THE INSTITUTION OF SURVEYORS

SUB DIVISION – I (b)

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

FINAL EXAMINATION - 2009

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY - OF
KRISHNAPATNAM

Prepared by : S Sudhakar, LSSR-I

Studentship No. S/10615/IS

Under the : Lt Cdr RA Rahiman

Guidance of Grade II Surveyor
 INDIA – EAST COAST

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY OF
KRISHNAPATNAM

SURVEYED BY: S Sudhakar, S/10615/IS

(Project work for Institution of Surveyors Final Exams)

04th May to 08th May 2009

1 : 50000

REPORT OF SURVEY
ROS-S/10615/S

May 09

Prepared by:

S Sudhakar
LSSR I
S/10615/IS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to The Commanding Officer INS Nirupak

for the opportunity he provided to me for carrying out and completing this

work.

I much indebted to Lt Cdr SE John, Senior Hrdrographic Surveyor and

Lt Cdr RA Rahiman, INS Nirupak for their priceless guidance, encouragement

and inspiration given to me throughout this project. I also express gratitude to

AK Mallick, CPO SRI CHREC to his valuable assistance throughout the

project.

I also thank the survey recorders of INS Nirupak for the necessary help

they rendered tome during completion of the project

(S Sudhakar)
LSSR I
S/10615/IS
Date: Nov 09
 REFERENCES

1. Indian Navigational chart No. 3031 & 356

2. Hydrographic quality assurance Instructions for Admiralty Surveys

(HQAIs, NP 145 Edition 1/03)

3. Professional Paper 20

4. SOI Coastal Bench Mark Pamphlet (1958)

5. IHO Publication S-57 (Edition 3.1)

6. IHO Publication SP – 44 (4th Edition)

 CONTENTS

PART I - DESCRIPTIVE

Sl. No. Section

1. Introduction

2. Geodetic Control

3. Digital Surveying System

4. Navaids

5. Bathymetry

6. Tides and Sounding Datum

7. Seabed Topography

8. Wrecks and Obstructions

9. Lights and Buoys

10. Miscellaneous
 U PART I

1. Introduction.

1.1 The Hydrographic Survey of Krishnapatnam issued vide INS Nirupak

letter 738/IOS dated 28 Apr 08 was undertaken in accordance with partial
fulfilment of the final examination of Institution of Surveyors, New Delhi. Copy
of Hydrographic Instructions is placed at Annexure I to this report. The survey
was commenced on 04 May 09 and completed 08 May 09.

1.2 Krishnapatnam, a small town under the District Nellore in southern

Andhra Pradesh is situated 260 Nm south of Visakhapatnam and 90 Nm
North of Chennai. The nearest railhead is Nellore, which is 25 Km away.
Being at the border of states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu, the local
population is conversant with both Telegu and Tamil languages. The main
occupation of people of this area is fishing and farming.

1.3 The survey was carried out at Scale 1: 50,000 for the area bounded by
the following limits:-

Of Krishnapatnam

Latitude - 14° 08’ 00” N to 14° 12’ 20” N

Longitude - 80° 04’ 15” E to 80° 12’ 10” E

1.4 Survey Programme. A reccee of the survey area was undertaken

for finding out the suitable location for setting up of the tide pole. During the
reccee facilities for accommodating the tide camp party was also checked.
Thereafter, the tide pole was set up at selected location. Thereafter the survey
of Krishnapatnam was undertaken by operating SMB. Full coast was
delineated by walking over.
1.5 Weather The weather during the survey remained calm with
sea state below one. South/North Easterly winds of 06 to 08 knots were
experienced. The sky remained clear throughout and the visibility was 10 to
12 nm.

2. Geodetic Control.

2.1 The horizontal control of the survey was referred to WGS 84 Spheroid,
Transverse Mercator Projection on a scale of 1: 50,000 and Central Meridian
80°15’ 00” E.

2.2 The origin of survey is the geodetic station situated on the roof top of
the porch of Krishnapatnam light House. The station was established by INS
Darshak by SPP solution in 2006. In order to confirm the accuracy of the
station, it was decided to connect the station to IGS network. Six hourly GPS
1230 observations was carried out at the station on 05 Apr 08. The observed
data was converted into Rinex format using Leica Geo software. The Rinex
data was then uploaded through “Auspos” utility for post processing using the
IGS Stations. The processed results were compared with the SPP solution
established by INS Darshak and found to be in close agreement. However it
was decided to accept the coordinates obtained through IGS network for the
survey. The coordinates of the station thus established and used for the
survey is as follows:-

Position in WGS 84
Name Ell. Height
Latitude (N) Longitude (E)
Krishnapatnam Lt Ho Station 14° 15’ 18”.2997 80° 07’ 33”.8852 -81.795 m

2.3. Monitoring station. A new station was established on the front

yard of the Krishnapatnam light house to monitor the performance of DGPS
corrections. The station was established by carrying out simultaneous GPS
1230 observations with the reference station. The data was processed using
Leica Geo software in baseline mode keeping Krishnapatnam Lt Ho Station
as reference. The computated coordinates of the Monitoring Station is as
follows:-
Position in WGS 84
Name Ell. Height
Latitude (N) Longitude (E)
Monitoring Station 14° 15’ 18”.11375 80° 07’ 33”.46389 -85.4310 m

2.4. The detailed descriptions of the geodetic stations are placed at

Annexure “C”.

2.5 The Differential position was obtained in real time using Sercel NR 203
differential receiver. The co-ordinates of the monitoring station were observed
to be consistent and accurate.

2.6 Datum Shift Parameters. Due to non-availability of sufficient

Everest stations, datum shift parameters for the survey area were not
computed.

3. Digital Surveying System.

3.1 Hypack Max Ver. 4.3 a Software were used for planning, execution and
collection of survey data. Bathymetric data and position data were
simultaneously logged digitally on Laptop using Hypack Max ver. 4.3a
Software.

3.2 The collected raw data was processed using Single Beam Max Editor
manually to remove any spurious data. Tidal correction was applied after
obtaining the tidal value observed at Krishnapatnam Jetty. The collected
bathymetric data was sorted in sort program available in HYPACK MAX ver
6.2 b. The sorting of the bathymetric data was carried out at 125 m radius in
order to convert the sounding data into *.xyz format. Both the sorted data and
the supressed data were saved in separate files and later imported to CARIS
GIS Ver 4.4a for making the final fairsheet.
4. Navaids.

4.1 The medium range Thales Navigation Aquarius2 DGPS with reference
station consisting of NDS 200 system was used for positioning in conjunction
with Aquarius2 DGPS receiver / Sercel NR 203 differential receiver configured
in differential mode for sounding/coast lining.

4.2 The reference station NDS 200 was configured to transmit differential
data on frequency 1871 KHz and 3276 KHz. The origin of the survey is the
station situated on roof top at the porch of Krishnapatnam light House. Six
hourly GPS 1230 observations was carried out at this station and connected
to IGS network. The position obtained by “Auspos” utility was accepted and
used for the survey.

5. Bathymetry.

5.1 Depths in the area varied from 0.3 m to 19.4m. The inbuilt dual
frequency Atlas DESO 25 was used for collection of bathymetric data by the
SMB. The high frequency channel (210 Khz) was used for the entire duration
of survey as the soundings were below 40 m in the entire survey area.

5.2 Sound velocity was determined using 2-DACM prior to commencement

of sounding for the day and set in Echo sounder. The average sound velocity
of the water column computed from the results of morning cast was applied in
the Echo sounder and was kept constant. The difference in the sound
velocity due to spatial and temporal component of the sound velocity was
considered negligible for the following reasons:-

(a) The sound velocity observations in the morning, evening and at

different locations were found to varying between 1542 m/s to 1544
m/s only.
(b) No seasonal change was observed during the conduct of
survey.
 (c) No abnormal weather condition was experienced during the
period of the survey.

5.3 For greater accuracy, boat echo sounder was calibrated by bar check
daily twice before the commencement of sounding and after completion of
sounding. The details of sound velocity observations are placed at Annexure
'E'.

5.4 The total errors in measurements of depths have not exceeded the
stipulated level of 2 σ accuracy. A detailed analysis of estimated and
calculated errors likely to be present in the measured depths is placed at
Annexure ‘G’ to this report. The survey is considered to be thorough and
complete in all respects with regard to sounding density.

6. Tides and Sounding Datum.

6.1 A flat tide pole was erected on the western side of existing export jetty
of Krishnapatnam Port Company Limited. The SOI BM which was situated in
the old Port Office premises was destroyed during the ongoing construction
works. However the BM was shifted to Krishnapatnam light house premises
by INS Nirupak.
6.2 The tide pole was leveled to this Bench Mark, which is situated in the
premises of Krishnapatnam light house. The bench mark is situated on a
concrete platform, one feet south of the steps leading to the entrance of the
Krishnapatnam Light House. It consists of a brass circular disc inscribed with
letters “NAVAL HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY, INS NIRUPAK, LBM, 03-12-
06". The value of BM is 2.7822 m above the Chart Datum. The zero of the
tide pole was found to be 1.084m below the Chart datum.

6.3 A Local Bench Mark was established close to the tide pole on the base
of bollard on the eastern side of export jetty. The LBM is engraved with a
circle and dot with “LBM NPK-07-08” painted below. The value of LBM was
found to be 3.037 mtr above Sounding Datum. Regular check leveling was
carried out in order to ascertain that the tide pole has not been disturbed at
any time. The detailed description of SOI Bench Mark along with leveling data
is placed at Annex ‘F’.

6.4 No difficulty was experienced during the tidal observations. Tide was
observed regularly at an interval of 15 min for the entire duration of survey.
Levelling records, observed tides and the smoothened graphs of the reduced
tide are placed at Annexure ‘F’ to this report.

7. Seabed Topography and Textures.

7.1 The seabed was observed to be steeply shelving especially close to

the coast and breakers of about 0.5 m in height were observed all along the
coast. However, the height of breakers increased to 1 – 1.5 m in strong wind
conditions during the noontime. The bathymetry of the sounded area
generally agrees with the existing small-scale chart of the area.

8. Wrecks and Obstructions.

8.1 Neither any wrecks/obstructions were reported nor observed in

the survey area.

9. Lights and Buoys.

9.1 No lights and buoys were present in the survey area.

10. Miscellaneous

10.1 No abnormal bathymetry was observed in the area and clear of any
under water obstructions.

10.2 The survey has been carried out professionally with complete
emphasis on accuracy and the quality. The survey is considered complete in
all respects
Acknowledgement

1. This student expresses his gratitude to Lt Cdr RA Rahiman for his

kind consent to be the Guide for this Thesis. His vast experience as
Grade II Surveyor and deep understanding of each and every aspect of
a Hydrographic Survey had a humbling effect on this student.

(S Sudhakar)
LSSR I
Student No. S/10615/S

Date: - May 09