heor y' (CLPT),
whi ch i s an ext ensi on of t he cl assi cal pl at e t heor y ( CPT) t o l ami nat ed
pl at es, t he t r ansver se st r ess component s ar e i gnor ed.
l ami nat e pl at e t heor y i s adequat e f or many engi neer i ng pr obl ems.
However , l ami nat ed pl at es made of advanced f i l ament ar y composi t e
mat er i al s, whose el ast i c t o shear modul us r at i os ar e very l ar ge, ar e
suscept i bl e t o t hi ckness ef f ect s because t hei r ef f ect i ve t r ansver se
shear modul i ar e si gni f i cant l y smal l er t han t he ef f ect i ve el ast i c modul i
The cl assi cal
1
2
dsn
along fiber directions.
render the classical laminated plate theory inadequate for the analysis
of thick composite plates.
These high ratios of elastic to shear moduli
The first, stress-based, shear deformation plate theory is due to
Reissner [l-31. The theory is based on a linear distribution of the
, n = 0,1,2, ...
s=O
inplane normal and shear stresses through the thickness,
where (al ,u ) and a6 are the normal and shear
are the associated bending moments (which are
2
stresses, (M1,M2) and M6
functions of the inplane
coordinates x and y), z is the thickness coordinate and h is the total
thickness of the plate. The distribution of the transverse normal and
and u ) is determined from the equilibrium shear stresses (a3, a4
equations of the three-dimensional elasticity theory.
5
The differential
equations and the boundary conditions of the theory were obtained using
Castiglianos theorem of least work.
The origin of displacement-based theories is attributed to Basset
[ 4 ] . Basset assumed that the displacement components in a shell can be
expanded in a series of powers of the thickness coordinate 5. For
example, the displacement component u 1 along the c1 coordinate in the
surface of the shell can be written in the form
(1.2a)
where c1 and c2 are the curvilinear coordinates in the middle surface of
the shell, and uin) have the meaning
(1.2b)
3
Bassets work did not receive as much attention as it deserves. In a
1949 NACA technical note, Hi ldebrand, Rei ssner and Thomas [ 51 presented
a displacement-based shear deformation theory for shells (also see
Hencky [6]). They assumed the following displacement field,
principle of minimum total potential energy. This approach results in
t
five differential equations in the five displacement functions, u, v,
Y.
w, bX, and 4
The shear deformation theory based on the displacement field in Eq.
(1.3) for plates is often referred to as the Mindlin plate theory.
Mindlin [7] presented a complete dynamic theory of isotropic plates
based on the displacement field (1.3) taken from Hencky [6]. We shall
refer to the shear deformation theory based on the displacement field
(1.3) as the first-order shear deformation theory.
A generalization of the first-order shear deformation plate theory
for homogeneous isotropic plates to arbitrarily laminated anisotropic
plates is due to Yang, Norris, and Stavsky [8] and Whitney and Pagano
[9]. Extensions of the classical von Karman plate theory [lo] to shear
deformation theories can be found in the works of Reissner [11,12]
Medwadowski [13], Schmidt [14] and Reddy [15].
Higher-order, displacement-based, shear deformation theories have
been investigated by Librescu [16] and Lo, Christensen and Wu [171.
In
4
these higher-order theories, wi th each addi ti onal power of the thickness
coordinate an addi ti onal dependent unknown i s introduced i nto the
theory. Levinson [ 181 and Murthy [ 191 presented thi rd- order theori es
that assume transverse i nextensi bi l i ty.
were reduced t o f i ve by requi ri ng that the transverse shear stresses
vanish on the bounding planes of the plate.
the equilibrium equations of the fi rst- order theory i n thei r analysis.
As a resul t, the higher-order terms of the displacement f i el d are
accounted f or i n the cal cul ati on of the strai ns but not i n the governing
di fferenti al equations or i n the boundary conditions. These theori es
can be shown (see Librescu and Reddy [ZO]) t o be the same as those
described by Reissner 11-31. Recently, Reddy [21-231 developed a new
third-order pl ate theory, which i s extended i n the present study t o
laminated shells.
The nine displacement functi ons
However, both authors used
1.2 Review of Li terature
Shell structures are abundant on the earth and i n space. Use of
shel l structures dates back t o ancient Rome, where the roofs of the
Pantheon can be cl assi fi ed today as thi ck shells. Shell structures f or
cal and
the
a long time have been bui l t by experience and i ntui ti on. No l og
sci enti fi c study had been conducted on the design of shel l s unti
eighteenth century.
The earl i est need for design cri teri on f or shel l structures
probably came wi th the development of the steam engine and i t s attendant
accessories. However, it was not unti l 1888, by Love [24], that the
f i r s t general theory was presented. Subsequent theoreti cal ef f orts have
5
been di r ect ed t owar ds i mpr ovement s of Love' s f or mul at i on and t he
sol ut i ons of t he associ at ed di f f er ent i al equat i ons.
An i deal t heor y of shel l s r equi r e a r eal i st i c model i ng of t he
act ual geomet r y and mat er i al pr oper t i es, and an appr opr i at e descr i pt i on
of t he def or mat i on. Even i f we can t ake car e of t hese r equi r ement s and
der i ve t he gover ni ng equat i ons, anal yt i cal sol ut i ons t o most shel l
pr obl ems ar e never t hel ess l i mi t ed i n scope, and i n gener al do not appl y
t o ar bi t r ar y shapes, l oad di st r i but i ons, and boundar y condi t i ons.
Consequent l y, numer i cal appr oxi mat i on met hods must be used t o pr edi ct
t he actual behavi or .
Many of t he cl assi cal t heor i es were devel oped or i gi nal l y f or t hi n
el ast i c shel l s, and ar e based on t he Love- Ki r chhof f assumpt i ons ( or t he
f i r st appr oxi mat i on theory):
undef or med mi ddl e sur f ace r emai n pl ane and nor mal t o t he def or med mi ddl e
sur f ace, (2) t he nor mal st r esses per pendi cul ar t o t he mi ddl e sur f ace can
be negl ect ed i n t he st r ess- st r ai n r el at i ons, and ( 3 ) t he t r ansver se
di spl acement i s i ndependent of t he t hi ckness coor di nat e. The f i r st
assumpt i on l eads t o t he negl ect of t he t r ansver se shear st r ai ns.
Sur veys of var i ous cl assi cal shel l t heor i es can be f ound i n t he wor ks of
Naghdi [25] and Ber t [26]. These t heor i es, known as t he Love' s f i r st
appr oxi mat i on t heor i es ( see Love 1241) ar e expect ed t o yi el d
suf f i ci ent l y accur at e r esul t s when ( i ) t he l at er al di mensi on- t o-
t hi ckness r at i o (a/ h) i s l ar ge; ( i i ) the dynami c exci t at i ons ar e wi t hi n
t he l ow- f r equency r ange; ( i i i ) t he mat eri al ani sot r opy i s not sever e.
However , appl i cat i on of such t heor i es t o l ayer ed ani sot r opi c composi t e
(1) pl ane sect i ons nor mal t o t he
6
shells could lead to as much as 30% or more errors in deflections,
stresses, and frequencies.
As noted by Koiter [27] , refinements to Love's first approximation
theory o f thin elastic shells are meaningless, unless the effects of
transverse shear and normal stresses are taken into account in the
refined theory. The transverse normal stress is, in general, of order
h/R (thickness to radius ratio) times the bending stresses, whereas the
transverse shear stresses, obtained from equilibrium conditions, are of
order h/a (thickness to the length of long side of the panel) times the
bending stresses. Therefore, for a/R < 10, the transverse normal stress
is negligible compared to the transverse shear stresses.
Ambartsumyan [28,29] was considered to be the first to analyze
laminates that incorporated the bending-stretching coupling due to
material anisotropy. The laminates that Ambartsumyan analyzed are now
known as laminated orthotropic shells because the individual orthotropic
layers were oriented such that the principal axes of material symmetry
coincided with the principal coordinates of the shell reference
surface. In 1962, Dong, Pister and Taylor [30] formulated a theory of
thin shells laminated of anisotropic shells.
presented an analysis of laminated anisotropic cylindrical shells using
Flugge's shell theory [32]. A first approximation theory for the
unsymmetric deformation of nonhomogeneous, anisotropic, elastic
cylindrical shells was derived by Widera and his colleagues [33,34] by
means of asymptotic integration of the elasticity equation.
homogeneous, isotropic material, the theory reduced to the Donnell's
Cheng and Ho [31]
For a
7
equation. An exposition of various shell theories can be found in the
article by Bert [261 and monograph by Librescu [35].
The effect of transverse shear deformation and transverse isotropy
as well as thermal expansion through the shell thickness were considered
by Gulati and Essenberg [361 and Zukas and Vinson [37].
[38] presented a theory applicable to layered, orthotropic cylindrical
shells.
theory.
displacements in the surface of the shell are expanded as linear
functions of the thickness coordinate and the transverse displacement is
expanded as a quadratic function of the thickness coordinate. Recently,
Reddy [40] presented a shear deformation version of the Sanders shell
theory for laminated composite shells.
constant transverse shear stresses through thickness, and therefore
require a correction to the transverse shear stiffness.
Dong and Tso
Whitney and Sun [391 developed a higher-order shear deformation
This theory is based on a displacement field in which the
Such theories account for
As far as the finite element analysis of shells i s concerned, the
early works can be attributed to those of Dong [41], Dong and Selna
[ 42) , Wilson and Parsons [43] , and Schmit and Monforton [ 441. The
studies in [41-441 are confined to the analysis of orthotropic shells of
revolution.
composite shells include the works of Panda and Natarajan [45],
Shivakumar and Krishna Murty [46], Rao [471, Seide and Chang [481,
Venkatesh and Rao [49], Reddy and his colleagues [15,50-511, and Noor
and his col leagues [ 52-541.
Other finite element analyses of laminated anisotropic
8
1.3 Present St udy
Whi l e t he t hr ee- di mensi onal t heor i es [ 55-60] gi ve mor e accur at e
r esul t s t han t he l ami nat i on ( cl assi cal or shear def or mat i on) t heor i es,
t hey are i nt r act abl e. For exampl e, t he ' l ocal ' t heor y of Pagano [60]
r esul t s i n a mat hemat i cal model consi st i ng of 23N part i al di f f er ent i al
equat i ons i n t he l ami nat e' s mi dpl ane coor di nat es and 7N edge boundar y
condi t i ons, wher e N i s t he number of l ayer s i n t he l ami nat e. The
comput at i onal cost s, especi al l y f or geomet r i cal l y nonl i near pr obl ems or
t r ansi ent anal ysi s usi ng t he f i ni t e el ement met hod, pr ecl ude t he use of
such a t heor y.
631, the r ef i ned pl at e t heor y pr ovi des i mpr oved gl obal r esponse
est i mat es f or def l ect i ons, vi br at i on f r equenci es and buckl i ng l oads f or
l ami nat ed composi t e pl at es.
f i ndi ngs, deal s wi t h t he ext ent i on of t he t hi r d- or der pl at e t heor y of
Reddy [21-231 t o l ami nat ed composi t e shel l s. The t heor y al so account s
f or the von Kar man st r ai ns. The r esul t i ng t heor y cont ai ns, as speci al
cases, t he cl assi cal and f i r st - or der t heor i es of pl at es and shel l s.
Mi xed var i at i onal f or mul at i ons and associ at ed f i ni t e- el ement model s ar e
devel oped i n t hi s st udy. The si gni f i cant and novel cont r i but i ons of t he
r esear ch conduct ed ( i n addi t i on t o t hose r epor t ed i n t he f i r st year ' s
r epor t [23]) are:
As demonst r at ed by Reddy [21-231 and hi s col l eagues [61-
The pr esent st udy, mot i vat ed by t he above
1. The f or mul at i on of a new t hi r d- or der t heor y of l ami nat ed shel l s
t hat account s f or a par abol i c di st r i but i on of t he t r ansver se
shear st r esses and t he von Kar man st r ai ns.
2. The der i vat i on of t he exact sol ut i ons of t he new t heor y f or
cer t ai n si mpl y suppor t ed l ami nat ed composi t e shel l s.
9
3. The development of a mixed variational principle for the new
theory of shells, which yields as special cases those of the
classical (e.g., Love-Kirchhoff) and the first-order theory.
4. The development of a mixed, Co-finite-element and its
application to the bending and vibration analysis of laminated
composite shells.
2. FORMULATION OF THE NEW THEORY
2.1 Kinematics
Let ( c 1, &2, s ) denote the orthogonal curvilinear coordinates (or
shell coordinates) such that the
curvature on the midsurface s=O,
perpendicular to the surface s=O
the lines of principal curvature
el - and c2-curves are lines of
and 5-curves are straight lines
. For cylindrical and spherical shells
coincide with the coordinate lines.
The values of the principal radii of curvature of the middle surface are
denoted by R1 and R2.
The position vector of a point on the middle surface is denoted
by r, and the position of a point at distance 5 from the middle surface
is denoted by R. .., The distance ds between points ( E , ~ , ~ ~ , O ) and (cl+dcl,
c2+dc2,0) is determined by (see Fig. 2.1)
..,
(ds)' = dr I
dr ..,
2 2
= +a2(dc2)
ar
I
where dr = sldcl +g2dc2, the vectors g1 and g2 (gi =-) are tangent
I . . , I aci
to the t1 and c2 coordinate lines, and a1 and a2 are the surface metrics
.., .., I I
The distance dS between points ( c1,c2,c) and ((l+dc1,c2+dc2,s+dr) is
given by
(dS)2 = dR dR I
11
Figure 2. 1 Geometry and stress resultants o f a shel l
12
aR aR
- ac1 at 2 2 as
-
aR
-
wher e dR =- de1 +- dg +
coef f i ci ent s
ds, and L1, L2 and L3 ar e t he Lame
aR aR
. . .
I t shoul d be not ed t hat t he vect or s s1 E and G E ar e par al l el
-2 ac2
t o t he vect or s g1 and g2, r espect i vel y.
- -,
2.2 Di spl acement Fi el d
The shel l under consi der at i on i s composed of a f i ni t e number of
or t hot r opi c l ayer s of uni f or mt hi ckness ( see Fi g. 2.2). Let N denot e
t he number of l ayer s i n t he shel l , and ck and s ~ - ~ be t he t op and bot t om
5- coor di nat es of t he k- t h l ayer. Bef or e we pr oceed, a set of
si mpl i f yi ng assumpt i ons t hat pr ovi des a r easonabl e descr i pt i on of t he
behavi or s ar e as f ol l ows:
1, t hi ckness t o r adi us and ot her di mensi ons of shel l ar e smal l .
2 . t r ansver se normal st r ess i s negl i gi bl e
3. st r ai ns ar e smal l , yet di spl acement s can be moder at el y l ar ge
compar ed t o t hi ckness
Fol l owi ng t he pr ocedur e si mi l ar t o t hat pr esent ed i n [ 21] f or f l at
pl at es, we begi n wi t h t he f ol l owi ng di spl acement f i el d:
wher e t i s t i me, (U,V,.) ar e t he di spl acement s al ong t he ( g1, c2, c)
13
f
U
a,
>
0
7
0
-0
ii
14
coordinates, (u,v,w) are the displacements of a poi nt on the middle
surface and $1 and $2 are the rotati ons at 5 = 0 of normals t o the
midsurface wi th respect t o the c2- and cl-axes, respectively. A l l of
(u,v,w,~l,~2,bl,b2,el,e2) are functions of el and 6 only. The
2
parti cul ar choice of the displacement f i el d i n Eq. (2.5) i s di ctated by
the desire to represent the transverse shear strai ns by quadratic
functions of the thickness coordinate, 5, and by the requirement that
the transverse normal s trai n be zero. The kinematics of deformation of
a transverse normal i n various theories i s shown i n Fig. 2.3.
The functions bi and ei w i l l be determined using the condi ti on that
the transverse shear stresses, ul3 =
and bottom surfaces of the shell:
and aZ3 = vanish on the top
u4
These conditions are equivalent to, f or shel l s laminated of orthotropi c
layers, the requirement that the corresponding strai ns be zero on these
surfaces.
radi i of curvature are given by
The transverse shear strai ns of a shel l wi th two pri nci pal
a i 1 a i u
=- +- - - -
5 as a1 a t 1 R~
- - U 1 aw u -
+41 +2sal +3s 2el +- - - -
R1 OL1a% R1
(2.7)
1 aw v V
- - - +b2 +2cb2 +3s2e2 +-- - -
R2 O2 a% R2
Setting E5(c1,c2,k 7 h ,t) and ~q( tl rS 29 k 7 h ,t) t o zero, we obtai n
15
1
UNDEFORMED
DEFORMED IN CLASSICAL
(KIRCHHOFF) THEORY
DEFORMED IN THE THIRD
ORDER (PRESENT) THEORY
Figure 2.3 Assumed deformation patterns o f the transverse normals
i n various displacement-based theories.
16
- 4 1 aw
- 4 1 aw
e 1 - - 2 ( 41 +- -)
e2 - - 2 (@2 +(r -)
3h O 1 a c l
3h 2 ac2
Substituting Eq. (2.8) into Eq. (2.5), we obtain
5
-
v = (1 +-)v
R,
c
This displacement fie
3 4 1 aw
3 4 1 aw
3h
(2.9)
d is used to compute the strains and
stresses, and then the equations of motion are obtained using the
dynamic analog of the principle of virtual wor k.
2.3 Strain-Displacement Relations
Substituting Eq. (2.9) into the strai n-di spl acement re1 at ions
referred to an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, we obtain
where
(2.10)
17
0 - aw 1- 4 aw
h a x2
K4 - - 2 (Cb2 +-)
4 - @2 +
0 - aw 1 4 aw
h axl
K5 = - 2 (e1 +-)
5 - @1 + q
a@2 a@l
+-
O a v +- +- - au aw aw 0
6 = a x2 axl ax2 K6 = ax2
(2.11)
Here xi denote the Cartesian coordinates (dxi = aidcis i = 1,Z).
2.4 Constitutive Relations
The stress-strain relations f or the k-th lamina in the lamina
coordinates are given by
0
0
Q66
- ( k )
0
0
0
- (k)
Q44
1
6
4
5 (k)
(2.12)
where vi ( k ) are the plane stress reduced stiffnesses of the k-th lamina
18
in the lamina coordinate system.
in terms of the engineering constants of a lamina:
The coefficients qij can be expressed
(2.13)
- - -
44 = 23 Q55 = 13 Q66 = 12
To determine the laminate constitutive equations, Eq. (2.12) should be
transformed to the laminate coordinates. We obtain
r4) = 1;:
r4} (2.14)
5 ( k ) 55 ( k ) 5 ( k )
where
4 2 2 4
-
Q,, = Qll cos e +2(Q12 +2066)~in e cos e +gz2 sin e
- 4066)sin 2 e cos 2 e +Q12(sin 4 e +cos 4 e)
Q12 = (Q11 +Q22
- 4 2 2 4
Q , , = Qll sin e +2(Q1, +2Q66)~in e cos e +Q,, cos e
Q,, = (Qll +qz2 - 2Q12 - ~ T j ~ ~ ) s i n 2 e cos 2 e +Q66(~in 4 e +cos 4 e)
2 2
-
Q4, = Q4, cos e +V, , sin e
19
2 2
-
= Q , , cos e t q44 s i n e
Q55
(2.15)
2.5 Equations of Motion
The dynamic version of the pri nci pl e of vi rtual work f or the
present case yi el ds
dxldx2}dc - q6wdxldx2 - 6(J h/2 { $ k ) ~ [ (t)2+(t)Z+(~)2]dxldx2}dc) ]dt
D -h/2 Q
1617 ( a 2" 2"
- - - - +9) + IlW)6W
av
2
9h4 axl
ax2
+(' 3 % +' 5
(2.16)
where q i s the di stri buted transverse load, Niy Mi y etc. are the
resu 1 tants,
20
The inert?
and
(2.17)
s Ti and Ti (i = 1,2,3,4,5) are defined by th, equations,
T1 = I 1 +li;; 2 I 2 ,
4 4
- -
1
-
I = I +-
2 2 R 1 '3 3h
4 4
2 I 5
- -
1
-
5 = I2 + 5 I3 3h2 I4 -
l6 I
8
3h
-
I 4 = I3 - - Z 1 5 +g h 4 7
l6 I
4
I =-
-
3h 2 1 5 - 2 7 '
l6 I
4
1' =-
-
3h 2 1 5 - 2 7
(2.18a)
I
21
The governing equations of motion can be derived from Eq. (2.16) by
integrating the displacement gradients by parts and setting the
coefficients of 6u,6v,6w and 6 ' i (i = 1,2) to zero separately:
a N 1 +- = aN6 aw
axl ax2
6u: -
6v: -
2 2
a '6 )
a p 2 +2 axlax2
a91 aQ2 aK1 aK2 4 a2P1
+2 2 ( 2
ax2 3h axl ax2
axl ax2 h2 axl
( +- ) +- -
+- - - -
6w: -
- - - - N1 N2 +N(w) =- I3 .; au - - a 4 ~ av +Ti 3 a42 +I1w
I 5 +% 3
R1 R2
1617 ,aZ; + a2;
7) - q
- - -
9h4 axl 2 ax2
aw
aP1 aP6 - -
2 ' + '4'1 - '5
+- - +- K 4 - - - ( +-)=I "
Q1 h2 1 3h2 axl ax2
641: -
aM1 aM6
axl ax2
(2.19)
where
aw =) (2.20)
a aw aw a
(N1 + N6 + - (N6 + N2 ax2
N(w) =-
axl ax2
The essential (i .e., geometric) and natural boundary conditions of the
theory are given by:
22
Un Uns W an aw as aw @n @ns (essential )
_ _ _ - I
Nn Nns* Qn, Pn Ps Mn Mns (natural) (2.21)
where
2 2
=n N +n N +2 n n N
n x 1 y 2 X Y 6
Nns = (N2 - N )n n +N6(nx 2 2 - ny)
1 X Y
= nxP1 2 +n 2 P
n Y 2 X Y 6
+2n n P
= (P2 - P )n n +P6(nx 2 2 - ny)
= (M2 - M )n n +M6(nx 2 2 - ny)
ns 1 X Y
= nxM1 2 +n 2 M
Mn Y 2 X Y 6
Mns 1 X Y
+2n n M
aPn aPns 4 K
-
- aw aw 4
Qn - Nn an +Nns
+3 (K +-) +Qn - -
h2
as
=n K +n K
Kn x 1 y 2
P n - - - - 4 P
. . ,
3h2
-
- - -
- 4 P
ns 3h2
-
Mn = Mn - - 4 P
3h2
-
- - 4 P
ns = Mns 3h2 ns
(2. 22)
23
and nx and ny are the di recti on cosines of the uni t normal on the
boundary of the laminate.
The resul tants can be expressed i n terms of the s trai n components
I using Eqs. (2.10) and (2.12) i n Eq. (2.14). We get
Ni - - Ai j ~ g +6. .IC. 0 +E. .K 2
1 J J 1 J j
Mi - - B i j ~j 0 +D
O + F
i j'j
P. = E
1
2
+F..K
jKj 1~ j
jKj 1~ j
2
O +H..K
(i,j = 1,2,6)
(2.23)
0 1
5 j j
K1 = D5cj +F K
where Aij, Elij, etc. are the laminate stiffnesses,
( A .
B. . ,Di ,Ei j,Fi j,H. .)
ij' ij 'J
f o r i,j = 1,2,4,5,6.
(2. 25)
3. THE NAVIER SOLUTIONS
3.1 Introduction
Exact solutions of the partial differential equations (2.19) on
arbitrary domains and for general conditions is not possible. However,
for simply supported shells whose projection in the xlx2-plane is a
rectangle, the linear version of Eq. (2.19) can be solved exactly,
provided the lamination scheme is of antisymmetric cross-ply [Oo/900/
0/90 O . . . ] or symmetric cross-ply [0/900...]s type.
solution exists if the following stiffness coefficients are zero 1211:
The Navier
Fi6 = Hi6 = 0 , (i = 1,2) ( 3. 1)
Ai6 = Bi6 - - Di6 - - Ei6 - -
= o
A45 = O45 = F45
The boundary conditions are assumed to be of the form,
u(xl,O) = u(xl,b) = v(0,x2) = v(a,x2) = 0
w(xl,O) = w(xl,b) = w(0,x2) = w(a,x2) = 0
aw
(0,x2) =- (a,x2) = 0
aw aw aw
axl axl ax2 ax2
- ( ~ 1 ~ 0 ) =- (xl,b) =-
N2(x1,0) = N (x ,b) = Nl(0,x2) = Nl(a,x2) = 0
2 1
where a and b denote the lengths along the xl- and x2-directions,
respectively (see Fig. 3.1).
24
25
/
Figure3.1 The geometry and the coordinate system f o r a
Projected area of -she1 1 element
26
3.2 The Navier Solution
Following the Naviw solution procedure (see Reddy [21]), we assume
the following solution form that satisfies the boundary conditions in
Eq. (3.2):
m
m
where
f (x ,x ) = cosax1sin~x2, f (x ,x ) = sinax C O S B X ~
f3(x1,x2) = sinaxlsin~x2, a = mn/a, B = nn/b
1 1 2 2 1 2 1
(3.4)
Substituting Eq. (3.3) into Eq. (2.19), we obtain
where Qmn are the coefficients in the double Fourier expansion of the
transverse load,
27
and the coefficients Mi j and Ci j(i,j = 1,Z ,... ,5) are given in Appendix
~ A.
Equation (3.5) can be solved for Umn,Vmn, etc., for each m and n,
and then the solution is given by Eq. (3.3).
are evaluated using a finite number of terms in the series.
vibration analysis, Eq. (3.5) can be expressed as an eigenvalue
equation,
The series in Eq, (3.3)
For free
i
I ( [ CI - UZIMl){A} = (0) (3.7)
where {A} = {Umn,Vmn,Wmn,m,!,n,m~n}T, and w is the frequency of natural
vibration. For static bending analysis, Eq. (3.5) becomes
4. MI XED VARI ATI ONAL PRI NCI PLES
4. 1 I nt r oduct i on
The var i at i onal f or mul at i ons used f or devel opi ng pl at e and shel l
el ement s can be cl assi f i ed i nt o t hr ee maj or cat egor i es:
( i ) f or mul at i ons based on t he pr i nci pl e o f vi rt ual di spl acement s ( or t he
pr i nci pl e of t ot al pot ent i al energy) , ( i i ) f or mul at i ons based on t he
pr i nci pl e of vi rt ual f or ces ( or t he pr i nci pl e of compl ement ar y ener gy)
and ( i i i ) f or mul at i ons based on mi xed var i at i onal pr i nci pl es( Hu- Washi zu-
Rei ssner ' s pri nci pl es).
f or mul at i ons ar e cal l ed, r espect i vel y, t he di spl acement model s,
equi l i br i ummodel s and mi xed model s.
The f i ni t e- el ement model s based on t hese
I n t he pr i nci pl e of vi r t ual di spl acement s, one assumes t hat t he
ki nemat i c r el at i ons ( i .e. , st r ai n- di spl acement r el at i ons and geomet r i c
boundary condi t i ons) ar e sat i sf i ed exact l y ( i . e. , poi nt - wi se) by t he
di spl acement f i el d, and t he equi l i br i umequat i ons and f or ce boundar y
condi t i ons ar e der i ved as t he Eul er equat i ons. No a- pr i or i assumpt i on
concer ni ng t he const i t ut i ve behavi or ( i . e. , st r ess- st r ai n r el at i ons) i s
necessar y i n usi ng t he pr i nci pl e. The pr i nci pl e of ( t he mi ni mum) t ot al
pot ent i al ener gy i s a speci al case of t he pr i nci pl e of vi r t ual
di spl acement s appl i ed t o sol i d bodi es t hat ar e char act er i zed by t he
st r ai n ener gy f unct i on U such t hat
aU( E . .)
i j
i j
--J -J -=.
aE
wher e E . . and ui j ar e t he component s of st r ai n and st r ess t ensor s,
r espect i vel y.
1 J
When t he pr i nci pl e of t ot al pot ent i al ener gy i s used t o
29
devel op a f i ni t e- el ement model of a shel l t heor y, t he ki nemat i c
r el at i ons ar e sat i sf i ed poi nt - wi se but t he equi l i br i umequat i ons ar e met
onl y i n an i nt egr al ( or var i at i onal ) sense. The pr i nci pl e of
compl ement ar y pot ent i al ener gy, a speci al case of t he pr i nci pl e of
vi r t ual f or ces, can be used t o devel op equi l i br i ummodel s t hat sat i sf y
t he equi l i br i umequat i ons poi nt - wi se but meet t he st r ai n compat i bi l i t y
onl y i n a var i at i onal sense.
Ther e ar e a number of mi xed vari at i onal pr i nci pl es i n el ast i ci t y
( see [64-711). The phr ase ' mi xed' i s used t o i mpl y t he f act t hat bot h
t he di spl acement ( or pr i mal ) var i abl es and ( some of t he) f or ce ( or dual )
var i abl es ar e gi ven equal i mpor t ance i n t he var i at i onal f or mul at i ons.
The associ at ed f i ni t e- el ement model s use i ndependent appr oxi mat i ons of
dependent var i abl es appear i ng i n t he var i at i onal f or mul at i on. Ther e ar e
i n whi ch bot h pri mal and dual
y i n t he i nt er i or and on t he
t wo ki nds of mi xed model s: ( i ) model s
var i abl es ar e i nt er pol at ed i ndependent
boundar y of an el ement , ( i i ) model s i n whi ch t he var i abl es ar e
i nt er pol at ed i nsi de t he el ement and t hei r val ues on t he boundar y ar e
i nt er pol at ed by t he boundar y val ues of t he i nt er pol at i on. The f i r st
ki nd ar e of t en t er med hybri d model s, and t he second ki nd ar e known
si mpl y as t he mi xed model s. I n t he pr esent st udy t he second ki nd (i . e. ,
mi xed model ) wi l l be di scussed.
4.2 Var i at i onal Pr i nci pl es
To devel op a mi xed var i at i onal st at ement of t he t hi r d- or der
l ami nat e t heor y, we r ewr i t e Eq. (2. 23) i n mat r i x not at i on as f ol l ows:
{ N} = [ A * ~ { E ~ } + [B*I{M} + IE*I{P}
30
t o
-{K} = [B*1 { E } - [D*l{M} - [F*l{P}
-{K} = [E*] { E } - [F*lt{M} - [H*]{P}
t o
where
{KC} =
- w 1 a w 2
ay
R2
2 ay
a v +- +- (-)
au av aw aw 1
ay ax ax ay
- +- +- -
A
c1 =2 and c =- 4
3h h2
[B*] = [B][D*] + [E][F*]
[E*] = [B][F*] + [E][H*]
(not symmetric)
(not symmetric)
-
-
[Dl [FI
[F*I [H*l [FI [HI
(4.2)
Note that in this part the notation x = x1 and y = x2 is used, and [ I t
denotes the transpose o f a vector or matrix.
To develop a mixed variational statement of the third-order
laminate theory, the generalized displacements (u, v, w, 41,
generalized moments (MI, M2, Me, PI, P2, P6) are treated as the
dependent variables.
and
31
1 o t
= s a [ y { E 1 + {EO}~([B*]{M} +[E*]{p})
A A A
- J- (Nnun +Nsus +Qnw +Mn+,, +M,$,)ds
r
(4.3)
where the quanti ti es wi th a hat over them denote speci fi ed values, and
Qn = Qlnx +Q2ny
un = unx +vny , us = -uny +vnx
a
- n - - n -
a
an x ax y ay ' as x ay y ax
a a
_ -
a
- n - a + n -
- -
2 2 2 2
Nn = N n +2N n n +N2ny , NS = (N2 - N )n n +N6(nx - ny)
l x 6 X Y 1 X Y
wi th
(4.4)
(4.5)
32
Note that the bending moments (MI, M2, M6) do not enter the set of
essential boundary conditions, and the resultants (PI, P2, P6) do not
enter the set of natural boundary conditions also.
The (mixed) variational principle corresponding to the functional
in Eq. (4.3) can be stated as follows.
laminate can assume, the one that renders the functional nH1 stational-y
also satisfies the equations of equilibrium (2.19) and the kinematic-
constitutive equations [i.e., the last two equations of Eq. (4.3)].
Of all possible configurations a
We note that the variational statement in Eq. (4.3) contains the
second-order derivatives of the transverse deflection w (through {K}).
To relax the continuity requirements on w, we integrate the
term {P}t{~} by parts to trade the differentiation to {P}. We obtain
A A A A
aw
en an 9 e~ as
- -
-
aw
=-
33
I
We note that the stress resultants Pn and Ps (hence PI , P2 and P6)
enter the set of essential boundary conditions in the case of the second
mixed formulation of the higer-order theory. As special cases, the
mixed variational statements for the classical and the first-order
theories can be obtained from Eq. (4.6) by setting appropriate terms to
zero.
5. FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL
5.1 Introduction
The mixed variational principles presented in Chapter 4 can be used
to develop mixed finite-element models, which contain the bending
moments as the primary variables along with the generalized
displacements. Historically, at least with regard to bending of plates,
the first mixed formulation is attributed to Herrmann [72,73] and Hellan
[741
Since the bending moments do not enter the set of essential
boundary conditions, they are not required to be continuous across
interelement boundaries.
discontinuous (between elements) bi 1 inear or higher-order approximation
of the bending moments. The present section deals with the development
of a mixed model based on nH2.
Thus, one can develop mixed models with
5.2 Finite-Element Model
Let n,
represented
where = n
the domain (i.e., the midplane) of the laminate, be
by a collection of finite elements
(5.1)
-
n = u n , ne n af = empty for e # f
e= 1
ur is the closure of the open domain a and r is its
boundary. Over a typical element ne, each of the variables u, v, w,
etc. are interpolated by expressions of the form
N N N
u = c U.$ , v = c V.$ , w = W.$ (5.2)
j=l J j j= 1 J j j=l ~j
34
35
etc. , wher e { s, .} denot e t he set of admi ssi bl e i nt er pol at i on f unct i ons
and j denot es t he number of f unct i ons ( see Reddy and Put cha [64]).
Al t hough t he same set of i nt er pol at i on f unct i ons i s used, f or
si mpl i ci t y, t o i nt er pol at e each of t he dependent var i abl es, i n gener al ,
di f f er ent set s of i nt er pol at i on can be used f or (u, v), w, (Q Q ),
(M1, M2, M6) and (Pl , PZ, P6). Fr oman exami nat i on of t he var i at i onal
st at ement i n Eq. (4.6), i t i s cl ear t hat t he l i near , quadr at i c, etc. ,
i nt er pol at i on f unct i ons of t he Lagr ange t ype ar e admi ssi bl e.
r esul t i ng el ement i s cal l ed a Co- el ement , because no der i vat i ve of t he
dependent var i abl e i s r equi r ed t o be cont i nuous acr oss i nt er el ement
boundar i es.
J
x y Y
The
To devel op t he f i ni t e- el ement equat i ons of a t ypi cal el ement , we
f i r st comput e t he st r ai ns, r ot at i ons, and r esul t ant s i n t er ms of t hei r
f i ni t e el ement appr oxi mat i ons. We have
{ EO} = { EOL } + { EON}
( 5- 3)
= [ HL] {nl } +[H"]{A*} (5. 4)
36
aw aw
2- -
a x a y
N 2
,: $ [H ] { A }
(5.5)
{ &.ON} = [ HN] {SA'}
37
{Q} =
4 4
[H ]{A }
(5.11)
(5.12)
(5.13)
aw
, f =- and
aw
Y aY
Here, fx =-
ax
{$i} =
$2 0 . . $N I 9 E$i,x} = {$1,x $2,x * e * $N,xl, etc .( 5.14)
and {u}, for example, denotes the column of the nodal values of u.
The finite-element model for t h e refined shear deformation theory
is derived from the variational statement in Eq. (4.6) over an
element.
element Q~ is given by
The first variation of the functional in (4.6) for a typical
0 = 5
[{~E~}~([A*~{C'} + [ B* l { M} + [E*l {P})
+- {sM}t({~s} + [B*] {E } - [ D* l { M} - [F*l{P})
ne
t o
38
+{6P }t(- C1{Ks} + [E*]{E'} - [F*l{M} - [H*l{P})
-
(Nn6un +N 6u +Qn6w +Mn6$,, +Ms6$,
s s
re
+c e SP +cles6Ps)ds
I n n
Substitution of Eqs. (5.2)-(5.14)
Eq. (5.15), we obtain
[Kl1] [K12] [K13] [K14] [K15]
[K21] [kZ2] [K23] [K24] [KZ5]
[K31] [K3'] [K33] [K34] [K35]
[K41] [K4'] [K43] [K44] [K45]
[K51] [K52] [K53] [K54] [K55]
where
(5.15)
nto the vari ati onal statement i n
[K"] = [HLIt[A*][HL]dA , IF1} = 8 [H2I t ds
ae re
[K l2 1'78
[HLIt[A*]([HN] +2[Hol)dA
ne
(5.16)
[K14] = [HLlt[B*I[H3]dA = [K 41 1 t
ne
39
[ K15] = [ [HLI t[E*][H3]dA = [ K 51 ] t
ae
[i Z21 = s (Hol + [ HN t 1) [A*l ([Hol +7 1 N [ H ])dA +s [
ae ae
1
[KZ41 =
(([HOI + [ HN t I ) [B*][H3])dA
ne
= .f
($ [H31t[B*l t([HN] +2[Ho]))dA
ne
N t I t L t
([Hol + [ H I ) [E*l [H31 +cl [ H I [ H I )dA [KZ5] =
ne
[K5'1 =
([H3l t[E*l ([Ho1+ 7 1 N [ H I ) +cl [HL1[H1J )dA
ae
[ K -3 3 ] = .f [ H2 t - ] [A][H2]dA, [i cZ3l =S [H I t A ] [A][H2]dA = [ K -32 ] t
ae ne
L t 3 43 t
= S [H I [H I dA = [ K ]
ae
[K441 = - [H3l t[D*1[H31dA,
Qe
[K45] = - J [H3I t[F*][H 3 ]dA = [ K 54 ] t
ae
\
40
[ K 55 1 = - I [H3It[H*1[H3]dA
ne
IF5} = 1 [H3It[Tlt ds
ne
(5.17)
Clearly, the element stiffness matrix is pJ symmetric.
case (i.e., [HN] = [O]), the element stiffness matrix is symmetric.
For the linear
The
theories can be
form of the
finite-element models for the classical and first-order
obtained as special cases from Eq. (5.16). An explicit
coefficients of the stiffness matrix in Eq. (5.16) is g
B.
ven in Appendix
5.3 Solution Procedure
The assembled finite-element equations are of the form
tKO(A)l{A) = {F) (5.18)
where [K O] is the assembled (direct) stiffness matrix, unsymmetric in
general, and {A} is the global solution vector.
matrix i s a nonlinear function of the unknown solution, Eq. (5.18)
should be solved iteratively.
quite commonly used in the finite-element analysis of nonlinear
problems:
iteration methods.
nonlinear equations.
Because the stiffness
Two iterative methods of analysis are
the Picard-type direction iteration and the Newton-Raphson
Here the Newton-Raphson method is used to solve the
41
Suppose that the solution is required for a load of P. The load is
divided into a sequence of load steps AP1, A P ~ , ..., A P ~ such that P
= c A P ~ . At any load step i, Eq. (5.18) is solved iteratively to
obtain the solution. At the end of the r-th iteration the solution for
n
i=l
the next iteration is obtained solving the following equation
(5.19)
[K T r (A )]{6Ar+'} = - {R} 3 -[K D r (A )]{Ar} + {F}
for the increment of the solution {sar+'}, and the total solution is
computed from
{Ar+'} = {Ar} + {&A r+l
where [KT] is the tangent stiffness matrix,
(5.20)
(5.21)
A geometrical explanation of the Newton-Raphson iteration is given in
Fig. 5.1.
For the finite-element models developed here, the tangent stiffness
matrix is symmetric.
model in Eq. (5.16) for plates (1/R1 = 1/R2 = 0) is given by
For example, the tangent stiffness matrix for the
[K21T] [KZzT] symm.
[ K~~~ I.
5 1T
[K ] .... ........
where
[K1lT] = [K"
[KZzT] = [kz2
(5.22)
42
F
Load, F
0
Displacement, U
Figure 5.1 Geometric i nterpretati on o f the Newton-Raphson
i terati on f or the sol uti on o f one-parameter
probl ems.
43
[ K31T] = [O],
ae
44
[K44T] = [ K
t [ A*I I HNl + ["?[A*] [$l )dA{A2}
t[B*][H3]dA){A4}
ae
32
[ K32T] = [ K 1,
42T 24
, [ K 1 = [ K
53 5 4T 54
[ K53T] = [ K 1, [ K 1 = [ K
-N
[H 1 =
[ K33T] = [ K33]
K25] ,
K55]
(5. 23)
For a1 1 coupl ed ( i . e. bendi ng- st r et chi ng coupl i ng) pr obl ems, t he
mi xed model s of cl assi cal , f i r st - or der and t hi r d- or der t heor i es have
r espect i vel y. I f t he
, t he el ement degr ees
si x, ei ght and el even degr ees of f r eedomper node,
bendi ng moment s ar e el i mi nat ed at t he el ement l eve
of f r eedomcan be r educed by 3 ( see Fi g. 5.2).
The f i ni t e- el ement model (5. 16) f or t he dynam
f or m,
[ K I M + [ M I m = {F}
c case i s of t he
(5. 24)
wher e [ MI i s t he mass mat r i x ( see Appendi x 6).
(5. 24) can be wr i t t en as
For f r ee vi br at i on, Eq.
44
w. / //
2
u1
(a) Displacement model
/
J t*
'a 1 1
" 1 M1 ' pl
( b ) Hixed model
Figure5.2 The displacement and mixed f i ni t e elements
f or the thi rd- order shear deformation theory
45
[ K ] { A } = A [ Ml { A } ( 5. 25)
where ;x i s the square of the frequency.
The evaluation of the element matrices requires numerical
integration.
coeffi ci ents associated wi th the shear energy terms. More speci fi cal l y,
the 2 x 2 Gauss rul e i s used f or shear terms and the standard 3 x 3
Gauss r ul e i s used f or the bending terms when the nine node quadratic
isoparametric element i s considered.
Reduced i ntegrati on i s used t o evaluate the sti ffness
6. SAMPLE AP P LI CATI ONS
6.1 I nt r oduct i on
A number of r epr esent at i ve pr obl ems ar e anal yzed usi ng t he hi gher -
or der t heor y devel oped i n t he pr esent st udy.
i ncl uded her e i l l ust r at e t he accur acy of t he pr esent t heory. These
pr obl ems ar e sol ved usi ng t he cl osed- f or msol ut i ons pr esent ed i n Sect i on
3.
t he mi xed f i ni t e- el ement model descr i bed i n Sect i on 5.
The f i r st f ew pr obl ems
Then pr obl ems t hat do not al l owcl osed- f or msol ut i ons ar e sol ved by
The geomet r i es of t ypi cal cyl i ndr i cal and spher i cal shel l panel s
ar e shown i n Fi g. 6.1. Of cour se, pl at es ar e der i ved as speci al cases
f r omcyl i ndr i cal or spher i cal shel l panel s.
6. 2 Exact Sol ut i ons
I t i s wel l known t hat t he ser i es sol ut i on i n Eq. ( 3. 3) conver ges
f ast er f or uni f or ml oad t han f or a poi nt l oad.
di st r i but i on of t he t r ansver se l oad, t he ser i es r educes t o a si ngl e
t erm.
For a si nusoi dal
1. Four - l ayer , cr oss- pl y (0/90/90/0) squar e l ami nat ed f l at pl at e under
Thi s exampl e demonst r at es t he r el at i ve accur acy of t he pr esent
si nusoi dal l oad
hi gher - or der t heor y when compar ed t o t hr ee- di mensi onal el ast i ci t y t heor y
and t o t he f i r st - or der t heor y. Squar e, cr oss- pl y l ami nat es under
si mpl y- suppor t ed boundar y condi t i ons [ see Eq. (3.2)] and a si nusoi dal
di st r i but i on of t he t r ansver se l oad ar e st udi ed f or def l ect i ons. The
l ami na pr oper t i es ar e assumed t o be
46
47
Fi gure 6.1 Geometry of a typi cal cylindrical and spherical shell
48
Plots of the nondimensional center deflection [ w= wE2h3)/qoa4] versus
the side to thickness ratio (a/h) obtained using various theories are
shown in Figure 6.2. The present third-order theory gives the closest
solution to the three-dimensional elasticity solution [58] than either
the first-order theory or the classical theory.
2. An isotropic spherical shell segment under point load at the center.
The problem data are (see Fig. 6.1 for the geometry)
R1 = R2 = 96.0 in., a = b = 32.0 in., h = 0.1 in.,
7
El = E2 = 10 psi, v = 0.3, intensity of load = 100 lbs.
A comparison of the center transverse deflection of the present theory
(HSDT) with that obtained using the f irst-order shear deformation theory
(FSDT) and classical shell theory (CST) for various terms in the series
is presented in Table 1 (for simply supported boundary conditions). It
should be noted that Vlasov [76] did not consider transverse shearing
strains in his study. The difference between the values predicted by
HSDT and FSOT is not significant for the thin isotropic shell problem
considered here.
3. Cross-ply spherical shell segments under sinusoidal, uniform, and
point loads.
The geometric parameters used are the same as those used in Problem
2, and the material parameters used are the same as those used in
Problem 1. The shell segments are assumed to be simply supported.
Nondimensionalized center deflection of various cross-ply shells under
sinusoidal, uniform, and point loads are presented in Tables 2 through
49
z
t;;
4
T
u
U
Y
w
M
2
0
w
I
I-
0
si
9
0
M
0
m
0
rl
0
0
50
Table 1. Center defl ecti on ( - w x 103) of a simply supported spherical
shel l segment under poi nt load a t the center (see Fig. 6.1)
Number of terms i n the series
h Theory N =9 N = 49 N = 99 N = 149 N = 199
CST
Vlasov [79] - -
0.1 FSDT [40] 32.594 39.469
HSDT 32.584 39.458
0.32 FSDT 3.664 3.902
HSDT 3.661 3.899
1.6 FSDT 0.165 0.171
HSDT 0.164 0.170
3.2 FSDT 0.035 0.038
HSDT 0.035 0.037
6.4 FSDT 0.007 0.008
HSDT 0.007 0.007
39.591
39.560
39.724
39.714
3.919
3.916
0.174
0.172
0.039
0.037
0.009
0.007
-
39.786
39.775
3.927
3.923
0.175
0.172
0.039
0.037
0.009
0.007
39.647
39.814
39.803
3.932
3.927
0.176
0.172
0.040
0.037
0.009
0.007
-
51
4, r espect i vel y.
hi gher - or der t heor y and t he f i r st - or der t heor y i ncr eases wi t h i ncr easi ng
val ues of R/ a. For a/ h = 10, t he di f f er ence bet ween t he def l ect i ons
gi ven by FSDT and HSDT i s l ar ger t han t hose f or a/ h = 100.
unsymmet r i c l ami nat es (0/90) , FSDT yi el ds hi gher def l ect i ons t han HSDT,
wher eas f or symmet r i c l ami nat es HSDT yi el ds hi gher def l ect i ons t han FSDT
f or val ues of a/ h = 10.
di f f er ence bet ween t he sol ut i on predi ct ed by t he f i r st - or der t heor y and
t he hi gher - or der t heor y i s mor e si gni f i cant , wi t h FSDT r esul t s hi gher
t han HSDT, especi al l y f or ant i symmet r i c cr oss- pl y l ami nat es.
The di f f er ence bet ween t he sol ut i ons pr edi ct ed by t he
For
Not e t hat f or poi nt - l oaded shel l s t he
4. Nat ural vi br at i on of cr oss- pl y cyl i ndr i cal shel l segment s
Nondi mensi onal i zed f undament al f r equenci es of cr oss- pl y cyl i ndr i cal
[Oo/9O0],
shel l s ar e pr esent ed i n Tabl e 5 f or t hr ee l ami nat i on schemes:
[O0/9Oo/O0] , and [0/900/900/00]. For t hi n ant i symmet r i c cr oss- pl y
shel l s, t he f i r st - or der t heor y under pr edi ct s t he nat ur al f r equenci es
when compar ed t o t he hi gher - or der theory. However , f or symmet r i c cr oss-
pl y shel l s, t he t r end r ever ses.
5. Nat ural vi br at i on of cr oss- pl y spheri cal shel l segment s
Nondi mensi onal i zed nat ural f r equenci es obt ai ned usi ng t he f i r st -
and hi gher - or der t heor i es ar e present ed i n Tabl e 6 f or var i ous cr oss- pl y
spher i cal shel l segment s. Anal ogous to cyl i ndr i cal she I s, t he f i r st -
or der t heor y under pr edi ct s f undament al nat ur al f r equenc es of
ant i symmet r i c cr oss- pl y shel l s; f or symmet r i c t hi ck she 1s and symmet r i c
shal l owt hi n shel l s t he t rend reverses.
52
Table 2. Nondimensionalized center deflections, w = (-wh3E /q a4)103,
of cross-ply laminated spherical she1 1 segments uGdeP
sinusoidally distributed load (a/b = 1, R 1 = R2 = R, q, = 100)
-
W
oo/900 0 O /goo /oo oo/900/900/oo
R/a Theory a/h=100 a/h=lO a/h=100 a/h=lO a/h=100 a/h=lO
5 FSDT 1.1948
HSDT 1.1937
10 FSDT 3.5760
HSDT 3.5733
20 FSDT 7.1270
HSDT 7.1236
50 FSDT 9.8717
FSDT 9.8692
100 FSDT 10.4460
HSDT 10.4440
Plate FSDT 10.6530
R/a=m FSDT 10.6510
11.429
11.166
12.123
11.896
12.309
12.094
12.362
12.150
12.370
12.158
12.373
12.161
1.0337
1.0321
2.4109
2.4099
3.6150
3.6170
4.2027
4.2071
4.3026
4.3074
4.3370
4.3420
6.4253
6.7688
6.6247
7.0325
6.6756
7.1016
6.6902
7.1212
6.6923
7.1240
6.6939
7.1250
1.0279
1.0264
2.4030
2.4024
3.6104
3.6133
4.2015
4.2071
4.3021
4.3082
4.3368
4.3430
6.3623
6.7865
6.5595
7.0536
6.6099
7.1237
6.6244
7.1436
6.6264
7.1464
6.6280
7.1474
53
Table 3. Nondimensionalized center deflections, w = (-WE h3/q a4)
x 103, of cross-ply laminated spherical shel l s2gmen?s under
uniformly di stri buted load
0"/90" 0" /90 O /oo oo/900/900/oo
R
- Theory a/h=100 a/h=lO a/h=100 a/h=lO a/h=100 a/h=lO
a
5 FSDT
HSDT
10 FSDT
HSDT
20 FSDT
HSDT
50 FSDT
HSDT
100 FSDT
HSDT
P late FSDT
m
1.7535
1.7519
5.5428
5.5388
11.273
11.268
15.714
15.711
16.645
16.642
16.980
16.977
19.944
17.566
19.065
18.744
19.365
19.064
19.452
19.155
19.464
19.168
19.469
19.172
1.5118
1.5092
3.6445
3.6426
5.5473
5.5503
6.4827
6.4895
6.6421
6.6496
6.6970
6.7047
9.794
10.332
10.110
10.752
10.191
10.862
10.214
10.893
10.218
10.898
10.220
10.899
-
1.5358
1.5332
3.7208
3.7195
5.6618
5.666
6.6148
6.6234
6.7772
6.7866
6.8331
6.8427
9.825
10.476
10.141
10.904
10.222
11.017
10.245
11.049
10.294
11.053
10.251
11.055
54
Table 4. Nondimensionalized center deflection of cross-ply spherical
shel l segments under poi nt load at the center
- wh3E2
w = - (- )102, a/b = 1, a/h = 10
Pan
Center deflection, w
R/a Theory 0"/90" 0" /90 " / O " oo/900/900/oo
5 FSDT
HSDT
10 FSDT
HSDT
20 FSDT
HSDT
50 FSDT
HSDT
100 FSDT
HSDT
P1 ate FSDT
m HSDT
7.1015
5.8953
7.3836
6.1913
7.4692
6.2714
7.4909
6.2943
7.4940
6.2976
7.4853
6.2987
5.1410
4.4340
5.2273
4.5470
5.2594
4.5765
5.2657
4.5849
5.2666
4.5861
5.2572
4.5865
4.9360
4.3574
5.0186
4.4690
5.0496
4.4982
5.0557
4.5065
5.0565
4.5077
5.0472
4.5081
55
Table 5 Nondimensionalized fundamental frequencies of cross-ply
cyl i ndri cal shel l panels (see Fig. 6.1 f or geometry).
0"/9O0 oo/900/oo oo/900/900/oo
R/a Theory a/h=100 a/h=lO a/h=100 a/h=lO a/h=100 a/h=lO
5 FSDT
HSDT
10 FSDT
HSDT
20 FSDT
HSDT
50 FSDT
HSDT
100 FSDT
HSDT
P late FSDT
m HSDT
16.668
16.690
11.831
11.840
10.265
10.270
9.7816
9.7830
9.7108
9.7120
9.6873
9.6880
8.9082
9.0230
8.8879
8.9790
8.8900
8.9720
8.8951
8.9730
8.8974
8.9750
8.8998
8.9760
20.332
20.330
16.625
16.620
15.556
15.550
15.244
15.240
15.198
15.190
15.183
15.170
12.207
11.850
12.173
11.800
12.166
11.791
12.163
11.790
12.163
11.790
12.162
11.790
20.361
20.360
16.634
16.630
15.559
15.550
15.245
15.230
15.199
15.190
15.184
15.170
12.267
11.830
12.236
11.790
12.230
11.780
12.228
11.780
12.227
11.780
12.226
11.780
56
Table 6. Nondimensionalized fundamental frequencies of cross-ply
laminated spherical shel l segments
a2 -
h
-
w = w - J p/E2
0"/90" 0" /goo /oo oo/900/900/oo
R/a Theory a/h=100 a/h=lO a/h=100 a/h=lO a/h=100 a/h=lO
5 FSDT
HSDT
10 FSDT
HSDT
20 FSDT
HSDT
50 FSDT
HSDT
100 FSDT
HSDT
P late FSDT
HSDT
28.825
28.840
16.706
16.710
11.841
11.84
10.063
10.06
9.7826
9.784
9.6873
9.6880
9.2309
9.3370
8.9841
9.0680
8.9212
8.999
8.9034
8.980
8.9009
8.977
8.8998
8.9760
30.993
31.020
20.347
20.350
16.627
16.62
15.424
15.42
15.244
15.24
15.183
15.170
~~
12.372
12.060
12.215
11.860
12.176
11.81
12.165
11.79
12.163
11.79
12.162
11.790
31.079
31.100
20.380
20.380
16.638
16.63
15.426
15.42
15.245
15.23
15.184
15.170
12.437
12.040
12.280
11.840
12.240
11.79
12.229
11.78
12.228
11.78
12.226
11.780
57
6.3 Appr oxi mat e ( Fi ni t e- El ement ) Sol ut i ons
6.3.1 Bendi ng Anal ysi s
1. Li near anal ysi s of a r ect angul ar pl at e under uni f or ml y di st r i but ed
1 oad .
The geomet r y and boundar y condi t i ons f or t he pr obl emar e shown i n
-
Fi g. 6.3. The pl at e i s assumed t o be made of st eel ( E = 30 x lo6 psi
and v = 0.3). The pr obl emwas al so sol ved by Ti moshenko [77], Her r mann
[72] and Pr at o [78].
di spl acement and bendi ng moment s obt ai ned by var i ous i nvest i gat or s
( usi ng t he l i near theory).
and ot her s i s very good, ver i f yi ng the accur acy of t he t heor y and t he
f i ni t e el ement f or mul at i on.
Fi gur es 6.3-6.5 cont ai n pl ot s of t he t r ansver se
The agr eement bet ween t he pr esent sol ut i on
2. Nonl i near anal ysi s of r ect angul ar l ami nat es under uni f or ml y
di st r i but ed l oad
Fi gur e 6.6 cont ai ns l oad- def l ect i on cur ves f or a si mpl y suppor t ed
squar e or t hot r opi c pl at e under uni f or ml y di st r i but ed l oad [23]. The
f ol l owi ng geomet r i c and mat er i al pr oper t i es are used:
a = b = 12 i n. , h = 0.138 i n.
6
0.37 x 10 psi
El = 3 x 10 psi , E2 = 1.28 x 10 psi , GI2 = 613 = 623 =
6 6
The exper i ment al r esul t s and cl assi cal sol ut i ons ar e t aken f r omt he
paper by Zaghl oul and Kennedy [79]. The agr eement bet ween t he pr esent
sol ut i on and t he exper i ment al sol ut i on i s ext r emel y good. I t i s cl ear
t hat , even f or t hi n pl at es, t he shear def or mat i on ef f ect i s si gni f i cant
i n t he nonl i near range.
58
4 ,
~~
0
L
- PRESENT SOLuTIOr4 (LINEAR ANALYSIS)
HERRMA
a PRATO
A TIWSHENKO
0 /
/ C W E D
/ SS =SIfVLY SUPPORTED
THICKNESS =0,O~
0 I I I
0 0 2 o14 0,6 018
DISTANCE ALONG X i (IN.)
Figure 6.3 Comparison of the transverse defl ecti on o f a clamped-
simply-supported-free i sotropi c rectangular pl ate
under uniformly di stri buted transverse load,,
59
0
b
PRESENT SOLUTION
HERRW"
-
0 PRATO
A TIMOSHENKO
002 0,4 0,6 008
DISTANCE ALONG X2 (in.)
Figure 6.4 Comparison o f the bending moment along the line x1=0.4"
for the problem of Figure 6.3.
60
6
8
4
X
4
2
W
z
c.
f
0
DISTANCE ALONG X i (I N. )
Figure 6.5 Comparison o f the bending moment M6 along the line x2=0.4"
f or the problem i n Figure 6.3.
61
EXPERIMENTAL
-
- PRESEM'
---
0,4
n
z
-
v" 0,3
2
0
-
G
k 012
4
* 0 8 1
111
oc
W
w
0
0 0, 4 018 182 1'6 280
LOAD INTENSITY (PSI)
Figure 6.6 Center defl ecti on versus load i ntensi ty for a
simply 'supported square orthotropi c pl ate
under uniformly di stri buted transverse l oad.
The following Simply supported boundary condi-
t ions were used :
V = W = $y = Idx = Px = 0 on si de x = .a
U = W = $ = M = P =O o n s i d ey =b
X Y Y
62
Fi gure 6. 7 cont ai ns l oad- def l ect i on cur ves f or a cl amped
bi di r ect i onal 1 ami nat e [ 0/ 90/ 90/ 0 I under uni f or ml y di st r i but ed l oad.
The geomet r i c par amet er s and l ayer pr oper t i es ar e gi ven by
a = b = 12 i n. , h = 0. 096 i n. ,
6 6
El = 1. 8282 x 10 psi , E2 = 1. 8315 x 10 psi ,
6
G12 = 613 = G23 = 3. 125 x 10 psi , v12 = v13 = '23 = 0. 2395
. The exper i ment al r esul t s and t he cl assi cal l ami nat e sol ut i ons ar e t aken
f r om[ 79] . The pr esent sol ut i on i s i n good agr eement wi t h t he
exper i ment al r esul t s, and t he di f f er ence i s at t r i but ed t o possi bl e
er r or s i n t he si mul at i on of t he mat er i al pr oper t i es and boundar y
condi t i ons.
3. Or t hot r opi c cyl i nder subj ect ed t o i nt er nal pr essur e.
Consi der a cl amped or t hot r opi c cyl i nder wi t h t he f ol l owi ng
geomet r i c and mat er i al pr oper t i es ( see Fi g. 6.8)
R1 = 20 i n. R2 = -
6 6
El = 2 x 10
psi , E2 = 7.5 x 10 psi
1. 25 x 10 psi
6
G12 =
6
613 = 623 = 0. 625 x 10 psi , h = 1 i n.
= 0. 25
-
'12 = '13 - "23
a = 10 i n. , P = 6. 41/ ~ psi
Thi s pr obl emhas an anal yt i cal sol ut i on ( see 1771) f or t he l i near
case, and Rao [ 47] used t he f i ni t e- el ement met hod t o sol ve t he same
pr obl em. Bot h sol ut i ons ar e based on t he cl assi cal t heor y. The cent er
def l ect i ons f r om[ 771 and [ 471 ar e 0. 000367 i n. and 0. 000366 i n. ,
r espect i vel y. Chao and Reddy 1501 obt ai ned 0. 0003764 i n. and 0. 0003739
63
INTENSITY OF TRANSVERSE LOAD (PSI)
Figure6.7 Center defl ecti on versus load i ntensi ty for a
clamped (CC-1)
under uniform transverse l oad (von Karman theory).
square laminate [0 /90 /90 / O ]
cc-1: lJ = \I = \J = $ - - qY = 0 on al l
f our cld;?oed edges
64
i n. usi ng t he f i ni t e- el ement model based on t he f i r st - or der shear
def or mat i on t heor y and 3-D degener at e el ement , r espect i vel y. The
cur r ent r esul t i s 0.0003761 i n. , whi ch i s cl oser t o Chao and Reddy [501,
as expect ed.
For t he nonl i near anal ysi s of t he same pr obl em, t he pr esent r esul t s
ar e compar ed t o t hose of Chang and Sawami phakdi [80] and Chao and Reddy
[50] i n Fi g. 6.9, whi ch cont ai ns pl ot s of t he cent er def l ect i on ver sus
t he l oad obt ai ned by var i ous i nvest i gat or s. The agr eement bet ween t he
var i ous r esul t s i s very good.
4. Ni ne- l ayer cr oss- pl y spher i cal shel l segment subj ect ed t o uni f or m
1 oadi ng .
Consi der a ni ne- l ayer [Oo/900/Oo.. . / Oo] cr oss- pl y l ami nat ed
spheri cal shel l segment wi t h t he f ol l owi ng mat er i al and geomet r i c dat a:
, a = b = 100 i n. R1 = R2 = 1000 i n.
6
h = 1 i n. , El = 40 x 10 psi
6
0. 5 x 10 psi E2 = 10 psi , G12 = 0.6 x 10 psi , 613 = 623 =
6 6
= 0.25
'12 = '13 = '23
The pr esent r esul t s ar e compar ed wi t h t hose obt ai ned by Noor and
Har t l ey [52] and Chao and Reddy [50] i n Fi g. 6.10. Noor and Har t l ey
used mi xed i sopar amet r i c el ement s wi t h 13 degr ee- of - f r eedomper node
whi ch i s based on a shear def or mat i on shel l t heor y.
agr ee wi th bot h i nvest i gat i ons.
The pr esent r esul t s
65
Figure 6.8 Geometry and boundary conditions for the octant
o f the clamped cylindrical shell.
66
10
8
6'
4
2
-
0
A
PRESENT SOLUTION
CHANG AND SAWAMIPHAKDI
CHAO AND REDDY
&
A /
VERTICAL DEFLECTION (I N,)
Fi gure 6.9 Center deflection versus l oad f or the clamped cylinder
with internal pressure.
67
0-
PRESENT SOLUTION
0 NOOR AND HARTLEY
A CHAOAND REDDY
-
1 I 1
1 2 3 4
" DI ENSI WL I ZED CENTER DEFLECTION, W/h
Figure 6.10 Nonlinear bending of a nine-layer cross-ply spherical
shell (0"/90"/0"/90"/ ... /o").
68
6.3.2 Vibration Analysis
Equation (5.24) can be expressed i n the al ternati ve form as
where
For free vi brati on analysis, we wish t o eliminate { h 2 } as follows.
Eq. (6.1) we have
From
[K l l I {Al } + IK121EA21 = - I M 1 1 1 {q
[K2l l {Al 1 + [K221{"21 = 0
(6.3)
(6.4)
From (6.4) we have,
{A21 = -[K221-1[K211{A11 (6.5)
Substi tuti ng Eq. (6.5) i nto Eq. (6.3), we obtain,
([K111 - [Kl2I [K221- 11Kz~1) {A11 = - [MI11 {A11
(K1 - u21M1) I A11 = 0
(6.6)
For the free vi brati on case, Eq. (6.6) reduces t o
(6.7)
where w i s the natural frequencies of the system.
1. Natural frequencies of a two-layer [Oo/900] laminated pl ate.
The geometric and material properti es used are
a = b = 100 in. , h = 0.1 in.
El = 40 x 10 psi , E2 = 10 psi .
6 6
Vi3 = V23 = 0.25 G12 = G13 = GZ3 = 0.5 x 10 psi , u12 -
-
6
2 4
p = 1 lb-sec / i n
69
The boundar y condi t i ons ar e shown i n Fi g. 6.11, whi ch al so cont ai ns
t he pl ot s of t he r at i os wNL/ wL versus wo/ h.
nonl i near and l i near nat ur al f r equenci es, and wo i s t he nor mal i zed
cent er def l ect i on of t he f i r st node. The r esul t s ar e compar ed wi t h
t hose of Chi a and Pr abhakar a [81], and Reddy and Chao [82]. The pr esent
r esul t s ar e sl i ght l y hi gher compar ed t o t hose obt ai ned by t he cl assi cal
Her e wNL and wL denot e t he
and f i r st - or der shear def or mat i on t heori es.
2. Nat ur al f r equenci es of t wo- l ayer [45"/-45'1 angl e- pl y squar e pl at e.
The mat er i al and geomet r i c par amet er s used ar e
El = 10 x 10 psi , E2 = 10 psi
6
p = 1 l b- sec. / i n , a = b = 100 i n. , h = 0.1 i n.
6 6
= 0.3 G12 =613 = 623 = 0.3333 x 10
psi ,
w12 = w13 = ~ 2 3
2 4
The boundar y condi t i ons used are shown i n Fi g. 6.12, whi ch al so
cont ai ns pl ot s of uNL/uL ver sus wo/ h.
avai l abl e i n t he l i t er at ur e f or compari son.
For t hi s case, no r esul t s ar e
3. Nat ural vi br at i on of t wo- l ayer [ Oo/9O0] cr oss- pl y pl at es.
Consi der a t wo- l ayer cr oss- pl y pl at e wi t h t he f ol l owi ng geomet r i c
and mat er i al propert i es:
6 6
El = 7.07 x 10 psi , E2 = 3.58 x 10 psi
- ~ 2 3 = 0.3
6
G12 = 623 = 613 = 1.41 x 10 psi , w12 = vi3 -
2
p = 1 l b- sec. / i n. 4 , a/ h = 1000 , a = 100 i n.
The r esul t s of uNL/uL ver sus wo/ h ar e shown i n Fi g. 6.13.
Compar ed
t o t he r esul t s of Reddy [82] and Chandr a and Raj u (831, t he r esul t s of
t he pr esent st udy ar e i n general a l i t t l e hi gher ,
pr esent r esul t s f or nat ur al f r equenci es ar e hi gher t han t hose pr edi ct ed
by t he f i r st - or der t heor y i ndi cat es t hat t he addi t i onal i ner t i a t er ms
The f act t hat t he
cont r i but e t o t he i ncr ease of natural f r equenci es.
70
- PRESENT SOLUTION
0 CHIA AND Pw\f3HAw\RA
REDDY
f Xl w=+/ =O
u=o
+,= 0
W =@2=
-
0
Figure 6.11 Fundamental frequencies of a two-layer cross-ply ( 0' 190" )
square laminate under simply-supported boundary conditions.
71
0 086 182 1,'s 2 8 - 4 3 8 0
AFIPLITUDE TO THICKNESS RATIO, Wo / h
Figure 6.12 Ratio o f nonlinear to linear frequency versus amplitude
to thickness ratio for two-layer 'angle-ply square plate
( 4 5 O / - 4 5 O ) .
72
BC 1 boundary cond i t i ons :
u = w = $ l = o ; MZ= P2 = O al ong x2 = b/2
v = w = ~ ~ ' 0 ; M1 =P 1 =O al ong x = a/2
u=o1=0; 1'1 = P = O al ong x = 0
v = 02=0; M =P = O al ong x = 0
1
6 6 1
6 6 2
Figure 6.13 Ratio of the nonlinear to l i near frequency versus the
amplitude to thickness rati o of a two-layer cross-ply
( oo/ 900) square laminate.
7. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATI ONS
7.1 Summar y and Concl usi ons
The pr esent st udy deal t wi t h t he f ol l owi ng maj or t opi cs:
The devel opment of a var i at i onal l y- consi st ent , t hi r d- or der
shear def or mat i on t heor y of l ami nat ed composi t e doubl y- cur ved
shel l s. The t heor y account s f or (a) t he par abol i c var i at i on
of t he t r ansver se shear st r ai ns, and ( b ) t he von Kar man
st r ai ns.
coef f i ci ent s.
The devel opment of t he cl osed- f or msol ut i ons ( f or t he l i near
t heor y) f or t he si mpl y suppor t ed cr oss- pl y l ami nat es. These
sol ut i ons ar e used as a check f or t he numer i cal anal ysi s of
she1 1s.
The const r uct i on of a mi xed var i at i onal pr i nci pl e f or t he
I t does not r equi r e t he use of t he shear cor r ect i on
t hi r d- or der t heor y t hat i ncl udes t he c
f i r st - or der t heor y as speci al cases.
The devel opment and appl i cat i on of t he
of t he t hi r d- or der t heor y f or l ami nat e
assi cal t heor y and t he
f i ni t e- el ement model
composi t e shel l s,
account i ng f or t he geomet r i c nonl i near i t y i n t he sense of von
Kar man ( moder at e rotati ons).
The i ncr eased accur acy of t he pr esent t hi r d- or der t heor y ( f or t hi n
as wel l as t hi ck l ami nat es) over t he cl assi cal or f i r st - or der shear
def or mat i on t heor y i s demonst r at ed vi a exampl es t hat have ei t her t he
t hr ee- di mensi onal el ast i ci t y sol ut i on or exper i ment al r esul t s. Many of
t he ot her r esul t s on bendi ng and vi br at i on anal ysi s i ncl uded her e can
ser ve as r ef er ences f or f ut ur e i nvest i gat i ons.
73
74
7.2 Some Comment s on Mi xed Model s
The di spl acement model of t he cl assi cal l ami nat e t heor y r equi r es
1
t he use of C el ement s, whi ch ar e al gebr ai cal l y compl ex and
comput at i onal l y expensi ve.
si mpl e and al l ows t he di r ect comput at i on of t he bendi ng moment s at t he
nodes. The i ncl usi on of t he bendi ng moment s as nodal degr ees of f r eedom
not onl y r esul t s i n i ncr eased accur acy of t he aver age st r ess compar ed t o
t hat det er mi ned f r omt he di spl acement model but i t al l ows us t o
det er mi ne st r esses at t he nodes. Thi s f eat ur e i s qui t e at t r act i ve i n
cont act pr obl ems and si ngul ar pr obl ems i n gener al .
t hat t he bendi ng moment s ar e not r equi r ed t o be cont i nuous acr oss
i nt er el ement boundar i es, as was shown i n Chapt er 4.
based on t he shear def or mat i on t heor i es al so have t he same advant ages,
except t hat t he di spl acement model of t he f i r st - or der shear def or mat i on
t heor y i s a so a Co el ement .
pr ogr ammi ng ef f or t s ar e l ess wi t h t he mi xed el ement s.
The Co mi xed el ement s ar e al gebr ai cal l y
I t shoul d be not ed
The mi xed model s
I n gener al , t he f or mul at i ve and
7 . 3 Recommendat i ons
The t heor y pr esent ed her e can be ext ended t o a mor e gener al t heor y;
f or exampl e, t he devel opment of t he t heor y i n gener al cur vi l i near
coor di nat es, and f or mor e gener al shel l s ( t han t he doubl y- cur ved shel l s
consi der ed here). Ext ensi on of t he pr esent t heor y to i ncl ude nonl i near
mat er i al model s i s awai t i ng. Of cour se, t he i ncl usi on of t her mal l oads
and dampi ng i n t he pr esent t heor y i s st r ai ght f or war d.
AcknowZedgements The aut hor s ar e gr at ef ul t o Dr. Nor man Kni ght , J r. f or
hi s suppor t , encour agement and const r uct i ve cr i t i ci smof t he r esul t s
r epor t ed here. Our si ncer e t hanks t o Mrs. Vanessa McCoy f or t ypi ng.
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and t he t heor y of pl ast i ci t y, " Sci ent i a Si ni c, Vol . 4, pp. 33-54,
1955.
80
67. Rei ssner , E.: "On var i at i onal pr i nci pl es of el asti ci ty, I l Proc.
68. Washi zu, K.: "Var i at i onal pr i nci pl es i n cont i nuummechani cs, ' ' Dept .
Symp. Appl . Mat h. , Vol . 8, pp. 1- 6, 1958.
of Aer onaut i cal Engi neer i ng, Repor t 62- 2, Uni v. of Washi ngt on,
1962.
.
69. Tont i , E.: "Var i at i onal pr i nci pl es of el ast ost at i cs, " Mechani ca,
Vol . 2, pp. 201- 208, 1967.
70. Oden, J . T.; and Reddy, J . N.: "On dual compl ement ar y var i at i onal
pr i nci pl es i n mat hemat i cal physi cs, " I ntl . J . Engng. - Sci . , Vol . 12,
pp. 1- 29, 1974.
71. Oden, J . T.; and Reddy, J . N.: Var i at i onal Met hods i n Theor et i cal
Mechani cs, Second Edi t i on, Spr i nger - Ver l ag, Ber l i n, 1983.
72. Her r mann, L. R.: " A bendi ng anal ysi s of pl at es, " Proc. 1st Conf .
Mat ri x Mech. St r uct . Mech. , Wr i ght - Pat t er son AFB, AFFDL- TR- 66- 80,
Dayt on, OH, pp. 577- 604, 1966.
73. Her r mann, L. R.: "Fi ni t e el ement bendi ng anal ysi s f or pl at es, "
J . Enqng. Mech. Di v. , ASCE, Vol . 93, EM5, pp. 13- 26, 1967.
74. Hel l an, K.: "Anal ysi s of el ast i c pl at es i n f l exur e by a si mpl i f i ed
f i ni t e el ement met hod, " Act a Pol yt ech. Scand. Ci vi l Engng. , Ser i es
No. 46, Tr ondhei m, 1967.
75. Reddy, J . N.: An I nt r oduct i on t o t he Fi ni t e El ement Met hod, McGr aw-
Hi l l , New Yor k, 1984.
76. Vl asov, V. Z.: Gener al Theor y of Shel l s & I t s Appl i cat i ons i n
Engi neer i ng, ( Tr ansl at i on of Obshchaya t eor i ya obol ocheck i yeye
pr i l ozheni ya v t ekhni ke) , NASA TT F- 99, NASA, 1964.
77. Ti moshenko, S. ; and Woi nowsky- Kr i eger , S.: Theor y of Pl at es and
Shel l s, 2nd ed. , McGr aw- Hi l l , New Yor k, 1959.
78. Pr at o, C. A.: "Shel l f i ni t e el ement met hod vi a Rei ssner ' s
pri nci pl e, " I nt l . J . Sol i ds St ruct . , Vol . 5, p. 11- 19, 1969.
79. Zaqhl oul , S. A. ; and Kennedy, J . B.: "Nonl i near behavi or of
symmet r i cal l y l ami nat ed pl at es, " J . Appl . Mech. , Vol . 42, pp. 234-
236, 1975.
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l ami nat ed shel l s by f i ni t e el ement met hod, " Comp. & St r uct . , Vol .
13, pp. 331- 340, 1981.
81
81.
82.
83.
Chi a, C. Y.; and Pr abhakar a, M. K.: " A gener al mode appr oach t o
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402, 1982.
Chandr a, R.; and Raj u, B. Basava: "Lar qe arnDl i tude f l exur al
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Tech. , Vol . 8, pp. 243-263, 1975.
APPENDIX A
COEFFICIENTS OF THE NAVI E R SOLUTION
4E66
+-1
4E 12
c(1,5) = a0(-B12 - 866 +-
3h2 3h2
C(2,3) = 0(- A12 +R) A22 +a 2 "(-7- 4E12
R1 2 3h
2 2
4 16H22 32a B
- 9h4 (H12 + 2H66)
c(3,3) = a 4 (- z) 16Hll + 5 (-
8E12
8E22
+2)
-)
2 8D55 16F55 8Ell
2 8D44 16F44 8E 12
- - - - -
2 2
+a (-A55 +-
h2 h4 3h R1 3h R2
+ 6 (-A44 +7 - - - -
2
h4 3h R1 3h R2
82
83
- - All 2A12 A22
2
R1 -m-G-
2
16aB
(H12
+2F66) - -
3
4a
3h 9h4
C(3,4) =-
B1l B12 4 E12
+2ti66) +a [ r +- - -
+T I 1 - A55a
1 R2 3h2 (T 2
8aD55
16aF55
h2 h4
+--
8BD44 168Fqq
h2 h4
+--
86' 16 2 2 2 2
+H66B ) - Dlla
- 0668
2
+-
8a
3h
2 F66 - 2 (H1l a
C(4,4) =-
2 F1l 3h
2 8F66 2 8F22
16H
-
:6)
+ 0 (-DZ2 +- -
+3h2 9h 3h2
c(595) = a (-066
84
M(1,2) = 0
4 4
M(1,3) = (7 I4 +-
3h 2 R1 I 5l a
3h
4
--
'3 4
2 I 51
M(1,4) = - (I 2 +- - -
R1 3h2 I4 3h R1
M(1,5) = 0
M(292) = -(I1 +-) 212
R2
4 4
M(2,3) = (7 I4 +-
3h 3h R2
2 '5)B
M(2,4) = 0
I 3 4 4
M(295) = - (I 2 +- - 7 I4 - -
2 I 5)
R2 3h 3h R2
16 2 16 2
M(3,3) = - 7 17a - 7 1 7 ~ - I1
9h 9h
16
3h
l6 I )
8
3h
M(4,4) = -(I3 - 7 I5 +2
M(4,5) = 0
8 16
M(5Y5) = 413 - 2 I 5 +gh4 17)
3h
APPENDIX B
STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR THE MIXED MODEL
The element equation (5.16) can be written in the form
12
22
[K I ......
[K ] ......
[ K(ll)l]
[ K(ll)'] . . .
1 aw 1 aw 1 aw
+ - A 2 12 [axp '12' + 2 A13 '5 '12' + 2 A13 [$ 'ill
+ 7 1 A32 '3 aw '22' + 7 'A 33 [% axl '22' + 7 A 33 [x ax2 SZ1]
14 15
[K l = [ K l = O
a5
86
23 A3 1 1 aw A32
[ K 1 3 - R1 [slO1 + 2 A 3 1 ' T '11' +
['lo1
1 aw 1 aw 1 aw
+ 2 A32 '3 '12' + 2 A33 '12' + 2 A33 [axp '11'
1 aw
2 22 ax2
+- A [- SZ2
24 25
[ K ] = [ K 1 - 0
A22
s211 + RE [s201
87
A12 A13 aw aw
['0Z1 + R + A 1 2 [ q '12' + A 1 3 [ q '11'
=-
R1 1
A
1 13 [aw
'02' + 2 7 5 '01'
A
1 13
[aw
A
1 12 [aw
2 R1
+- -
3 '02' + 7
aw 1 aw 2 A 1 ~ [aw
- sl ol
+- 1- '101 +7 A l l I(-) S I 11 +-
R1 aX1 axl R2 axl
+ - A 1 [-- aw aw aw 2
2 12 ax1 ax2 '12' ' $ A13 '(q) '12'
s ] +-
A21 + - A 1 [-- aw aw
2 13 axl ax2 11 RI RZ
A
A22 1 A22 aw 1 23 [aw
+2 [Soo1 +- - [- SO2] +- - -
2 R2 ax2 2 R2 axl '02'
R2
1 2 3 [ ~ A21 - S20] + - A 1 [-- aw aw
[ aw
A22 [aw 1 aw 2 1 aw aw
1 aw 2 A31 [ aw 1 aw 2
2 23 ax2
A
+- - 2 R2 ax2 '01' + 2 21 axl ax2 '211
ax2
+- - s201 +2 A22[($ s221 +- 2 A 23 [-- axl - ax2 '22'
R2 ax2
+- A [(-) S211 +- - '201 +2 A31[($) 5211
R1 axl
aw 2
A I(-) S221
1 aw aw
2 32 ax1 ax2 '22' + 7 33 axl
A32 [E S20] +- A [--
+-
R2 axl
1 aw aw A31 aw 1 aw aw
2 33 axl ax2 '21' + [- ax2 '10' + 7 A 31[ q 3 '11'
+ - A [--
1 aw 2 1 aw aw
'10' + 7 A 32' ( q) '12' + 2 A 33' q 3 '12'
+-
+ x45
36 51 aw B2 1
R1 R2
[ K I = - [ So , ] +B l l [ ~ Sl o] +-
aw
+ B 3 1 ' 3 '20' + '31[% '10'
'001 + 824% s20
89
+B [aw S ~ ~ I +~32[$ aw slOl
32 axl
[K3'] =
[ K3 11]
41
[K I =
42
[K ] = O
[ K ~ ~ I =R ~ ~ [ s ~ ~ I +R ~ ~ [ s ~ ~ I
90
IK41 = CPISol] , [K4,lo] = 0 , [K4,11] = CP[So2]
[K ] = [ K ] = 0
51 52
63 Bll aw aw
[K ] =-
R1
91
67
[K I = -D12[Sool
[K681 = -Dl3[Soo1
69
[K 1 = -F11[SooI
[K6lo1 = -Fl2[So0]
[K611] = -F [S ]
13 00
[K7lI = Bl2[So1I +B32[So21
[K7I = B22[S021 +B32[Soll
aw 1 aw
+- B [- so11
1
+- 2 32 [- axl 02 2 32 ax2
74 75
[K 1 = 0 [K 1 = [So21
76
[K 1 = -D21[Sool
[K I = -D22[Soo1
[K 1 = -D23[Sool
[K 1 = -F21[So0l
77
78
79
[K7l0] = -F [S ]
[K711] = -Fz3[So0]
[K
22 00
[ S 1 I =Bl3[soll +B33
o2
81
92
83 '13 1 aw '23 1 aw
[ K ] = - R1 [sOO1 + 2 B13[$ '01' +
[sOO1 + 7 B23[$ '02'
93
+- 1 E [- aw So21 +- 1 E [- aw Sol] +CPISll]
2 31 axl 2 31 ax2
94 95
[K I = CP[Slo1 [K I = 0
[ K ~ ~ I = - F ~ ~ [ s ~ ~ I
[Kg71 = - F21[Sool
[Kg8I = - F31[Sool
99
[K I = - H1l[Sool
[K910] = - H [S ]
[K9y111 = - H13[Soo]
[K1Oll = El2[Sol1 +E32[So21
12 00
[K1Oy2I = E22[So21 +E32 [S 01 1
+- 1 E [- aw So2] +- 1 E [- aw Sol ] +CP[S22]
2 32 axl 2 32 ax2
[K1Os41 = 0 , [K10*5] = CP[Sz0]
[K1096] = - F [ S ]
12 00
[K10971 = - F22[Soo]
94
[ K1OY8] = - F32[Soo]
[ K109 ] = - HZ1[Soo]
[ KIO 9 l o ] = - H22[Sool
[K1o ll = - H23[Soo]
[ K1191] = E 13 [S 01 .] + E33 [ I d2
[ K11921 = E23[So21 +E33 [S o1 I
[ K1194] = CP[ Sz0]
[ K 1 l y 5 1 = CP[ Sl 0]
[ K 1 l Y8 ] = - F33[ Soo]
[K1llo] = - H32[Soo]
[ K11911] = - H33[Soo]
Mas s M a t r i x [ MI f or t h e Mi x e d Mo d e l
95
.... ..........................
- - - - I [S ] [M31]
3hZ 4 01
= I [S ]
- - u s I
2 00
3h2
4 00
- - -
u s I
3h2 4 10
41
-
1
3hZ 4 00
[ M 1 = '2~sool - -
u s 1
- - - - I [ S ] [ M ] = - -
3hZ 4 02 3hZ 4 20
32
= (I2 - - 42 I ~ ) [ s ~ ~ I
, [M5'] = [MZ5]
3h
44
= [ M 1
al l others are zero, and Ii are defined i n Eq. (2.18b)
96
- 4 2
A45 = A45 - 2E45 h2 +G45(7)
- 4 4 2
= A55 - 2E55 7 + G55 $7)
4
CP =-
3h2
aJli
a xO
with - - - 6i
For the tangent stiffness matrix, the coefficients are given by
[ (KT) 13 ] = 2[ K13] = [ K31]
[ ( KT) 23] = 2[ KZ3] = [ K 32 ]
[ ( KT) 331 = [ K 331
au au au
+ A 1 3 [ 3 '11l + A 2 3 [ 3 '22' + A 3 3 [ 3 ('21 + '12)'
97
av av av
+ A 13[ q '11' + A 2 3 [ q '22' + A 33[ q ('21 + '12)'
aw aw aw 2
s211 + [(-I '2211
axl
1
2 21 axl ax2
+ - A [[--
1 aw aw aw 2
2 23
axl ax2
1 aw aw aw 2
2 31
axl ax2
+ - A
[[-- '221 + [(-) '211
[[-- 'ill + [(-) '121
ax2
axl
+ - A
1 aw 2 aw aw
+7 A33[[(-) '111 + [ax ax '1211
+ I(-) '2111
a x2 1 2
aw aw aw 2 1
+ - A 2 32 [[-- axl ax2 '22l
ax2
1 aw aw
+ 7 q iA1l ["X1 '011 + A12 1% '021
98
99
[ ( K T ) ~ ~ ~ = [K371
[ ( K T ) ~ ~ ~ = [K381
[(KT)931 = IK31
[ (K,)103] = [K3]
[ ( K T ) l l y3] = [K311]
A l l others are same as those i n [K].
Standard Bibliographic Page
17. Key Words (Suggested by Authors(s)) klgl e-ply ,
composite laminates, cross-ply, closed-
form sol uti on, f i ni te element analysis,
Report No.
NASA CR-4056
18. Distribution Statement
Unclassified - Unlimited
, Titie and Subtitle
A Higher-Order Theory f or Geometri cal l y Nonl i near
Anal ysi s of Composite Laminates
-
. Author(s)
J . N. Reddy and C. F. L i u
- ,
Uncl ass i f i ed
. Performing .Organization Name and Address
Virginia Polytechnic I nsti tute and State University
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
Blacksburg, VA 24061
Uncl assi f ied I 105 I A06
2. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, DC 20546
3. Recipient's Catalog No.
5. Report Date
MARCH 1987
6 . Performing Organization Code
8. Performing Organization Report No.
VPI- E-86.21
10. Work Unit No.
11. Contract or Grant No.
NAG 1 - 459
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
Contractor Report _ _
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
505-63- 31-02
5. Supplementary Notes
NASA Langley Research Center Technical Monitor: Dr. Norman K ni ght, J r.
Final Report
hi gher-order theory , pl ates and she1 1 s ,
nonlinear anal ysi s, shear deformation
theory, vibration
Subject Category 39
I
19. Securitv Classif.(of this report) 1 20. Security Classif.(of this page) I 21. No. of Pages I 22. Price
For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
NASA-Langley, 1987