Word-order: Premodification

WORD ORDER I: PREMODIFICATION.

I/ Convert each of the phrases below by using the pattern head + postmodifying phrase,
thus: the cupboard door ! the door of the cupboard.

1. The water supply.
2. A motor-bus (es) service
3. Repair Personnel.
4. Life sciences.
5. Fish protein production
6. Space probe (research).
7. A radio signal.
8. A power station.
9. Peak hour power.
10. Raising prices rate
11. Graphite Blocks.
12. Water ground possibilities.
13. Surface hydrology.
14. Storage capacity.
15. Dam foundation.
16. Water divertion canal.
17. Landing gear components.
18. Impact strength.
19. Volume change.
20. Accident legislation.


WORD ORDER II: ADVERBIALS (i)
I/Identify the adverbials in each of the following sentences. Then classify them as adjuncts,
conjuncts or disjuncts.
1. Clearly, the teacher hasnt answered my question.
2. The teacher hasnt answered my question clearly.
3. In fact, he is quite a nice man.
Word-order: Adverbials

4. He stupidly allowed the fire to go out.
5. He cautiously raised the lid with one hand..
6. Personally, I think that Paul is very lazy.
7. Answer me honestly, please.
8. Honestly, I dont know anything about it.
9. He shut the door quickly when the teacher came in.
10. He quickly shut the door when the teacher came in.
11. I havent met Peter yet.
12. Yet I feel I know him full well.
13. I didnt anything, naturally.
14. He carefully put the money away in his purse.
15. You should consider it carefully before you accept.
16. As a result, he did not make much progress..
17. Honestly, I dont believe a word of it.
18. Wisely, she insisted on writing the letter herself..
19. The terrain was explored scientifically.
20. Scientifically, the argument was absurd.

II/ Put the adverbials in brackets in their most natural position in the sentence.
1. That man mows the lawn. (on Sunday morning,always, carefully)
2. Now, Sheila speaks English without a trace of accent. (fluently)
3. They returned to their hotel yesterday with their friends. (at eleven oclock)
4. I said good-bye at the station yesterday. (Regretfully emphatic and ordinary use)
5. She spoke to him in the hall after dinner. (Quietly emphatic and ordinary use)
6. I must be clearly understood. (clearly)
7. I will meet you on the steps the town hall on Tuesday. (outside, at eight oclock)
8. Take the third door in the passage. (on the left, upstairs)
9. Hand it over to me. (carefully, with your right hand)
10. Put the vase down on the table in the dining room. (gently, very)
11. Speak and with a voice. (loud, clearly)
12. They are flying to Dorval by Iberia. (in the afternoon, next week, at four oclock, on Thursday)
Word-order: Adverbials

13. The roof has been damaged. (seriously)
14. Ill read the report in my office. (in detail, after lunch)
15. They celebrated their victory in the street all through the night. (joyfully)
16. Well decide the matter at the meeting. (democratically, next Friday)
17. Theyre planning to get married at Saint Marys Church in Salisbury. (at five p.m, quietly, next
week)

III/ Place the adverbials at the end of the sentence into their most normal position in the
sentence.
1. I go home for lunch. never
2. I have lunch at work. usually
3. I eat at the nearest restaurant. sometimes
4. Peter eats too much. often
5. He goes out for dinner. sometimes
6. Peggy plays tennis on Sundays. never
7. She visits her parents. sometimes
8. She shops in town. often
9. She practices the piano. never
10. They have been to concerts. often
11. They have stopped there. frequently
12. They are late. often
13. They are late. never
14. Paul parks his car by a meter. usually
15. Children pay half-price on the bus. usually
16. I listen to radio plays. sometimes
17. You can find me at the restaurant at lunch-time. always
18. You will find me at the restaurant at lunch-time. never
19. He has gone to the cinema. never
20. He would go to the cinema. sometimes
21. He has been ill. never

Word-order: Adverbials

WORD-ORDER II: ADVERBIALS (ii).

I/ Put the adverbials which are given underneath each sentence into the numbered spaces.
Not: the different orders can give non-emphatic and/ or emphatic sentences; therefore,
occasionally more than one order may be possible.
1. (a) They have been (b) waiting (c)the cinema.
a. For several hours (emphatic)
b. outside
c. patiently
2. I (1) like to get home (2).
a. by five oclock
b. generally
3. She (1) sleeps (2) in a strange bed.
a. badly
b. always
4. (1) He (2) spends (3) (4).
a. a long time
b. in the evening (emphatic)
c. usually
d. at his desk
5. She dozed (1) (2) (3).
a. until teatime
b. in her armchair
c. peacefully
6. I would (1) go (2) (3) .
a. by car
b. never
c. to work
7. (1) She (2) cut the bread (3)
a. With a sharp knife (emphatic)
b. into thin slices
Word-order: Adverbials

c. carefully
8. (1) he has (2) done well (3) .
a. in history
b. this term
c. really
9. We (1) go out (2) (3) .
a. at night
b. in London
c. seldom
10. I (1) used to work(2) (3).
a. Always
b. before lunch
c. much better
11. (1) people (2) go abroad (3) (4).
a. frequently
b. in summer
c. for their holidays
d. in summer (emphatic)
12. (1) we (2) to climb (3) (4).
a. steadily
b. for hours
c. continued
d. towards the summit
13. , (1) I dont (2) care(3).
a. in the least
b. really
c. frankly
14. (1) we (2) had to stand (3)still (5) .
a. at our posts
b. absolutely
c. For the moment
Word-order: Adverbials

d. simply
15. (1) I (2)get a chance to sit (3) and read.
A. unfortunately
B. quietly
C. rarely
16. As a matter of fact, he (1) (2)tells me (3) what happens (4) (5).
a. confidentially (emphatic)
b. often
c. confidentially
d. at board meetings
e. quite
17. (1) you can (2) blame her for reacting (3).
a. Hardly
b. Violently
c. Actually
18. (1) he has (2) been on business (3).
a. Just
b. abroad
c. apparently

II/Put the adverbials in brackets into their most usual position in the sentence.
1. I go dancing. (hardly ever)
2. He examined the data. (meticulously)
3. He told me he had no intention of paying me back a halfpenny. (calmly)
4. They came to blows over it. (very clearly)
5. He looked about him. (furtively)
6. I enjoyed the Exhibition. (thoroughly)
7. I walked home through the park. (last night)
8. He denied knowing anything about it. (indignantly)
9. He gazed at the newspaper (listlessly).
10. I was ordered to leave the room. (peremptorily)
Word-order: Adverbials

11. Will you tell me how to get there? (kindly)
12. He viewed the whole thing. (dispassionately)
13. I go into a pub only. (occasionally)
14. I approve of your plan. (entirely)
15. he was awfully late getting to the office. (yesterday)
16. You need a haircut. (certainly)
17. She refuses to believe a word a say. (cynically)
18. She went out of the room yesterday. (in a huff)
19. I would never have believed such a thing of him. (never)
20. I said something to offend her. (unwittingly)
21. It is to arrive at the theatre late. (bad mannered)
22. Some women enjoyed cooking. (very much)
23. He manages to get seats at Covent Garden. (nearly always)
24. He flattered. (quiet blatantly)
25. She started up. (involuntarily)
26. I am telling him off for it. (forever)
27. He read the book. (aloud; monotonously)
28. My friend arrived. (at three oclock in the afternoon; at London Airport)
29. She demanded an apology. (angrily)

III/ In each of the sentences, there are at least two positions for the adverbs given.
Rewrite each sentence, placing the adverbs so as to suggest at least two distinctly different
meanings. Show the differences between your two versions by explaining each one or by
making use of paragraphs.
1. He expressed his thanks. NATURALLY.
2. The teacher thought the student was not intelligent. OBVIOUSLY.
3. There are a few passengers on the bus, on weeks. ONLY.
4. The speaker had not argued his case at all. CLEARLY.
5. Some club members were horrified at the suggestion of small changes. EVEN.
6. Differential rates of pay cause friction among workers. GENERALLY.
7. The rescue party managed to take ten of the crew off the ship before it sank. JUST.
Word-order: Adverbials

8. I dont want to put myself under an obligation to him by asking a favour. PARTICULARLY.
9. I think we will find he has been rash in investing his money in those shares. RATHER.
10. Frank has decided to spend a few days in Austria on his way to Switzerland. ALSO.
11. When I mentioned the money involved, he undertook to do the work. PROMPTLY.
12. He appreciated that my idea was a good one, but he still wasnt to lend me his support. QUITE
WILLING.
13. Do you think youll have enough money at the end of the month to make a short holiday? STILL.
14. I should ask him what he meant by his statement. PERSONALLY.
15. Have you made up your mind about what you want to do when you leave school? REALLY.
16. He had the grace to admit that he was partly in the wrong. AT LEAST.
17. He will explain quite clearly what he intends to do. IN FUTURE.
18. The student overheard the teacher saying that his last piece of homework was better.
DISTINCTLY.
19. A spokesman for the bus company pointed out that buses couldnt run on Sundays because of
the unwillingness of the staff to work overtime. NORMALLY
20. As the solicitor said, the money had been divided among the brothers and sisters of the dead
man, who had no children. RIGHTLY.

IV/ Identify the adverbials in each of the following sentences. Then classify them according
to both the list on the right and the one on the left.
1. Shut the door quickly.
2. You are quite right.
3. He plays surprisingly well.
4. Hardly anyone came.
5. It is rather a pity.
6. I am right for once.
7. His room is right at the end.
8. I hope to meet him soon though.
9. We left home so early.
10. We are almost at the station.
11. That costs almost a pound.
Word-order: Adverbials

12. Its about double the normal price.
13. He is really very kind.

V/ Indicate (a) if, in the sentence concerned, the adverbial in brackets can occur initially,
and (b) if it can occur initially as an adjunct.
1. Forster knocked at the door. NERVOUSLY
2. He did not know their names naturally. NATURALLY
3. He got on well with his hosts. IN NO TIME.
4. He found his hosts daughter very shy. HOWEVER
5. Ilsa could not speak English. FLUENTLY.
6. he could not talk with her. FRANKLY.
7. He came to like her. OBVIOUSLY
8. She was not accustomed to meeting young men.
9. He did not make her work.
10. She did not make much progress. AS A RESULT.

VI/ Identify the adjuncts in the sentences below and state their class.
1. Prince Albert foresaw great changes in the framework of society
2. The masses now hold strong views
3. I heard a machine which haltingly reproduced the human voice
4. We even thought it was going to explode
5. No one can really be informed about all these questions
6. I simply did not have the technical knowledge required
7. Something happens to make the answer completely wrong
8. Suddenly, the door swung open
9. The train stopped suddenly
10. A mans real influence is only exerted after his death
11. Butler was conceited and rather self-conscious
12. An unstable community is especially liable to suspect its neighbours
13. Artistically, the work had little merit
14. Lytton Strachey ranked much of Hugos poetry highly
Word-order: Adverbials

15. He was highly critical of one particular play of Hugos
16. Hugos revolutionary aims were purely literary
17. His call for an overthrown of the old classical drama rang out far beyond the literary world
18. Conservatives heard the call with alarm
19. A queue of long-haired, strangely dressed youths formed outside the theatre
20. You see three-quarters of his figure, to just above the knees
21. He is standing almost square
22. When you start looking especially at his body, you move naturally from the top
23. The eyes are a little sad if you look at them alone
24. His right hand, entirely shadowed, is on his hip
25. That is one of those fruitful ideas that can carry society forward
26. These ideas are always improving society
27. We shall find that the Greeks and Romans, too, overran the world in their day
28. They deliberately spread their culture
29. As far as culture is concerned, their influence remains today

VII/ Use one of the following intensifiers to fill the gaps below. Do not use the same
intensifier twice. DEEPLY, FULLY, HEARTILY, HARDLY, VIOLENTLY, ENTIRELY, DEFINITELY,
EXTREMELY, ABSOLUTELY ,ACTUALLY, TOTALLY, BITTERLY, COMPLETELY, UTTERLY, BADLY,
GREATLY, KEENLY, COMPLETELY, HIGHLY, WELL,
1. It was really kind of you to help us.
2. I am grateful to you.
3. We all feel more certain of our position now.
4. The clerks story was exaggerated.
5. Did you hear him threaten that girl?
6. I am sure she must have been shaken.
7. I am amazed to hear you say that.
8. You will regret this one day.
9. We are all moved by this story.
10. The result of the election is now.
11. The situation has changed.
Word-order: Adverbials

12. We are not satisfied with the result.
13. Mr. Chairman, I support the last speakers remarks.
14. We agree with your proposal.
15. Stevens is interested in his work.
16. We need technicians who are trained.
17. All the guests were ill that night.
18. I can imagine how the poor hostess felt.
19. We reject your accusations against us.
20. I can see what you mean. I am not blind.

VIII/ Indicate which position in the sentence concerned the adverbial in brackets could
occupy. Provide more than one when that would be appropriate.
1. I do not understand you. SIMPLY
2. Perhaps you will understand if I speak. SIMPLY
3. He made me angryTHOROUGHLY
4. You have studied this chapter THOROUGHLY
5. I appreciate your kindness. MUCH
6. I appreciate it. VERY MUCH
7. I mean what I say. ALWAYS
8. John writes to me. ALWAYS
9. If you do not know the details, you may answer the question. NEVER
10. These questions are not difficult and we can answer most of them. GENERALLY
11. Your theory may be right, you will find it very difficult to apply. PRACTICALLY
12. Such enormous distances are impossible to imagine. PRACTICALLY
13. This is my business. HARDLY
14. I can hear you. HARDLY
15. I can hear you. JUST
16. This is for your ears. ONLY
17. This is for your ears. ALONE
18. Will you come this way? KINDLY
19. I thought I spoke to her. KINDLY
Word-order: Adverbials

20. I spoke to her mother. ALSO
21. I spoke to her mother. AS WELL BADLY
22. The house needs repairing. BADLY
23. They have painted it. BADLY
24. It has been painted. BADLY
25. We have to live. ECONOMICALLY
26. We have to manage. SOMEHOW
27. We feel disheartened. SOMETIMES
28. We shall surrender. NEVER

IX/ Transform the sentences below in one of the following three ways:
1. It is lucky that someone managed to find me.
It is lucky that someone should have managed to find me.
I was lucky.
2. You were quite right to telephone the hospital first.
3. The girl was foolish not to ask your name.
4. It is understood that her appointment has not been confirmed.
It is understood that her appointment should have been confirmed
5. It is curious that the dog never barked.
It is curious that the dog should never have barked
6. Someone was wise to bolt all the doors.
7. It is clear that we have to inform the police.
8. It is not unnatural that we had all felt rather alarmed.
It is not unnatural that we should all have felt rather alarmed.
9. It is possible that the accident happened when I was in the garden.
10. It is important that we should not let it happen again.

X/ From the following list, supply a suitable conjunct to link the two sentences in each of the
pairs below; do not use the same conjunct twice.
1. In the year 1500, Europe knew less about science than Archimedes, who died in 212 B.C.,
medievalism made an important contribution to the formation of the scientific movement.
Word-order: Adverbials

2. The habit of exact thought was implanted by scholastic logic. The greatest contribution of
medieval scholarship was the belief that every occurrence can be correlated with its
antecedent.
3. It is a great mistake to conceive this historical revolt as an appeal to reason. It was a return to
the contemplation of brute fact.
4. There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. There is a sense of proportion.
5. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be made impersonal.
Our emotions start from ourselves.
6. It is impossible to make a continual approach towards impartiality: by knowing things somewhat
remote in time or space; and by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.
7. With every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such
increase augments our capacity for realizing our purposes, and augments our capacity for evil,
if our purposes are unwise.
8. There are distortions in art which seem to many people unnatural, and shocking: those that we
see in Picassos work or in the sculpture of Henry Moore.
9. Morality must be realistic and theory must be related to practice. in politics we must make our
moral judgements realistic enough to be political judgements.
10. One of the tragic things about intercommunal strife is that both parties quickly believe the
worst of each other. An, each of the antagonists insists that its own actions are inspired by
lofty ideals.
11. In those countries were the media of mass communication are commercial enterprises, success
is generally measured by the size of the audience. People are more likely to by a newspaper. If
their attention is caught by something sensational.
12. Unnumbered years before the Spaniards coming, the beautiful wife of an Indian Chief, to
whom she had been unfaithful, came to this lonely spot and drowned herself in the cold waters
of the Guatavita. Every year the unhappy chief came to the lake with offerings of gold.

XI/ From the following list, select suitable adjuncts which could be the focus of a question or
of a clause negation in the sentences below.
HARD, PUBLICLY, COOLY, GRADUALLY, WITH DIFFICULTY, THE MORNING, AT
ONCE, HALTINGLY, EARLY, EVENTUALLY, WELL, FLUENTLY, LATE, AT THE DRAWING-
Word-order: Adverbials

ROOM, EVENTUALLY, THE EVENING, WARMLY, EVASIVELY, QUICKLY, WITHOUT STRAIN,
FRANKLY.
1. Did Forster arrive a Nassenheide or.?
2. He arrived, . and not when he was expected.
3. Did Herr Steinweg receive him or ?
4. Did Ilsa speak English , or did she speak it?
5. Did Forster come to like her , or was it?
6. He did not make her work, but allowed her to work
7. Did she make progress, or did progress come?
8. She was not accustomed to meeting young men, but she sometimes met them...
9. He could not talk with her , but had to express himself.
10. Did Forster get on with his hosts, or did relations with them develop?