Heat Transfer

Chapter # 28 Heat Transfer
Page # 1
manishkumarphysics.in
SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE28.1
One face of a copper cube of edge 10 cm is maintained at 100
0
C and the opposite face is main-
tained at 0
0
C. All other surfaces are covered with an insulating material.Find the amount of heat flowing per
second through the cube. Thermal conductivity of copper is 385 W/m
0
C.
Sol.
The heat flows from the hotter face towards the colder face. The area of crosssection perpendicular to the
heat flow is
A = ( 10 cm )
2
The amount of heat flowing per second is
t
Q
A
A
= KA
x
T T
2 1

= ( 385 W/m
0
C ) ( 0.1 m )
2

m 1 . 0
) 0 100 (
0 0
C C
= 3850 W .
EXAMPLE28.2
Find the thermal resistance of an aluminimum rod of length 20 cm and area of crosssection 1 cm
2
. The heat current is along the length of the rod . Thermal conductivity of aluminium = 200 W/mK.
Sol.
The thermal resistance is
R =
KA
x
=
) m 10 K)(1 - W/m 200 (
10 20
2 4 -
2

m
= 10 K/W..
EXAMPLE28.3
The light fromthe sunis found to havea maximumintensity near thewavelength of 470 nm.Assuming
that the surface of the sun emits as a blackbody, calculate the temperature of the surface of the sun.
Sol.
For a blackbody,
m
T = 0.288 cm K.
Thus, T =
nm 470
K - cm 288 . 0
= 6130 K.
EXAMPLE28.4
A blackbody of surface area 10 cm
2
is heated to 127
0
Cand is suspended in a roomat temperature
27
0
C. Calculate the initial rate of loss of heat from the body to the room.
Sol.
For a blackbody at temperature T, the rate of emission is u = o AT
4
. When it is kept in a room at temperature
T
0
, the rate of absorption is u
0
= o AT
0
4
.
The net rate of loss of heat is u u
0
= o A( T
4
T
4
0
) .
Here A = 10 10
4
m
2
, T = 400 K and T
0
= 300 K. Thus, u u
0
= ( 5.67 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
) ( 10 10
4
m
2
) ( 400
4
300
4
) K
4
= 0.99 W.
EXAMPLE28.5
Aliquid cools from 70
0
Cto 60
0
Cin 5 minutes. Calculate the time taken by the liquid to cool from60
0
C to 50
0
C , if the temperature of the surrdounding is constant at 30
0
C.
Sol.
The average temperature of the liquid in the first case is
u
1
=
2
60 70
0 0
C C +
= 65
0
C
The average temperature difference fromthe surrounding is
u
1
u
2
= 65
0
C 30
0
C = 35
0
C.
The rate of fall of temperature is
dt
du
=
min 5
60 70
0 0
C C
= 2
0
C/min.
Page # 2
From Newtons lawof cooling,
2
0
C/min = bA ( 35
0
C )
or, bA =
min 35
2
........(1)
In the second case, the average temperature of the liquid is
u
2
=
2
50 60
0 0
C C +
= 55
0
C
so that, u
2
u
0
= 55
0
C 30
0
C = 25
0
C.
If it takes a time t to cool down from 60
0
C to 50
0
C, the rate of fall of temperature is
dt
d
2
u
=
t
50 60
0 0
C C
=
t
C
0
10
From Newtons lawof cooling and (i),
t
C
0
10
=
min 35
2
25
0
C
or, t = 7 min.
QUESTIONS FOR SHORT ANSWER
1. The heat current is written as
t
Q
A
A
. Why dont we write
dt
dQ
?
2. Does a body at 20Cradiate in a room, where the roomtemperature is 30C? If yes, why does its temperature
not fall further ?
3. Why does blowing over a spondful of hot tea cool it ? Does evaporation play a role ? Does radiation play a
role ?
4. On a hot summer day we want to cool our room by opening the refrigerator door and closing all the windows
and doors. Will the process work ?
5. On a cold winter night you are asked to sit on a chair. Would you like to choose a metal chair or a wooden
chair ? Both are kept in the same lawn and are at the same temperature.
6. Two identical metal balls one at T
1
= 300 K and the other at T
2
= 600 K are kept at a distance of 1m in
vaccum. Will the temperature equalise by radiation ? Will the rate of heat gained by the colder sphere be
proportional to T
2
4
T
1
4
as may be expected from the Stefans law ?
7. An ordinary electric fan does not cool the air, still it gives comfort in summer. Explain.
8. The temperature of the atmosphere at a high altitude is around 500C. Yet an animal there would freeze to
death and not boil. Explain.
9. Starting in the sun is more pleasant on a cold winter day than standing in shade. Is the temperature of air in
the sun considerably higher than that of the air in shade ?
10. Cloudy nights are warmer than the nights with clean sky. Explain.
11. Why is a white dress more comfortable than a dark dress in summer ?
Objective - I
1. The thermal conductivity of a rod depends on
(A) length (B) mass (C) area of cross-section (D*) material of the rod
l+=i z +i -ni -in+-i l-i +-i t -
(A) n-i: (B) <ni- (C) ~- -i +i -i zi+n (D*) z + <ii
2. In a room contaning air, heat can go from one place to another
(A) by conduction only (B) by convection only (C) by radiation only (D*) by all the three modes
i = i t ( +n n -ni (+ -ii- = <= -ii- -+ nn- + =+-i t -
(A) +n -in- ,ii (B) +n =t- ,ii (C) + n ll+i ,ii (D*) -i-i llii ,ii
3. A sloid at temperature T
1
is kept in an evacuated chamber at temperature T
2
> T
1
. The rate of increase of
temperature of the body is proportional to -
T
1
-i ini (+ ai = -- . (+ l-i l-- +i n ii t : t . l=+i -i T
2
> T
1
t -- + -i n lz +i < l---
+ =ni- i-i t -
Page # 3
(A) T
2
- T
1
(B) T
2
2
- T
1
2
(C) T
2
3
- T
1
3
(D*) T
2
4
- T
1
4
4. The thermal radiation emitted by a body is proportional to T
n
where T is its absolute temperature. The value
of n is exactly 4 for -
(A) a blackbody (B*) all bodies (C) bodies painted balck only
(D) polished bodies only
l+=i -- = -=l - ti - in -ni ll+i T
n
+ =ni- i-i t . ti T :=+i n-i t n +i ni- ai+ 4 ti -i t .
l--- + ln -
(A) |li+i -- (B*) =n-- --( (C) + n t -- ( l- +ini n l+i ni t
(D) + n ilnzi +i t : -- (
5. Two bodies Aand B having equal surface area are maintained at temperatures 10
o
C. The thermal radiation
emitted in a given time by A and B are in the ratio -
=ni- ai -i zi+n ini <i -- ( A-ii B10
o
C 20C-i ii ni -ni ll+i +i ~- i- ti ni-
(A*) 1 : 1.15 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 4 (D) 1 : 16
6. One end of a metal rod is kept in a furnace. In steady state, the temperature of the rod
(A) increases (B) decreases (C) remains constant (D*) is nonuniform
ii- +i (+ z +i (+ l=i i i n ii t ~i t -iii ~-ii n z +i -i -
(A) cni (B) +n tini (C) l-- tni (D*) ~=n tini
7. Newtons law of cooling is a special case of
(A) Wiens displacement law (B) Kirchoffs law
(C*) Stefans law (D) Plancks law
-- +i zii-n- +i l-n. l--- +i lzi i l-il- t -
(A) i- +i l-ii- l-n (B) l+-ti+ +i l-n
(C*) -i+- +i l-n (D) -n + +i l-n
8. A hot liquid is kept in a big room. Its temperature is plotted as a funcation of time. Which of the following
curves may represent the plot ?
(+ nn < l+=i +n n ii t ~i t :=+i -i =n + +n- + n ~i li- l+i ni t l--- n = +i -=i
n i+ :=+i +- +-i t -
(A*) a (B) c (C) d (D) b
9. Ahot liquid is kept in a big room. The logarithmof the numerical value of the temperature difference between
the liquid and the room is plotted against time. The plot will be very nearly -
(A*) a straight line (B) a circulat arc (C) a parbola (D) an ellipse
(+ nn < l+=i +n n ii t ~i t < +n + -ii + ~ - + ni n ln +i =n + =i -i n i+ ~i li-
l+i i-i t n i+ ti ni. nnin -
(A*) =n ii (B) -ii+i -i (C) n (D) <ii -i
10. A body cools down from 65C to 60C in 5 minutes. It will cool down from 60C to 55C in
(A) 5 minutes (B) less than 5 minutes (C*) more than 5 minutes
(D) less than or more than 5 minutes depending on whether its mass is more than or less than 1 kg.
(+ -- 5 lnl- n 65C = 60C-+ ai ti -i t t 60C= 55C-+ ai tini -
(A) 5 lnl- (B) 5 lnl- = +n =n n (C*) 5 lnl- = ~li+ =n n
(D) 5 lnl- = +n i ~li+ =n n . t := l-i + ni l+ -- +i < ni- 1 n in = ~li+ t ~ii +n t
Objective - II
1. One end of a metal rod is dipped in boiling water and the other is dipped in melting ice.
(A) All parts of the rod in thermal equilibrium with each other
(B) We can assign a temperature to the rod.
(C) We can assign a temperature to the rod after steady state is reached
Page # 4
(D*) The state of the rod does not change after steady state is reached.
ii- +i z +i (+ l=i -n- t ( i-i n -ii < =i l=i lin- t ( + n ii ni t -
(A) z + =n-- iin - -ni =i-i-ii n ti n
(B) tn z +i -i l-ii l- + =+- t
(C) tn -iii ~-ii i-- ti - + z-i- z +i -i l-ii l- + =+- t
(D*) -iii =i-i-ii i-- ti - + z-i- z +i ~-ii ll- - -ti ti ni
2. A blackbody does not :
(A) emit radiation (B) absorb radiation (C*) reflect radiation (D*) refract radiation
+i : |li+i -- -ti +-i t -
(A) ll+i +i -=- (B) ll+i +i ~zii ii
(C*) ll+i +i i- - (D*) ll+i +i inn-
3. In summer, a mild wind is often found on the shore of a calm river. This is caused due to
(A) difference in thermal conductivity of water and soil (B*) convection currents
(C) conduction between air and the soil (D) radiation from the soil
nln i n . zii - -<i + l+-i zii-n i ilt- ti -i t :=+i +ii t -
(A) i-i -ii lni +i -ni -in+-i +i ~- (B*) = t- iii(
(C) ti -ii lni + i- -in- (D) lni = ll+i
4. A piece of charcoal and a piece of shining steel of the same area are kept for long time in an open lawn in
bright sun.
(A) The steel will absorb more heat than the charcoal.
(B) The temperatuer of the steel will be higher than that of the charcoal.
(C*) If the both are picked up by bare hands, the steel will be felt hotter than the charcoal
(D*) If the two are picked up from the lawn and kept in a cold chamber, the charcoal will lose heat at a faster
rate than the steel
=ni- -i zi+n in n+ i + +i n + + -ii -n+<i -in + + +i -i n ni - n -n+- = + -i- n- =n
-+ ii i-i t -
(A) -in. +i n +i - n-i n ~li+ -ni ~ziili- + ni
(B) -in +i -i. +i n + -i = ~li+ ti ni
(C*) l< <i-i +i -n tiii = -aii i -i +in +i -n-i n -in ~li+ nn nnni
(D*) l< <i -i +i ni- = -ai+ l+=i a +ia n i l<i i -i -in +i -n-i n +in = -ni til- ~l
i+ -i = ti ni
5. A heated body emits radiation which has maximum intensity near the frequency v
0
. The emissivity of the
material is 0.5. If the absolute temperature of the body is doubled
(A*) the maximum intensity of radition will be near the frequency 2v
0
(B) the maximum intensity of radiation will be near the frequency v
0
/2
(C*) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor of 16
(D) the total energy emitted will increase by a factor of 8
(+ nn +i ni ll+i -=l - + ti t . l=+i ~li+-n -i -i v
0
~i l-i + =ni t <ii +i -= +-i 0.5
t l< -- +i ni <n-i + l<i i -
(A*) ll+i +i ~li+-n -i -i 2v
0
~i l-i + =ni ti ni
(B) ll+i +i ~li+-n -i -i v
0
/ 2 ~i l-i + =ni ti ni
(C*) +n -=l- -i 16 + nii+ = c ini
(D) +n -=l- -i 8 + nii+ = c ini
6. Asolidsphere andahollowsphere of thesamematerial andof equal radii areheatedtothe sametemperature.
=ni- <ii ( i lzii + (+ ai = ni n -ii (+ iiin nin +i =ni- -i -+ nn +- t
(A*) Both will emit equal amount of radiation per unit time in the beginning
i-i n <i-i (+i+ =n n =ni- nizii +i ll+i -=l- +n
(B*) Both will absorb equal amount of radiation from the surrounding in the beginning
i-i n <i-i =ni- nizii +i ll+i i-ii = ~zii li- + n
(C) The initial rate of cooling will be the same for the two spheres
<i-i nini + ln( il-i+ zii-n- < =ni- tini
(D) The two spheres will have equal temperatures at any instant. [Q.6/HCV-II/CH-28]
l+=i ii -ii <i-i nini +i -i =ni- tini
Page # 5
Sol. Since for emitting
e
dt
dQ
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
eAT o
And for absorption ;
dt
dQ
= oeATT
s
4
Therefore, Both with emit & absorb equal amount of radiation in the beginning.
For cooling
dt
dT
=
ms
eA o
T
4
All the terms on RHS are same for both spheres except mass "m". ( Solid and hollow)
Hence
dt
dT
is different for both.
Hence (C) and (D) are wrong.
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
1. The lower surface of a slab if stone of face-area 3600 cm
2
and thickness 10 cm is exposed to steam at
100C. Ablock of ice at 0Crests on the upper surface of the slab 4.8g of ice melts in one hour. Calculate the
thermal conductively of the stone. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 10
5
J/kg.
Sol. The amount of heat transferred through the slab to the ice in one hour is
Q = (4.8 10
3
kg) (3.36 10
5
J/kg)
= 4.8 336 J.
Using the equation
Q =
x
t ) ( KA
2 1
u u
,
4.8 336 J =
cm 10
) s 3600 ( ) C 100 )( cm 3600 ( K
2
or, K = 1.24 103 W/mC.

2. An ice box made of 1.5 cm thick styrofoam has dimensions 60 cm 60 cm 30 cm. It contains ice at 0C
and is keot in a room at 40C. Find the rate at which the ice is melting. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36
10
5
J/kg. and thermal conductively of styrofoam = 0.04 W/mC.
Sol. The total surface area of the walls
= 2(60 cm 60 cm + 60 cm 30 cm + 60 cm 30 cm)
= 1.44 m
2
.
The thickness of the walls = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m.
The rate of heat flow into the box is
x
) ( KA
t
Q
2 1
u u
=
A
A
=
W 154
m 015 . 0
) C 40 )( m 44 . 1 )( C m / W 04 . 0 (
2
=
The rate in which the ice melts is
=
kg / J 10 36 . 3
W 154
5
= 0.46 g/s.
3. A colosed cubical box is made of perfectly insulating material and the only way for heat to enter or leave the
box is through two solid cylindrical metal plugs, each of cross-sectional area 12 cm
2
and length 8 cm fixed
in the opposite walls of the box. The outer surface of one plug is kept at a temperature of 100C while the
outer surface of the other plug is maintained at a temperature of 4C. The thermal conductivity of the material
of the plug is 2.0 W/m
C. Asource of energy generating 13W is enclosed inside the box assuming that it
is the same at all points on the inner surface..
Sol.
Page # 6
The situation is shown in figure. Let the temperature inside the box be u. The rate at which heat enters the
box through the left plug is
x
) ( KA
t
Q
1 1
u u
=
A
A
The rate of heat generation in the box = 13 W. The rate at which heat flows out of the box through the right
plug is
x
) ( KA
t
Q
2 2
u u
=
A
A
In the steady state
t
Q
W 13
t
Q
2 1
A
A
= +
A
A
or ) (
x
KA
W 13 ) (
x
KA
2 1
u u = + u u
or, W 13 ) (
x
KA
x
KA
2
2 1
+ u + u = u
or,
KA 2
x ) W 13 (
2
2 1
+
u + u
= u
=
) m 10 12 ( ) C m / W 0 . 2 ( 2
m 08 . 0 ) W 13 (
2
C 4 C 100
2 4

+
+
= 52C + 216.67C = 269C.
4. A bar of copper of length 75 cm and a bar of steel of length 125 cm are joined together end. Both are of
circular cross-section with diameter 2 cm. The free ends of the copper and the steel bars are mintained at
100Cand 0Crespectively. The curved surface of the bars are thermally insulated. What is the temperature
of the copper-steel junction ? What is the amount of heat transmitted per unit time across the junction?
Thermal conductivity of copper is 386 J/m-s-C and that of steel is 46J/m-s-C.
Sol.
The situtation is shown in figure. Let the temperature at the junction be u (on Celsius scale). The same heat
current passes through the copper and the steel rods. Thus ,
cm 75
) C 100 ( A K
t
Q
cu
u
=
A
A
=
cm 125
A K
steel
u
or,
125
K
75
) C 100 ( K
steel cu
u
=
u
or,
cu
steel
K 125
K 75 C 100
=
u
u
=
386
46
5
3
or,
The rate of heat flowis
t
Q
A
A
=
cm 125
A K
steel
u
=
cm 125
C 93 ) cm 1 ( ) C s m / J 46 (
2
t
= 1.07 J/s.
5. Two parallel plates A and B are joined together to form a compound plate (figure). The thicknesses of the
plates are 4.0 cm and 2.5 cm respectively and the area of cross-section is 100 cm
2
for each plate. The
thermal conductivities are K
A
= 200 W/m-C for the plate Aand K
B
= 400 W/m-C for the plate B. The outer
surface of the plateA is maintained at 100C and the outer surface of the plate B is maintained at 0C. Find
(a) the rate of heat flowthrough any cross-section, (b) the temperature at the interface and (c) the equivolent
thermal conductivity of the compound plate.
Page # 7
Sol. (a) Let the temperature of the interface be u.
The area of cross-section of each plate is A = 100 cm
3
= 0.01 m
2
. The thickness are x
A
= 0.04 m and x
B
=
0.025 m.
The thermal resistance of the plateAis
A
x
K
1
R
A
A
1
=
and that of the plate B is
A
x
K
1
R
B
B
2
=
The equvalent thermal resistance is
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + =
B
B
A
A
2 1
K
x
K
x
A
1
R R R
.....................(i)
Thus,
R t
Q
2 1
u u
=
A
A
=
B B A A
2 1
K / x K / x
) ( A
+
u u
=
) C m / W 400 ( / ) m 025 . 0 ( ) C m / W 200 ( ) m 04 . 0 (
) C 100 ( ) m 01 . 0 (
2
+
= 3810 W.
(b) We have
B B
2
K / x
) ( A
t
Q u u
=
A
A
or, 3810 W =
) C m / W 400 ( / ) m 025 . 0 (
) C 0 ( ) m 01 . 0 (
2
u
or, u = 24C
(c) If K is the equivalent thermal conductivity of the compound plate, its thermal resistance is
R =
K
x x
A
1
B A
+
Comparing with (i),
B
B
A
A B A
K
x
K
x
K
x x
+ =
+
or, K =
B B A A
B A
K / x / x
x x
+
+
= 248 W/m-C
6. Aroom has a 4 m 4 m 10 cm concrete roof (K = 1.26 W/m-C). At some instant, the temperature outside
is 46Cand that inside is 32C. (a) Negalecting convection, calculate the amount of heat flowing per second
into the room through the roof. (b) Bricks ( K = 0.65 W/m-C) of thickness 7.5 cm are laid down on the roof.
Calculate the newrate of heat flowunder the same temperature conditions.
Sol. The are of the roof
= 4 m 4 m = 16 m
2
.
The thickness x = 10 cm = 0.10 m.
(a) The thermal resistance of the roof is
R
1
=
C m / W 26 . 1
1
A
x
K
1
=
2
m 16
m 10 . 0
= 4.96 10
-3
C/W
Heat current is
t
Q
A
A
=
1
2 1
R
u u
=
w / c 10 96 . 4
C 32 C 46
3
0 0

(b) The thermal resistance of the brick layer is
Page # 8
2
2
2
m 16
m 10 5 . 7
C m / W 65 . 0
1
A
x
K
1
R

= =
= 7.2 10
-3
C/W.
The equivalent thermal resistance is
R = R
1
+ R
2
= (4.96 + 7.2) 10
-3
C/W
= 1.216 10
-2
C/W.
The heat current is
W / C 10 216 . 1
C 32 C 46
R t
Q
3
2 1

=
u u
=
A
A
= 1152 W
7. An electric heater is used in a roomof total wall area 137 m
2
to maintain a temperature of 20Cinside it, when
the outside temperature is -10C. The walls have three different layers of materials. The innermost layer is of
wood of thickness 2.5 cm, the middle layer is of cement of thickness 1.0 cm and the outermost layer
is of brick of thickness 25.0 cm. Find the power of the electric heater. Assume that there is no heat loss
through the floor and the ceiling. The thermal conductivities of wood, cement and brick are 0.125W/m-C,
1.5 W/m-C and 1.0 W/m-C respectively.
Sol.
The situation is shown in figure. The thermal resistance of the wood, the cement and the brick layers are
R
w
=
A
x
K
1
=
2
2
m 137
10 5 . 2
C m / W 125 . 0
1

=
W / C
137
20 . 0
R
C
=
2
2
m 137
m 10 0 . 1
C Wm 5 . 1
1

=
W / C
137
0067 . 0
and R
B
=
2
2
m 137
m 10 0 . 25
C m / W 0 . 1
1

=
. W / C
137
25 . 0
As the layers are connected in series, the equivalent thermal resistance is
R = R
w
+ R
c
+ R
B
=
W / C
137
25 . 0 0067 . 0 20 . 0 + +
= 3.33 10
-3
C/W.
The heat current is
i =
R
2 1
u u
=
W / C 10 33 . 3
) C 10 ( C 20
3

= 9000 W..
The heater must supply 9000 W to compenstate the outflow of heat.
8. Three rods of material x and three of material y are connected as shown in figure. All the rods are indentical
in length and cross-sectional area. If the end Ais maintained at 60C and the junction E at 10C, calculate
the temperature of the junction B. The thermal conductivity of x is 800 W/m-C and that of y is 400 W/m-C.
Page # 9
Sol. It is clear fromthe symmetry of the figure that the points Cand Dare equivalent in all respect and hence, they
are at the same temperature, say u. No heat will flowthrough the rod CD. We can, therefore, neglect this rod
in further analysis.
Let and Abe the length and the area of cross-section of each rod. The thermal resistance of AB BC and
BD are equal. Each has a value
A K
1
R
x
1
l
=
........(i)
Similarly, thermal resistances of CE and DE are equal, each having a value
R
2
=
A K
1
Y
........(ii)
As the rod CD has no effect, we can say that the rods BC and CE are joined in series. Their equivalent
thermal resistance is
R
3
= R
BC
+ R
CE
= R
1
+ R
2
Also, the rods BD and DE together have an equivalent thermal resistance R
4
= R
BD
+ R
DE
= R
1
+ R
2
.
The resistances R
3
and R
4
are joined in parallel and hence their equivalent thermal resistance is given by
3 4 3 5
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
1
= + =
or,
2
R R
2
R
R
2 1 3
5
+
= =
This resistance R
5
is connected in series with AB. Thus the total arrangement is equivalent to a thermal
resistance
2
R R 3
2
R R
R R R R
2 1 2 1
1 5 AB
+
=
+
+ = + =
Figure shows the sucessive steps in this reduction.
The heat current throughAis
i =
R
E A
u u
=
2 1
E A
R R 3
) ( 2
+
u u
This current passes through the rodAB. We have
i =
AB
n A
R
u u
or, u
A
u
B
= (R
AB
) i
= R
1
2 1
E A
R R 3
) ( 2
+
u u
.
Putting from (i) and (ii),
u
A
u
B
=
y x
E A y
K 3 K
) ( k 2
+
u u
=
400 3 800
400 2
+
50C = 20C
or, u
B
= u
A
20C = 40C.
9. Arod CDof thermal resistance 5.0 K/W is joined at the middle of an identical rodABas shown in figure. The
ends A, B and D are maintained at 100C, 0C and 25C respectively. Find the heat current in CD.
Page # 10
Sol. The thermal resistance of AC is equal to that of CD and is equal to 2.5 K/W. Suppose, the temperature at C
is u. The heat currents throughAC, CB and CD are
t
Q
1
A
A
=
W / K 5 . 2
C 100 u
.
W / K 5 . 2
C 0
t
Q
2
u
=
A
A
and
W / K 0 . 5
C 25
t
Q
3
u
=
A
A
.
We also have
t
Q
1
A
A
=
t
Q
2
A
A
+
t
Q
3
A
A
or,
5 . 2
C 100 u
=
5 . 2
C 0 u
+
5
C 25 u
or, 225C= 5u
or, u = 45C
Thus,
t
Q
3
A
A
=
W / K 0 . 5
C 25 C 45
=
W / K 0 . 5
K 20
= 4.0 W
10. Two thin metallic spherical shells of radii r
1
and r
2
(r
1
< r
2
) are placed with their centres coinciding. Amaterial
of thermal conductively Kis filled in the space between the shells. The inner shell is maintained at temperature
u
1
and the outer shell at temperature u
2
(u
1
< u
2
). Calculate the rate at which heat flows radially through the
material.
Sol. Let us drawtwo spherical shells of radii x and x + dx concentric with the given system. Let the temperatures
at these shells be u and u + du respectively. The amount of heat of heat flowing radially inward through the
material between x and x + dx is
dx
d x 4 K
t
Q
2
u t
=
A
A
Thus,
} }
A
A
= u t
u
u
2
1
2
1
r
r
2
x
dx
t
Q
d 4 K
or, K 4t(u
2
u
1
) =
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
2 1
r
1
r
1
t
Q
or,
1 2
1 2 2 1
r r
) ( r Kr 4
t
Q
u u t
=
A
A
11. On a cold winter day, the atmospheric temperature is u (on Celsius scale) which is below0C. Acylindrical
drum of height h made of a bad conductor is completely filled with water at 0C and is kept outside without
any lid. Calculate the time taken for the whole mass of water to freeze. Thermal conductively of ice is K and
its latent heat of fusion is L. Neglect expansion of water on freezing.
Sol.
Page # 11
Suppose, the ice starts forming at time t = 0 and a thickness x is formed at time t. The amount of heat flown
from the water to the surrounding in the time interval t to t + dt is
dt
x
KA
Q
u
= A
The mass of the ice formed due to the loss of this amount of heat is
dm= . dt
xL
KA
L
Q u
=
A
The thickness dx of ice formed in time dt is
dt
xL
K
Ap
dm
dx
u
= =
or, dt =
dx x
K
L
u
.
Thus, the time T taken for the whole mass of water to freeze is given by
} }
u
=
h
0
T
0
xdx
K
L
dt
or, T =
u
=
K 2
Lh
2
12. Figure shows a large tank of water at a constant temperature u
0
and a small vessel containing a mass m of
water at an initial temperature u
1
(<u
0
). Ametal rod of length L, area of cross-sectionAand thermal conductivity
K connects the two vessels. Find the time taken for the temperature of the water in the smaller vessel to
become u
2
(u
1
< u
2
< u
0
). Specific heat capacity of water is s and all other heat capacities are negligible.
Sol. Suppose, the temperature of the water in the smaller vessel is u at time t. In the next time interval dt, a heat
AQ is transferred to it where
AQ = dt ) (
L
KA
0
u u . ...........(i)
This heat increases the temperature of the water of mass m to u + du where
AQ = ma du ...........(ii)
From (i) and (ii),
L
KA
(u
0
u) dt = ms du
or, dt =
KA
Lms
u u
u
0
d
or, } }
u
u
u u
u
=
2
1
0
T
0
d
KA
Lms
dt
where T is the time required for the temperature of the water to become u
2
.
Thus,
2 0
1 0
In
KA
Lms
T
u u
u u
=
13. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is kept in a rigid vessel. The vessel is kept inside a steam chamber
whose temperature is 97C, Initially, the temperature of the gas is 5.0C. The walls of the vessel have an
inner surface of area 800 cm
2
and thickness 1.0 cm. If the temperature of the gas increases to 9.0C in 5.0
seconds, find the thermal conductivity of the material of the walls.
Sol. The initial temperature difference is 97C 5C=92Cand at 5.0 s the temperature difference becomes 97C
9C = 88C. As the change in the temperature difference is small, we work with the average temperature
difference
Page # 12
K 90 C 90
2
C 88 C 92
= =
+
.
The rise in the temperature of the gas is
9.0C 5.0C = 4C = 4K.
The heat supplied to the gas in 5.0 s is
AQ = nC
v
AT
= (1 mole)
) k 4 (
K mol
J
3 . 8
2
3
|
.
|
\
|
= 49.8 J.
If the thermal conductivity is K,
m 10 0 . 1
) K 90 ( ) m 10 800 ( K
J 8 . 49
2
2 4

=
5.0 s
or
K s m / J 014 . 0
K s m 3600
J 8 . 49
K =

=
.
14. Amonatomic ideal gas is contained in a rigid container of volume V with walls of total inner surface areaA,
thickness x and thermal conducticity K. The gas is at an initial temperature T
0
and pressure p
0
. Find the
pressure of the gas as a function of time if the temperatureof the surrounding air is T
0
. All temperatures are in
absolute scale.
Sol. As the volume of the gas is constant, a heat AQ given to the gas increases its temperature by
AT = AQ/C
v
. Also, for a monatomic gas,
2
3
C
v
= R. If the temperature of the gas at time t is T, the heat
current into the gas is
t
Q
A
A
=
x
) T T ( KA
s

or,
) T T (
xR 3
KA 2
t
T
s
=
A
A
or,
dt
xR 3
KA 2
T T
dT
l
0
T
T
s
0
} }
=
or, In
t
xR 3
KA 2
T T
T T
s
0 s
=
or, T
s
T = (T
s
T
0
)
t
xR 3
KA 2
e
or, T = T
s
(T
s
T
0
)
t
xR 3
KA 2
e
As the volume remains constant,

0
0
T
p
T
p
=
or,
T
T
p
P
0
0
=
(
(
=
t
xR 3
KA 2
0 s s
0
0
e ) T T ( T
T
p
.
15. Consider a cubical vessel of edge a having a small hole is one of its walls. The total thermal resistance of the
walls is r. At time t = 0, it contains air at atmospheric pressure p
a
and temperature T
0
. The temperature of the
surrounding air is T
a
(>T
0
). Find the amount of the gas (in moles) in the vessel at time t. Take C
v
of air to be 5
R/2.
Sol. As the gas can leak out of hole, the pressure inside the vessel will be equal to the atmospheric pressure p
a
.
Let n be the amount of the gas (moles) in the vessel at time t. Suppose an amount AQof heat is given to the
Page # 13
gas in time dt. Its temperature increases by dT where
AQ = nC
p
dT
If the temperature of the gas is T at time t, we have
r
T T
dt
Q
a

=
A
...........(i)
or, (C
p
r)n dT = (T
a
T) dt.
Wehave, p
a
a
3
= nRT
or, ndT + Tdn = 0
or, n dT = T dn. ...........(ii)
Also,
nR
a p
T
3
0
= ...........(iii)
Using (ii) and (iii) in (i),
dn
nR
a rp C
3
0 p
=
dt
nR
a p
T
3
0
a
|
|
.
|
\
|
or,
3
a p
3
a
a
a rp C
dt
nR
a p
T nR
dn
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
where
0
3
a
0
RT
a p
n =
is the initial amount of the gas in the vessel. Thus,
a
RT
1
In 3
a p
3
a a 0
3
a a
a rp C
t
a p RT n
a p nRT
=
or, nRT
a
p
a
a
3
= (n
0
RT
a
p
a
a
3
)
t
a rp C
RT
3
a p
a
e
.
Writing
0
3
a
0
RT
a p
n =
and
2
R 7
R C C
v p
= + =
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
t
a rp 7
T 2
0
0
a
3
a
3
a
a
e 1
T
T
1
RT
a p
n
.
16. Ablackbody of surface area 1 cm
2
is placed inside an enclosure. The enclosure has a constant temperature
27C and the blackbody is maintained at 327C by heating it electrically. What electric power is needed to
maintain the temperature? o = 6.0 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
Sol. The area of the blackbody is A= 10
4
m
2
, its temperature is T
1
= 327C = 600 K and the temperature of the
enclosure is T
2
= 27C = 300 K. The blackbody emits radiation at the rate of AET
1
4
. The radiation falls on it
(and gets absorbed) at the rate of AoT
2
4
. The net rate of loss of energy isAE(T
1
4
T
2
4
). Theheater must supply
this much of power. Thus, the power needed isAo(T
1
4
T
2
4
)
= (10
4
m
2
) (6.0 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
) [(600 K)
4
(300 K)
4
]
= 0.73 W.
17. An electric heater emits 1000W of thermal radiation. The coil has a surface area of 0.020 m
2
. Assuming that
the coil radiates like a blackbody, find its temperature. o = 6.00 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
Sol. Let the temperature of the coil be T. The coil will emit readiation at a rateAoT
4
. Thus
1000 W = (0.020 m
2
) (6.0 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
) T
4
or,
4
8
4
K
10 00 . 6 020 . 0
1000
T

=
= 8.33 10
11
K
4
or, T = 955 K.
18. The earth receives solar radiation at a rate of 8.2 J/cm
2
minute. Assuming that the sun radiates like a
blackbody, calculate the surface temperature of the sun. The angle subtended by the sun on the earth is
0.53 and the Stefan constant o = 5.67 108 W/m
2
K
4
.
Page # 14
Sol.
Let the diameter of the sun be D and its distance from the earth be R. From the question
180
53 . 0
R
D t
=
= 9.25 10
3
. .........(i)
The radiation emitted by the surface of the sun per unit time is
2
2
D
4 |
.
|
\
|
t
oT
4
= t D
2
oT
4
.
At distance R, this radiation falls on an area 4tR
2
in unit time. The radiation received at the earths surface
per unit time per unit area is, therefore.
2
4
2
4 2
R
D
4
T
R 4
T D
|
.
|
\
| o
=
t
o t
.
Thus,
2
4
R
D
4
T
|
.
|
\
| o
= 8.2 J/cm
2
- minute
or,
4
1
|
.
|
\
|

4 2
8
K m
W
10 67 . 5
T
4
(9.25 10
3
)
2
2 4
m 60 10
2 . 8
=

or, T = 5794 K = 5800 K.
19. The temperature of a body falls from 40C to 36C in 5 minutes when placed in a surrounding of constant
temperature 16C. Find the time taken for the temperature of the body to become 32C
Sol. As the temperature differences are small, we can use Newtons law of cooling.
) ( k
dt
d
0
u u =
u
or,
kdt
d
0
=
u u
u
........(i)
where k is a constant, u is the temperature of the body at time t and u
0
= 16C is the temperature of the
surrounding. We have.
}
0
u u
u
C 30
C 40
d
= k (5 min)
or, In
C 16 C 40
C 16 C 36
= k (5 min)
or,
min 5
) 6 / 5 ( In
k =
If t be the time required for the temperature to fall from 36C to 32C then by (i),
kt
d
C 32
C 36
0
=
u u
u
}
or,
min 5
t ) 6 / 5 ( In
C 16 C 36
C 16 C 32
In =
or, t =
min 5
) 6 / 5 ( In
) 5 / 4 ( In
= 6.1 min
Page # 15
Alternative method
The mean temperature of the body as it cools from 40C to 36C is
2
C 36 C 40 +
= 38C. The rate of
decrease of temperature is
min 5
C 36 C 40
= 0.80C/min.
Newtons law of cooling is
dt
du
= k(u u
0
)
or, 0.8C/min = k(38C 16C) = k(22C)
or,
1
min
22
8 . 0
k

=
Let the time taken for the temperature to become 32C be t.
During this period,
t
C 4
t
C 32 C 36
dt
d
=
=
u
.
The mean temperature is C 34
2
C 32 C 36
=
+
Now,
dt
du
= k (u u
0
)
or,
22
8 . 0
t
C 4
=
(34C 16C)/min
or,
18 8 . 0
4 22
t
=
min = 6.1 min
20. A hot body placed in air is cooled down according to Newtons law of cooling, the rate of decrease of
temperature being k times the temperature difference from the surrounding. Starting fromt = 0, find the time
in which the body will lose half the maximum heat it can lose.
(+ nn -- i ti n ii t : t . +i - - + zii-nn + l-n = ai l+i i-i t -ini- + ln- +i < i-ii
= -ini- ~-- +i k n -i t t = 0 = zi +- t(. -= =n +i ni- -i:( t -- ~li+-n -ni +i ~i
ii -ni +i i= + - +i t HCV_Ch-28_WOE_20
Sol. Wehave,
dt
du
= k(u u
0
)
where u
0
is the temperature of the surrounding and u is the temperature of the body at time t. Suppose u = u
1
at t = 0.
Then,
}
u
u
u u
u
1
0
d
= k
}
t
0
dt
or,
0 1
0
In
u u
u u
= kt
or, u u
0
= (u
1
u
0
) e
kt
. ........(i)
The body continues to lose heat till its temperature becomes equal to that of the surrounding. The loss of
heat in this entire period is
AQ
m
= ms(u
1
u
0
).
This is the maximum heat the body can lose. If the body loses half this heat, the decrease in its temperature
will be,
2 ms 2
Q
0 1 m
u u
=
A
If the body loses this heat in time t
1
, the temperature at t
1
will be
Page # 16
2 2
0 1 0 1
1
u + u
=
u u
u
Putting these valuesof time andtemperature in (i),
2
0 1
u + u
u
0
= (u
1
u
0
) 1
kt
e
or,
2
1
e
1
kt
=
or,
k
2 In
t
1
= .
EXERCISE
1. A uniform slab of dimension 10cm 10cm 1cm is kept between two heat reservoirs at temperatures 10C
and 90C. The larger surface areas touch the reservoirs. The thermal conductivity of the material is 0.80 W/
mC. Find the amount of heat flowing through the slab per minute.
10 = ni 10 = ni 1 = ni lni~i ini (+ =n l +i +i <i -ni ii+i + i- ii ni t l-+ -i 10C
-ii 90Ct ~li+ -i zi+n in +n+ -niii+i + =-+ n t <ii +i -ni -in+-i
0.80 iniCt l+i = l- lnl- ilt- ti- ini -ni +i nizii ai- +il
Ans. 3840 J
2. Aliquid-nitrogen container is made of a 1 cmthick thermocoal sheet having thermal conductivity 0.025 J/m
sC. Liquid nitrogen at 80 K is kept in it. A total area of 0.80m
2
is in contact with the liquid nitrogen. The
atmospheric temperature is 300 K. Calculate the rate of heat flowfromthe atmosphere to the liquid nitrogen.
-n -i: i - = ii (+ izi 1 cmni i: -ni -in+-i 0.025 J/msC+i ini +i n +i zii = -i t :=n
-n -i:i- +i 80 K -ini- ii i-i t :=n +n 0.80m
2
-i zi+n -n -i: i - + =-+ n t i nn
+i -ini- 300 K t inn = -n -i:i- +i ~i -ni + t- +i < +i ni-i +il(
HCV_Ch-28_Ex._2
Ans. 440 W
3. The normal body-temperature of a person is 97F. Calculate the rate at which heat is flowing out of his body
through the clothes assuming the following values. Room temperature = 47F, surface of the body under
clothes = 1.6 m
2
, conducitivity of the cloth = 0.04 J/msC, thickness of the cloth = 0.5 cm.
=ini- ni- zii +i -i 97F ti-i t +i = ti + -=+ zii = it +i ~i ilt- -ni +i < +i ni-i
~nil+- ni-i + ~ii +il . +n +i -i = 47F, + i + -i- zii +i =-t +i
-izi+n = 1.6 ni
2
, +i +i -in+-i = 0.04 n/nisC, +i +i nii: = 0.5 =ni
Ans. 356 J/s
4. Water is boiledina container havingabottomof surfacearea25cm
2
, thickness 1.0mmandthermal conductivity
50 W/mC, 100 g of water is converted into steam per minute in the steady state after the boiling starts.
Assuming that no heat is lost to the atmosphere, calculate the temperature of the lower surface of the
bottom. Latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26 10
6
J/kg.
(+ izi n i-i -ini i ti t l=+ < +i =-t +i -i zi+n 25 =ni
2
, ni i: 1.0 lnni -ii -ni -in+-i 50
iniC, 100 n in i-i l- lnl- ii n ll- - +-i t t ni-- t ( l+ i-ii n +i : -ni til- -ti ti -i
t . < +i l--ni =-t + -i +i ni-i +il
i-i + i- +i n-- -ni = 2.26 10
6
n/l+ni.
Ans. 130C
5. One end of a steel rod (K = 46 J/msC) of length 1.0 m is kept in ice at 0C and the other end is kept in
boiling water at 100C. The area of crosssection of the rod is 0.04cm
2
. Assuming no heat loss to the
atmosphere, find the mass of the ice melting per second. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 10
5
J/kg.
1.0 ni n-i -in +i z (K= 46 n/ni= C) +i (+ l=i 0C+ + n -ii < =i l=i 100C+ -n- t ( n
n ii ni t z +i ~- -i +i 0.04 = ni
2
t t ni-- t ( l+ i nn +i +i : -ni til- -ti ti -i t . l- = +
lin- in + +i nizii ai- +il
+ + nn- +i n-- -ni = 3.36 10
5
n/l+ni.
Ans. 5.5 10
2
g
Page # 17
6. An icebox almost completely filled with ice at 0Cis dipped into a large volume of water at 20C. The box has
walls of surface area 2400cm
2
, thickness 2.0 mm and thermal conductivity 0.06 W/mC. Calculate the rate
at which the ice melts in the box. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 10
5
J/kg.
0C-i ini + = nnin i ii t ~i (+ ~i:=i +=. 20C-i in i-i + (+ t - ~i-- n i i l<i
ni t i+= +i <iii +i a-i zi+n 2400 = ni
2
, ni i: 2.0 lnni -ii -ni -in+-i 0.06 i/niCt i+= n
+ + nn- +i n-- -ni = 3.4 10
5
nl+ni
Ans. 1.5 kg/h
7. A pitcher with 1mm thick porous walls contains 10 kg of water. Water comes to its outer surface and
evaporates at the rate of 0.1 g/s. The surface area of the pitcher (one side) = 200 cm
2
. The roomtemperature
= 42C, latent heat of vaporization = 2.27 10
6
J/kg, and the thermal conductivity of the porous walls = 0.80
J/msC. Calculate the temperature of water in the pitcher when it attains a constant value.
1 lnni ni i: ( =-i <iii in n+ n 10 l+n i i-i t i-i :=+i it ini =-t ~i+ 0.1 n in= +i <
= il- ti -i t-i t i +i =-t +i -i zi+n ((+ ~i +i) = 200 = ni
2
t
+n +i -i = 42C, i- +i n-- -ni = 2.27 10
6
n/l+ni -ii =-i <iii +i -ni
-in+-i = 0.80 n/ni= C t i n i-i + -i +i ni-i +il . :=+i ni- l-i ti i-i t
Ans. 28C
8. A steel frame (K = 45 W/mC) of total length 60cm and cross-sectional area 0.20 cm
2
, forms three sides of
a square. The free ends are maintained at 20Cand 40C. Find the rate of heat flowthrough a cross-section
of the frame.
(+ -in+n (K = 45 i/niC) l=+i +n n-i: 60 =ni -ii ~- -i +i +i -i zi+n 0.20 =ni
2
, t. (+ i
+i -i- i i( -i-i t n +- l= 20C-ii 40C-i i n t + n +i l+=i ~- -i +i = ilt- -ni +i
< ai- +il
Ans. 0.03 W
9. Water at 50C is filled in a closed cylindrical vessel of height 10 cm and cross-sectional area 10cm
2
. The
walls of the vessel are adiabatic but the flat parts are made of 1 mm thick aluminium (K = 200 J/msC).
Assume that the outside temperature is 20C. The density of water is 1000 kg/m
3
, and the specific heat
capacity of water = 4200 J/kg
0
C. Estimate the time taken for the temperature to fall by 1.0C. Make any
simplifying assumptions you need but specific them.
10 = ni - - ( 10 = ni
2
~- -i +i -i zi+n in (+ < n-i+i izi n 50C i-i ii t ~i t izi +i <ii
<i n t l+-- :=+ =n-n iin 1 lnni ni i (- lnl-n (K= 200 nni=C) = - t ( t it +i -i 20C
ni- nil i-i +i i- 1000 l+nini
3
, -ii i-i +i llzi -ni = 4200 nl+ni
0
Ct -i n 1.0C+ni
ti - n nnin =n +i ~- ni- nni: =ni+i + ln ~i + z iiii( -i =+- t . l+-- --+i +- +il
Ans. 0.035 s
10. The left end of a copper rod (length = 20 cm, area of cross-section = 0.20cm
2
) is maintained at 20Cand the
right end is maintained at 80C. Neglecting any loss of heat through radiation find (a) point 11 cm from the
left end and (b) the heat current through the rod. Thermal conductivity of copper = 385 W/mC.
-i +i (+ z (n-i: = 20 = ni, ~- -i +ii +i -i zi+n = 0.20 = ni
2
) +i i i l=i 20C-i ii ni t -ii
<ii l=i 80C-i ii ni t ll+i ,ii -ni til- -n ni-- t( ai- +il : (a) i l= = 11 = ni
< l-i- l-< +i -i -ii (b) z = ilt- -niiii -i +i -ni -in+-i = 385 i/niC.
Ans. (a) 53C (b) 2.31 J/s
11. The ends of a metre stick are maintained at 100Cand 0C. One end of a rod is maintained at 25C. Where
should its other end be touched on the metre stick so that there is no heat current in the rod in steady state?
(+ ni z + l=i + -i 100C-ii 0C i n t (+ z +i (+ l=i 25C-i t :=+i <=i l=i
niz +ti z ~i l<i i l+ -iii l-il- n z = +i : -niiii ilt- -ti ti`
Ans. 25 cm from the cold end.
12. A cubical box of volume 216 cm
3
is made up of 0.1 cm thick wood. The inside is heated electrically by a 100
W heater. It is found that the temperature difference between the inside and the outside surface is 5C in
steady state. Assuming that the entire electrical energy spent appears as heat, find the thermal conductivity
of the material of the box.
216 = ni
3
~i-- ini (+ i-i+i i += 0.1 = ni ni i n+ i = -i t ~i t t ~-< +i ~i 100 i + ti =
nn l+i i ti t -iii l-il- n ~i -l+ -ii in =-ti + n 5C -ii - l-i- l+i ni t ni- nil l+
il- ti- ini =- i l--i . -ni + n + ti -i t. i+= + <ii +i -ni -in+-i ai- +il
Ans. 0.92 W/mC
Page # 18
13. Figure shows water in a container having 2.00 mmthick walls made of a material of thermal conductivity 0.50
W/mC. The container is kept in a melting-ice bath at 0C. The total surface area in contact with water is
0.05 m
2
. Awheel is clampled inside the water and is coupled to a block of mass Mas shown in the figure. As
the block goes down, the wheel rotates. It is found that after some time a steady state is reached in which
the block goes down with a constant speed of 10cm/s and the temperature of the water remains constant at
1.0C. Find the mass M of the block. Assume that the heat flows out of the water only through the walls in
constant. Take g = 10 m/s
2
.
l-zi n (+ izi n i-i <lzi - l+i ni t l=+i 2.00 lnni ni i <ii 0.50 i/niC -ni -in+-i in <ii
+i -i t : t izi +i 0C-i lin- t ( + +i -i< n ii ni t i-i + =ii =-+ +i + n -i zi+n 0.05
m
2
t i-i n (+ lti nni ni t i (+ ii +i =ti-i = l-zii- =i M<ni- in ni+ = i t ~i t
= = ni + -i- +i ~i ~i-i t . lti i n-i t t l-i- l+i ni t l+ + z =n z-i- -iii -il- i-- ti
i-i t l=n ni + 10 = ni= l-- -in = -i- +i ~i i-i t -ii i-i +i -i 1.0 Cl-- -i t-i t ni +
+i < ni- Mai- +il ni- nil l+ i-i = it +i ~i ilt- ti - ini -ni + n =-+ n ~i- ini <iii
= ti ti -i t (g = 10 m/s
2
)
Ans. 12.5 kg
14. On a winter day when the atmospheric temperature drops to 10C, ice forms on the surface of a lake. (a)
Calculate the rate of increase of thickness of the ice when 10 cm of ice is already formed. (b) Calculate the
total time taken in forming 10cm of ice. Assume that the temperature of the entire water reaches 0Cbefore
the ice starts forming. Density of water = 1000kg/m
3
, latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 10
5
J/kg and thermal
conducitivty of ice = 1.7 W/mC. Neglect the expansion of water on freezing.
=<i + l<-i n . i nn +i -i ln+ 10Cti i-i t . nin +i =-t + n i-i t (a) 10 = ni
+ tn = n - +i ti -i t . + +i ni i: c- +i < +i ni-i +il (b) 10 = ni + n- n nnin + n
=n +i ni-i +il ni- nil l+ + n-i zi ti - = =- i i-i +i -i 0Cti - +i ii i-i +i n --
-ni = 3.36 10
5
nl+ni -ii + +i -ni
-in+-i = 1.7 ini C n- + +i =i -n ni- nil
Ans. (a) 5.0 10
7
m/s
(b) 27.5 hours
15. Consider the situation of the previous problem. Assume that the temperatures of the water at the bottom of
thelake remains constant at 4Cas theice forms on the surface(the heat required tomaintain the temperature
of the bottom layer may come from the bed of the lake). The depth of the lake is 1.0m. Show that the
thickness of the ice formed attains a steady state maximum value. Find this value. The thermal conductivity
of water = 0.50 W/mC. Take other relevant data from the previous problem.
lzn z- n li - l-il- l-i +il ni- nil l+ =-t + n-i i-i ti -i t nin + < n i-i
+i -i 4Cl-- -i t-i t ( < + =ni =-t +i -i -i i- + ln ~iz+ -ni nin +i -ni = ~i =+-i
t ) nin +i nti: 1.0 ni. t +- +il l+ -- ini + +i ni i: (+ ~li+-n =i-i-ii ni- i-- +-i t
t ni- ai- +il
i-i +i -ni -in+-i = 0.50 iniC ~- ~iz+ ~i+ lzn z- = n nil
Ans. 89 cm
16. Three rods of lengths 20cm each and area of cross-section 1 cm
2
are joined to form a triangle ABC. The
conductivities of the rods are K
AB
= 50 J/msC, K
BC
= 200 J/m
C and K
AC
= 400 J/m
C. The junction
A, Band Care maintained at 40C, 80Cand 80Crespectively. Find the rate of heat flowing through the rods
AB, AC and BC.
-i- z := +i i i ni t l+ (+ lzii ABC-i-i t + z +i n-i: 20= ni ( ~- -i +ii +i -i zi+n
1 =ni
2
t zi +i -in+-i( K
AB
= 50 nnisC, K
BC
= 200 nni
C ~i K
AC
= 400 n/ni
C t =l
ii A, B -ii C+ -i +nzi 40C, 80C-ii 80Ct zi AB, AC-ii BC = -ni it +i < ai- +il
Ans. 1 W, 8 W, zero
Page # 19
17. Asemicircular rod is joined at its end to a straight rod of the same material and the the same cross-sectional
area. Thestraight rodforms adiameter of theother rod. Thejunctions aremaintained at different temperatures.
Find the ratio of the heat transferred through a cross-section of the semicircular rod to the heat transferred
through a cross-section of the straight rod in a given time.
(+ ~z -ii+i z + l=i =ni- <ii ( =ni- ~- -i +i -i zi+n ini (+ =iii z = i i ni t =i
ii z < =i z +i i= -i-i t = lii +i li--li-- -ii ii ni t l+=i l< n =n n ~z -ii+i z
+ ~- -i +i = -ii-i -l- -ni -ii =iii z + ~- -i +i = -ii-i -l- -ni -ii =iii z + ~- -i +i
= -ii-i-l- -ni +i ~-i- ai- +il
Ans. 2 : t
18. Ametal rod of cross-sectional area 1.0 cm
2
is being heated at one end. At one time, the temperature gradient
is 5.0C/cmat cross-sectionAand is 2.5C/cmat cross-section B. Calculate the rate at which the temperature
is increasing in the part AB of the rod. The heat capacity of the part AB = 0.40 J/C, thermal conductivity of
the material of the rod = 200 W/mC. Neglect any loss of heat to the atmosphere.
1.0 = ni
2
~- -i +i -i zi+n ini ii- +i (+ z +i (+ l= nn l+i i ti t l+=i =n ~- -i +i
A -i i-i 5.0C/= ni -ii ~- -i +i B 2.5C/= ni t ni-i +il l+ z + iin AB+i -ni iil-i
= 0.40 n/C, i-ii +i ti- ini -ni til- -n ni- nil
Ans. 12.5C/s
19. Steam at 120C is continuously passed through a 50 cm long rubber tub of inner and outer radii
1.0 cm and 1.2 cm. The room temperature is 30C. Calculate the rate of heat flow through the walls of the
tube. Thermal conductivity of rubber = 0.15 J/msC.
120C+i ii 50 = ni n-i +i -ni = l--- n ti t :=+i ~i -l+ ( in lzii( +nzi 1.0 = ni ~i
1.2 = ni t +n +i -i 30Ct -ni +i <iii = -ni + it +i < +i ni-i +il +i -ni -in+-i
= 0.15 nni=C t
Ans. 233 J/s
20. A hole of radius r
1
is made centrally in a uniform circular disc of thickness d and radius r
2
. The inner surface
(a cylinder of length d and radius r
1
) is maintained at a temperature u
1
and the outer surface (a cylinder of
length d and radius r
2
) is maintained at a temperature u
2
(u
1
> u
2
). The thermal conductivity of the material of
the disc is K. Calculate the heat flowing per unit time through the disc.
r
1
lzii +i (+ lz< . d ni i: -ii r
2
lzii +i (+ =n -+-i + + -< -ii ni t ~i -l+ =-t (d n-i:
r
1
lzii + n- +i) +i -i u
1
ii i-i t -ii in =-t (d n-i: r
2
lzii + n- +i) +i -i u
2
ii i-i
t u
2
(u
1
>u
2
) -+-i + <ii +i -ni -in+-i Kt (+i + =n n -+-i = ti - ini -ni it +i ni-i +il
Ans.
) r / r ( In
) ( Kd 2
1 2
2 1
u u t
21. A hollow tube has a length , inner radius R
1
and outer radius R
2
. The material has thermal conductivity K.
Find the heat flowing through the walls of the tube if (a) the flat ends are maintained at temperatures T
1
and
T
2
(T
2
> T
1
) (b) the inside of the tube is maintained at temperature T
1
and the outside is maintained at T
2
.
(+ ii ini -ni +i n-i: , ~i -l+ lzii R
1
-ii in lzii R
2
t :=+ <ii +i -ni -in+-i Kt -ni +i
<iii = -ni it ai- +il . l< (a) =n-n l=i + -i T
1
-ii T
2
(T
2
>T
1
) l-i i i- t (b) -ni +i ~i -l+
iin T
1
-i -ii in iin T
2
-i ii i-i t
Ans. (a)
l
) T T ( ) R R ( K
1 2
2
1
2
2
t
(b)
) R / R ( In
) T T ( K 2
1 2
1 2
t l
22. A composite slab is prepared by pasting two plates of thicknesses L
1
and L
2
and thermal conductivities K
1
and K
2
. The slabs have equal cross-sectional area. Find the equivalent conductivity of the slab.
L
1
-ii L
2
nii: ini ( K
1
-ii K
2
-ni -in+-i~i ini <i l+i~i +i i + (+ = +- l+i -ii i-i
t l+i~i +i ~--i +i (+ =ni- t l+i +i -- -in+-i ai- +il
Ans.
1 2 2 1
2 1 2 1
K L L L
) L L ( K K
+
+
23. Figure shows a copper rod joined to a steel rod. The rods have equal length and equal cross-sectional area.
The free end of the copper rod is kept at 0Cand that of the steel rod is kept at 100C. Find the temperature
at the junction of the rods. Conductivity of copper = 390 W/mC and that of steel = 46 W/mC.
Page # 20
l-zi n -i +i z = i t : -in +i z <lzi - t z i +i n-i: i i t -ii ~- -i +i (+ =ni- t
-i +i z + n +- l= +i -i 0Cii ni t -ii -in +i z + n +- l= +i -i 100Ct <i -i z i +i = l
i +i -i ai- +il -i +i -in+-i = 390 iniC -ii -in +i -in+-i = 46 i/niCt
Ans. 10.6C
24. An aluminiumrod and a copper rod of equal length 1.0 m and cross-sectional area 1 cm
2
are welded together
as shown in figure. One end is kept at a temperature of 20Cand the other at 60C. Calculate the amount of
heat taken out per second from the hot end. Thermal conductivity of aluminium = 200 W/mC and of
copper = 390 W/mC.
(+ (- lnl-n +i z -ii (+ -i +i z +i n-i: i (+ =ni- 1.0 ni. -ii :-+ ~- -i +i -i zi+n (+ =ni-
1 = ni
2
t . ~i= nin <i ni t (l-zi) (+ l=i 20C < =i l=i 60C ii ni t nn l= ,ii l- = +
ni ni -ni +i nizii +i ni-i +il (- lnl-n +i -ni -in+-i = 200 i/niC-ii -i +i -ni -in+-i
= 390 iniC t
Ans. 2.36 J
25. Figure shows an aluminium rod joined to a copper rod. Each of the rods has length of 20 cm and area of
cross-section 0.20 cm
2
. The junction is maintained at a constant temperature 40C and the two ends are
maintained at 80C. Calculate the amount of heat taken out from the cold junction in one minute after the
steady state is reached. The conductivities are K
At
= 200 W/mC and K
Cu
= 400 W/mC.
l-zi n <zii i ni t l+ (+ (- lnl-n +i z . -i +i z = i <i ni t + z +i n-i: 20 = ni -ii
~- -i +i +i -i zi+n 0.20 = ni
2
t = li +i -i 40C-ii <i -i l=i +i -i 80C-i ii i-i t -iii ~-ii
i-- +- + z-i- ai = li 1 lnl- n it ni ni -ni +i nizii +i ni-i +il -in+-i~i + ni- K
At
= 200 i/niC -ii K
Cu
= 400 iniC t
Ans. 144 J
26. Consider the situation shown in figure. The frams is made of the same material and has a uniform cross-
sectional area everywhere. Calculate the amount of heat flowing per second through a cross-section of the
bent part if the total heat taken out per second from the end at 100C is 130 J.
l-zi n <lzi - l-il- l-i +il + n +i l-ni i =ni- <ii = ti l+i ni t -ii :=+i ~- -i +i +
-ii- (+ =ni- t l< 100C-i in l= = l- = + ni ni -ni 130 n t -i n t ( iin + ~- -li +i
= l- = + ilt- -ni +i nizii +i ni-i +il
Ans. 60 J
27. Suppose the bent part of the frams of the previous problem has a thermal conductivity of
780 J/msC whereas it is 390 J/msC for the straight part. Calculate the ratio of the rate of heat flow
through the bent part to the rate of heat flow through the straight part.
ni- nil l+ lzn z- n +n +i -ni -in+-i 780 nni=C, l+ =ii iin +i 390 nni=Ct
n t ( iin = -ni it +i < -ii =ii iin = -ni it +i < + ~- i- +i ni-i +il
Ans. 12 : 7
28. Aroomhas a windowfitted with a single 1.0 m 2.0 mglass of thickness 2 mm. (a) Calculate the rate of heat
flowthrough the closed windowwhen the temperature inside the room is 32C and that outside is 40C. (b)
The glass is nowreplaced by two glasspanes, each having a thickness of 1mmand separated by a distance
of 1 mm. Calculate the rate of heat flowunder the same conditions of temperature. Thermal conductivity of
window glass = 1.0 J/msC and that of air = 0.025 J/msC.
Page # 21
(+ +n +i li +i n 2 lnni ni i -ii 1.0 ni 2.0 ni ini (+ ~+ ni +i - nni t ~i t (a) < li +i = ilt-
-ni +i < +i ni-i +il l+ +n + ~-< -i 32C-ii it +i -i 40Ct (b) +i- +i ~ <i -ni
+i - +i -i . + +i ni i: 1 lnni t. = l--iil- + l<i i-i t -ii -i + i- +i < i 1 lnni t =ni-
-ii ~-ii~i n -ni it +i -ni -in+-i = 1.0 nni=C -ii i +i -ni -in+-i = 0.025 nni
=C t
Ans. (a) 8000 J/s (b) 381 J/s
29. The two rods shown in figure have identical geometrial dimensions. They are in contact with two het baths at
temperatures 100Cand 0C. The temperature of the junction is 70C. Find the temperature of the junction if
the rods are interchanged.
l-zi n <lzi - <i -i z i +i ilnl- lni( (+ =ni- t :-+i <i -n+ -i<i = i l<i ni t . l-+ -i 100C
( 0Ct = li +i -i 70Ct l< zi +i - ll- - + l<i i -i = li +i -i ai- +il
Ans. 30C
30. The three rods shown in figure have identical geometrical dimensions. Heat flows from the hot end at a rate
of 40 W in the arrangement (a). Find the rates of heat flowwhen the rods are joined as in arrangement (b) and
in (c) Thermal conductivities of aluminium and copper are 200 W/mCand 400 W/mCrespectively.
l-zi n <lzi - +i ni -i- zi +i iln-i lni( (+ =ni- t := -ii n nn l= = 40 i +i < = -ni
ilt- ti ti t (a) l< z i +i (b) ~ii (c) +i iil- l<i i -i -ni it +i < ai- +il (- lnl-n -ii
-i +i -ni -in+-i( +nzi 200 iniC-ii 400 i/niCt
Ans. 75 W, 400 W
31. Four identical rods AB, CD, CF and DE are joined as shown in figure. The length, cross-sectional area and
thermal conductivityof eachrod are l, AandKrespectively. TheendsA, EandFaremaintainedat temperatures
T
1
, T
2
and T
3
respectively. Assuming no loss of heat to the atmosphere, find the temperature at B.
-i (+ =i z AB, CD, CF -ii DE l-zi n <zii ~- =i i i ni t + z +i n-i: ~- -i+i -i zi+n
( -ni -in+-i +nzi , A-ii K t l= A, E -ii F + -i +nzi T
1
, T
2
T
3
-i i i- t t ni-- t (
l+ i-ii n +i : -ni til- -ti ti -i t. B +i -i ai- +il
Ans.
7
) T T ( 2 T 3
3 2 1
+ +
32. Seven rods A, B, C, D, E, F and Gare joined as shown in figure. All the rods have equal cross-sectional area
A and length l. The thermal conductivities of the rods are K
A
= K
C
= K
0
, K
B
= K
D
= 2K
0
, K
E
= 3K
0
, K
F
= 4K
0
and
K
G
= 5K
0
. The rod E is kept at a constant temperature T
1
and the rod G is kept at a constant temperature
T
2
(T
2
> T
1
). (a) Showthat the rod F has a uniform temperature T = (T
1
+ 2T
2
)/3. (b) Find the rate of heat flow
fromthe source which maintains the temperature T
2
.
-i z A, B, C, D, E, F ( Gl-zii- =i i i ni t + z +i ~- -i +i -i zi+n A-ii n-i: t zi
+i -ni -in+-i( K
A
= K
C
= K
0
, K
B
= K
D
= 2K
0
, K
E
= 3K
0
, K
F
= 4K
0
-ii K
G
= 5K
0
t z E +i l-- -i T
1

Page # 22
( z G+i l-- -i T
2
(T
2
> T
1
) ii ni t (a) +- +il l+ z F +i =n -i T =(T
1
+ 2T
2
) / 3 ti ni
(b) = i- = -ni it +i < ai- +il l= T
2
-i ii ni t
Ans.
l 3
) T T ( A K 4
1 2 0

33. Find the rate of heat flowthrough a cross-section of the rod shown in figure (u
2
> u
1
). Thermal conductivity of
the material of the rod is K.
l-zi n <lzi - z +i ~- -i +i = ilt- ti - ini -ni +i < ai- +il (u
2
>u
1
) z + <ii +i -ni -in+-i
K t
Ans. (b)
L
) ( r r K
1 2 2 1
u u t
34. A rod of negligible heat capacity has length 20 cm, area of cross-section 1.0 cm
2
and thermal conductivity
200 W/mC. The temperature of one end is maintained at 0Cand that of the other end is slowly and linearly
varied from 0C to 60C in 10 minutes. Assuming no loss of heat through the sides, find the total heat
transmitted through the rod in these 10 minutes.
-n -ni iil-i ini (+ z +i n-i: 20 =ni. ~--i +i 1.0 = ni
2
-ii -ni -in+-i
200 iniCt (+ l= +i -i 0C-i ii i-i t -ii < = l= +i -i 0C= 60C+ l<i i-i t t
ni-- t( l+ l+-ii = +i: -ni til- -ti ti-i t. :- 10 lnl- n z = ilt- +n -ni ai- +il
Ans. 1800 J
35. A hollowmetallic sphere of radius 20 cm surrounds a concentric metallic sphere of radius 5 cm. The space
between the two spheres is filled with a nonmetallic material. The inner and outer spheres are maintained at
50Cand 10Crespectively and it is found that 100 J of heat passes fromthe inner sphere to the outer sphere
per second. Find the thermal conductivity of the material between the spheres.
20 = ni lzii ini (+ ii ini iil+ ni ni. 5 = ni lzii in (+ =+ -< i iil+ ni n +i i t ( t <i -i ni ni
+ i- +i -ii- (+ ~iil+ <ii = ii t ~i t ~i -l+ ( in ni ni +i -i +nzi 50C-ii 10Cii i-i
t -ii t l-i- l+i i-i t l+ ~i -l+ ni n = in ni n +i ~i l- = + 100 n -ni ilt- ti -i t ni ni
+ i- n i t ( <ii +i -ni -in+-i ai- +il
Ans. 3.0 W/mC
36. Figure shows two adiabatic vessels, each containing a mass mof water at different temperatures. The ends
of a metal rod of length L, area of cross-section A and thermal conductivity K, are insertd in the water as
shown in the figure. Find the time taken for the difference between the temperatures in the vessels to become
half of the original value. The specific heat capacity of water is s. Nelgect the heat capacity of the rod and the
container and any loss of heat to the atmosphere.
l-zi n <i <i n izi <lzi - l+ n t . + n i-i +i m< ni- li--li-- -ii t Ln-i: . A~- -i +i
-i zi+n -ii K-ni -in+-i ini (+ z + l= l-zi n <zii ~- =i i-i n in l< n t izii n -ii - +i
ni- n n -ii-- +i ~iii ti - n nni =n ai- +il i-i +i llzi -ni s t z -ii izi +i -ni iil-i (
i-ii +i ti- ini -ni til- -n ni- nil
Ans.
KA 2
Lms
In 2
Page # 23
37. Two bodies of masses m
1
and m
2
and specific heat capacities s
1
and s
2
are connected by a rod of length ,
cross-sectional area A, thermal conductivity K and negligible heat capacity. The whole system is thermally
insulated. At time t = 0, the temperature of the first body is T
1
and the temperature of the second body is
T
2
(T
2
> T
1
). Find the temperature difference between the two bodies at time t.
m
1
-ii m
2
<ni-i ini -ii s
1
( s
2
llzi -ni~i ini <i --( n-i:. A~- -i +i -i zi+n ( K -ni
-in+-i -n -ni iil-i ini z = i <i ni t =- i l-+i -ni = ~z t =n t = 0 in
-- +i -i T
1
-ii < =i -- +i -i T
2
(T
2
> T
1
) t =n t <i-i -- ~i +i -ii- ai- +il
Ans. (T
2
T
1
) e
t
where
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
s s m m
) s m s m ( KA
l
+
=
38. An amount n (in moles) of a monatomic gas at an initial temperature T
0
is enclosed in a cylindrical vessel
fitted with a light piston. The surrounding air has a temperature T
s
(> T
0
) and the atmospheric pressure is p
a
.
Heat may be conducted between the surrounding and the gas through the bottomof the cylinder. The bottom
has a surface area A, thickness x and thermal conductivity K. Assuming all changes to be slow, find the
distance moved by the piston in time t.
(+ n-i+i izi n (+ t-+i l-- nni t ~i t :=n n nizii n (ni n n ) (+ nii + n = ii t : t . l=+i il-i+
-i T
0
t ~i=i= +i i +i -i T
s
(> T
0
) t -ii i nn +i <i p
a
t l=n + < = ti + i-ii ( n =
+ i- -ni -in- ti =+-i t < +i ai -i zi+n A. ni i: x -ii -ni -in+-i Kt t ni- nil l+ =n--
l-- t- ii ti t t. =n t n l-- ,ii -ni ni <i ai- +il
Ans.
A P
nR
a
(T
s
TT
0
) (1 e
2KAt/5 Rnx
)
39. Assume that the total surface area of a human body is 1.6 m
2
and that it radiates like an ideal radiator.
Calculate the amount of energy radiated per second by the body if the body temperature is 37C. Stefan
constant o is 6.0 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
t ni- nil l+ nizii +i =- i -i zi+n 1.6 ni
2
-ii t (+ ~i<zi ll++ +i ii l- ll+l- +-i t l<
zii +i -i 37Ct -i l- = + ll+l- -ni +i nizii +i ni-i +il -i+- l--i + o +i ni- 6.0 10
8
ini
2
K
4
Ans. 887 J
40. Calculatethe amount of heat radiated per second by a body of surfacearea 12 cm
2
kept in thermal equilibrium
in a room at temperature 20C. The emissivity of the surface = 0.80 and o = 6.0 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
20C-i in +n n -ni =i-i-ii +i l-il- n l-i- 12 = ni
2
ai -i zi+n ini -- = l- = + ll+l-
-ni +i nizii +i ni-i +il =-t +i -=+-i = 0.80 -ii o = 6.0 10
8
i/ni
2
K
4
Ans. 0.42 J
41. A solid aluminiumsphere and a solid copper sphere of twice the radius are heated to the same temperature
and are allowed to cool under identical surrounding temperatures. Assume that the emissivity of both the
sphere is the same. Find the ratio of (a) the rate of heat loss from the aluminium sphere to the rate of heat
loss from the copper sphere and (b) the rate of fall of temperature of the aluminium sphere to the rate of fall
of temperature of the copper sphere. The specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J/kgC and that of
copper = 390 J/kgC. The density of copper = 3.4 times the density of aluminium.
(+ ai = (- lnl-n +i ni ni ~i < n -i lzii ini +i + ai= ni n +i (+ =ni- -ini- -+ nn l+i i-i t
~i --t (+ =ni- in -ini- in i-ii n ai ti - l<i i-i t t nil-( l+ <i -i ni ni +i -= +-i =ni-
t -i ai- +i (a) (- lnl-n + ni n = -ni til- +i < +i +i ni n + -ni til- +i < = ~- i- +i ti ni
(b) (- lnl-n + ni n +i -ini- ln- +i < +i +i ni n + -ini- ln- +i < = ~- i- +i ti ni (- lnl-n
+i llzi -ni iil-i = 900 J/kgC~i +i +i llzi -ni iil-i = 390 J/kgC-ii +i +i i- .
(-lnl-n + i- +i 3.4 n-i t HCV_Ch-28_Ex_41
Solution on right side
Ans. (a) 1 : 4
(b)
a a a
c c c
s r
s r
42. A100 W bulb has tungsten filament of total length 1.0 m and radius 4 10
5
m. The emissivity of the filament
is 0.8 and o = 6.0 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
. Calculate the temperature of the filament when the bulb is operating at
correct wattage.
100 i + - n n-- + --- +i +n n-i: 1.0 ni. -ii lzii 4 10
5
ni t -- +i -=+-i 0.8 -ii
o = 6.0 10
8
i/ni
2
K
4
t - =ti zil+- +i + ti ti -i --- + -i +i ni-i +il
Do not delete
16.
Sol.
gy.
Page # 24
Ans. 1700 K
43. A spherical ball of surface area 20 cm
2
absorbs any radiation that falls on it. It is suspended in a closed box
mai ntai ned at 57C. (a) Find the amount of radi ation fal l ing on the bal l per second.
(b) Find the net rate of heat flow to or from the ball at an instant when its temperature is 200C. Stefan
constant = 6.0 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
20 = ni
2
a -izi+n ini (+ nini+i n < := ~il-- =n-- ll+i +i ~zii ii + n -i t :=+i (+ <
+i a n n+ii ni t l=+i -i 57C-i ii i-i t (a) n < l- = + ~il-- ll+i +i nizii ai-
+il (b) l= -ii n < +i -i 200Ct -i :=+i ~i ~ii :== ti - in -ni it +i + n < ai- +il
-i+- l--i+ = 6.0 10
8
i/ni
2
K
4
Ans. (a) 1.4 J
(b) 4.58 W from the ball
44. Aspherical tungsten piece of radius 1.0 cmis suspended in an evacuated chamber maintained at 300 k. The
piece is maintained at 1000 K by heating it electrically. Find the rate at which the electrical energy must be
supplied. The emissivity of tungsten is 0.30 and the stefan constant o is 6.0 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
300 k l-i -i in l-il-- +i a n n-- +i 1.0 =ni lzii ini nini+i +i n+ii ni t l - iii
,ii nn ++ + +i -i 1000 K l-i ii i-i t ai- +il l+= < = l - -i <i- +-i ti ni n--
+i -=+-i 0.30 t -ii -i+- +i l--i+ +i ni- o = 6.0 10
8
i/ni
2
K
4
Ans. 22 W
45. A cubical block of mass 1.0 kg and edge 5.0 cm is heated to 227C. It is kept in an evacuated chamber
maintained at 27C. Assuming that the block emits radiation like a blackbody, find the rate at which the
temperature of the block will decrease. Specific heat capacity of the material of the block is 400 J/kgK.
1.0 l+n i < ni- -ii 5.0 = ni i i ini (+ i-i+i ni + 227C-+ nn l+i ni t :=+i (+ l-i l-- +i a
n ii ni t l=+i -i 27Ct t ni-- t ( l+ ni +. |li+i -- +i ii l- ll+i -=l - +-i t . ni+
+ -i n +ni +i < ai- +il ni+ + <ii +i llzi -ni 400 n/l+niK t
Ans. 0.12C/s
46. Acopper sphere is suspended in an evacuated chamber maintained at 300 K. The sphere is maintained at a
constant temperature of 500 K by heating it electrically. Atotal of 210 W of electric power is needed to do it.
When the surface of the copper sphere is completely blackened, 700 W is needed to maintain the same
temperature of the sphere. Calculate the emisivity of copper.
-i +i (+ ni ni 300 K-i in l-i l-- +i a n n+ii ni t l - lli = nn ++ ni n +i -i 500 K l-i
ii i-i t :=+ ln + n 210 i l - zil+- +i ~iz+-i ti -i t -i + ni n +i =- i =-t +ini +
<i i-i t . ni n +i ti -i -i i- + ln 700 i +i ~iz+-i ti -i t -i +i -= +-i +i ni-i +il
Ans. 0.3
47. Aspherical ball Aof surface area 20 cm
2
is kept at the centre of a hollowspherical shell Bof area 80 cm
2
. The
surface of A and the inner surface of B emit as blackbodies. Assume that the thermal conductivity of the
material of B is very poor and that of Ais very high and that the air betweenAand Bhas pumped out. The heat
capacities of Aand B are 42 J/Cand 82 J/C respectively. Initially, the temperature of Ais 100C and that of
B is 20C. Find the rate of change of temperature of Aand that of B at this instant. Explain the effects of the
assumptions listed in the problem.
20 = ni
2
ai -i zi+n ini (+ ni ni+i n < A, 80 = ni
2
ai -i zi+n ini ii ini ni ni+i n < B + + -< ii
t : t A+i =-t -ii B+i ~i -l+ =-t |li+i -- +i ii l- -= - +-i t ni- nil l+ B + <ii +i -ni
-in+-i t - ti +n t -ii A+ <ii +i t - ~li+ t ( A B+ i- +i ti - = it l-+in <i ni t
A B+i -ni iil-i( +nzi 42 n/C~i 82 J/Ct i-i n . A+i -i 100C-ii B+i 20Ct := -ii
A -ii B + -i l- - +i < ai- +il := =n-i n <i ni iiii~i + iii +i ii +il
Ans. 0.05C/s and 0.01C/s
48. A cylindrical rod of length 50 cm and cross-sectional area 1 cm
2
is fitted between a large ice chamber at 0C
and an evacuated chamber maintained at 27Cas shown in figure. Only small portions of the rod are inside
the chambers and the rest is thermally insulated from the surrounding. The cross-section going into the
evacuated chamber is blackened so that it completely absorbs any radiation falling on it. The temperature of
the blackened end is 17C when steady state is reached. Stefan constant o = 6 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
. Find the
thermal conductivity of the material of the rod.
=i l+ l-zi n <lzi - t . 0C-i in + + +-i -ii 27C-i in (+ l-i l-- +i a + i- n (+ n-i+i
z i i ni t . z +i n-i: 50 = ni -ii :=+ ~- -i +i +i -i zi+n 1 = ni
2
t z + ~- iin ti +-ii +
~-< t -ii zi i iin i-ii = -ni = lnln- t l-i l-- +-i n l ~- -i +i +ini l+i ni t
l== t := ~il-- ti - in ll+i +i i -i ~zii li- + n -i t =i-i-ii i-- +- +in l+ n
Page # 25
l= +i -i 17Cti i-i t -i+- l--i + o = 6 10
8
i/ni
2
K
4
z + <ii +i -ni -in+-i ai- +il
Ans. 1.8 W/mC
49. One end of a rod of length 20 cm is inserted in a furnace at 800 K. The sides of the rod are covered with an
insulating material and the other end emits radiation like a blackbody. The temperature of this end is 750 K
in the steady state. The temperature of the surrounding air is 300 K. Assuming radiation to be the only
important mode of energy transfer between the surrounding and the open end of the rod, find the thermal
conductivity of the rod. Stefan constant o = 6.0 10
8
W/m
2
K
4
.
20 = ni n-i z +i (+ l=i 800 K-i ini (+ i i n ini ni t z + l+-i (+ -nii ii <ii = c+
l< n t . -ii <=i l=i |li+i +i iil- ll+i -=l- +-i t -iii ~-ii n := l= +i -i 750 Kt
~i=i= + i-ii n i +i -i 300 K t t ni- nil l+ z + i n l= -ii i-ii + n -i -ii-i -i
+i (+ nizi lli ll+i ti t . z +i -ni -in+-i ai- +il -i+- l--i + o = 6.0 10
8
i/ni
2
K
4
Ans. 74 W/mK
50. A calorimeter of negligible heat capacity contains 100 cc of water at 40C. The water cools to 35C in 5
minutes. The water is nowreplaced by K-oil of equal volume at 40C. Find the time taken for the temperature
to become 35C under similar conditions. Specific heat capacities of water and K-oil are 4200 J/kgK and
2100 J/kgK respectively. Density of K-oil = 800 kg/m
3
.
-n -ni iil-i in (+ + ni ini n 40C-i ini 100 i- = ni n t 5 lnl- n 35C -+ ai ti i-i
t n + -ii- ~ 40C-i + i =i- - n + =ni- ~i-- lni i-i t =ni- ll-il-i n 35C-i ti -
n lni ni =n ai- +il n -ii +i =i- - n +i llzi -ni( +nzi 4200 n/l+niK t -ii 2100 n/
l+niK t +i=i- - n +i i- 800 l+ni-ni
3

Ans. 2 min
51. A body cools down from 50C to 45Cin 5 minutes and to 40C in another 8 minutes. Find the temperature
of the surrounding.
(+ -- 5 lnl- n 50C= 45C-+ ai ti -i t -ii ~nn 8 lnl- n 40C-+ ai ti -i t i-ii +i -i
ai- +il
Ans. 34C
52. A calorimeter contains 50 g of water at 50C. The temperature falls to 45C in 10 minutes. When the
calorimeter contains 100 g of water at 50C, it takes 18 minutes for the temperature to become 45C. Find
the water equivalent of the calorimeter. sheet Question
(+ + ni ini n 50 n in i-i. 50C ii t ~i t 10 ln- n -ini- ln+ 45Cti i-i t +niini
n 100 n in i-i 50C ii t -i :=+i -ini- 45Cti - n 18 ln- +i =n nn-i t + ni ini +i n- -i +
-i:( ` HCV_Ch-28_Ex._52
Ans. 12.5 g
53. Ametal ball of mass 1 kg is heated by means of a 20 W heater in a room at 20C. The temperature of the ball
becomes steady at 50C. (a) Find the rate of loss of heat to the surrounding when the ball is at 50C. (b)
Assuming Newtons law of cooling, calculate the rate of loss of heat to the surrounding when the ball is at
30C. (c) Assume that the temperature of the ball rises uniformly from 20C to 30C in 5 minutes. Find the
total loss of heat to the surrounding during this period. (d) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal.
l+=i +n n 1 l+n i < niini ii- +i (+ n < 20C-i 20 i + l - ti ,ii nn +i i-i t n < +i
-i 50C l-i ti i-i t (a) n < 50C t -i i-ii n -ni til- +i < ai- +il (b) ni- nil
l+ - - +i zii-n- +i l-n nin t-i t . n < 30C-i t . n < 30C-i t . i-ii n ti - ini
-ni til- +i < +i ni-i +il (c) ni- nil l+ 5 lnl- n n < +i -i (+ =ni- = c+ 20C= 30C
ti i-i t. := +in n i-ii n ti - ini -ni til- ai- +il (d) ii- +i llzi -ni ai- +il
Ans. (a) 20 W (b)
W
3
20
(c) 1000 J (d) 500 J/kgK
54. Ametal block of heat capacity 80 J/Cplaced in a room at 20Cis heated electrically. The heater is switched
off when the temperature reaches 30C. The temperature of the block rises at the rate of 2C/s just after the
heater is switched on and falls at the rate of 0.2 C/s just after the heater is switched off. Assume Newtons
lawof cooling to hold. (a) Find the power of the heater. (b) Find the power radiated by the block just after the
heater is switched off. (c) Find the power radiated by the block when the temperature of the block is 25C. (d)
Page # 26
Assuming that the power radiated at 25Crespresents the average value in the heating process, find the time
for which the heater was kept on. HCV_Ch-28_Sub._54
80 J/C-ni iil-i in (+ ii- n + +i 20Cin (+ +n n i+ l - = nn l+i i-i t -ini-
30C t - i-i t -i ti +i < + l<i i-i t ti +i zi +- + ai+ i< n + +i -ini- 2C/s
+i < = c-i t ~i ti +i < +- + ai+ i< n+ +i -ini- 0.2 C/s +i < = i-i t t nil-(
l+ - - +i zii--n +i l-n ti nin t (a) ti +i zil+- -i:( (b) ti +i < +- + ai+ i< n + ,ii
l+l- (radiated) zil+- -i:( (c) n + +i -ini- 25Ct - n + + ,ii l+l- (radiated) zil+- -i:(
(d) t ni-- t ( l+ 25C ll+l- zil+- -ni l+i n ~i =- ni- +i -i-i t -i t =n -i:( l-- =n
-+ ti +i -in ii ni
Ans. (a) 160 W (b) 16 W
(c) 8 W (d) 5.2 s
55. A hot body placed in a surrounding of temperature u
0
obeys Newtons law of cooling
dt
du
= k(u u
0
). Its
temperature at t = 0 is u
1
. The specific heat capacity of the body is s and its mass is m. Find (a) the
maximum heat that the body can lose and (b) the time starting from t = 0 in which it will lose 90% of this
maximum heat.
u
0
-i in i-ii n ii t : (+ nn -- -- + zii-n- + l-n
dt
du
= k(u u
0
) +i in- +-i t t = 0
:=+i -i u
1
t -- +i llzi -ni s -ii < ni- m t ai- +il (a) t ~li+-n -ni i -- ii =+-i
t -ii (b) t = 0 = i-i ++ := ~li+-n -ni +i 90%ii- n nni =n
Ans. (a) ms(u
1
u
0
) (b)
k
10 In

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Heat Transfer

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Chapter # 28 Heat Transfer

or, K = 1.24 103 W/mC.

As the volume remains constant,

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