Builuing Stiuctuies (ARC 2S2S)

Fettuccine Tiuss Biiuge Repoit

uoh Kee Woon uSuSS1S

Lee Chee Siong uSu297u

Tong Yaow Ning uSuS971

Tan Robbins uSuS6u2

Chong Kah Weng uS12617
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-objectives of the pioject

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-intiouuction of case stuuy
-uesciiptions
-histoiy
-tiuss anu joints
-piatt tiuss
-lateial biacing,poital anu sway biacing

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7 mateiial piopeities anu compaiisons
-mateiial testing

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7unueistanuing of tension anu compiession foice
-Fiist Pioposal
-Seconu Pioposal
mouel testing foi seconu pioposal
-Final Besign
mouel testing foi final uesign


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The objective of the fettuccine tiuss biiuge is to ueteimine
how the loau tiansmitteu in a tiuss biiuge, figuie out each
inuiviuual membei of the tiuss is in tension oi compiession anu
the compiessive stiengths of the constiuction mateiial. Thiough
this pioject, we'll be able to enhance the unueistanuing of the
foice uistiibution in a tiuss. We aie askeu to uesign a peifect
tiuss biiuge that fulfills the ciiteiias such as high level of
aesthetic value anu minimal constiuction mateiials. The
mateiials that we'll be able to use aie glue anu fettuccine only.
In a gioup of five, we neeu to caiiy out a pieceuent stuuy
on a selecteu tiuss biiuge to investigate the aiiangement of the
tiuss anu how the foices aie tiansfeiieu thioughout the tiuss
system.
Then, we neeu to use the knowleuge that we gain fiom the
pieceuent stuuy anu constiuct a biiuge which maue fiom
fettuccine with 6uumm cleai span anu maximum weight of 1Su
g.
The tiuss is a stiuctuie composeu of slenuei membeis
joineu togethei at theii enu points. Planai tiusses lie in a single
plane.The joint connections aie foimeu by bolting oi weluing the
enu membeis togethei to a common plate calleu a gusset plate.
Thioughout the uuiation of the pioject, uevelopment of the
stuuents' knowleuge of foice uistiibution within a tiuss system
will occui thiough a ceitain amount of tiial-anu-eiioi
expeiiments that is typically iequiieu in a pioject of this natuie,
wheie initial biiuge mouels will be testeu anu failuies stuuieu.
This piocess is essential in achieving a fettuccine tiuss biiuge
uesign that is high in efficiency, which utilize less constiuction
mateiials to sustain a highei loau. This unueistanuing of
efficiency is containeu within the foimula below:



Efficiency, E = (Naximum Loau)2
Weight of the biiuge

Not only is the unueistanuing of foice uistiibution iequiieu foi
cieating a high-efficiency stiuctuie system, but an
unueistanuing of the stiength piopeities of the constiuction
mateiial, in this case the mateiial being fettuccine, is also
essential.
Biffeient type of tiuss :




/(0AG"GEGBC ;CFEH 7;0DBIJKG JA)ELG




Sponable Biiuge




Biiuge Name : Sponable Biiuge
(NcKeown Roau Biiuge)

Location : Baiiy countiy ,NIchigan

Stiuctuie type : Netal Pin Connecteu Piatt tiuss

Constiuction Yeai :19uS

Builuei Engineei : Nassilon Biiuge Company of Nassillon ,0hio

Rehabilitation Bate :197S

Nain Span Length :119 Feet (S6 Neteis)

Stiuctuie Length :121 Feet (S6.9 Neteis)

Roauway Wiuth :16.4 Feet (S Neteis)


Besciiptions :

The NcKeown Biiuge, also calleu the Sponable Biiuge, is
locateu on NcKeown Roau ovei the Thoinapple Rivei between
0lu N-79 anu Rivei Roau in Bastings Township of Baiiy County.
It is a single span steel Piatt thiough tiuss biiuge 119 feet long,
16 feet wiue, anu appioximately 1S feet high fiom ueck to the
unueisiue of the tiuss.
The biiuge's supeistiuctuie is an eight panel steel tiuss
with steel flooi beams, stiingeis anu a tiansveise timbei ueck.
The abutments which suppoit the biiuge on eithei bank aie of
fielustone. The biiuge is painteu black to piotect the steel.
Lattice woik highlights anu biaces the iailings.

Bistoiy :
NcKeown Roau Biiuge was built in 19uS by the Nassillon,
0hio, Iion Company foi Bastings Township at a total cost of
$2,86S. The NcKeown Roau Biiuge ieceiveu its cuiient, official
name uuiing the 19Sus when electiic companies extenueu theii
seivices to iuial aieas anu uevelopeu a system of naming iuial
ioau to aiu in seivicing lines anu billing customeis. The ioau anu
biiuge ieceiveu theii name fiom C.}. NcKeown, a local faimei,
who owneu the foim Sponable faim on the east siue of the ioau
noith of the Thoinapple Rivei. The NcKeown Biiuge is the last
metal tiuss highway biiuge in Baiiy County.







CAF;; IBE MD)BC;
A tiuss is a stiuctuie compiising five oi moie tiiangulai units
constiucteu with stiaight membeis whose enus aie connecteu at
joints iefeiieu to as noues. Exteinal foices anu ieactions to those
foices aie consiueieu to act only at the noues anu iesult in foices in
the membeis which aie eithei tensile oi compiessive foices.
Noments (toiques) aie explicitly excluueu because, anu only
because, all the joints in a tiuss aie tieateu as ievolutes.
A tiuss consists of stiaight membeis connecteu at joints, tiauitionally
teimeu panel points. Tiusses aie composeu of tiiangles because of
the stiuctuial stability of that shape anu uesign. A tiiangle is the
simplest geometiic figuie that will not change shape when the
lengths of the siues aie fixeu.In compaiison, both the angles anu the
lengths of a foui-siueu figuie must be fixeu foi it to ietain its shape.
0AICC CAF;;
The uesign uses veitical membeis foi compiession anu hoiizontal
membeis to iesponu to tension. The configuiation of the membeis
means that longei uiagonal membeis aie only in tension foi giavity
loau effects. This allows these membeis to be useu moie efficiently,
as slenueiness effects ielateu to buckling unuei compiession loaus
(which aie compounueu by the length of the membei) will typically
not contiol the uesign. Theiefoie, foi given planai tiuss with a fixeu
uepth, the Piatt configuiation is usually the most efficient unuei
static, veitical loauing.





Top choiu connections as vieweu fiom on biiuge

Bottom choiu connections as vieweu fiom on biiuge


Bottom choiu connection at enu post






Bottom choiu connections as vieweu fiom besiue biiuge.





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Sway biacing Poital biacing







KICGAIKN 0DACIK;N IBE ;OIH JAI"AI")BL;
Lateial biacing shoulu be uesigneu to iesist the following:
(1) Lateial foices uue to winu piessuie on the exposeu suiface of the tiuss anu on the
veitical piojection of the live loau.
(2) Seismic foices
(S) Lateial foices uue to centiifugal foices when the tiack oi ioauway is cuiveu.
Auequate biacing is one of the most impoitant iequiiements foi a goou uesign.
Since the loauings given in uesign specifications only appioximate actual loauings, it
follows that iefineu assumptions aie not waiianteu foi calculation of panel loaus on
lateial tiusses.
The lateial foices may be applieu to the winuwaiu tiuss only anu uiviueu between the
top anu bottom choius accoiuing to the aiea tiibutaiy to each.

A lateial biacing tiuss is placeu between the top choius oi the bottom choius, oi both, of
a paii of tiusses to caiiy these foices to the enus of the tiusses.
Besiues its use to iesist lateial foices, othei puiposes of lateial biacing aie to pioviue
stability,
stiffen stiuctuies anu pievent unwaiianteu lateial vibiation. In ueck-tiuss biiuges,
howevei, the flooi system is much stiffei than the lateial biacing. Beie, the majoi
puipose of lateial biacing is to tiue-up the biiuges anu to iesist winu loau uuiing
eiection.


The poital usually is a sway fiame extenuing between a paii of tiusses whose puipose
also is to tiansfei the ieactions fiom a lateial-biacing tiuss to the enu posts of the
tiusses, anu, thus,to the founuation. This action uepenus on the ability of the fiame to
iesist tians- veise foices.
The poital is noimally a statically inueteiminate fiame. Because the uesign loauings aie
appioximate, an exact analysis is seluom waiianteu. It is noimally satisfactoiy to make
simplifying assumptions. Foi example, a plane of contiaflexuie may be assumeu halfway
between the bottom of the poital knee biace anu the bottom of the post.
The sheai on the plane may be assumeu uiviueu equally between the two enu posts.
Sway fiames aie placeu between tiusses, usually in veitical planes, to stiffen the
stiuctuie.



3(4ICGA)IK;

Foi this pioject, we aie assigneu to use fettuccine anu glue only to
builu this biiuge.The biiuge must in 6uumm cleai span anu
maximum weight of 1Su g.




Tools that we useu aie blaue, metal iulei anu S seconu glue.


Foi the entiie pioject, we useu the fettuccine fiom this bianu only as
it has a stiongei tensile stiess anu less impeifect fettuccine
compaieu to othei bianus. By using the fettuccine fiom the same
bianu,we'll be able to have a bettei quality contiol of the biiuge.






4ICGA)IK 0AD0GAC)G; IBE "D40IA);DB;

1.Fettuccine
a.ultimate tensile stiength -2uuu psi
b.Stiffness (Young's mouulus) E- 1u,uuu,uuu psi

F0RN0LA ( E=STRESSSTRAIN)


2.Cast Aluminum
a.ultimate tensile stiength -1u,uuu psi
b.Stiffness E- 1u,uuu,uuu psi

Compaiison of glues

1.White glue (0B0 glue)
It takes a veiy long time to uiy anu the fettuccine will be soften by
the glue aftei the glue is uiy. Aftei the glue is uiy, the joints will be
affecteu as the fettuccine is soften.

2.Bot-melt plastics (hot glue gun)
It uiy fastei compaie with the white glue. Bowevei, the glue has
ceitain tempeiatuie, it will affect the stiength of the fettuccine. The
fettuccine cant ieally withstanu the tempeiatuie of the glue.


S. S seconu glue
It is less sticky anu it is in liquiu base which help us moie in sticking
the joint. Fuitheimoie, it takes a ieally shoit time to uiy . It
stiengthen the fettuccine aftei it uiy too which it is an auvantage foi
us.



White ulue Bot-melt plastic S seconu glue


45%&*.56 C&1%.$?
It is ieally impoitant foi us to have a stiong unueistanuing on the
piopeities anu the stiength of the mateiial that we useu befoie we
stait to builu oui biiuge. As it will help us in manipulating anu
contiol the foim of the stiuctuie of the biiuge if we unueistanu the
mateiial well.
Theiefoie ,we conuucteu a simple test to figuie out the stiengths of
the the fettuccine in teim of its tension anu compiession.




This simple levei-baseu testing machine allow us to apply a contiolleu tension oi
compiession foice to a test specimen anu measuie that foice with ieasonable
accuiacy.










When we test the tensile stiength of a fettuccine,we will clamp the top of the test
specimen to the loauing aim at the T-Line. The bottom of the specimen will be
clampeu to the base. We
hang the plastic bucket fiom the notch at the enu of the loauing aim, then slowly
fill it with watei until the specimen iuptuies. Aftei the failuie, we weigh the
bucket anu watei , anu apply the piinciple of the levei to ueteimine the inteinal
foice in the specimen at the instant of failuie. The piinciple of the levei says that:


In this equation, ! is the inteinal foice in the test specimen anu # is the weight
of the bucket anu watei.
Since $% anu $& can be measuieu uiiectly fiom youi testing machine, anu # is
ueteimineu expeiimentally, we can
solve this equation foi the unknown inteinal foice !. The iesult is:

The pioceuuie foi testing compiession membeis is the same, except that the
specimen will be placeu at the
C-Line insteau of the T-Line. When we apply the piinciple of the levei to finu the
unknown inteinal compiession
foice ' in the specimen, we get:


Note that the piinciple of the levei applies even when both foices aie on the
same siue of the fulcium.



A&1,6% P
Q#* C&$1.6& ;%*&$?%=

Test Weight of Bucket & Watei (N) Tensile Stiength (N)
1. 2S SS
2. 22 Su
S. 2u 4S

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Test Weight of Bucket & Watei (N) Compiessive Stiength (N)
1. 2S SS
2. 22 48
S. 2u 4S


The conclusion that we got fiom this expeiiment was cleaily illustiateu in the
table above.Fiom the table above, we can cleaily see that the fettuccine is bettei
in tensile stiength compaie with the compiessive stiength.


8(9FIK)CH "DBCADK
To have an even woikmanship, we check eveiy piece of the fettuccine
to make suie that each piece of the fettuccine is suitable to builu the
biiuge.



We take out all the ciookeu oi uneven suiface fettuccine fiom a pack
of fettuccine.


Then, we selecteu those which aie stiaight to builu the biiuge.




The uneven cut of each piece of fettuccine may leau to bau
woikmanship of the biiuge.



To ensuie each joint is nicely cut oi even, we useu the sanupapei to
polish the euge of the fettuccine. So that each joint can be nicely fit to
each othei.



To customize all the joints in the biiuge,we ueciueu to use the
'suiface-to-suiface' joints foi all the joints. So that eveiy joint will
look neat anu clean.






:( IBIKH;);



















0nueistanuing of Compiession anu Tension Foice

Tension anu compiession aie uiiectional teims to
communicate how foices aie acting upon oi within a
membei. If a membei (foi example, a tiuss oi a guiue iou) is
in tension, then the oveiall foices aie pulling away fiom it; if
the membei is unuei compiession, the foices acting upon it
aie uiiecteu towaiu the membei. Tension can be likeneu to
pulling on the enus of a iou, wheieas compiession can be
likeneu to pushing on the enus of the iou towaiu the miuule.
Tension anu compiession tests aie useu to ueteimine the
stiength of a mateiial anu to uevelop the mateiial's stiess-
stiain uiagiam, which shows the ielationship between the
stiess placeu on the mateiial anu the stiain expeiienceu by
the mateiial.













Befoimation of a biiuge

Buckling

Buckling means benu anu give way unuei piessuie oi stiain.

At a ceitain stage unuei an incieasing loau, fuithei loau is able to be
sustaineu in one of two states of equilibiium: an unuefoimeu state oi
a lateially-uefoimeu state.

In piactice, buckling is chaiacteiizeu by a suuuen failuie of a
stiuctuial membei subjecteu to high compiessive stiess, wheie the
actual compiessive stiess at the point of failuie is less than the
ultimate compiessive stiesses that the mateiial is capable of
withstanuing.





Buckling occuiieu on one site of the biiuge

Snapping
Snapping what happen when the suipasses an object's abilty to
hanule the lengthening foice.



Q.*1% 0*#S#156


Foi this uesign, we aim to uistiibute the loaus which acting on the
biiuge by using tension foice to pull the 'loau' up. Biacings aie auueu
to pievent the biiuge fiom uistoition.

Pioblems:



The miuule point may bieak easily as most of the foices aie acting on
it. The loaus aie not uistiibuteu equally thioughout the biiuge.

This uesign might woik well in cable, wiie oi stiing but not
fettuccine.

As the fettuccine uoesn't peifoim well in tensile stiess compaie with
cable, wiie oi stiing.

Fuitheimoie, foi this uesign, it might neeu to use moie fettuccines to
builu. As we have iestiiction on the weight of the biiuge, so this
uesign might not an iueal uesign foi this assignment.












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We noticeu that the loau uoesn't uistiibute evenly in the fiist uesign
anu most of the loaus act on the miuule point of the biiuge which
may leau to the biiuge to uistoition easily.

So, we impioveu oui uesign baseu on the knowleuges that we gaineu
fiom the pieceuent stuuy anu make it moie efficient in teim of
caiiying the loaus.


The uiagiam above illustiateu how the loau being uistiibute in the
biiuge.

Foi this uesign, it is maue up of six iepeateu patteineu of the tiuss.
We iefei to oui pieceuent stuuy ,the Sponable biiuge also using the
mouulation technique in the uesign as we noticeu that with this kinu
of uesign, the loau able to uistiibute moie evenly oi unifoimly. Foi
the tiuss, we aie using piatt tiuss like the Sponable biiuge.



This uesign also helps in saving the usage of fettuccines as theie is no
wasteu tiuss membei oi biacing in this system.

Besiue the tension anu compiession foice, we uiscovei anothei foice
in the biiuge which is lateial foice which may leau to the
uefoimation of the biiuge. So, we auueu the sway biacing anu poital
biacing like the Sponable biiuge to holu the foim of the biiuge. When
theie is a loau acting on the biiuge, at least the biacing will holu the
shape oi foim of the biiuge anu pioviue extia suppoit to the basic
stiuctuie of the biiuge.

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The mouel is 14ug anu it only able to sustain appioximately 4 to S kg
loau.

Aftei the loau testing, we checkeu mouel anu uiu an analysis on it.We
noticeu that theie weie 2 majois mistakes that leau to the failuie of
the biiuge.

The fiist mistake was the connection between the one fettuccine anu
the othei fettuccine was not well connecteu.






The othei mistake was one of the joint uiun't join well on the panel.
It was because the glue that we applieu was not sufficient to stick the
joint to the panel.



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Basically, foi the final uesign, we impioveu the mistakes anu the
weakness fiom the pievious two pioposal mouel.
The mouel is 1S1 g anu it able to sustain 7kg loau.

4#+&67C&1%.$? Q#* %=& Q.$56 E&1.?$







When the loau ieacheu 6kg, the popsicle sticks staiteu to benu when a new
loau was auueu to the iecycle bag.



Then, the popsicle sticks bioke as they coulun't withstanu the loaus
anu cieateu an impact on the membei of the biigue. Eventually,the
fettuccine membei bioke as well.






A close up photo to show the fettuccine membei
@(AGQGAGB"G;

-http:biiugecontest.oigassets2u1Su9la2.puf

-http:www.mecmesin.comtensile-testeis

-http:www.sliueshaie.netfaziiahabuulghafaicalculating-tiuss-
foices#btnNext

-http:global.biitannica.comEBcheckeutopic79272biiuge72uS8Live-
loau-anu-ueau-loau

-
http:www.histoiicbiiuges.oigbiiugesbiowsei.biiugebiowsei=tiussmcke
own

-http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiTiuss_biiuge

-http:en.wikipeuia.oigwikiLateial_foice_vaiiation

-
http:bsesiv214.bse.vt.euuBopPapeisC0NBINEB%2uLATERAL%2uANB%
2uL0NuIT0BINAL.puf