Gravitation

Chapter # 11 Gravitation
1
manishkumarphysics.in
Solved Examples
1. Two particles of masses 1.0 kg and 2.0 kg are placed at a separation of 50 cm. Assuming that the only
forces acting on the particles are their mutual gravitation, find the initial accelerations of the two particles.
Sol. The force of gravitation exerted by one particle on another is
F =
2
2 1
r
m Gm
=
2
2
2
11
) m 5 . 0 (
) kg 0 . 2 ( ) kg 0 . 1 (
kg
m N
10 67 . 6

= 5.3 10
10
N.
The acceleration of 1.0 kg particle is
a
1
=
1
m
F
=
kg 0 . 1
N 10 3 . 5
10
= 5.3 10
10
m/s
2
This acceleration is towards the 2.0 kg particle. The acceleration of the 2.0 kg particle is
a
2
=
2
a
F
=
kg 0 . 2
N 10 3 . 5
10
= 2.65 10
10
m/s
2
This acceleration is towards the 1.0 kg particle.
2. Find the work done in bringing three particles, each having a mass of 100 g, from large distances to the
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 20 cm.
Sol. When the separation are large, the gravitational potential energy is zero. When the particles are brought
at the vertices of the triangle ABC, three pairs AB, BC and CAare formed. The potential energy of each
pair is Gm
1
m
2
/r and hence the total potential energy becomes
U = 3 (
r
m Gm
2 1
= 3
(
(

m 20 . 0
) kg 1 . 0 ( ) kg 1 . 0 ( kg / m N 10 67 . 6
2 2 11
= 1.0 10
11
J.
The work done by the gravitational forces is W = U = 1.0 10
11
J. If the particles are brought by some
external agency without changing the kinetic energy, the work done by the external agency is equal to
the change in potential energy = 1.0 10
11
J.
3. A particle of mass M is placed at the centre of a uniform spherical shell of equal mass and radius a.
Find the gravitational potential at a point P at a distance a/2 from the centre.
Sol. The gravitational potential at the point P due to the particle at the centre is
V
1
=
2 / a
GM
=
a
GM 2
.
The potential at P due to the shell is
V
2
=
a
GM
The net potential at P is V
1
+ V
2
=
a
GM 3
.
2
4. A particle of mass 50 g experiences a gravitational force of 2.0 N when placed at a particular point. Find
the gravitational field at that point.
Sol. The gravitational field has a magnitude
E =
m
F
=
) kg 10 50 (
N 0 . 2
3
= 40 N/kg
This field is along the direction of the force.
5. The gravitational field due to a mass distribution is given by E = K/x
3
in X-direction. Taking the gravitational
potential to be zero at infinity, find its value at a distance x. HCV_Ch-11_Sol.Ex._5
l+=i < ni- l-i + +ii n i -i zi +i -i -i x ~-i + ~- l<zi E = K/x
3
,ii <i i-i t n i li +i
~--- zi- ni- -i :=+i ni- x <i -i(
Sol. The potential at a distance x is
V(x) =
}
x
dx E =
}
x
3
x
K
dx =
x
2
x 2
K
=
2
x 2
K
.
6. The gravitational potential due to a mass distribution is V =
2 2
a x
A
+
. Find the gravitational field.
Sol. V =
2 2
a x
A
+
= A (x
2
+ a
2
)
1/2
.
If the gravitational field is E,
E
x
=
x
V
c
c
= A
|
.
|
\
|
2
1
(x
2
+ a
2
)
3/2
(2x)
=
2 / 3 2 2
) a x (
Ax
+
E
y
=
y
V
c
c
= 0 and E
z
=
z
V
c
c
= 0.
The gravitational field is
2 / 3 2 2
) a x (
Ax
+
in the x-direction.
7. Find the gravitational field due to the moon at its surface. The mass of the moon is 7.36 10
22
kg and
the radius of the moon is 1.74 10
6
m. Assume the moon to be a spherically symmetric body.
Sol. To calculate the gravitational field at an a external point, the moon may be replaced by a single particle
of equal mass placed at its centre. Then the field at the surface is
E =
2
a
GM
=
2 6
22 2 2 11
) m 10 74 . 1 (
kg 10 36 . 7 kg / m N 10 67 . 6

= 1.62 N/kg.
This is about one sixth of the gravitational field due to the earth at its surface.
3
8. Calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity at a point (a) 5.0 km above the earths surface and (b)
5.0 km below the earths surface. Radius of earth = 6400 km and the value of g at the surface of the
earth is 9.80 m/s
2
.
Sol.(a) The value of g at a height h is (for h << R)
g = g
0
|
.
|
\
|

R
h 2
1
= (9.80 m/s
2
) |
|
.
|
\
|
km 6400
km 0 . 5 2
1
= 9.78 m/s
2
.
(b) The value at a depth h is
g = g
0
|
.
|
\
|

R
h
1
= (9.8 m/s
2
) |
|
.
|
\
|
km 6400
km 0 . 5
1
= 9.79 m/s
2
.
9. A satellite is revolving round the earth at a height of 600 km. Find (a) the speed of the satellite and (b)
the time period of the satellite. Radius of the earth = 6400 km and mass of the earth = 6 10
24
kg.
Sol. The distance of the satellite from the centre of the earth is 6400 km + 600 km = 7000 km.
The speed of the satellite is
v =
a
GM
=
m 10 7000
kg 10 6 kg / m N 10 67 . 6
3
24 2 2 11

= 7.6 10
3
m/s = 7.6 km/s.
The time period is
T =
v
a 2t
=
s / m 10 6 . 7
m 10 7000 2
3
3
t
= 5.8 10
3
s.
10. Calculate the escape velocity from the moon. The mass of the moon = 7.4 10
22
kg and radius of the
moon = 1740 km.
Sol. The escape velocity is
v =
R
GM 2
=
m 10 1740
kg 10 4 . 7 kg / m N 10 67 . 6 2
3
22 2 2 11

= 2.4 km/s.
4
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
1. Three particles A, B and C, each of mass m, are placed in a line with AB = BC = d. Find the gravitational
force on a fourth particle P of same mass, placed at a distance d from the particle B on the perpendicular
bisector of the line AC.
Sol. The force at P due to A is
F
A
=
2
2
) AP (
m G
=
2
2
d 2
m G
along PA. The force at P due to C is
F
C
=
2
2
) CP (
m G
=
2
2
d 2
m G
along PC. The force at P due to B is
F
B
=
2
2
d
m G
along PB.
The resultant of F
A
, F
B
and F
C
will be along PB.
Clearly ZAPB = ZBPC = 45.
Component at F
A
along PB = F
A
cos 45 =
2
2
d 2 2
m G
.
Component at F
C
along PB = F
C
cos 45 =
2
2
d 2 2
m G
.
Component at F
B
along PB =
2
2
d
m G
Hence, the resultant of the three forces is
2
2
d
m G
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + 1
2 2
1
2 2
1
=
2
2
d
m G
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
1
along PB.
2. Find the distance of a point from the earths centre where the resultant gravitational field due to the
earth and the moon is zero. The mass of the earth is 6.0 10
24
kg and that of the moon is 7.4 10
22
kg.
The distance between the earth and the moon is 4.0 10
5
km.
Sol. The point must be on the line joining the centres of the earth and the moon and in between them. If the
distance of the point from the earth is x, the distance from the moon is (4.0 10
5
km-x). The magnitude
of the gravitatiional field due to the earth is
E
1
=
2
x
GMe
=
2
24
x
kg 10 6 G
and magnitude of the gravitational field due to the moon is
5
E
2
=
2 5
m
) x km 10 0 . 4 (
GM

=
2 5
22
) x km 10 0 . 4 (
kg 10 4 . 7 G

These fields are in opposite directions. For the resultant field to be zero E
1
= E
2
.
or,
2
24
x
kg 10 6
=
2 5
22
) x km 10 0 . 4 (
kg 10 4 . 7

or,
x km 10 0 . 4
x
5

=
22
24
10 4 . 7
10 6
= 9
or, x = 3.6 10
5
km.
3. Two particles of equal mass go round a circle of radius R under the action of their mutual gravitational
attraction. Find the speed of each particle.
Sol. The particles will always remain diametrically opposite so that the force on each particle will be directed
along the radius. Consider the motion of one of the particles. The force on the particle is F =
2
2
R 4
Gm
. If
the speed is v, its acceleration is v
2
/R.
Thus, by Newtons law,
2
2
R 4
Gm
=
R
mv
2
or, v =
R 4
GM
4. Two particles A and B of masses 1 kg and 2 kg respectively are kept 1 m apart and are released to
move under mutual attraction. Find the speed of Awhen that of B is 3.6 cm/hour. What is the separation
between the particles at this instant ?
Sol. The linear momentum of the pair A + B is zero initially. As only mutual attraction is taken into account,
which is internal when A + B is taken as the system, the linear momentum will remain zero. The
particles move in opposite directions. If the speed of A is v when the speed of B is 3.6 cm/hour = 10
5
m/s,
(1 kg) v = (2 kg) (10
5
m/s)
or, v = 2 10
5
m/s.
The potential energy of the pair is
R
m Gm
B A
with usual symbols. Initial potential energy
=
m 1
kg 1 kg 2 kg / m N 10 67 . 6
2 2 11

= 13.34 10
11
J.
If the separation at the given instant is d, using conservation of energy,
13.34 10
11
J + 0
=
d
m J 10 34 . 13
11

+
2
1
(2kg) (10
5
m/s)
2
+
2
1
(1 kg) (2 10
5
) m/s)
2
Solving this, d = 0.31 m.
5. The gravitational field in a region is given by E
= (10 N/kg) ( i
+
j
). Find the work done by an external

agent to slowly shift a particle of mass 2 kg from the point (0, 0) to a point (5m, 4m).
6
l+=i -izi n ni -izi E
= (10 N/kg) ( i
+
j
) ,ii l<i i-i t in =i- ,ii 2 l+nic + +i +i l-<

(0, 0) = (5m, 4m) -+ iiii n i- n l+( n( +i +i ni-i +il( HCV_Ch-11_WOE_5
Sol. As the particle is slowly shifted, its kinetic energy remains zero. The total work done on the particle is
thus zero. The work done by the external agent should be negative of the work done by the gravitational
field. The work done by the field is
}
f
i
r d . F

Consider figure. Suppose the particle is taken from O to A and then from A to B. The force on the
particle is
F
= m E
= (2 kg) (10 N/kg) ( i
+
j
) = (20 N) ( i
+
j
).
The work done by the field during the displacement OA is
W
1
= }
m 5
0
x
dx F
=
}
m 5
0
dx ) N 20 (
= 20 N 5m = 100 J.
Similarly, the work done in displacement AB is
W
2
=
}
m 4
0
y
dy F
=
}
m 4
0
dy ) N 20 (
= (20 N) (4 m) = 80 J.
Thus, the total work done by the field, as the particle is shifted from O to B, is 180 J.
The work done by the external agent is 180 J.
Note that the work is independent of the path so that we can choose any path convenient to us from O
to B.
Method-II :
W = S . F

. const E m F = =

E m F
. ext

= = ) j
( 20 +
W
ext
= ) j
( 20 + . ) j
4 i
5 ( +
= 100 80
= 180 J
6. A uniform solid sphere of mass M and radius a is surrounded symmetrically by a uniform thin spherical
shell of equal mass and radius 2 a. Find the gravitational field at a distance (a)
2
3
a from the centre, (b)
2
5
a from the centre.
7
Sol.
Figure shows the situation. The point P
1
is at a distance
2
3
a from the centre and P
2
is at a distance
2
5
a from the centre. As P
1
is inside the cavity of the thin spherical shell, the field here due to the shell
is zero. The field due to the solid sphere is
E =
2
a
2
3
GM
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
a 9
GM 4
This is also the resultant field. The direction is towards the centre. The point P
2
is outside the sphere
as well as the shell. Both may be replaced by single particles of the same mass at the centre. The field
due to each of them is
E' =
2
a
2
5
GM
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
a 25
GM 4
The resultant field is E = 2E' =
2
a 25
GM 8
towards the centre.
7. The density of mass inside a solid sphere of radius a is given by =
0
a/r where
0
is the density at the
surface and r denotes the distance from the centre. Find the gravitational field due to this sphere at a
distance 2a from its centre.
a lzii in < c ni n n l-i- < ni- +i i- =
0
a/r = l<i i-i t ti
0
=-t i- -ii r + -< = < i
t :=+ + -< = 2a < i := ni n + +ii n i -i zi +i ni- +i ti ni ` HCV_Ch-11_WOE_7
Sol. The field is required at a point outside the sphere. Dividing the sphere in concentric shells, each shell
can be replaced by a point particle at its centre having mass equal to the mass of the shell. Thus, the
whole sphere can be replaced by a point particle at its centre having mass equal to the mass of the
given sphere. If the mass of the sphere is M, the gravitational field at the given point is
E =
2
) a 2 (
GM
=
2
a 4
GM
. ...........(i)
The mass M may be calculated as follows. Consider concentric shell of radius r and thickness dr. Its
volume is
dV = (4tr
2
) dr
and its mass is
dM = dV =
|
.
|
\
|
r
a
0 (4tr
2
dr) = 4t
0
ar dr.
The mass of the whole sphere is
M = }
t
a
0
0
dr ar 4
= 2t
0
a
3
.
Thus, by (i) the gravitational field is
E =
2
3
0
a 4
a G 2 t
=
2
1
tG
0
a.
8
8. A uniform ring of mass m and radius a is placed directly above a uniform sphere of mass M and of equal
radius. The centre of the ring is at a distance
3
a from the centre of the sphere. Find the gravitational
force exerted by the sphere on the ring.
Sol. The gravitational field at any point on the ring due to the sphere is equal to the field due to a single
particle of mass M placed at the centre of the sphere. Thus, the force on the ring due to the sphere is
also equal to the force on it by a particle of mass M placed at this point. By Newtons third law it is
equal to the force on the particle by the ring. Now the gravitational field due to the ring at a distance d
=
3
a on its axis is
E =
2 / 3 2 2
) d a (
Gmd
+
=
2
a 8
Gm 3
.
The force on a particle of mass M placed here is
F = ME
=
2
a 8
GMm 3
This is also the force due to the sphere on the ring.
9. A particle is fired vertically upward with a speed of 9.8 km/s. Find the maximum height attained by the
particle. Radius of earth = 6400 km and g at the surface = 9.8 m/s
2
. Consider only earths gravitation.
Sol. At the surface of the earth, the potential energy of the earth - particle system is
R
GMm
with usual
symbols. The kinetic energy
2
1
mv
0
2
where v
0
= 9.8 km/s. At the maximum height the kinetic energy is
zero. If the maximum height reached is H, the potential energy of the earth-particle system at this
instant is
H R
GMm
+
. Using conservation of energy,,
R
GMm
+
2
1
mv
0
2
=
H R
m M G
+
.
Writing GM = gR
2
and dividing by m,
gR +
2
v
2
0
=
H R
gR
2
+
or,
H R
R
2
+
= R
g 2
v
2
0
9
or, R + H =
g 2
v
R
R
2
0
2
Putting the values of R, v

0
and g on the right side,
R + H =
2
2
2
s / m 8 . 9 2
) s / km 8 . 9 (
km 6400
) km 6400 (
=
km 1500
) km 6400 (
2
= 27300 km
or, H = (27300 6400) km = 20900 km.
10. A particle hanging from a spring stretches it by 1 cm at earths surface. How much will the same
particle stretch the spring at a place 800 km above the earths surface ? Radius of the earth = 6400 km.
Sol. Suppose the mass of the particle is m and the spring constant of the spring is k. The acceleration due
to gravity at earths surface is g =
2
R
GM
with usual symbols. The extension in the spring is mg/k.
Hence, 1cm =
2
R k
GMm
. ..........(i)
At a height h = 800 km, the extension is given by
x =
2
) h R ( k
GMm
+
..........(ii)
By (i) and (ii),
cm 1
x
=
2
2
) h R (
R
+
=
2
2
) km 7200 (
) km 6400 (
= 0.79.
Hence x = 0.79 cm
11. A simple pendulum has a time period exactly 2 s when used in a laboratory at north pole. What will be
the time period if the same pendulum is used in a laboratory at equator ? Account for the earths
rotation only. Take g =
2
R
GM
= 9.8 m/s
2
and radius of earth = 6400 km.
Sol. Consider the pendulum in its mean position at the north pole. As the pole is on the axis of rotation, the
bob is equilibrium. Hence in the mean position, the tension T is balanced by earths attraction. Thus,
T =
2
R
GMm
= mg. The time period t is
t = 2t
m / T
= 2t
g
. .............(i)
At equator, the lab and the pendulum rotate with the earth at angular velocity e =
hour 24
radian 2t
in a circle
of radius equal to 6400 km. Using Newtons second law,
2
R
GMm
T' = me
2
R or T' = m (g e
2
R)
1 0
where T' is the tension in the string.
The time period will be
t' = 2t
) m / T ( '
= 2t
R g
2
e
. .............(ii)
By (i) and (ii),
t
t'
=
R g
g
2
e
=
2 / 1
2
g
R
1

|
|
.
|
\
|
e
or, t' = t
|
|
.
|
\
|
e
+
g 2
R
1
2
Putting the values, t' = 2.004 seconds.
12. A satellite is to revolve round the earth in a circle of radius 8000 km. With what speed should this
sat el l i t e be pr oj ect ed i nt o orbi t ? What wi l l be t he t i me peri od? Take g at t he surf ace
= 9.8 m/s
2
and radius of the earth = 6400 km.
Sol. Suppose, the speed of the satellite is v. The acceleration of the satellite is v
2
/r, where r is the radius of
the orbit. The force on the satellite is
2
r
GMm
with usual symbols. Using Newtons second law,,
2
r
GMm
= m
r
v
2
or, v
2
=
r
GM
=
r
gR
2
=
) km 8000 (
) km 6400 )( s / m 8 . 9 (
2 2
giving v = 7.08 km/s.
The time period is
v
r 2t
=
) s / km 08 . 7 (
) km 8000 ( 2t
~ 118 minutes.
13. Two satellites S
1
and S
2
revolve round a planet in coplanar circular orbits in the same sence. Their
periods of revolution are 1 h and 8h respectively. The radius of the orbit of S
1
is 10
4
km. When S
2
is
closest to S
1
, find (a) the speed of S
2
relative to S
1
and (b) the angular speed of S
2
as observed by an
astronaut in S
1
.
Sol. Let the mass of the planet be M, that of S
1
be m
1
and of S
2
be m
2
. Let the radius of the orbit of S
1
be R
1
(= 10
4
km) and of S
2
be R
2
.
Let v
1
and v
2
be the linear speeds of S
1
and S
2
with respect to the planet. Figure shows the situation.
As the square of the time period is proportional to the cube of the radius,
3
1
2
R
R
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
T
T
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
h 1
h 8
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 64
1 1
or,
1
2
R
R
= 4
or, R
2
= 4R
1
= 4 10
4
km.
Now the time period of S
1
is 1 h. So,
1
1
v
R 2t
= 1 h
or, v
1
=
h 1
R 2
1
t
= 2t 10
4
km/h.
similarly, v
2
=
h 8
R 2
2
t
= t 10
4
km/h.
(a) At the closest separation, they are moving in the same direction. Hence the speed of
S
2
with respect to S
1
is |v
2
v
1
| = t 10
4
km/h.
(b) As seen from S
1
, the satellite S
2
is at a distance R
2
R
1
= 3 10
4
km at the closest
separ at i on. Al so i t i s movi ng at t 10
4
km/ h i n a di rect i on per pendi cul ar t o t he l i ne
joining them. Thus, the angular speed of S
2
as observed by S
1
is
e =
km 10 3
h / km 10
4
4
t
=
3
t
rad/h.
QUESTION FOR SHORT ANSWER
1. Can two particles be in equilibrium under the action of their mutual gravitational force? Can three
particles be ? Can one of the three particles be ?
2. Is there any meaning of Weight of the earth ?
3. If heavier bodies are attracted more strongly by the earth, why dont they fall faster than the lighter
bodies?
4. Can you think of two particles which do not exert gravitational force on each other ?
5. The earth revolves round the sun because the sun attracts the earth. The sun also attracts the moon
and this force is about twice as large as the attraction of the earth on the moon. Why does the moon
not revolve round the sun ? Or does it ?
6. At noon, the sun and the earth pulls the objects on the earths surface in opposite directions. At
midnight the sun and the earth pull these objects in same direction. Is the weight of an object, as
mesured by a spring balance on the earths surface, more at midnight as compared to its weight at
noon?
7. An apple falls from a tree. An insect in the apple finds that the earth is falling towards it with an
acceleration g. Who exerts the force needed to accelerate the earth with this acceleration g?
8. Suppose the gravitational potential due to a small system is k/r
2
at a distance r from it. What will be the
gravitational field ? Can you think of any such system? What happens if there were negative masses?
9. The gravitational potential energy of a two-particle system is derived in this chapter as U =
r
m Gm
2 1
.
Does it follow from this equation that the potential energy for r = must be zero ? Can we choose the
potential energy for r = to be 20 J and still use this formula ? If no, what formula should be used to
calculate the gravitational potential energy at separation r ?
1 2
10. The weight of an object is more at the poles than at the equator. Is it benificial to pruchase goods at
equator and sell them at the pole ? Does it matter whether a spring balance is used or an equal beam
balance is used ?
11. The weight of a body at the poles is greater than the weight at the equator. Is it the actual weight or the
apparent weight we are talking about ? Does your answer depend on whether only the earths rotation
is taken into account or the flattening of the earth at the poles is also taken into account ?
12. If the radius of the earth decreases by 1% without changing its mass, will the acceleration due to
gravity at the surface of the earth increase or decrease? If so, by what per cent?
13. A nut becomes loose and gets detached from a satellite revolving around the earth. Will it land on the
earth ? If yes, where will it land? If no, how can an astronaut make it land on the earth ?
14. Is is necessary for the plane of the orbit of a satellite to pass through the centre of the earth?
15. Consider earth satellites in circular obrits. A geostationary satellite must be at a height of about 36000
km from the earths surface. Will any satellite moving at this height be a geostationary satellite ? Will
any satellite moving at this height have a time period of 24 hours ?
16. No part of India is situated on the equator. Is it possible to have a geostationary satellite which always
remains over New Delhi?
17. As the earth rotates about its axis, a person living in his house at the equator goes in a circular orbit of
radius equal to the radius of the earth. Why does he/she not feel weightless as a satellite passenger
does ?
18. Two satellites going in equatorial plane have almost same radii. As seen from the earth one move from
east to west and the other from west to east. Will they have the same time period as seen from the
earth? If not, which one will have less time period ?
19. A spacecraft consumes more fuel in going from the earth to the moon than it takes from a retun trip.
Comment on this statement.
OBJECTIVE - I
1. The acceleration of moon with respect to earth is 0.0027 m/s
2
and the acceleration of an apple falling
on earths surface is about 10 m/s
2
. Assume that the radius of the moon is one fourth of the earths
radius. If the moon is stopped for an instant and then released, it will fall towards the earth. The initial
acceleration of the moon towards the earth will be.
i + =i-i --<ni +i i 0.0027 m/s
2
t -ii i +i =-t ln- t( = +i i nnin 10 m/s
2
t
ni- nil l+ --<ni +i lzii. i +i lzii +i (+ -i ii: t l< --<ni +i (+ -ii + ln i+ l<i i
-ii l+ n+- + l<i i. t i +i ~i ln- nnni ! --<ni +i i +i ~i -i-ili+ i tini
(A) 10 m/s
2
(B*) 0.0027 m/s
2
(C) 6.4 m/s
2
(D) 5.0 m/s
2
2. The acceleration of the moon just before it strikes the earth in the previous question is
lzn z- n i = +i- = - - tn --< ni +i i ti ni
(A) 10 m/s
2
(B) 0.0027 m/s
2
(C*) 6.4 m/s
2
(D) 5.0 m/s
2
3. Suppose, the acceleration due to gravity at the earths surface is 10 m/s
2
and at the surface of Mars it
is 4.0 m/s
2
. A 60 kg passenger goes from the earth to the Mars in a spaceship moving with a constant
velocity. Neglect all other object in the sky. Which part of fig. best represents the weight (net gravitational
force) of the passenger as a function of time.
ni- nil l+ i +i =-t ni i 10 m/s
2
t -ii nnn +i =-t :=+i ni- 4.0 m/s
2
t (+
60 l+ni <ni- ini ~-l-i izii l-- -in = nl-ziin ~-l-i i- n i = nnn +i ~i i-i t ~i+izi
+ ~- li +i -n ni- nil l-zi +i +i -=i iin ~ -l-i izii +i ii ( +n ni+i i n ) =n +
+n- + n +- +-i t I
1 3
time
weight
600 N
200 N
D
C
B
A
t
o
(A) A (B) B (C*) C (D) D
4. Consider a planent in some solar system which has a mass double the mass of the earth and density
equal to the average density of the earth. An object weighing W on the earth will weigh
l+=i =i li n (+ nt t l=+i < ni- i + < ni- +i <n-i -ii i- i + ~i =- i- + i
t i W ii ini -- +i -= n t ii tini
(A) W (B) 2 W (C) W / 2 (D*) 2
1/3
W at the planet
5. If the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the earth is g, the work done in slowly lifting a body
of mass m from the earths surface to a height R (equal to the radius of the earth) is
l< i +i =-t ni i gt, m <ni- +i -- +i =-t = i +i lzii R + i --i: -+
-ai- n l+i ni +i ti ni
(A*) 1/2 mgR (B) 2 mgR (C) mgR (D) 1/4 mgR
6. A person brings a mass of 1 kg from infinity to a point A. Initially the mass was at rest but it moves at
a speed of 2 m/s as it reaches A. The work done by the person on the mass is -3 J. The potential at A
is
(+ l+- ~--- = 1 l+ni <ni- l-< A-+ ni-i t i-i n <ni- lini-ii n ii. l+-- t l-<
A t --i t :=+i -in 2 m/s = ti -i t l+- ,ii < ni- l+i ni +i -3 J n t A li
t
(A) 3 J/kg (B) 2 J/kg (C*) 5 j/kg (D) none of these
7. Let V and E be the gravitational potential and gravitational field at a distance r from the centre of
uniform spherical shell, Consider the following two statements:
(a) The plot of V against r is discontinuous
(b) The plot of E against r is discontinuous
(A) Both A and B are correct (B) A is correct but B is wrong
(C*) B is correct but A is wrong (D) Both A and B are wrong
(+ =n nini+i +izi + +-< = r <i ni li -ii ni -izi +-zi V -ii E t l--- <i +i-i
l-i +il
(a) r + =i-i V +i niil-zi ~=-- t
(b) r + =i -i E +i n iil-zi ~=-- t
(A) A B <i -i = t (B) A = t l+-- B ~= t
(C*) B = t l+-- A ~= t (D) A B <i -i ~= t
8. Let V and E represent the gravitational potential and field at a distance r from the centre of uniform solid
sphere, Consider the two statements:
(a) The plot of V against r is discontinuous
(b) The plot of E against r is discontinuous
(A) Both A and B are correct (B) A is correct but B is wrong
(C) B is correct but A is wrong (D*) Both A and B are wrong
ni-i l+ (+ =n ai= nin + +-< = r <i ni li -ii -izi V ( E ,ii +- l+ i- t l---
<i +i-i l-i l+l
(a) r + =i -i V +i n iil-zi ~=--
(b) r + =i -i E +i n iil-zi ~=-- t
1 4
(A) A B <i -i ~=-- (B) A = t l+-- B ~=--
(C) B = t l+-- A ~=-- (D*) A B <i -i ~= t
9. Take the effect of bulging at equator of the earth and its rotation in account. Consider the following
statements:
HCV_Ch-11_obj I _9
(A) There are points outside the earth where the value of g is equal to its value at the equator.
(B) There are points outside the earth where the value of g is equal to its value at the poles.
i +i :=+i li- ii = -ii t ~i -ii :=+ ii- +i ni-- t( l--- +i-i l-i +il(
(A) i + it +z l-< tin ti g +i ni- li- ii g + ni- + i tini
(B) i + it +z l-< tin ti g +i ni- i g + ni- + i tini
(A) Both A and B are correct (B*) A is correct but B is wrong.
(C) B is correct but A is wrong. (D) Both A and B are wrong
(A) A -ii B <i -i =ti t (B*) A = t -ii B nn- t
(C) B =ti t -ii A nn- t . (D) A -ii B <i -i nn- t
10. The time period of an earth-satellite in circular orbit is independent of
i + -ii ~i -ii +-ii n -++ +i- in -n t +i ~i- +in l+= = ---zi ti -i t
HCV I _Ch-11_Obj.1_10
(A*) the mass of the satellite (B) radius of the orbit
(C) none of them (D) both of them
(A*) -n t + < ni- = (B) +-ii +i lzii =
(C) :-n = l+=i = ii -ti (D) <i -i =
11. The magnitude of gravitational potential energy of the moon-earth system is U with zero potential
energy at infinite separation. The kinetic energy of the moon with respect to the earth is K.
~--- <i l-il- -i zi- ni-- t( i ( -< l-+i +i ni l-il- -i +i lnii U t i
+ =i -i --< ni +i nl- -i K t
(A) U < K (B*) U > K (C) U = K
12. Fig. shows the elliptical path of a planet about the sun. The two shaded parts have equal area. If t
1
and
t
2
be the time taken by the planet to go from a to b and from c to d respectively
= + -ii ~i iniziin nt +i <ii-ii+i +-ii l-zi n <lzi- +i n: t ziil+- <i-i a = b -+ -ii c
= d -+ i- n nn =n +nzi t
1
-ii t
2
t . -i
(A) t
1
< t
2
(B*) t
1
= t
2
(C) t
1
> t
2
(D) insufficient information to deduce the relation between t
1
and t
2
.
(D) <i n: =--i t
1
-ii t
2
.+ n =--i -iil- +- + ln ~i -- t
13. A person sitting in a chair in a satellite feels weightlessness because
-n t n + =i ai l+- iiti--i nt= = +-i t +i l+ HCV_Ch-11_obj I _13
(A) the earth does not attract the objects in a satellite
-nt n ii -- ~i +i i ~i+li - -ti +-i t
(B) the normal force by the chair on the person balances the earths attraction
+ =i ,ii ~i<ni nnii ni ~lin- vl-l+i n i + ~i+ii +i =-- ln- + < -i t
(C*) the normal force is zero
~lin- vl-l+i n zi - ti -i t
(D) the person in satellite is not accelerated
-nt n l+- l- -ti ti-i t
1 5
14. A body is suspended from a spring balance kept in a satellite. The reading of the balance is W
1
when
the satellite goes in a an orbit of radius R and is W
2
when it goes in an orbit or radius 2 R.
(+ -n t n +ni-i<i - ni (spring balance) = (+ -- +i n+ii i-i t - ni +i iai + W
1
t -n t
R lzii + +-i n -++ nni ti t ~i iai + W
2
t t 2R lzii +i +-ii n -++ nni ti t
HCV_Ch-11_Obj.1_14
(A*) W
1
= W
2
(B) W
1
< W
2
(C) W
1
> W
2
(D) W
1
= W
2
15. The kinetic energy needed to project a body of mass m from the earths surface to infinity is
m <ni- +i (+ -- +i i + =-t = ~--- -+ -il- +- + ln ~iz+ nl- -i t
(A) 1/4 mgR (B) 1/2 mgR (C*) mgR (D) 2 mgR
16. A particle is kept at rest at a distance R (earths radius) above the earths surface. The minimum speed
with which it should be projected so that it does not return is
i +i =-t = R (i +i lzii) --i: (+ +i l-i ~-ii n ii ni t :=+i l+--i ---n -in
= -i l- l+i i l+ t - ni + -ti ~i
(A)
GM
R 4
(B)
GM
R 2
(C*)
GM
R
(D)
2GM
R
17. Asatellite is orbiting the earth close to its surface. A particle is to be projected from the satellite to just
escape from the earth. The escape speed from the earth is u
e
.
Its speed with respect to the satellite
(+ -n t i +i =-t + -<i+ -++ nni ti t (+ +i +i -n t = := -t v-i l- l+i i-i t l+ t
i = ni- ti + i( i = ni- -in u
e
t :=+i -in -n t + =i -i
HCV_11_Obj.I_17
(A) will be less than u
e
. (B) will be more than u
e
.
(C) will be equal to u
e
. (D*) will depend on direction of projection
(A) u
e
= +n ti ni (B) u
e
= ~li+ ti ni
(C) u
e
+ i ti ni (D*) v-i i +i l<zii l-i + ni
OBJECTIVE - II
1. Let V and E denote the gravitational potential and gravitational field at a point. It is possible to have
ni-il+ l+=i l-< V -ii E ni li ( ni -izi +i +- +- t t ti-i =-i t
(A*)V = 0 and E = 0 (B*)V = 0 and E = 0 (C*) V = 0 and E = 0 (D*) V = 0 and E = 0
2. Inside a uniform spherical shell
(A) the gravitational potential is zero
(B*) the gravitational field is zero
(C*) the gravitational potential is same everywhere
(D*) the gravitational field is same everywhere
=n ni ni +i zi n
(A) ni li zi- ti-i t
(B*) ni -izi zi- ti-i t
(C*) + -iini li (+ =ni- ti-i t
(D*) + -ii- n i -izi (+ =ni- ti -i t
3. A uniform spherical shell gradually shrinks maintaining its shape. The gravitational potential at the
centre HCV_Ch-11_Obj.II_3
(+ =nini ni +i zi ~-i ~i+ l-i +i -i( i- t ( ii ii l=+-i t :=+ + -< n i li
(A) increase (B*) decreases (C) remains constant (D) oscillates
(A) c-i t (B*) i-i t (C) ti t-i t (D) <in- +- t
4. Consider a planet moving in an elliptical orbit round the sun. The work done on the planet by the
gravitational force of the sum
1 6
(A) is zero in any small part of the orbit (B*) is zero in some parts of the orbit
(C*) is zero in one complete revolution (D) is zero in no part of the motion
= + -ii ~i <ii-ii+i +-ii n l+ni +- t( nt l-i +il = + ni+ii n ,ii nt
l+i ni +i
(A) +-ii + l+=i ii ~- iin n zi- ti-i t (B*) +-ii + +z iini n zi- ti-i t
(C*) (+ =- i l+ni n zi - ti-i t (D) l+=i ii iin n zi- -ti ti-i t
5. Two satellites A and B move round the earth in the some orbit. The mass of B is twice the same of A.
i + -ii ~i l+=i +-ii n <i -nt A-ii B -++ nni t t B +i <ni- A= <n-i t
HCV_11_Obj II_5
(A*) Speeds of A and B are equal
A -ii B +i -in i tini
(B) the potential energy of earth + A is same as that of earth + B.
i + Al-+i +i l-il- -i i + B +i l-il- -i + i tini
(C) The kinetic energy of A and B are equal
A -ii B +i nl- -i i tini
(D) The total energy of earth + A is same as that of earth + B
i + Al-+i +i +n -i. i + B +i l-+i +i +n -i + i ti ni
6. Which of the following quantities remain constant in a planetary motion (consider elliptical orbits) as
seen from the sun?
(A) speed (B) Angular speed (C) Kinetic energy
(D*) Angular momentum
n ti +i nl- n ( <ii -ii+i +-ii~i n ) = = <i- l--- n = +i -=i ilzii l-- t-i t
(A) -in (B) +i ii -in (C) nl- -i (D*) +i ii = n
EXERCISE
1. Two spherical balls of mass 10 kg each are placed 10 cm apart. Find the gravitational force of attraction
between them.
10 l+ni < ni- +i <i ni ni+i n< 10 cm =ni < ii t: t :-+ n nn- ini n i n ai- +il
1. 6.67 10
7
N
2. Four particles having masses m, 2m, 3m and 4m are placed at the four corners of a square of edge a.
Find the gravitational force acting on a particle of mass m placed at the centre.
a ii in n + -ii +i-i m 2m, 3m -ii 4m <ni- in -i +i i t( t :=+ +-< l-i- m
< ni- + +i nn- ini n i n ai- +il
2.
2
2
a
Gm 2 4
3. Three equal masses m are placed at the three corners of an equilateral triangle of side a. Find the force
exerted by this system on another particle of mass m placed at (a) the mid-point of a side, (b) at the
centre ofthe triangle.
a ii in =nt lzii + -i-i +i-i -i- +i i n t. + +i <ni- m t := l-+i + +ii m
< ni- + (+ ~- +i nn- ini n ai- l+l i
(a) (+ ii + n l-< ii ni t
(b) lzii + +-< ii ni t
3. (a)
2
2
a 3
Gm 4
, (b) zero
4. Three uniform spheres each having a mass M and radius a are kept in such a way that each touches
the other two. Find the magnitude of the gravitational force on any of the spheres due to the other two.
-i- (+ =ni- nini n + +i <ni- M -ii lzii R t. :-+ := +i ii ni t l+ + ~- <i -zi
1 7
+-i t l+=i ii (+ nin ~- <i nini + +ii nn- ini ni n ai- +il
4.
2
2
a 4
Gm 3
5. Four particles of equal mass Mmove along a circle of radius Runder the action of their mutual gravitational
attraction. Find the speed of each particle.
=ni- <ni- M in -i +i i-l+ n i+i+ n + ii n R lzii + -ii+i i nl-ziin t +
+i +i -in ai- +il
5.
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
1 2 2
R
GM
6. Find the acceleration due to gravity of the moon at a point 1000 km above the moons surface. The
mass of the moon is 7.4 10
22
kg and its rdius is 1740 km.
--<ni +i =-t = 1000 km - --<ni + +ii ni i ai- +il --<ni +i <ni- 7.4 10
22
l+ni
-ii :=+i lzii 1740 km l+ni t
6. 0.65 m/s
2
7. Two small bodies of masses 10 kg and 20 kg are kept distance 1.0 m apart and released. Assuming
that only mutual gravitational froces are acting, find the speeds of the particles when the separation
decrease to 0.5 m.
1ni <i ii t: 10 l+ni -ii 20 l+ni <ni-i ini <i zii --( n+- + <i i-i t t ni-- t(
l+ +n i-l+ ni+ii ti nn ti t. +ii + n 0.5 m <i t i-i t. :-+i -ini + ni- ai-
+il
7. 4.2 10
5
m/s and 2.1 10
5
m/s
8. A semicircular wire has a length L and mass M. A particle of mass m is placed at the centre of the
circle. Find the gravitational attraction on the particle due to the wire.
(+ ~i -ii+i -i +i n-i: L -ii <ni- M t -i + +-< m <ni- +i (+ +i ii ni t -i +
+ii +i nn- ini ni ~i+ii ai- +il
8.
2
L
GMm 2t
9. Derive an expression for the gravitational field due to a uniform rod of length L and mass M at a point on
its perpendicular bisector at a distance d from the centre.
L n-i: ( M <ni- ini (+ =n z + +ii :=+ n- ~i+ z + +-< = d <i n i -izi
+ ln - -- l+l
9.
2 2
d 4 L d
Gm 2
+
10. Two concentric spherical shells have masses M
1
, M
2
and radii R
1
, R
2
(R
1
< R
2
). What is the force
exerted by this system on a particle of mass m
1
if it is placed at a distance (R
1
+ R
2
)/2 from the centre?
HCV_Ch-11_Ex._10
<i =+-< i ni ni +i zi +i <ni- M
1
, M
2
-ii lzii R
1
, R
2
(R
1
< R
2
) t := l-+i ,ii m
1
< ni- + +i
l+--i n nnii i(ni ~n t +-< = (R
1
+ R
2
)/2 +i <i t
10. 2
2 1
1
) R R (
m GM 4
+
11. A tunnel is dug along a diameter of the earth. Find the force on a particle of mass m placed in the tunnel
at a distance x from the centre.
1 8
i + i= + ~-l<zi (+ = n ii<i ni t m < ni- +i (+ +i =n + +-< = x < i i t( m <ni-
+ +i n ai- +il
11.
3
e
R
m GM
x
12. A tunnel is dug along a chord of the earth at a perpendicular distance R/2 from the earths centre. The
wall of the tunnel may be assumed to be frictionless. Find the force exerted by the wall on a particle of
mas m when it is at a distance x from the centre of the tunnel.
i +i ii + ~-l<zi (+ =n ni t. l=+i i + +-< = n-- <i R/2 t l=+i +i <ii iii
lt- ni-i i =+-i t m <ni- +i (+ +i =n + +-< = x <i t. <ii ,ii nnii ni n ai-
+il
12.
2
e
R 2
m GM
13. A solid sphere of mass m and radius r is placed inside a hollow thin spherical shell of mass M and
radius R as shown in figure. A particle of mass m' is placed on the line joining the two centres at a
distance x from the point of contact of the sphere and the shell. Find the magnitude of the resultant
gravitational force on this particle due to the sphere and the shell if (a) r < x < 2 r, (b) 2r < x < 2R and
(c) x > 2R.
l-zi n <lzi- l+i ni t l+ m <ni- r lzii ini (+ ai=. M <ni- R lzii in (+ -n nini
+izi n ii t~i t <i-i + +-<i +i lnni- ini ii ( nin -ii +izi + =-+ l-< = x <i m
< ni- +i (+ +i ii ni t := +i nin -ii +izi + +ii nnin liini ni n +i lnii
ai- l+l . l< (a) r < x < 2 r, (b) 2r < x < 2R and (c) x > 2R.
13. (a)
3
r
) r x ( Gmm '
(b)
2
) r x (
Gmm
'
(c)
2
) R x (
Gmm
'
+
2
) r x (
Gmm
'
14. A uniform metal sphere of radius a and mass M is surrounded by a thin uniform spherical shell of equal
mass and radius 4a (figure). The centre of the shell falls on the surface of the inner sphere. Find the
gravitational field at the points P
1
and P
2
shown in the figure.
M <ni- -ii a lzii ini ii- +i =n nini. =ni- <ni- 4a lzii in -n ( =n nini +izi
n lz t (l-zi ) +i zi +i +-< ~i-l+ nin +i =-t l-i- t l-zi n <lzi- l-<~i P
1
-ii P
2
ni
-izi ai- +il
14.
2
a 16
GM
,
2
a 900
GM 61
15. A thin spherical shell having uniform density is cut in two parts by a plane and kept separated as shown
in figure. The point A is the centre of the plane section of the first part and B is the centre of the plane
1 9
section of the second part. Show that the gravitational feld at A due to the first part is equal in
magnitude ot the gravitational field at B due to the second part.
(+ -ni ( =n i- ini nini +izi. (+ =n-n ,ii n +i + l-zii-=i ii ni t in iin +
=n-n +i +i +-< A-ii l,-i iin + =n-n +i +i +-< B t +- +il l+ in iin + +ii A
ni -i zi +i lnii B l,-i iin + +ii -izi + lnii + -- tini
16. Two small bodies of masses 2.00 kg and 4.00 kg are kept at rest at a separation of 2.0 m. Where
should a particle of mass 0.10 kg be placed to experience no net gravitational force from these bodies?
The particle is placed at this point. What is the gravitational potential energy of the system of three
particles with usual reference level ?
16.0.83 m from the 2.00 kg body towards the other body, 3.06 10
10
J
2.00 kg -ii 4.00 kg < ni- ini <i zi i -- ( 2.0 m < i l-i- ~-ii n ii t : t 0.10 kg < ni-
+i (+ zii +i +ti ii i l+ := :- --~i + +ii +n ni n zi- ti` +i := l-<
i l<i ni t =ini- = <i -- + =i -i :- -i-i +ii + l-+i +i n i l-il- -i l+--i ti ni ?
16.0.83 m from the 2.00 kg body towards the other body, 3.06 10
10
J
17. Three particles of mass m each are placed at the three corners of an equilateral triangle of side a. Find
the work which should be done on this system to increase the sides of the triangle to 2a.
a i i in =nit lzii + -i-i +i -i . m < ni- ( + ) in -i- +i i n t lzii +i i i( ci+
2a +- + ln n +i +i ni- ai- +il
17.
a 2
Gm 3
2
18. A particle of mass 100 g is kept on the surface of a uniform sphere of mass 10 kg and radius 10 cm.
Find the work to be done against the gravitational force between them to take the particle away from
the sphere.
100 nin <ni- +i (+ +i 10 kg <ni- -ii 10 cm.lzii in nin +i =-t ii t~ii t +i +i :=
ni n = < n i- + ln :-+ n n i+ii n + lz l+i ni +i ai- +il
18. 6.67 10
10
J
19. The gravitational field in a region is given by
E
= (5 N/kg)
i
+ (12 N/kg) j
. (a) Find the magnitude of the

gravitational force acting on a particle of mass 2 kg placed at the origion. (b) Find the potential at the
points (12 m, 0) and (0, 5 m) if the potential at the origin is taken to be zero. (c) Find the change in
gravitational potential energy if a particle of mass 2 kg is taken from the origin to the point (12 m, 5m).
(d) Find the change in potential energy if the particle is taken from (12m, 0) to (0, 5m).
l+=i -izi n ni+i i -i zi
E
= (5 N/kg)
i
+ (12 N/kg) j
,ii +- l+i i-i t (a) nn l-< i 2

l+ni <ni- + +i nnin ni n +i lnii ai- +il (b) l< nn l-< li zi- ni-i
i -i l-<~i(12 m, 0) -ii (0, 5 m) li ai- +il (c) l< 2 kg l+ni <ni- ini +i nn l-< (12
m, 5m) -+ n ii i -i n i l-il- -i n l- - ai- +il (d) l< +i +i (12m, 0) = (0,
5m)-+ n ii i -i l-il- -i n l- - ai- +il
19. (a) 26 N (b) 60 J/kg, 60 J/kg (c) 240 J (d) zero
20. The gravitational potential in a region is given by V = (20 N/kg) (x + y). (a) Show that the equation is
dimensionally correct. (b) Find the gravitational field at the point (x, y). Leave your answer in terms of
2 0
the unit vectors
i
, j
, k
. (c) Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational force on a particle of mass

500 g placed at the origin.
l+=i -izi n ni li V =
|
.
|
\
|
fdxzk
wVu U; 20
(x + y) ,ii +- l+i i-i t (a) -+- +il l+ =ni+i
lni = =ti t (b) l-< (x, y) ni -izi ai- +il ~-i --i (+i+ =l<zii
i
, j
, k
+ <i n
lnli (c) n n l-< i t ( 500 n in < ni- in +i n i n + lnii +i ni-i +il
20. (b) 20 ) j i (

+ N/kg (c) 10
2
N
21. The gravitational field in a region is given by E = (2
i
+ 3 j
)N/kg. Show that no work is done by the

gravitational field when a particle is moved on the line 3y + 2x = 5.
[Hint : If a line y = mx + c makes angle u with the X-axis, m = tanu.]
l+=i -izi n ni -izi E = (2
i
+ 3 j
)
fdxzk
wVu U;
,ii +- l+i i-i t +- +il l+ +i: +i ii 3y
+ 2x = 5 + ~- l<zi l-iil- l+i i-i t -i n i= -i zi ,ii +i: +i -ti l+i i-i t
[= + - : l< ii y = mx + c, X~zi = u +i i -i-i t , m = tanu.]
22. +Find the height over the earths surface at which the weight of a body becomes half of its value at the
surface.
i +i =-t = t --i: ai- +il. ti -- +i ii. =-t :=+ ni- +i ~iii t i
22. (
2
1) times the radius of the earth
23. What is the acceleration due to gravity on the top of Mount Everest ? Mount Everst is the height
mountain peak of the world at the height of 8848 m. The value at sea level is 9.80 m/s
2
.
ni- (- + ziii ni i +i ni- l+--i t` ni- (- ==i +i ----n -ii t l=+i --it
8848 mt =n < +i =-t ni- 9.80 m/s
2
.
23. 9.77 m/s
2
24. Find the acceleration due to the gravity in a mine of depth 640 m if the value at the surface is 9.800 m/
s
2
. The radius of the earth is 6400 km.
640 m nti ii- n ni i ai- +il i +i =-t :=+i ni- 9.800 m/s
2
. t i +i lzii
6400 km t
24. 9.799 m/s
2
25. A body is weighed by a spring balance to be 1.000 kg at the north pole. How much will it weigh at the
equator? Account for the earths rotation only.
--ii i l-n -ni = l+=i -- +i ii 1.000 l+ni nii i-i t li- ii :=+i ii l+--i nii
ini` +n i +i ii- iii t`
25. 0.997 kg
26. Abody stretches a spring by a particular length at the earths surface at equator. At what height above
the south pole will it stretch the same spring by the same length ? Assume the earth to be spherical.
i +i =-t . in ii -- l+=i l-n +i l+=i llzi n-i: -+ ii--i t <l-iii i = l+--i
- -i: t :=i l- n +i :--i ti n-i: -+ iini` ni- nil l+ i ni ni+i t
26. 10 km approx
27. At what rate should the earth rotate so that the apparent g at the equator becomes zero ? What will be
the length of the day in this situation?
i l+= < = ii- + l+. in ii l-i- -- +i l-i- ii zi- ti i` := ll-il- n l<- +i
~li l+--i ti ini`
27. 1.237 10
3
rad/sec, 1.41 h
2 1
28. A pendulum having a bob of mass m is hanging in a ship sailing along the equator from east to west.
When the ship is stationary with respect to water the tension in the string is T
0
. (a) Find the speed of
the ship due to rotation of the earth about its axis. (b) Find the difference between T
0
and the earths
attraction on the bob. (c) If the ship sails at speed v, what is the tension in the string ? Angular speed
of earths rotation is e and radius of the earth is R.
li- ii + ~-l<zi = l-n +i ~i nl-ziin ti n. (+ nin+ n+ ti t. l= i +i <ni-
m t ti i-i + =i-i l-i t. ii n --i T
0
.t (a) i + ~-i ~-i ii- + +ii ti +i
-in ai- +il (b) i i + ~i+ii ( T
0
+ ni ~-- ai- +il (c) l< ti v -in = -n ti
t. ii n --i l+--i t ` i + ii- +i +iii -in e t -ii i +i lzii R t
28. (a) eR (b) me
2
R (c) T
0
+ 2 mev approx.
29. The time taken by Mars to revolve round the sun is 1.88 years. Find the ratio of average distance
between Mars and thesun to that between the earth and the sun.
n nn nt +i = + -ii ~i l+ni n 1.88 i nn- t nnn = = +i ~i=- <i -ii i +i = = ~i =-
< i +i ~- i- ai- +il
29. 1.52
30. The moon takes about 27.3 days to revolve round the earth in a nearly circular orbit of radius 3.84 10
5
km. Calculate the mass of the earth from these data.
i + -ii ~i 3.84 10
5
l+ni lzii +i nnin 27.3 l<- nn- t :- ~i+i + ~iii i + <ni-
+i ni-i +il
30. 6.02 10
24
kg
31. A Mars satellite moving in an orbit of radius 9.4 10
3
km takes 27540 s to complete one revolution.
Calculate the mass of Mars.
nnn +i (+ -nt 9.4 10
3
l+ni lzii +i +-ii n (+ l+ni i +- n 27540 =+ nni-i t nnn
+ < ni- +i ni-i +il
31. 6.5 10
23
kg
32. A satelite of mass 1000 kg is supposed to orbit the earth at a height of 2000 km above the earths
surface. Find (a) its speed in the orbit, (b) its kinetic energy, (c) the potential energy of the earth-
satellite system and (d) its time period. Mass of the earth = 6 10
24
kg.
1000 l+n i < ni- +i (+ -n t. i +i =-t = 2000 l+ni - l-i- +-ii n l+ni + ti t ai-
+il (a) +-ii n :=+i -in (b) :=+i nl- - i (c) i -n t l-+i +i l-il- -i -ii (d) :=+i
~i- +in i +i < ni- = 6 10
24
l+n i
32. (a) 6.90 km/s (b) 2.38 10
10
J (c) 4.76 10
10
J with usual reference (d) 2.01 hours
33. (a) Find the radius of the circular orbit of a satellite moving with an angular speed equal to the angular
speed of earths rotation. (b) If the satellite is directly above the north pole at some instant, find the
time it takes to come over the equatorial plane. Mass of the earth = 6 10
24
kg.
(a) i +i ii- -in + i ii- -in = in t -nt +i +-ii +i lzii ai- l+l (b) l< l+=i -ii
-nt ai+ --ii i + - t. :=+i in ii -n n ~i- n nni =n ai- +il i +i <ni-
= 6 10
24
l+n i
33. (a) 42300 km (b) 6 hours
34. What is the true weight of an object in a geostationary satellite that weighed excatly 10.0 N at the north
pole?
l+=i -- +i --ii i ii 10.0 -- t. i l-i -n t n :=+i i--l+ ii l+--i tini`
34. 0.23 N
35. The radius of a planet is R
1
and a satellite revolves round it in a circle of radius R
2
. The time periof of
revolution is T. Find the acceleration due to the gravitation of the planet at its surface.
(+ nt +i lzii R
1
t -ii (+ -nt :=+ -ii ~i R
2
lzii +i -ii+i +-ii n l+ni + ti t l+ni
2 2
+i ~i- +in T t :=+i =-t nt + +ii n i i ai- +il
35.
2
1
2
3
2
2
R T
R 4t
36. Find the minimum colatitude which can directly receive a signal from a geostationary satellite.
(+ i -ii=i -n t = = + - i-- +- + ln l+=i -ii- - --n ~i-l- +i i (colatitude) ai- +il=
36. sin
1
(0.15)
37. A particle is fired vertically upward from earths surface and it goes upto a maximum height of 6400 km.
Find the initial speed of the particle.
(+ +i i +i =-t = ai+ -ii l<zii n -il- l+i i-i t + t 6400 l+ni ~li+-n --i: -+
i-i t +i +i il-i+ -in ai- +il
37. 7.9 km/s
38. A particle is fired vertically upward with a speed of 15 km/s. With what speed will it move in intersteller
space. Assume only earths gravitational field.
(+ +i -ii - +i ~i 15 l+ni =. -in = -il- l+i i-i t ~-- -i+i ~-l-i n t l+= -in
= nl- +ni` +n i +i ni -izi iii t
38. 10.0 km/s
39. A mass of 6 10
24
kg (equal to the mass of the earth) is to be compressed in a sphere in such a way
that the escape velocity from its surface is 3 10
8
m/s. What should be the radius of the sphere?
6 10
24
l+nii <ni- ( i + <ni- + i ) nini+i ~i+l- n :--i =il - l+i i-i t l+ :=+i
=-t = ni- n 3 10
8
ni = ti i-i t := ni n +i lzii l+--i ti ni`
39. ~ 9 mm

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Gravitation

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Chapter # 11 Gravitation

). Find the work done by an external

) ,ii l<i i-i t in =i- ,ii 2 l+nic + +i +i l-<

= (2 kg) (10 N/kg) ( i

Putting the values of R, v

. (a) Find the magnitude of the

,ii +- l+i i-i t (a) nn l-< i 2

. (c) Calculate the magnitude of the gravitational force on a particle of mass

)N/kg. Show that no work is done by the

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