Analog Communication Unit3 Vtu

ANALOG COMMUNICATION (VTU) - 10EC53
UNIT - 3
SINGLE SIDE-BAND MODULATION (SSB): Quadrature carrier multiplexing, Hilbert
transform, properties of Hilbert transform, Pre-envelope, Canonical representation of band pass
signals, Single side-band modulation, Frequency-Domain description of SSB wave, Time-
Domain description. Phase discrimination method for generating an SSB modulated wave,
Frequency discrimination method for generating an SSB modulated wave, Demodulation of SSB
waves.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Communication Systems, Simon Haykins, 5thEdition, John Willey, India Pvt. Ltd, 2009.
2. An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communication, Simon Haykins, John Wiley India
Pvt. Ltd., 2008.

Special Thanks To:
Faculty(Chronological): Arunkumar G (STJIT), Ravitej B (GMIT), Somesh HB (REVA
ITM).

BY:
RAGHUDATHESH G P
Asst Prof
ECE Dept, GMIT
Davangere 577004
Cell: +917411459249
Mail: datheshraghubooks@gmail.com
Quotes:
1. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.
2. Everything we do affects other people.
3. Family isnt about whose blood you have. Its about who you care about.
4. I dont know the key to success, but the key to failure is trying to please everybody.
5. People will Hate you, Rate you, Shake you and Betray you. But How Strong you Stand is
what makes You.
6. The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society
gathers wisdom.

SSB Modulation Raghudathesh G P Asst Professor
ECE Dept, GMIT datheshraghubooks@gmail.com
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SINGLE SIDE-BAND MODULATION (SSB)
The transmission bandwidth of a DSB-SC system is 2 f
m
or 2W Hz. Thus, the number of
DSB-SC channels that can fit into the available channel bandwidth will be small.
If we wish to accommodate more number of channels within the same channel
bandwidth, then we can use a special technique called quadrature carrier multiplexing.
It is also called as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM) or Quadrature Amplitude Multiplexing (QAM):
The QAM technique enables two DSB-SC modulated waves to occupy the same
transmission bandwidth without mixing them with each other.
The two DSBSC waves have resulted from two different message signals and at the
receiver it is possible to separate them and obtain both the message signals.
For multiplexing the above block diagram is used. It consists of two product modulators.
To the 1
st
product modulator we give the first message signal m
1
(t) and a carrier wave
which is locally generated using a local oscillator. This path is
known as I-Path. The output of the first product modulator is given by,
--------------- (1)
The second message is given to the 2
nd
product modulator. The carrier wave of the 2
nd
product modulator has same amplitude and frequency of the carrier wave that is used in
1
st
product modulator, but has a phase shift of 90
0
as compared to the 1
st
carrier wave.
This path is known as Q-Path. The output of the second product modulator is given by,
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-------------- (2)

Outputs of 2 product modulators are added together to obtain the multiplexed signal as,

------------ (3)

The equation (3) indicates that the transmission bandwidth of the multiplexing signal s(t)
is 2W Hz centered at the carrier frequent f
c
. Here W is the bandwidth of the message
signal
or
whichever is larger.

Receiver of Quadrature carrier Multiplexing System (Demultiplexing):

The block schematic of a receiver of the quadrature carrier multiplexing system is shown
in Figure above.
There are two product modulators fed with same input signal s(t) and carrier signal
which are frequency and phase synchronized with the transmitter.
The output of the 1
st
product modulator is given by,

---------------- (1)

Using trigonometric identities,

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And

Thus,

The output of the 1
st
product modulator consists of pure m
1
(t) term along with higher
frequency terms.
By passing V
I
(t) through a low pass filter we get,

-------------- (2)

The output of the 2
st
product modulator is given by,

Using trigonometric identities,

And

Thus,

By passing V
Q
(t) through a low pass filter we get,

------------ (3)

Thus, we have successfully multiplexed and demultiplexed m
1
(t) and m
2
(t).

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NOTE:
For the satisfactory operation of the quadrature carrier multiplexing system, it is
necessary to maintain the correct phase and frequency relationships between the carrier
oscillators used in the transmitter and receiver parts of the system.
We can satisfy above requirements by using the Costas loop.

Why Fourier transforms are used?
The Fourier transform is useful for evaluating the frequency content of an energy signal,
or in a limiting case that of a power signal.
It provides mathematical basis for analyzing and designing the frequency selective filters
for the separation of signals on the basis of their frequency content.

Hilbert Transform:
A method of separating the signals based on phase selectivity, which uses phase shifts
between the appropriate signals (components) to achieve the desired separation.
The Hilbert transform is named after David Hilbert.
It is a basic tool in Fourier analysis, and provides a concrete means for realizing the
harmonic conjugate of a given function or Fourier series.
Definition1: If the phase angles of all the components of a given signal are shifted by
90
0
then the resulting function of time is called as "Hilbert transform" of the signal.
Here amplitude remains unchanged.
Definition 2: Hilbert transform is a method that introduces a phase shift of -90
0
(
)
to all +ve frequencies and +90
0
(+
) to all ve frequencies.
Consider a signal x(t) with Fourier transform X (f). The Hilbert transform of a signal x(t)
is denoted by and is given by,

Hilbert transform
x(t)

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Inverse Hilbert Transform:
We can recover back the original signal x (t) back from by taking the inverse Hilbert
transform as follows:

We can say that x (t) and constitute a pair, Hilbert transform pair.

Frequency Description of Hilbert Transforms:

Applying Fourier transform on both sides,

Here, indicates signum function and is defined as,

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Thus,

The conclusion from the above equation is that we may obtain the Hilbert transform of
signal x ( t ) by passing x ( t) through a linear two port device whose transfer function is equal to
j sgn ( f) as shown in figure below.

Applications of Hilbert transform:
1. It is used to realize phase selectivity in the generation of special kind of modulation
called Single Side Band modulation.
2. It provides mathematical basis for the representation of band pass signals.

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Note: Hilbert transform applies to any signal that is Fourier transformable.

Properties of Hilbert Transform:

Basics:
We can obtain the Hilbert transform of any signal which is Fourier transformable.
We can obtain the Hilbert transform of energy signals as well as power signals.
The difference between Hilbert transform and the Fourier transform is that the H.T.
operates exclusively in the time domain.
The signal x (t) has been assumed to be a real valued signal.

Property 1: It states that the signal x (t) and its Hilbert transform have the same
amplitude spectrum.
Proof:
Fourier transform of
.
The magnitude of is equal to 1 for all the values of f.

Therefore the amplitude spectrum of i.e.
is equal to that of x (t) i.e.
.

Property 2: This property states that if is the Hilbert transform of x (t) then the
Hilbert transform of is -x (t).
Proof:
This statement suggests that the Hilbert transform is being taken twice as shown in Figure
below

We know that to take the H.T. of a signal is equivalent to passing it through a two port-
device which has a transfer function equal to - j sgn (f). The double Hilbert transform is therefore
equivalent to cascading of two such devices as shown.
The overall transfer function of such a cascade is given by,

But
and
. Thus,

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Hence the FT of output is,

Thus the Hilbert transform of is equal to - x (t).

Property 3: x (t) and its Hilbert transform are orthogonal to each other.
Proof:
We have to prove that,

-------- (1)
If a signal x (t) is multiplied with its Hilbert transform then we can write that,

-------- (2)

But,
thus,

As,

Also,

The term inside the integration on RHS of this expression is equal to the product of an
odd function sgn (f) and an even function
. Hence it is an odd function. The integration of

an odd function over the range will yield a zero value.

This expression shows that an energy signal x (t) and its H.T. are orthogonal over the
entire interval ( ).
Similarly it is possible to prove that a power signal x (t) and its Hilbert transform are
orthogonal over one period.

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Additional Properties:
1. The magnitude spectra of a signal x (t) and its Hilbert transform are identical.
2. The Hilbert transform of an even function is odd and vice-versa.
3. The Hilbert transform of a real signal is also real.

Problem1: Find the Hilbert transform of

Solution:
Obtain the Fourier transform of x (t):

Calculate the Fourier transform of

But
and

Obtain by taking IFT:

Thus the Hilbert transform of a cosine function is equal to
.

Problem2: Prove that Hilbert transform of
is
.
Solution:
Obtain the Fourier transform of x (t):

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Calculate the Fourier transform of

But
and

Obtain by taking IFT:

Thus the Hilbert transform of a cosine function is equal to
.

Solution:
Hilbert transform of x(t) is obtained by shifting the signal by -90
o
thus,


Solution:
Given

Hilbert transform of x(t) is obtained by shifting the signal by -90
o
thus,

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Pre-envelope:
Consider a real valued signal x (t), the pre-envelope x
+
(t) for positive frequencies the
signal x (t) is defined as the complex valued function given by,

-------- (1)

The pre-envelope is useful in handling the bandpass signals and systems.
Apply Fourier transform on both the sides,

But,
thus,
--------- (2)
As,

------------ (3)

Putting (3) in (2), thus we get,

------------- (4)

Where X (0) is the value of X (f) at f = 0.
The above expression shows that the pre-envelope of a signal does not have any
frequency content for all the negative frequencies. [X
+
(f) = 0 for f < 0]. This is shown in
Figure below

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Pre-envelope:
Consider a real valued signal x (t), the pre-envelope x
-
(t) for negative frequencies the
signal x (t) is defined as the complex valued function given by,

-------- (1)

But, ,
thus,
--------- (2)
As,

------------ (3)

Putting (3) in (2), thus we get,

------------- (4)

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Canonical Representations of Bandpass Signals:
The spectrum of a bandpass signal x (t) shown below is called as a bandpass signal if its
Fourier transform X (f) exists only in the band of frequencies of 2W centered about some
frequency f
c
. The frequency f
c
is called as carrier frequency. If 2W is small as compared
to fc then the signal is called as narrow band signal.

Pre-envelope of a narrow bandpass signal x (t) can be represented in canonical form as,

---------- (1)
Here,
X
+
(t) = pre-envelop of x(t)
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= complex envelope of the signal x(t)
= Eulers form
But x (t) represents the real part of the pre-envelope x
+
(t). Hence the given bandpass
signal x (t) can be expressed in terms of the complex envelope as,

---------- (2)

Since is a complex quantity we can express it as,

----------- (3)

Where x
I
(t) and x
Q
(t) are both real valued low pass functions.
Putting equation (3) in (2) we get,

But
Thus we get

--------- (4)

In this expression x
I
(t) is the in phase component of the bandpass signal x (t) and x
Q
(t) is
the quadrature component of the signal.

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Generation of In-phase and Quadrature components of x (t):
Both x
I
(t) and x
Q
(t) are low pass signals limited to the .band W f W. So we can
derive them from the band-pass signal x (t) using the method shown in the Figure below.

In Figure both the low pass filters are identical. The bandwidth of each filter is W. The
inphase component x
I
(t) is produced by multiplying x (t) with cos (2f
c
t) and passing the
product through a low pass filter.
Quadrature component x
Q
(t) is obtained by multiplying x (t) with sin (2f
c
t) and passing
the product through an identical low pass filter.

Reconstruction of x (t) from x
I
(t) and x
Q
(t):
The scheme to reconstruct the bandpass signal x (t) from x
I
(t) and x
Q
(t) is shown in
Figure below,

The inphase low pass signals x
I
(t) and x
Q
(t) are multiplied with the cos (2f
c
t) and sin
(2f
c
t) respectively.
The resultant product terms are then subtracted to get the bandpass signal x (t).
The multiplication process of x
I
(t) and x
Q
(t) with the carriers is a linear modulation
process.
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If f
c
is large enough, then the output bandpass function x (t) is referred to a passband
signalling waveform. This type of mapping of the inphase and quadrature components
into x (t) is known as passband modulation.

Single Sideband Modulation:
The transmission bandwidth of standard AM as well as DSB-SC modulated wave is
2W Hz i.e. twice the message bandwidth W.
Thus, both these systems are bandwidth inefficient systems.
In both these systems, one half of the transmission bandwidth is occupied by the upper
sideband (USB) and the other half is occupied by the lower sideband (LSB).
But the most important thing is that the information contained in the USB is exactly
identical to that carried by the LSB. So by transmitting both the sidebands we are
transmitting the same information twice.
Thus, we can transmit only one sideband (USB or LSB) without any loss of information.
So it is possible to suppress the carrier and one sideband completely.
When only one sideband is transmitted, the modulation is referred to as single
sideband modulation. It is also called as SSB or SSB-SC modulation.

Frequency Domain Description:
Figure (a) below represents the spectrum M (f) of the message signal m (t). This spectrum
is limited to the band -W f W as shown in Figure (a) below.
The spectrum of DSB-SC wave which is obtained by taking the product of m (t) and c (t)
is shown in Figure (b) below. It contains the USB as well as LSB.
When only USB is transmitted by the SSB system, then the corresponding spectrum is as
shown in Figure (c) below.
When only LSB is transmitted, the frequency spectrum is as shown in Figure (d) below.

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Transmission bandwidth of SSB-SC:
Since we are transmitting the frequencies only in the range (f
c
+ W) or (f
c
- W), the
transmission bandwidth for the SSB-SC will be,

Or

This is exactly half the bandwidth of the DSB-FC or DSB-SC modulated waves.

Time Domain Description of SSB Wave Having USB :
Consider an SSB modulated wave s
u
(t) which contains only the upper sideband. The
spectrum of USB is shown in Figure (c) below and the spectrum of LSB is shown in
Figure (d) below,

The SSB wave s
u
(t) is generated by passing the DSB-SC modulated wave through a
bandpass filter having a transfer function H
u
(f) as shown in Figure below.

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The DSBSC modulated wave is defined as,

--------- (1)
Here,
= message signal

= carrier signal
The DSBSC signal of Equation (1) is a bandpass signal which contains only the in-phase
component. Hence the low pass complex envelope of the DSBSC modulated wave is
given by,

---------- (2)

The SSB modulated wave is also a bandpass signal. But it contains the in-phase as well
as quadrature components.
Let the complex envelope of s
u
(t) (SSB signal) be represented by s
u
(t). Then the SSB
signal is represented mathematically in the time domain as follows,

--------- (3)

Steps to find the expression of
:
Replace the bandpass transfer function H
u
(f) shown in Figure (a) above by an equivalent
low pass filter with transfer function
as shown in Figure (b) above. Thus, the

expression for
as follows,

--------- (4)

DSBSC modulated wave be replaced by its complex envelope. The spectrum of such an
envelope is shown in Figure (c) above. This spectrum can be expressed mathematically as
follows,

---------- (5)

Desired complex envelope
is obtained by taking the inverse fourier transform of the

product
and

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------------ (6)

Taking inverse Fourier transform of this expression we get,
---------- (7)

Substitute the expression of
in the expression of s
u
(t) we get the mathematical
expression for the SSB signal in time domain as follows:

Simplifying the above expression we get,

--------- (8)

In phase component Quadrature component

Equation above shows that the SSB modulated contains only USB with an in phase
component and a quadrature component.

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Time Domain Description of SSB Wave Having LSB :
Consider an SSB modulated wave s
L
(t) which contains only the lower sideband. The
spectrum of USB is shown in Figure (c) below and the spectrum of LSB is shown in
Figure (d) below,

The SSB wave s
L
(t) is generated by passing the DSB-SC modulated wave through a
bandpass filter having a transfer function H
L
(f) as shown in Figure below.

The DSBSC modulated wave is defined as,

--------- (1)
Here,
= message signal

= carrier signal
The DSBSC signal of Equation (1) is a bandpass signal which contains only the in-phase
component. Hence the low pass complex envelope of the DSBSC modulated wave is
given by,

---------- (2)

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The SSB modulated wave is also a bandpass signal. But it contains the in-phase as well
as quadrature components.
Let the complex envelope of s
L
(t) (SSB signal) be represented by s
L
(t). Then the SSB
signal is represented mathematically in the time domain as follows,

--------- (3)

Steps to find the expression of
:
Replace the bandpass transfer function H
L
(f) shown in Figure (a) above by an equivalent
low pass filter with transfer function
as shown in Figure (b) above. Thus, the

expression for
as follows,

--------- (4)

DSBSC modulated wave be replaced by its complex envelope. The spectrum of such an
envelope is shown in Figure (c) above. This spectrum can be expressed mathematically as
follows,

---------- (5)

Desired complex envelope
is obtained by taking the inverse fourier transform of the

product
and
------------ (6)

Taking inverse Fourier transform of this expression we get,
---------- (7)

Substitute the expression of
in the expression of s
L
(t) we get the mathematical
expression for the SSB signal in time domain as follows:
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Simplifying the above expression we get,

--------- (8)

In phase component Quadrature component

Equation above shows that the SSB modulated contains only LSB with an in phase
component and a quadrature component.

Single Tone Modulation transmitting only USB:
Let the modulating sinusoidal signal m (t) be represented as,

------------- (1)

The Hilbert transform of this signal can be obtained by passing it through a - 90 phase
shifter. So the Hilbert transform is given by,

--------- (2)

The SSB wave with only USB is given by,

------------ (3)

Putting Equation (1) and (2) in (3) we get,

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----------- (4)

This expression shows that the SSB wave consists of only the upper sideband of
frequency (f
c
+f
m
).

Single Tone Modulation transmitting only LSB:
Let the modulating sinusoidal signal m (t) be represented as,

------------- (1)

The Hilbert transform of this signal can be obtained by passing it through a - 90 phase
shifter. So the Hilbert transform is given by,

--------- (2)

The SSB wave with only USB is given by,

------------ (3)

Putting Equation (1) and (2) in (3) we get,

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----------- (4)

This expression shows that the SSB wave consists of only the lower sideband of
frequency (f
c
-f
m
).

Methods of Generation of SSB Modulated Wave:
Two methods are discussed:
1. Frequency Discrimination Method
2. Phase Discrimination Method

Frequency Discrimination Method (Filtration Method):
This method can be used for generating the SSB modulated wave if the message signal
satisfies the following conditions:
1. The message signal should not have any low frequency content. The audio signals
posses this property, e.g. the telephone signal will have a frequency range extending
from 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz. The frequencies in the range 0-300 Hz are absent.
2. The highest frequency in the spectrum of the message signal i.e. W Hz should be
much smaller than carrier frequency f
c
.
System Block Schematic:
Figure shows the block diagram of an SSB modulator which operates on the principle of
frequency discrimination.
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This modulator consists of a product modulator, carrier oscillator and bandpass filter
designed to pass the desired sideband.
At the output of the product modulator, we get the DSB-SC modulated wave which
contains the two sidebands only.
The bandpass filter will pass only one of these sidebands and produce the SSB modulated
wave at its output.
Design of bandpass filter:
Therefore the design of bandpass filter must be based on satisfying the following two
conditions:
1. Passband of the BPF should occupy the same frequency range as that occupied by the
spectrum of the desired SSB modulated wave.
2. The width of the guard band which separates the passband from stop band be twice
the lowest frequency component of the message signal.

Guard band = 2f
1
Hz

Types of filters:
The conditions mentioned above are satisfied only by the highly selective filters having
high Q factor (typically in the range 1000 to 2000).

Two Stage SSE Modulator:
When the carrier frequency is very high as compared to the message frequency, the SSB
modulated wave occupies the frequency band which is much higher than that of the
message signal.
Under such operating conditions it becomes extremely difficult to design a bandpass filter
that passes the desired sideband and attenuates the unwanted sideband.
Then we have to use the two stage SSB modulator of Figure below which uses multiple
modulation process.
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The message signal m (t) modulates the carrier f
l
, to produce a DSBSC signal. This signal
is passed through the band pass filter 1 to produce an SSB modulated signal.
Let the sideband frequencies be (f
1
+ f
m1
) to (f
1
+ f
m2
) assuming that USB is selected.
The output of BPF 1 is then used to modulate another carrier f
2
which is higher than f
1
.
Then at the output of the second product modulator, we get another DSB-SC signal the
spectrum of which is as shown in Figure below.

Notice that the guard band between the highest LSB frequency and the lowest USB
frequency is increased.
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This will make the filter design easy. Thus the two stage SSB modulator will simplify the
filter design.

Why to modulate at low frequency?
The filter used to suppress the unwanted sideband must have a flat pass band and very
high attenuation outside the passband. And the filter response must change from zero
attenuation to full attenuation over a range of about 600 Hz.
To fulfill these requirements at very high operating frequency the Q of the tuned circuit
must be very high.
This is practically not achievable. Hence the modulation is carried out at low frequency
and then the frequency is raised by means of up conversion

Types of filters used:
The LC filters, crystal filters, ceramic or mechanical filters can be used for removing the
unwanted sideband. The crystal or ceramic filters are cheap but technically better only
above 1 MHz operating frequency. The mechanical filter has the best properties i.e. small
size, good passband and good attenuation characteristics.

Advantages of frequency discrimination method:
1. This method gives the adequate sideband suppression. The sideband filter also helps to
attenuate the carrier.
2. The bandwidth is sufficiently flat and wide.

Disadvantages:
1. Due to the inability of the system to generate SSB at high radio frequencies, the
frequency up conversion is necessary.
2. Low audio frequencies cannot be used as the filter becomes bulky.
3. Two expensive filters are to be used one for each sideband.

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Phase Discrimination Method for the SSB Generation (Hartley Method):
The block diagram of Phase Discrimination Method or Hartley method of SSB generation
is as shown in the figure below,

This system uses two balanced product modulators M
1
and M
2
and two 90
0
phase shifting
networks.
The message signal m (t) and a carrier signal A
c
cos2f
c
t is directly applied to the product
modulators M
1,
, producing a DSB-SC wave,

--------- (1)

The Hilbert transform of m (t) and 90
0
phase shifted carrier wave are applied to the
product modulators M
2,
, producing a DSB-SC wave,

---------- (2)

The output of the product modulators M
1
and M
2
are then applied to the adder and the
output is give by,

--------- (3)

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Advantages of phase discrimination method:
1. It can generate the SSB at any frequency so the frequency up converter stage is not
required.
2. It can use the low audio frequencies as modulating signal. (In filter method this is not
possible)
3. It is easy to switch from one sideband to the other.

Disadvantage:
The design of the 90 phase shifting network for the modulating signal is extremely
critical. This network has to provide a correct phase shift of 90 at all the modulating
frequency which is practically difficult to achieve.

Note: SSB not used for broadcasting because of the following reason:
1. As the SSB transmitter and receiver require excellent frequency stability, a small
frequency shift in the system can result in degradation in the quality of the transmitted
signal. Thus it is not possible to transmit a good quality music using the SSB system.
2. It is not possible to design a tunable receiver oscillator with very high frequency stability.
Now with the advent of the frequency synthesizers, this has become possible. But such
receivers are too expensive. These are the reasons why SSB is not generally used in the
broadcasting applications.

Comparison between different Sideband Suppression Methods:
Sl
No
Parameter Frequency
discrimination
method
Phase discrimination method
1 Method to cancel the
unwanted sideband
Using a filter By shifting AF and RF signals to BM
by 90
2 Design of 90 shifter at
modulating frequency
Not Applicable Design is critical
3 Possibility of SSB
generation at any
frequency
Not possible to
generate at any
frequency.
Possible.
4 Need of up conversion. Needed Not Needed
5 Use of low modulating
frequencies
Not possible possible
6 Need of linear amplifiers Needed Needed
7 Critical points in system
design
Filter characteristics,
its size and weight,
cutoff frequency
Design of 90 phase shifter for
modulating frequency. Symmetry of
balanced modulators
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Demodulation of SSB waves:
The SSB receivers are normally used for professional or commercial communications.
special requirements of SSB receivers are as follows:
1. High reliability
2. Excellent suppression of adjacent signals
3. High signal to noise ratio
4. Ability to demodulate SSB

Coherent SSB Demodulation:
To recover the modulating signal from the SSB-SC signal, we require a phase coherent or
synchronous demodulator. The product modulator is a type of coherent SSB demodulator.

The block diagram of the coherent SSB-SC demodulator is as shown in the Figure above.
The product modulator is having two inputs. One input is SSB modulated wave S(t) and
another input is a locally generated carrier then the output of product modulator is passed
through low-pass filter having a bandwidth of f
m
finally at the output of filter we get the
modulating signal back.
The output of product modulator is given by

------------ (1)
But

------------ (2)

Substituting equation (2) in (1) we get,

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-------- (3)

When v (t) is passed through the filter, it will allow only the first term to pass through
and will reject all other unwanted terms.
Thus at the output of the filter we get the scaled message signal and the coherent SSB
demodulation is achieved.

--------- (4)

Phase error in coherent detection:
In the coherent detection explained, it is assumed that the ideal operating conditions in
which the locally generated carrier is in perfect synchronization.
in practice a phase error may arise in the locally generated carrier wave. The detector
output will get modified due to phase error as follows:

-------- (5)
In the above expression, the plus sign corresponds to the SSB input signal with only USB
whereas the negative sign corresponds to SSB input with only LSB.
Due to the presence of the Hilbert transform in the output, the detector output will
suffer from the phase distortion.
Such a phase distortion does not have serious effects with the voice communication as
human ear is relatively insensitive to phase distortion (This error is called Donald
Duck effect)
But in the transmission of music and video it will have intolerable effects.

The advantages of SSB over DSB-FC signal:
1. Less bandwidth requirement as SSB requires a BW of f
m
. This will allow more number of
signals to be transmitted in the same frequency range.
2. Lots of power saving. This is due to the transmission of only one sideband component. At
100 % modulation, the percent power saving is 83.33 %.

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3. Reduced interference of noise. This is due to the reduced bandwidth. As the bandwidth
increases, the amount of noise added to the signal will increase.
4. Bulkier filters are replaced by smaller filter.

Disadvantages of SSB:
1. The generation and reception of SSB signal is complicated.
2. The SSB transmitter and receiver need to have excellent frequency stability. A slight
change in frequency will hamper the quality of transmitted and received signal. SSB
therefore is not generally used for the transmission of good quality music. It is used for
speech transmission.
3. Selective filtering is to be done to get the original signal back.

Applications of SSB:
SSB transmission is used in the applications where the power saving and low bandwidth
requirements are important. The application areas are
1. Land and air mobile communication
2. Telemetry
3. Military communications
4. Navigation and amateur radio
Many of these applications are point to point communication applications.

Note:
Among the family of AM systems, SSB modulation is optimum with regard to noise
performance as well as bandwidth conservation.

Problems:

3. Calculate the percent power saving for the SSB signal if the AM wave is modulated to a depth
of (a) 100 % and (b) 50 %.
Solution:

In case of SSB, Carrier and one sideband are suppressed. Therefore only one sideband is
transmitted. Thus,

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For 100 % modulation (=1)

For 50 % modulation (=0.5)

4. Consider a two stage modulator shown in Figure below. The input signal consists of voice
signal occupying the frequency band 0.3 to 3.4 kHz. The two oscillator frequencies have the
values f
1
= 100 kHz and f
2
= 10 MHz. Specify the following:
a. Sidebands of DSBSC modulated wave appearing at the two product modulator output.
b. Sidebands of SSB modulated wave appearing at the two BPF outputs.
c. The passband and guard bands of the two BPF.
d. Draw the spectrum of the signal at each stage assuming suitable M(f).

Solution:
Let the us assume spectrum m(t) be a rectangular form.

Output of PM1:
The PM1 output consists of two sidebands as follows:
LSB 100 kHz - 300 Hz to 100 kHz 3.4 kHz
99.7 kHz to 96.6 kHz
USB 100 kHz + 300 Hz to 100 kHz + 3.4 kHz
100.3 kHz to 103.4 kHz
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Output of BPF1:
Assume that this BPF passes only the USB.
S
1
(t) = 100.3 kHz to 103.4 kHz

Output of PM2:
Output of PM2 consists of the following two sidebands.
USB 10 MHz + 100.3 kHz to 10 MHz + 103.4 kHz
10.1003 MHz to 10.1034 MHz
LSB 10 MHz - 100.3 kHz to 10 MHz 103.4 kHz
9.8997 MHz to 9.8966 MHz

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Output of BPF2:
Let the BPF2 select the upper sideband from the PM2 output.
BPF2 output 10.1003 MHz to 10.1034 MHz.

Passbands of the two BPF:
1. Passband of BPF1: 100.3 kHz to 103.4 kHz.
2. Passband of BPF2: 10.1003 MHz to .10.1034 MHz

Guardband of BPF1:
The guard band of BPF 1 extends from the lowest frequency of the USB to the highest frequency
of LSB.
Guardband of BPF 1 = 97 kHz to 100.3 kHz.

Guardband of BPF2:
Similarly the guardband of BPF2 extends from 9.8997 MHz to 10.1003 MHz
5. Find the Hilbert transform of the rectangular pulse below.

Solution:
Hilbert transform of x(t) is

But the time domain description of x(t) i.e, rectangular pulse is,

Thus,
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6. Let S
u
(t) represents the SSB signal obtained by transmitting only upper sideband and

represents its Hilbert transform. Show that,

And

Solution:
Equation for SSB modulation with Upper sideband S
u
(t) is given as below,

------- (1)

Multiplying Equation (1) by
we get,
----- (2)
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Taking Hilbert transform on both sides of the equation (1) we get,

------- (3)

Multiplying Equation (2) by
we get,

------ (4)

Adding Equation (2) and (4) we get,

Thus,

Now Multiplying Equation (1) by
we get,

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------- (5)

Now Multiplying Equation (3) by
----- (6)

Subtracting equation (6) from (5) we get,

7. Consider a message signal m(t) with the spectrum shown in Figure below. The message
bandwidth W = 1 kHz. This signal is applied to a product modulator, together with a carrier
wave A
c
cos(2f
c
t), producing the DSB-SC modulated signal s(t). The modulated signal is next
applied to a coherent detector. Assuming perfect synchronism between the carrier waves in the
modulator and detector, determine the spectrum of the detector output when:
(a) the carrier frequency f
c
= 1.25 kHz and
(b) the carrier frequency f
c
= 0.75 kHz.
(c) What is the lowest carrier frequency for which each component of the modulated signal s(t) is
uniquely determined by m(t)?
Solution:
a. For carrier frequency f
c
= 1.25 kHz the spectrum of the message signal m(t), the product
modulator s(t) and coherent detector v(t) is as given below

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b. For carrier frequency f
c
= 0.75 kHz the spectrum of the message signal m(t), the product
modulator s(t) and coherent detector v(t) is as given below

c. To avoid sideband-overlap, the carrier frequency f
c
must be greater than or equal to 1kHz. The
lowest carrier frequency is thus 1 kHz for each side band of the modulated wave s(t) to be
uniquely determined by m(t).
Question Bank

1. What is Hilbert transform? Obtain the Hilbert transform of the signal
.
December 2012 (04 M) , July 2014 (06 M)
2. With a neat block diagram, explain the generation of SSB wave using phase
discrimination method. December 2012 (08 M)
3. Consider a two stage modulator shown in Figure below. The input signal consists of
voice signal occupying the frequency band 0.3 to 3.4 kHz. The two oscillator frequencies
have the values f
1
= 100 kHz and f
2
= 10 MHz. Specify the following:
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a. Sidebands of DSBSC modulated wave appearing at the two product modulator
output.
b. Sidebands of SSB modulated wave appearing at the two BPF outputs.
c. The passband and guard bands of the two BPF.
4.
December 2012 (08 M)
5. Derive the expression for SSB modulated wave for which upper sideband is retained.
6. Derive the expression for SSB modulated wave for which lower sideband is retained in
time domain. July 2014 (08 M)
7. Figure below shows the block diagram of a two stage SSB modulator. The input signal
m(t) consists of a voice signal occupying the frequency band 0.3 to 3.0 kHz. The two
carrier frequencies are f
1
= 100 kHz and f
2
= 10 MHz.
8.
Evaluate the following:
a. The sidebands of DSB-SC modulated waves at the output of the product
modulators.
b. The sidebands of the SSB modulators at the output of band pass filters.
c. The passbands and the guardbands of the two bandpass filters.
d. Sketch the spectrum of the signal at each stage. [Assume suitable m(f)]
9. With neat block diagram, write a note on quadrature carrier multiplexing. June 2012 (08
M)
10. With frequency spectrum and equations, generate SSBSC wave by using (USB) phase
shift method. June 2012 (06 M)
11. Explain the operation of quadrature carrier multiplexing scheme with transmitter and
receiver diagrams. June 2013 (08 Marks)
12. With a block diagram approach, explain the phase discrimination method for generating
SSB modulated wave. June 2013 (08 Marks), July 2014 (06 Marks)
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13. Explain the demodulation of SSB waves with a block diagram and mathematical
expressions. June 2013 (04 Marks)
14. What is the significance of single side band modulation? Give the frequency domain
description of the same. January 2014 (04 Marks)
15. Explain with block diagram a frequency discrimination method (two stage) for generating
SSB modulated wave. January 2014 (08 Marks)
16. Consider the message signal m(t) containing components at 100,200 and 400 Hz. This
signal is applied to an SSB modulator together with a carrier at 100 kHz, with only the
upper sideband retained. In the coherent detector used to recover m(t), the local oscillator
supplies a sinewave of frequency 100.02 kHz. Determine the frequency components of
the detector output. January 2014 (08 Marks)

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Analog Communication Unit3 Vtu

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ANALOG COMMUNICATION (VTU) - 10EC53

is equal to that of x (t) i.e.

. Hence it is an odd function. The integration of

as shown in Figure (b) above. Thus, the

is obtained by taking the inverse fourier transform of the

as shown in Figure (b) above. Thus, the

is obtained by taking the inverse fourier transform of the

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