p1 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012

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This monthly Newsleter is distributed to the subscribers of the AUEB
iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club.
September 2012
Contents
P2 e-SAVE
P4 Green Marketing: From Theory to
Practise
P6 European Wind Energy Market Review
of 2011Offshore Wind Parks
P10 Skills needed in Energy Sector
P12 Alexandroupolis LNG RE-Gas
Terminal Project 2015
P14 Waste-to-Energy Technology

European Wind Energy Markets Review
Alexandroupolis LNG RE-Gas
Terminal Project 2015
GREEN MARKETING

p2 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
Project Objectives
Climate change and its significant consequences
have raised an imperative need for wise
management of energy resources and industrial
environmental performance. The Fast Moving
Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, while having
the biggest share of the total environmental
burden caused by consumer products, still lacks
the management methods and systems that can
effectively assist this effort.
The e-SAVE project aims to develop the
information infrastructure, applications and
decision support tools to support operations and
supply chain management and design decisions,
taking into account environmental KPIs and the
dynamic energy profile of products and
processes. Furthermore, the project will support
efficient information sharing and
collaboration among supply chain partners in
order to enable an end-to-end information flow,
spanning a products life cycle. Moreover , the
possibility to automatically capture data
regarding the dynamic energy profile of
processes and unique product instances, through
sensors, automatic identification technologies
etc. will also be investigated.
The goal is to contribute to an energy-efficient
supply chain by providing the system, services,
collaboration platform and management tools that
will help companies monitor, manage and share
energy use and carbon footprint data in order to
support operational as well as strategic decision making
and design decisions. Decisions will be supported both
alone and in collaboration with supply chain partners,
so that energy consumption and carbon footprint of
products and processes is minimized.
More specifically, the project has the following general
aims:
To design and develop a powerful data
middleware to efficiently and automatically
capture and link energy-use data and carbon
emissions to supply chain processes and
product instances.
To facilitate the efficient collaboration and
seamless communication of product life cycle
and process energy performance data among
supply chain partners.
To extend carbon footprint and Life-Cycle-
Assessment tools and integrate them into ERP
and supply chain management systems by using
input coming automatically from various data
sources (ERP system, collaborating supply chain
partners, sensors etc.) but also providing various
energy-efficiency KPIs as output to a green supply
chain management toolset.
To build an energy-efficient supply chain
management toolset, incor porating new
optimization and operations management logic
that uses environmental as well as other KPIs to
support managers achieve a profitable balance
between environmental and operations efficiency
in areas such as inventory management, logistics
and distribution planning, vehicle rooting etc.
To develop tools and applications to support the
simulation of alternative supply chain
configurations, taking into account the
environmental KPIs to be delivered by the e-
SAVE platform in addition to other business KPIs,
in order to support strategic and sustainable supply
chain design decisions.
To empower consumers monitor dynamic
product footprints and energy-profiles, by
supporting a dynamic energy-efficiency product
label and respective consumer services, such as,
for example, smart-phone applications
interrogating products at the point-of-sales about
their energy profile, and measuring the impact of
such services on consumer perceptions and actual
demand.

Overall, the e-SAVE project aims to deliver a modular
and extensible information, collaboration and
management support infrastructure that does not only
capture and deliver the data required for effectively
monitoring energy use and other environmental Key
Performance Indicators (KPIs), but also provides the
management tools that utilize these KPIs and support
managerial decisions and every day operations for
improving energy and environmental performance.

he e-SAVE Approach
e-SAVE will rely on the latest technological
developments in the various fields and on a layered
architecture in order to meet the aforementioned
objectives. A distributed Service-Oriented-Architecture
will be employed giving the possibility to interconnect
the various system modules in a seamless way, enabling
interoperability both internally and among supply chain
partners.
The figure above gives a conceptual representation of
the proposed project architecture, consisting of the
following layers:
The Data Layer integrates the various data sources,
offering the necessary abstraction to the higher

p3 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
layers of the architecture and allowing for future
extensibility and integration with more data sources
as they become available. The following
technologies are employed by this layer:
Energy sensors. More specifically e-SAVE
will utilize a flexible built-in-smart energy
sensor infrastructure (i-Box smart device of the
INTELEN partner in e-SAVE) where
positioning and sensor constellation will be
totally flexible and adaptable to the progress of
technology, miniaturization, supply and cost
options, etc.
Inkjet-Printed Paper/Polymer-Based "Green"
RFID and Wireless Sensor Nodes. The e-
SAVE project will examine the possibility to
use this technology for automatic product
identification, a technology responding to the
need of consumer goods manufacturers for
cheap and environmental-friendly automatic
identification. Prof. Tentzeris from Georgia
Tech USA, leading worldwide research in this
area, participates in e-SAVE as member of the
Scientific-Technology Advisory Committee.
RFID middleware software, providing unique
product instance identification information.
For RFID implementation, the prevailing
approach used in the FMCG industry is
employed, that is an RFID tag with an
Electronic Product Code (EPC) is attached to a
product (either item or product container, such
as case or pallet) and RFID readers in fixed
locations are associated with specific process
steps (e.g. product out of the production line,
receiving at the warehouse, etc.).
Web Services, acting as wrappers for ERP and
legacy systems but also for communication
with supply chain partners.
The Energy Monitoring and Life Cycle Assessment
Layer utilises the data provided through the
data layer to monitor the energy profile of products
and processes. This layer builds on the Quantis
Suite 2.0 software, which is a leading software
worldwide for life cycle assessment and
environmental footprint monitoring, integrated with
the Meter Data Management system of Intelen.
Generic energy efficiency monitoring modules are
built and existing software functionality is extended
through both integration with the Data Layer, for
the automatic data input, and integration with the
application layer, for exploiting the calculated
energy-profile and environmental KPIs in various
applications and management tools. The output of
this layer, apart from being fed to the Application
Layer, can be directly used by managers or directed
to ERPs and other process management platforms
(BPL) as well, since it is a tool that can drive
decision at a corporate level and relate energy
values and consumptions, with life cycle analysis.
The communication is going to use XML and SOA
approach with several APIs that will and can be
incorporated in existing ERP connectors or other
supply chain and performance management
platforms.
The Application Layer on top hosts various
applications that support:
The monitoring of energy consumption, carbon
-footprint and other environmental
performance indicators of operations and/ or
products through analysis, reporting and
collaborative business intelligence.
Day-to-day operations and supply chain
management decisions (such as inventory
management, logistics and distribution
planning, vehicle rooting etc.).
Strategic supply chain planning through
simulation, giving the possibility to managers
to simulate alternative supply chain
configurations and evaluate them, using energy
efficiency as well as cost and benefit KPIs.
Green consumer services, informing
consumers about the environmental footprint
of products in the form of a dynamic energy-
efficiency label, e.g. through smart-phone
applications, in order to stimulate green
consumer demand.

Through this approach, the proposed project aims to
deliver an infrastructure that can be used to monitor the
energy performance of industrial operations as well as
to measure the impact of FMCG products from cradle
to grave or even from cradle to cradle. This
information will then be used to optimize this
performance through the use of management support
tools that take into account both the firms energy
profile and its operational efficiency. Finally, the
outputs of this project can be used to stimulate greener
consumer demand by delivering credible and
meaningful environmental information to the final
consumer and redefine inter-organisational relations in
a way that these take into account each firms
environmental profile.


Project Partcipants
Organisaton Name
Part. Short
name
Country
INTRASOFT INSTRASOFT LU
ATHENS UNIVERSITY OF
ECONOMICS & BUSINESS
AUEB EL
METRO SA METRO EL
QUANTIS SARL QUANTIS CH
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE
FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE
EPFL CH
BOC ASSET
MANAGEMENT GMBH
BOC AT
TECHNISCHE
UNIVERSITAET
DORTMUND (TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY DORTMUND)
TUDO DE
SIMPLAN AG SIMPLAN DE
INTELEN INTELEN CY
ECR EUROPE AISBL ECR BE
BARILLA SA BARILLA IT
The e-SAVE Consortium
Assistant Professor
Pramatari Aikaterini
Department of Management
Science & Technology

p4 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
Green Marketing:
From Theory to
Practice

Karolos Konstantinos Papadas
PhD Candidate in Marketing, AUEB
kpapadas@aueb.gr

p5 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
It has been noticed that during
periods of recession or social
change, megatrends such as quality
movement (1970s),
globalization (1980s) and the
internet (1990s) emerge. In recent
years, governments, NGOs and
agencies have been informing the
citizens about the harmful
consequences of human activity on
the environment. Environmentalists
are highly concerned about the
increase of CO2 emissions,
excessive water usage, industrial
pollution and depletion of natural
resources. In this light,
corporations, as active members of
society, need to address their impact
on the environment and begin using
environmentally friendly means of
production.
Sustainable development seems to
be a key strategy for businesses as
the market is becoming more and
more competitive due to the global
financial crisis. Managers realize
that the need for a Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) strategy is
imperative and, thus, they put it
forward on their daily business
agenda. Research studies stress the
importance of implementing a CSR
strategy that could yield strong
competitive advantage and
profitability in the long run (Porter
& Kramer, 2006). The development
of peoples' ecological consciousness
as well as the emergence of other
top environmental issues make
businesses set new priorities.
Taking into account the emergence
of the above trend in corporate
environmental responsibility, many
multinational corporations have
adopted the concept of green
entrepreneurship that offers them
three important advantages: low
costs, additional profits and
business development. In addition,
green entrepreneurship could offer
an important competitive advantage
through product or service
differentiation. Academics argue
that innovation is the key to
progress during recession periods
and sustainable development can
constitute such innovation. In this
vein, Green Marketing is becoming
an increasingly interesting research
field.
Green Marketing , a new
philosophy in marketing, consists of
numerous activities designed to
satisfy human needs and wants, but
with a minimal detrimental impact
on the natural environment. Today,
Green Marketing adapts fully to the
wider marketing mix including
targeting, pricing, design,
positioning, promotion and green
alliances (Polonsky & Rosenberg
III, 2001). When a company decides
to integrate Green Marketing in its
wider corporate strategy, it does so
for the following reasons;
customers' needs, reaction to
competitor's Green Marketing
Strategy, suppliers' requirements,
cost and philosophy.
In a recent MBA student survey at
Harvard Business School, sixty-four
percent of students agreed with the
statement "the majority of
corporations will have a sustained
dedication to environmental
sustainability and alternative
energy over the next 20
years ("Passion & Purpose", HBR,
2012). It seems that future
executives will become even more
concerned about the environmental
issues and sustainable development.
However, universities should
respond to the current
environmental challenge by
building a green mindset. Special
modules, seminars and conferences
would be the ideal way of raising
awareness and educating the green
business leaders of the future.
The majority of the companies that
implement a corporate
environmental strategy, follow the
classic tactics of reducing their
footprint, recycling, investing in
alternative energy etc. Although it is
a good start, it is not enough. Green
philosophy has to be integrated
with all corporate strategies and
become a real corporate value.
Inspiring employees to adopt a
green lifestyle and become the
evangelists of a company's green
activities can prove to be a most
challenging task, taking into
account that word-of-mouth still
remains the best promotion tool.
Clearly, this is a C-level executives'
job.
There are quite many examples of
best practices in Green Marketing
coming from the international
industry. Unilever's CEO, Paul
Polman suggests that the reduction
of environmental impact has to be
made through responsible and not
reduced consumption. GE's
ecomagination was one of the very
first innovative programs in Green
Marketing that made profit out of
solving social problems. Wal-
Marts CEO, Lee Scott gave the
following directive to his more than
1,000 suppliers in China: reduce
waste and emissions, cut packaging
costs by 5% by 2013 and increase
the energy efficiency of products
supplied to Wal-Mart stores by 25%
in three years time. In this vein,
Nike requires that its leather
suppliers not source from clear-cut
Amazon forests. Finally, Coca-Cola
has worked intensively with its
partners to light weight its
packaging and cutting greenhouse
gas emissions.
To conclude, sustainability is an
emerging megatrend that affects
competitiveness. Today, sustainable
development is a strategic issue that
incorporates profit, added value and
social responsibility. The next
generations of business leaders need
to know that their companies will
have to meet their social
responsibilities and this can only be
achieved via the combination of
good business practice and
sustainability.

p6 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
EUROPEAN WIND ENERGY
MARKET REVIEW OF 2011
OFFSHORE WIND PARKS
By Dimitris Sarantopoulos, Director of
Energy & Sustainability Club

Harnessing the sustainable power of wind is a positive development
taking into consideration the uncertainty created by the ongoing
economic and financial
turmoil, the escalating
oil prices, the
dependence on foreign
energy supplies e.t.c.
European Union has set
an optimistic target of
20% of its energy
supply to come from
wind and other
renewable sources by
2020. In order to
achieve this 20% energy
target, more than one-
third of the European
electrical demand would
have to come from
renewables, with wind
power expected to
deliver 14-18%.
Striving to describe the
last year performance,
during 2011, 10,281
MW of wind power was
installed across Europe, of which 9,616 MW was in the European
Union, similar to the previous year. Of the 9,616 MW installed in
the EU, 8,750 MW was onshore and 866 MW offshore. In 2011, the
annual onshore market remained stable compared to the previous
year, whilst the offshore market decreased slightly (-1.9%).
Investment in EU wind farms in 2011 was 12.6 billion, a similar
figure to 2010. The onshore wind power sector attracted 10.2
billion, while the offshore wind power sector accounted for around
2.4 bn (19%). In terms of annual installations, Germany was by far
the largest market in 2011, installing almost 2,100 MW of new
capacity. The UK came in second with just under 1,300 MW, 752
MW of which (58%) offshore, followed by Spain with 1,050 MW.
Italy (950 MW), France (830
MW) and Sweden (763 MW)
are followed by Romania
(520 MW). Among the
emerging markets, after
Romania, Poland installed the
second most capacity in 2011
(436 MW). Both remain
among the 10 biggest EU
markets for the second year
running. Offshore accounted
for 8.9% of total EU wind
power installations in 2011.

Wind power accounted for
21.4% of new installations in 2011, the third biggest share after
solar PV (46.7%) and gas (21.6%). Solar PV installed 21,000 MW
(46.7% of total capacity), followed by gas with 9,718 MW (21.6%),
and wind with 9,616 MW (21.4%). No other technologies compare
to wind, PV and gas in terms of new installations. Coal installed 2.2
GW (4.8% of total installations), fuel oil 700 MW (1.6%), large
hydro 607 MW (1.3%) and CSP 472 MW (1.1%). Nuclear (331
MW), biomass (234 MW), waste (69 MW), geothermal (32 MW)
and ocean technologies (4.5 MW), each represented less than 1% of
new capacity installations. Overall, 2011 was a record year in the
EU, with 45 GW of new electricity generating capacity installed, a
3.9% increase compared to 2010.

p7 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012

During 2011, 6.3 GW of nuclear capacity was decommissioned, and
over 1 GW of fuel oil capacity was taken offline. Gas
decommissioned 934 MW, coal 840 MW and wind 216 MW. For
the second year running, coal installed more capacity (2,147 MW)
than it decommissioned (840 MW). This hike in new coal power
capacity highlights the urgent need for the EU to move to a 30%
greenhouse gas reduction target for 2020, to introduce an Emissions
Performance Standard, and to end decades of subsidies for new coal
build and its fuel.

In 2000, new renewable power installations totaled 3.5 GW.
Renewable capacity installations have been growing almost tenfold
over the past 11 years, to reach 32 GW in 2011. The share of
renewables in total capacity additions has also grown. In 2000, the
3.5 GW represented 20.7% of new power installations, increasing to
23.3 GW (53.8%) in 2010, and 32 GW (71.3%) in 2011. 302.6 GW
of new power capacity has been installed since 2000. Of this, 28.2%
has been wind power, 47.8% renewables, and 90.8% renewables
and gas combined.
The net growth since 2000 of gas power (116 GW), wind power
(84.2 GW) and solar PV (47.4 MW) was at the expense of fuel oil
(down 14.2 GW), nuclear (down 13.5 GW) and coal (down 10.3
GW). 2011 saw a sharp decrease in nuclear capacity due to the early
decommissioning of a number of reactors in Germany. The other
renewable technologies (hydro, biomass, waste, CSP, geothermal
and ocean energies) have also been increasing installed capacity
over the past decade, albeit more slowly than wind and solar PV.
The 21st century sees the EU power sector moving away from fuel
oil, coal and nuclear while continuing to increase its total installed
capacity with gas, wind and solar PV to meet increasing demand.
Wind powers share of total installed power capacity over the last
decade has increased more than fourfold from 2.2% in 2000 to
10.5% in 2011. Over the same period, renewable capacity increased
by a third from 22.5% in 2000 to 31.1% in 2011.
Annual wind power installations in the EU have increased steadily
over the past 17 years from 814MW in 1996 to 9,616 MW in 2011,
an average annual growth rate of 15.6%.

A total of 93,957 MW is now installed in the European Union, a
growth of 11% on the previous year. Germany remains the EU
country with the largest installed capacity, followed by Spain, Italy,
France and the UK. Nine other countries have over 1 GW of
installed capacity: Portugal, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden,
Ireland, Greece, Poland, Austria and Belgium.

p8 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012

Estimated wind energy production

The wind capacity installed at end 2011 will, in a normal wind
year, produce 204 TWh of electricity, representing 6.3% of the
EUs gross final consumption. Denmark remains the country
with the highest penetration of wind power in electricity
consumption (almost 26%), followed by Spain (15.9%),
Portugal (15.6%), Ireland (12%) and Germany (10.6%).
Overall, in a normal wind year, installed wind capacity at end
2011 will meet 6.3% of the EUs electricity needs.

Finally, it is very important to underline that there is a part of
the wind energy industry that shows dramatic expansion, the
offshore wind parks.
The nascent European offshore wind sector continues to
expand with a 50% increase in newly installed capacity in the
first six months of 2012 compared to the same period last year.
A recently released report by the European Wind Energy
Association (EWEA) notes that 132 new offshore wind
turbines, totalling 523.2 megawatts (MW) were fully grid
connected in Europe between January and June this year. By
way of comparison, during the same period in 2011 a total of
348.1 MW of offshore wind capacity was installed in European
waters.

Offshore wind power is increasingly attracting investors,
including pension funds and other institutional and corporate
investors, but it would be good to see more activity in southern
Europe where jobs, investments and growth are desperately
needed,

The EWEA report suggested that 2012 could turn out to be the
best year ever for offshore wind energy in Europe, as a further
160 turbines, totalling 647.4 MW, are built but awaiting grid
connection.
That potential additional increase is, however, subject to

p9 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
weather conditions at sea and grid connection delays. The report
noted that 4,336 MW of offshore wind capacity was operating as of
30 June 2012 up from 3,294 MW in June 2011 and producing
electricity for the equivalent of four million households. During the
fi rst half of 2012 overall, 13 wind farms were under construction.
Once completed those wind farms will account for an additional
capacity of 3,762 MW. In all, the report added, 1,503 offshore wind
turbines were fully grid connected as of 30 June in 56 wind farms
across 10 countries, with a total capacity of 4,336 MW. EWEA
believes Europes offshore wind potential is enormous and able to
meet the regions demand seven times over. The Association also
notes that offshore wind deployment is foreseen to expand
dramatically in the years to come. This expansion is strongly driven
by EU and national policies that aim to provide a much greater
penetration of renewable energy sources.

According to the EWEA Wind in our Sails report, 40 GW of
offshore capacity should be installed by 2020, which will cover 4%
of the European Unions electricity demand thereby avoiding the
emission of 87 million tonnes of C02 into the atmosphere
(equivalent to the exhaust emissions of 44 million vehicles). In
addition, European wind sector could employ 462,000 people,
including 169,500 in the offshore segment by the year 2020. In
2030, the number of jobs in the offshore sector could be as high as
300,000 out of a total of 480,000.

Greece ought to become a competitive player in offshore wind
industry not only installing turbines but also producing parts of the
respective equipment. More now than ever, it is of crucial
importance a new development model to be implemented in Greek
Energy Policy connecting the industrial production with the
selected energy technology for installation.

RESOURCES: EWEA European Statistics 2011, Institute of
Southeastern Europe (IENE) market insight May 2012, GLOBAL
WIND ENERGY COUNCIL
Dear followers,

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Stay tuned as more great things are to come!

Regards,
The Energy Team

p10 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
Skills needed in the Energy
Sector
by Dimitra Katsoulas, Executive Energy Club Member

Many essential jobs in the renewable energy
industry require a skilled workforce. Industry surveys in
Germany have suggested that on average renewable energy
jobs are relatively high-skilled, across both fuel-free and fuel-
based technologies: 82% of employees in the industry have
vocational qualifications and almost 40% of these have a
university degree, compared to an average for the whole
industrial sector of 70% and 10%, respectively (Lehr et al.,
2011). According to a survey that took place in 2008 by the
Energy Institute, Deloitte and Norman Broadbent, five skills
areas (technical, management, financial, marketing and
leadership) have been identified. Almost 4 out of 5 said that
technical skills were a key shortage area, against half stating
that management skills were a shortage area. At the bottom of
the list were financial skills which 40% listed as a shortage
area. Interestingly, both marketing and leadership skills were
rated equally in short supply just under half of the
respondents citing this problem. Specific shortages in each area
were noted as follows:
Technical:
Engineers: Chemical, electrical power, drilling, operations,
petroleum, reservoir, production, mechanical, pipeline,
structural - especially those with practice expertise, report
writing and consultancy skills.
General technical: Alternative/renewable energies, fire safety,
drilling and well site supervisors, IT, hands on skills,
pressure vessel designers, metallurgists, industrial energy
efficiency - especially problem solving and R&D skills.
Scientific: Geologists/geophysicists, microbiologists, chemists.
Management
Project management: Experienced project managers for both
large and small scale projects (cited by almost 15% of
respondents), risk management, technical management skills,
additional practical as opposed to theoretical skills, contract
skills, MBAs, enhanced industry awareness of grass roots
problems, experienced engineers with additional management
skills, integration work in a global environment.
People skills:
Line management skills, managing managers", department
managers. A common theme here was that these management
skills in short supply were often best resourced internally.
Financial/commercial/business skills: Energy trading,
international finance, overseas finance management,
economists, reporting skills.
Marketing: Sales and marketing managers, selling the added
value of the company, marketing profile skills, closing sales,
understanding of world markets, dealing with clients,
marketing of technical skills, managers with wider experience
of commercial technology, commercial skills to develop new
markets.
Leadership: People that can lead, not follow, ability to work
individually and head up a team, industry engagement in key
initiatives, ability to develop technologists as leaders, greater
all around rather than specific skills, understanding the
interactions across a business, engineering plus MBA degree,
project managers, more positive can do attitude, self
confidence and able to work with all levels. Other skills and
behaviors noted as being in short supply were: Ability to
observe and learn, good logical thought and ability to instruct
others, willingness to travel extensively, ability to change
course quickly as circumstances demand, languages, initiative,
motivational skills, maturity when dealing with the industry
cycles caused by energy price fluctuations and geopolitical
changes.
Usual methods of recruitment
60% of respondents recruited graduates direct from university.
Fewer than 20% used the milk round for graduate entry and
just three respondents used it for experienced hires. Over half
used recruitment agencies for experienced hires but less than a
fifth of respondents recruited graduates in this way. The most
popular method was indirect advertising/personal contacts,
Source: Energy Institute, Deloitte and Norman Broadbent Survey, 2008
Source: Energy Institute, Deloitte and Norman Broadbent Survey, 2008

p11 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
which was used by over three quarters of respondents for
experienced hires, and by over a quarter for graduate entrants.
This was more popular than direct advertising, which was used
by almost two thirds for experienced hires. Only one in 10
respondents said they would fill vacant posts through internal
promotion of their graduate entrants. However half would fill
such positions from their experienced staff. Internal training
schemes similarly fared relatively poorly with only one in 10
graduates being recruited to posts via such training schemes.
This seems to belie a surprising lack of faith in internal training
schemes.
Jobs across the value chain
Fuel-free technologies that are on-grid, such as wind power and
solar PV, tend to involve the highest levels of employment
during manufacturing and construction. Fuel-based
Technologies, by contrast, are most labor-intensive at the point
of feedstock production and, in the case of biofuels,
distribution. The largest numbers of renewable energy jobs are
found in China, Brazil, Germany, India and the United States,
which are also leading industrial players in the renewable
sector. The top five wind turbine manufacturers are from
Denmark, China, the United States, and Germany; and the top
five solar PV cell manufacturers are from China and the United
States (REN21, 2011). These are generally countries which
have offered long-term policy support to renewable energy, and
have significant national markets for the technologies in
question.
Among the fuel-free technologies, wind power is a significant
source of employment across a broad range of countries. In
2010, this included estimates of around 150,000 jobs in China,
96,000 jobs in Germany and 55,000 jobs in Spain. Compared to
the size of its labor force, the 24,700 jobs reported in Denmark
in 2009 were also significant. The highest jobs estimate related
to solar PV in 2010 was in China with 120,000 jobs, closely
followed by India, with 112,000 jobs. Solar PV-related jobs
were also numerous in Germany and Spain in 2010, with over
107,000 and 28,000 jobs respectively. The latest jobs census
conducted in the United States estimates over 100,000 jobs in
the solar energy sector, though without reporting how this
breaks down across solar PV and solar thermal.

p12 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
Alexandroupolis LNG RE-Gas
Terminal Project 2015
by Xenofon Varias, Executive Energy Club Member

N
atural gas demand sees dynamic growth as the
worldwide gas market continues to expand, despite
the economic uncertainty in 2012. Greece has
increasing power needs owing to its tourism
industry that is spread out over many islands. Hence, domestic
but also industrial users need to be supplied by liquefied natural
gas imports and in many cases new power generation projects
are in need of these supplies through LNG import terminals.
This trend is expected to continue as natural gas becomes the
fuel of choice for electric power providers and as developing
countries increase their energy demands.
A LNG import or receiving terminal receives liquefied natural
gas from LNG ships, stores the liquid in special storage tanks,
vaporizes the LNG and then delivers the natural gas into a
distribution pipeline. The receiving terminal is one component
of the LNG chain between the gas field/reservoir and the
residential or industrial customer. In Greece the primary
distribution pipeline is called NGTS which stands for National
Gas Transmission System and spans from the northeast of the
country at the national borders with Turkey, crosses the
prefectures of Macedonia and follows a southern route which
ends in the Attica prefecture.
In harmony with the approved mid-term development strategy
of the NGTS and with a view to the major international gas
infrastructure projects in South-East Europe, such as the South
Stream, a project is planned to start in the town of
Alexandroupolis in the northeast part of the country in 2015.
The project will comprise of an offshore floating LNG
regasification terminal unit delivering gas onshore through a
system of pipelines, both subsea and onshore. Natural gas will
be fed into the Greek National transmission system and to the
Greek gas market and will also have the ability to link and feed
into the future South Corridor Gas Projects, such as the ITGI
and access the Western European Markets.
The terminal will be constructed 22 kilometers southwest of the
industrial area of Alexandroupolis and 10 km from shore and
its initial LNG storage capacity will be at least 135,000 cubic
meters. Following a ships berthing and cooling-down of the
unloading arms, the natural gas, in liquid form, can be
transferred to the onshore LNG tanks by the ship pumps. The
liquid unloading rate from a ship is typically 10-12,000 cubic
meters per hour and it takes approximately 10 to 12 hours to
unload one medium sized vessel. It is expected that initial
annual send-out will be about 2.6 billion cubic meters of
expanded gas.
This Independent Natural Gas System of Alexandroupolis will
be developed and operated by a Greek company called
GASTRADE, which has received the license from the Greek
Energy Regulator (RAE) and from the Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Climate Change last August 2011.
The total amount of investment will result to about 300
million including the cost of financing the construction. The
project will be financed by 31% with own capital, by 40%
loans and by 29% with subsidy.
With regards to the natural gas supply countries and according
to the latest developments, there is a possibility that the ITGI
pipeline (Interconnector Turkey-Greece-Italy) may be preferred
over other projects to transfer the natural gas from Azerbaijan
to Europe in 2014, somehow earlier than Gazproms South
Stream, but subject to considerations of infrastructure
downtime. However, owing to fierce competition between the
various pipeline partnerships, projects such as that of Nabuco
West and of TAP (Trans-Adriatic) still remain candidates for
the Azeri natural gas. It is expected that if the TAP pipeline
signs the contract with the consortium, Russia will no longer be
the dominant player in the natural gas market of Europe,
forcing prices down.
Notwithstanding the aforementioned current complexities of
the pipelines network and with reference to the Greek terminal
project, the mother company of GASTRADE, which belongs to
the Copelouzos Group, has acquired all the 1,200 hectares of
the industrial area of Alexandroupolis, where it intends to built
two identical electric power generation plants of natural gas of
about 400 MW each. One of which has already acquired the
relevant permission. The electricity produced by the power
plants will no doubt be fed into the daily Greek market,
however the goal is to also feed into the Turkish market where
currently there is a strong demand and this is considered to
create further opportunities.

p13 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012


p14 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
Waste-to-Energy
Technology
by Manolis Klados, Energy Club
member
What do you think
of your waste?
Most people believe that their waste
have no value at all. However our
waste is a source of materials and
energy, which remains unexploited
when disposed to Landfills.
In order to explain the technologies
available on waste management we
should first set the required
background. Waste produced by
citizens is called Municipal Solid
Waste (MSW). According to
Eurostat, households in the EU-27
generated an average of 444 kg of
waste per inhabitant in 2008. The
quantity of household waste
generated ranged between 300 kg
and 500 kg per inhabitant in most of
the EU Member States in 2008.
Other waste streams that can be co-
treated with MSW are Commercial
non-Hazardous Waste and in some
cases sludge coming from Waste
Water Treatment Plants (WWTP),
which should also be non-hazardous.
The capacity of MSW produced and
their composition varies in relation
to the rate of growth of the society.
Developed countries produce more
waste, which contain more
packaging material (plastics, paper
etc). For instance in Greece the
production of MSW was reduced
due to the recession. Typical ranges
of MSW composition are given
below:
The biodegradable fraction of MSW
(organics and partly paper and
wood) which counts for around 50%
of it, is considered as biomass which
is a Renewable Energy Source
(RES), according to the 2009/28 EU
directive.
The European Union through its
2008/98 EU Directive proposed the
following hierarchy on MSW
management:
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Energy Recovery
Landfill
According to this hierarchy,
recycling comes first, followed by
Energy from Waste technologies
(EfW). Any waste management
plant receives revenues for every ton
of waste delivered in the tipping
hall, called Gate Fee (/ton).
Focusing on EfW methods, there are
two core technologies.
The first one is called Mechanical
Biological Treatment (MBT) and the
second Waste-to-Energy (WTE).
MBT plants, among other products
which are not subject of this article,
produce secondary fuels called RDF
(Refuse Derived Fuel) or SRF (Solid
Recovered Fuel) depending on the
technology implemented. The Lower
Heating Value (LHV) of RDF/SRF
produced by MBT plants varies
between 15-20 MJ/kg. They can be
utilized in energy intensive
industries such as cement industries
or coal power plants, but also in
dedicated RDF/SRF incineration
plants. However there are not many
dedicated incineration plants for
RDF/SRF, because they require the
pretreatment of waste in MBT
plants, resulting thus in higher
treatment costs and gate fees.
On the other hand Waste-to-Energy
plants receive waste, after recycling,
without other intervenient plants.
The LHV of MSW ranges from 7-10
MJ/kg with a typical value of 9 MJ/
kg, resulting to an electrical energy
production of 600-900 kWh per ton
of MSW. WTE technology is the
most proven and dominant
technology in Municipal Solid
Waste treatment with a history of
more than 100 years and a reference
of about 800 operating units
worldwide, 435 of which are located
in Europe.
The most dominant Waste-to-Energy
technology is incineration. Other
technologies are gasification and
pyrolysis but with little references,
most of which at a pilot scale.
Independently the fuel treated
(MSW or RDF/SRF) WTE plants
utilize the Rankine thermodynamic
cycle to produce electricity. The
thermodynamic characteristics of the
superheated steam vary from 400
In a few words, we should
reduce the capacity of the waste
produced, reuse what needs no
further process in order to be
able to return in production (ie.
beer bottles), recycle packaging
material, recover energy content
in high efficiency power plants
and landfill the residuals.
28 - 32% Organics
(food residuals, etc)
22 - 27% Paper & cartons
15 - 18% Plastics
8 - 10% Rubber, leather,
textiles, wood
3 - 5% Metals
3 - 5% Glass
3 - 6% Inerts
4 - 6% Other

p15 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
480 C and 40 125 bar.
Higher temperatures of
superheated steam, which
would lead to higher
energy production, are
not selected due to
corrosion problems on
the water tubes of the
boiler.
The products of WTE
plants are energy, mainly
electrical and in some
cases thermal for
teleheating or industrial
uses. Thermal energy
production most
commonly appears in
northern countries, where
winter lasts for more than
6-8 months. Teleheating
provides hot water to the
local city for the central
heating of buildings;
hence diesel or natural
gas usage for central
heating purposes is
avoided. In southern
countries, the majority of
WTE plants produce
electrical energy only.
However, there are a few
cases, where apart from
teleheating, telecooling is
also utilized during
summer, so that it may be
installed in southern
countries. Telecooling
uses hot steam produced
by the WTE plants to air-
condition apartments,
offices or hotels. Cold air
production from hot
steam seems to be
paradox, but it happens
by utilizing absorption
cooling technology, like
the gas refrigerators sold
for households which do
not consume electricity.
Another product is
metals recovered from
ash, which can be
recycled.
Ash is the only residual
coming from WTE
plants, the volume of
which is 90% reduced
compared to the volume
of the incoming waste.
As life of landfills is
calculated according to
the volume of waste
disposed, the 90% rate of
reduction is so important
that the landfill lifetime
is decupled. WTE ashes
are divided in two main
streams, the bottom- and
the fly ash. Bottom ash,
in most cases, is an inert
non-hazardous by-
product, the mass of
which is 22-28% of the
incoming mass. Bottom
ash can be utilized as
daily coverage material
in landfills or in
construction works (road
works, substitute in
cement etc), resulting to
a further reduction of the
residuals mass sent to
landfills. On the other
hand fly ash, which
represents 3-5% of the
incoming mass, is a
hazardous material which
needs further treatment in
order to be disposed
safely in exclusive
landfill cells.
The main concern
regarding WTE plants
is the level of the flue
gases emissions.
The European Union has
set limits for each
pollutant produced by
WTE plants through its
2000/76 EU directive.
However modern WTE
plants can accomplish
emission rates far below
the regulated limits by
implementing state-of-
the-art flue gas cleaning
systems. For instance,
dioxins produced by
WTE plants is less than
0.07% of the total dioxin
production in Europe
(source: Waste
Management World).
Waste-to-Energy is
proven and
environmental friendly
technology, giving a
final solution to waste
management.
According to the
Confederation of
European Waste-to-
Energy Plants (CEWEP),
in 2009, 70 million of
MSW were treated in
WTE plants across
Europe, generating 28
billion kWh of electricity
and 70 billion kWh of
heat, which resulted to a
substitution of 7-38
million tones of fossil
fuels (gas, oil, hard coal
& lignite). Replacing
these fossil fuels, WTE
Plants can supply
annually about 13 million
inhabitants with
electricity and 12 million
inhabitants with heat.

Spittelau WTE in Vienna
Isseane WTE in Paris
Alkmaar WTE in Netherlands

p16 AUEB iMBA Energy & Sustainability Club NewsleterSeptember 2012
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Club and the Team in our website:
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George Ballas
AUEB Energy & Sustainability Clubs
Newsletter Editor-in-chief