1

IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo AACC MMaacchhiinneess Dr. SSuuaadd

IIbbrraahhiimm SShhaahhll
ELE C T R I C A L M A C H I N E S II
Lecturer: Dr. S Su ua ad d I Ibr bra ah hi im m Sh Sha ahl hl
Sy lla bus
I. Introduction to AC Machine
II. Synchronous Generators
III. Synchronous Motors
IV. Three-Phase Induction Machines
V. Three-Phase Induction Motors
VI. Induction Generators
VII. Induction Reulators
Recommended Tetboo! :
1! M.G.Say
Alternatin Current Machines
Pitman Pub.
"! A.S. #ansdor$
Theory o$ AC Machinery
McGRA%-&I## Pub.
I Int ntr rod odu uc ction tion to to AC AC M Mac ach hin ine es s Dr. S Su ua ad d I Ib bra rahim him S Sh ha ahl hl
"
I. Introduction to AC Machines
Class i"ica tio n o " AC Ro ta ti n# Ma chines
'Synchronous Machines:
$S y nchr o n o u s % e ner a t o r s: A (rimary source o$ electrical enery.
'S y nch r o n o u s Mo t o r s: )sed as motors as *ell as (o*er $actor
com(ensators +synchronous condensers!.
'Asynchronous &Induction' Machines:
'I nduct io n Mo t o r s: Most *idely used electrical motors in both
domestic and industrial a((lications.
'I nduc t io n %ene r a t o r s: Due to lac, o$ a se(arate $ield e-citation. these
machines are rarely used as enerators.
E ner # y C o n ( er s io n
' Generators con/ert mechanical enery to electric enery.
' Motors con/ert electric enery to mechanical enery.
' The construction o$ motors and enerators are similar.
' 0/ery enerator can o(erate as a motor and /ice /ersa.
' The enery or (o*er balance is 1
2 Generator1 Mechanical (o*er 3 electric (o*er 4 losses
2 Motor1 0lectric Po*er 3 Mechanical Po*er 4 losses.
5
I Int ntr rod odu uc ction tion to to AC AC M Mac ach hin ine es s Dr. S Su ua ad d I Ib bra rahim him S Sh ha ahl hl
AC ) indin# des i# n
The *indins used in rotatin electrical machines can be classi$ied as
Concentrated *indin#s
' All the *indin turns are *ound toether in series to $orm one multi-turn coil
' All the turns ha/e the same manetic a-is
' 0-am(les o$ concentrated *indin are
2 $ield *indins $or salient-(ole synchronous machines
2 D.C. machines
2 Primary and secondary *indins o$ a trans$ormer
Distributed *indin#s
' All the *indin turns are arraned in se/eral $ull-(itch or $ractional-(itch coils
' These coils are then housed in the slots s(read around the air-a( (eri(hery to
$orm (hase or commutator *indin
' 0-am(les o$ distributed *indin are
2 Stator and rotor o$ induction machines
2 The armatures o$ both synchronous and D.C. machines
Armature *indins. in eneral. are classi$ied under t*o main heads. namely.
Closed *indin#s
' There is a closed (ath in the sense that i$ one starts $rom any (oint on the
*indin and tra/erses it. one aain reaches the startin (oint $rom *here
one had started
' )sed only $or D.C. machines and A.C. commutator machines
+,en *indin#s
' 6(en *indins terminate at suitable number o$ sli(-rins or terminals
' )sed only $or A.C. machines. li,e synchronous machines. induction
machines. etc
Som e of t he t erm s comm on to a rm ature wi ndi ngs a re d es cr ib ed b elo w:
-. Conductor. A lenth o$ *ire *hich ta,es acti/e (art in the enery-
con/ersion (rocess is a called a conductor.
.. Turn. 6ne turn consists o$ t*o conductors.
/. Coil. 6ne coil may consist o$ any number o$ turns.
0. Coil 1side. 6ne coil *ith any number o$ turns has t*o coil-sides.
7
I Int ntr rod odu uc ction tion to to AC AC M Mac ach hin ine es s Dr. S Su ua ad d I Ib bra rahim him S Sh ha ahl hl
The number o$ conductors (C) in any coil-side is e2ual to the number o$
turns (N) in that coil.
6/erhan
Coil-
sides
Coil-
sides
Coil -
sides
+ne3turn coil t)o3turn coil multi3turn coil
4. Sin#le3 layer and double layer )indin#s.
Single- layer winding
' 6ne coil-side occu(ies the total slot area
' )sed only in small ac machines one coil3side ,er slot
Double- layer winding
' Slot contains e/en number +may be ".7.8 etc.! o$ coil-sides in t*o layers
' Double-layer *indin is more common abo/e about 9,% machines
To( layer
:ottom layer
T)o coil 1sides ,er slot
03coil3sides ,er slot
The advantages of double-layer winding o v e r single layer winding are as follows:
a. 0asier to manu$acture and lo*er cost o$ the coils
b. ;ractional-slot *indin can be used
c. Chorded-*indin is (ossible
d. #o*er-lea,ae reactance and there$ore . better (er$ormance o$ the machine
e. :etter em$ *a/e$orm in case o$ enerators
5. 6ole 1 ,itch. A (ole (itch is de$ined as the (eri(heral distance bet*een
identical (oints on t*o ad<acent (oles. Pole (itch is al*ays e=ual to 1>?
o
electrical.
7. Coil1s,an or coil3,itch. The distance bet*een the t*o coil-sides o$ a coil is
called coil-s(an or coil-(itch. It is usually measured in terms o$ teeth. slots
or electrical derees.
8. Chorded3coil.
I$ the coil-s(an +or coil-(itch! is e2u a l to the (ole-(itch. then the coil is
termed a full-pitch coil.
in case the coil-(itch is l e s s than (ole-(itch. then it is called chorded.
short-pitch or fractional-pitch coil
i$ there are S slots and (oles. then (ole (itch =

slots (er (ole

i$ coil-(itch =

. it results in full-pitch winding

in case coil-(itch <

. it results in chorded. short-pitched or

fractional-pitch
N S
6ole
,itch
N S
6ole
,itch
Coil
s,an
Coil
s,an
9ull3,itch coil Short3,itched or chorded coil
In !C a r m at u re w in di n g s . the se(arate coils may be connected in se/eral
di$$erent manners. but the t*o most common methods are lap and wave
"n polyphase windings it is essential that
The enerated emfs o$ all the (hases are o$ e#ual magnitude
The waveforms o$ the phase emfs are identical
The fre#uency o$ the phase emfs are e#ual
The phase emfs ha/e mutual time-(hase dis(lacement o$ =

electrical
radians. &ere m is the number o$ (hases o$ the a.c. machine.
hase spread
%here $ield *indin on the rotor to (roduce " (oles and the stator carries 1"
conductors housed in 1" slots.
1
1" " A
C
11
1?
0
11
0
1?
0
@
0
1"
0
>
N
0
1
5
0
"
0
5
0
7
7
0
9
0
A
0
8
@
S
9
>
8
A
:
/3,hase )indin# 3 ,hase s,read is -.;
o
0
1"
E
C
0
11
0
"
0
1
0
1?
0
@
0
7
0
5 E
A
0
9
0
8
0
A
0
>
E
:
Time ,hase an#le is -.;
o
bet)een E
A
< E
:
and E
C
Ma-imum em$ E
m
induced in conductor -
1
=

2 R
=ero em$ induced in conductor 0 +conductor 7 is cuttin Bero lines o$ $lu-!
the em$ enerated in conductor 7 is ma-imum +conductor A is cuttin
ma-imum lines o$ $lu- $rom S (ole!
the (olarity o$ em$ in conductor $ *ill be o((osite to that in conductor %.

. o((osite to &
%
similarly the em$s enerated in conductors ". 5. 9. 8 and in conductor > to 1"
can be re(resented by (hasors 0
"
. 0
5
. 0
9
. 0
8
and 0
>
to 0
1"
the slot an#le ,itch is i/en by =
180

=
180

= 30

i$
6





=
1
+
2
+
3
+
4

Similarly.


=
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
C

=
9
+
10
+

11
+
12
the phase belt or phase band may be de$ined as the group o$ ad<acent slots
belonin to one (hase under one (ole-(air
Conductors %' (' ) and * constitute first phase group
Conductors +' ,' $ and - constitute second phase group
Conductors .' %/' %% and %( constitute third phase group
the anle subtended by one (hase rou( is called (hase s(read. symbol D
= = 4 30

*here
=
=

Se2uence o" ,hase3belts &#rou,s'

#et
1"-conductors can be used to obtain three-(hase sinle 2 layer *indin ha/in a
(hase s(read o$ 8?
o
+= 60

!
coil (itch or coil s(an y 3 (ole (itch 0 3

=
12
= 6
2
$or 1" slots and " (oles. slot anular (itch > ?/;
o
$or = 60

. t*o ad<acent slots must belon to the same (hase

A
:
@
1
1" "
11
0
11
1?
0
1?
0
@
C
0
1"
0
>
N
0
1
5
0
"
C
@
0
5
0
7
7
0
9
0
A
0
8
@
S
9
>
8
A
:
A
@
/3,hase )indin#< ,hase s,read is 5;
o
a
b
1
A
"
A
5
C
E
7
C
E
9
:
8
:
A
A
E
>
b
a
A
E
@ 1?
11
1"
F35?
o
c
d
1"?
o
1"?
o
C
C
:
E
:
E
c
d
A
1 A
"
:
1
:
"
C
1
C
"
&a'
C
-0
7 0
1?
0
A
0
1
-.;
o
0
@
-0
5
-0
>
A
0
"
0
9
-0
11
0
8
-0
1"
:
&b'
6hase s,read o" 5;
o
< -. slots<. ,ole )indin# arran#ement
&b' Time3,hase dia#ram "or the em"s #enerated in &a'
Do uble Lay er *i ndi n#
synchronous machine armatures and induction 2motor stators abo/e a $e*
,%. are *ound *ith double layer *indins
i$ the number o$ slots (er (ole (er (hase =

is an inteer. then the

*indin is called an integral-slot winding
in case the number o$ slots (er (ole (er (hase. = is not an inteer. the
*indin is called fractional-slot winding1 ;or e-am(le
a 3-phase winding with 36 slots and 4 poles is an integral slot
winding, because =
36
34
= 3
a 3-phase winding with 30 slots and 4 poles is a fractional slot
winding, because =
30
=
5
34 2

the number o$ coils C is al*ays e=ual to the number o$ slots S. C2S
-3 I nte# ral Sl ot * indin#
Eam,le: ma,e a *indin table $or the armature o$ a 5-(hase machine *ith
the $ollo*in s(eci$ications1
Total number o$ slots 3 "7 Double 2 layer *indin
Gumber o$ (oles 3 7 Phase s(read38?
o
Coil-s(an 3 $ull-(itch
+a! Dra* the detailed *indin diaram $or one (hase only
+b! Sho* the star o$ coil-em$s. Dra* (hasor diaram $or narro*-s(read+D38?
o
!
connections o$ the 5-(hase *indin sho*in coil-em$s $or (hases A and : only.
Solution: slot anular (itch. =
4180
24

= 30

Phase s(read. = 60

Gumber o$ slots (er (ole (er (hase. =

24
= 2
34
Coil s(an 3 $ull (itch 3
24
= 6
4
&a'
Detailed double layer )indin# dia#ram "or ,hase A "or /3,hase armature
ha(in# .0 slots< 0 ,oles< ,hase s,read 5;
o
(c) The star o$ coil emfs can be dra*n similar to the star o$ slot emfs or star o$
conductor emfs
Phasor diaram sho*in the (hasor sum o$ coil-em$s to obtain (hase /oltaes A
and :
.. i nte# ral slot cho rded )i ndin#
Coil s(an +coil (itch! A (ole (itch +y 3 0!
The ad/antaes o$ usin chorded coils are1
To reduce the amount o" co,,er re=uired $or the end-connections +or
o/er han!
To reduce the ma#nitude o" certain harmonics in the *a/e$orm o$
(hase em$s and mm$s
The coil s(an enerally /aries $rom .B/ ,ole ,itch to "ull ,ole ,itch
Eam,le. #et us consider a double-layer three-(hase *indin *ith = 3 5.
( 3 7. +S 3 (=m 3 58 slots!. chorded coils yHI 3 AH@
The star o" slot em" ,hasors "or a double3layer )indin# , ? 0 ,oles<
2 ? / slotsB,oleB,hase< m ? /< S ? /5
Double3layer )indin#: , ? 0 ,oles< 2 ? /< yBC ? 7BD< S ? /5 slots.
/. 9 r a c t io n a l S lot * i n d i n # s
I$ the number o$ slots #o$ a *indin is a $raction. the *indin is called a fractional
slot winding1
Ad/antaes o$ $ractional slot *indins *hen com(ared *ith interal slot *indins
are1
1. a reat $reedom o$ choice *ith res(ect to the number o$ slot a (ossibility to
reach a suitable manetic $lu- density
". this *indin allo*s more $reedom in the choice o$ coil s(an
5. i$ the number o$ slots is (redetermined. the $ractional slot *indin can be
a((lied to a *ider rane o$ numbers o$ (oles than the interal slot *indin
the sement structures o$ lare machines are better controlled by usin
$ractional slot *indins
7. this *indin reduces the hih-$re=uency harmonics in the em$ and mm$
*a/e$orms
#et us consider a small induction motor *ith p 3 > and q 3 5H". m 3 5.
The total number o$ slots S 3 (=m 3 >J5J5H"3 58 slots. The coil s(an y is
y 3 +SH(! 3 +58H>! 3 7slot (itches
9ractionary 2 &2 ? /B.< , ? 8< m ? /<S ? /5' )indin#3 em" star<
The actual /alue o$ = $or each (hase under neihborin (oles is " and 1.
res(ecti/ely. to i/e an a/erae o$ 5H"
9ractionary 2 &2 ? /B.< , ? 8< m ? /< S ? /5' )indin#
slotB,hase allocation E coils o" ,hase A
Sin# le 1 Lay er * indin#
6ne coil side occu(ies one slot com(letely. in /ie* o$ this. number o$ coils
C is e=ual to hal$ the number o$ slots S' =

The 5-(hase sinle 2layer *indins are o$ t*o ty(es

1. Concentric *indins
". Mush *indins
C o ncent r i c * i n d i n # s
The coils under one (ole (air are *ound in such a manner as i$ these ha/e
one center
the concentric *indin can $urther be sub-di/ided into
1. hal$ coil *indin or unbi$urcated *indin
". %hole coil *indin or bi$urcated *indin
4alf coil winding
;or (hase A only
The hal$ coil *indin arranement *ith "-slots (er (ole (er (hase and $or
D38?
o
A coil rou( may be de$ined as the rou( o$ coils ha/in the same center
The number o$ coils in each coil rou( 3 the number o$ coil sides in each
(hase belt +(hase rou(!
The carry current in the same direction in all the coil rou(s
whole coil winding
;or (hase A only
The *hole coil *indin arranement *ith "-slots (er (ole (er (hase
The number o$ coil sides in each (hase belt +here 7! are double the number
o$ coils +here "! in each coil rou(
There are coil rou(s and the ad<acent coil rou(s carry currents in
o((osite directions
Eam,le. Desin and dra* (a) hal$ coil and (b) *hole coil sinle layer
concentric *indins $or a 5-(hase machine *ith "7-slots. 7-(oles and 8?
o
(hase
s(read.
Solution: (a) half coil concentric winding

, =
4180
24

= 30

=
24
= 6

4
Hal"3coil )indin# dia#ram "or .0 slots< 0 ,oles< 5;
o
,hase s,read sin#le
layer concentric )indin# &t)o 1 ,lane o(erhan#'
(b) Whole-coil concentric winding
;or slot (itch F 3 5?
o
C (hase s(read D 3 8?
o
.
The number o$ coils (er (hase belt 3 "
The number o$ coils in each coil rou( 3 1
The (ole (itch38
The coil (itch o$ 8 slot (itches does not result in (ro(er arranement o$
the *indin
In /ie* o$ this. a coil (itch o$ 9 is chosen
*hole3coil )indin# arran#ement o" .0 slots< 0 ,oles< 5;
o
,hase s,read< sin#le
layer concentric )indin# &three3,lane o(erhan#'
M u s h *indin#
The coil (itch is the same $or all the coils
0ach coil is $irst *ound on a tra(eBoidal sha(ed $ormer. Then
the short coil sides are $irst $itted in alternate slots and the lon
coil sides are inserted in the remainin slots
The number o$ slots (er (ole (er (hase must be a *hole number
The coil (itch is al*ays odd
5or e6ample. $or "7 slots. 7 (oles. sinle-layer mush *indin. the (ole (itch is 8
slots (itches. Since the coil (itch must be odd. it can be ta,en as 9 or A. Choosin
here a coil (itch o$ 9 slot (itches.
Sin#le 1 layer mush )indin# dia#ram "or .0 slots< 0 ,oles and 5;
o
,hase
s,read
H.*: Desi#n and dra)
1. 5-(hase. "7-slots. "-(oles sinle-layer *indin +hal$ coil *indin!
". a.c. *indin1 5-(hase. 7 -(ole. "7- slots. double layer *indin *ith $ull
(itch coils +(hase :C (hase C!
5. a.c. *indin1 5-(hase. 7 -(ole. "7- slots. double layer *indin *ith chorded
coils yHI 3 9H8
7. 1? -(ole. 7>- slots. $ractional 5-(hase double layer *indin
Ro ta tin# Ma# neti c 9ield
%hen balanced 5-(hase currents $lo* in balanced 5-(hase *indins. a
rotatin manetic $ield is (roduced.
All 5-(hase ac machines are associated *ith rotatin manetic $ields in their
air-a(s.
For exaple, a !-pole 3-phase stator winding
The three *indins are dis(laced $rom
each other by 1"?
o
alon the air-a(
(eri(hery.
0ach (hase is distributed or s(read o/er
8?
o
+called (hase-s(read D38?
o
!
The 5-(hase *indin a' b' c is re(resented
by three $ull (itched coils. aa7 ' bb7 ' cc7
;or instance. the concentrated $ull-(itched coil aa7 re(resents (hase a *indin
in all res(ects
A current in phase a *indin establishes manetic $lu- directed alon the
manetic a-is o$ coil aa7
Positi/e currents are assumed to be $lo*in as indicated by crosses in coil-sides
a7 ' b7 ' c7

Ma#netic "lu ,lot

At the instant %. the current in ,hase a is positive and ma6imum "
m

=


=

At the instant (.

=
< =

and

=

At the instant ).

=
<

and

=

6roduction o" rotatin# ma#netic "ield illustrated by ma#netic "lu ,lot
The " (oles (roduced by the resultant $lu- are seen to ha/e turned throuh
$urther 8?
o
The s(ace anle tra/ersed by rotatin $lu- is e=ual to the time anle
tra/ersed by currents
The rotatin $ield s(eed. $or a -(ole machine. is

re/olution in one cycle
re/olutions in f cycles

re/olutions in one second Kbecause f cycles are com(leted in one

secondL
&ere f is the $re=uency o$ the (hase currents. I$ n
s
denotes the rotatin $ield s(eed
in re/olutions (er sec. then
=

=
2
6r
2

=
120
. . KThe speed at which rotating magnetic field
revolves is

called the Synchronous speed8

S,ace ,hasor re,resentation
%hen currents i
a
. i
b
. i
c
$lo* in their res(ecti/e (hase *indins. then the
three stationary (ulsation m.m.$s

combine to i/e the resultant

m.m.$.

*hich is rotatin at synchronous s(eed.
6roduction o" rotatin# ma#netic "ield illustrated by s,ace ,hasor m.m."s.
!t the instant %'

=
. . .

=

=

. . .

=

=
2

2
The resultant o$ m.m.$s.

<

<

is

and its manitude

is i/en by

+
2

cos
60
2

3
=

2
The /ertical com(onent o$

cancel each other.

2

2
!t the instant ('

=
C

=

. . .

=
3
C

=
. . .

o
The resultant m.m.$.

=
2

Kit rotate by a s(ace anle
o$ 8?
!t the instant )'
cloc,*iseL

=

=

C =
2
The resultant m.m.$. =
3
KThe resultant m.m.$. has turned
throuh a
2
$urther s(ace anle o$ 8?
o
$rom its (osition occu(ied at instant "L
A constant3am,litude rotatin# m.m.". or
rotatin# "ield is ,roduced in the air3#a, o" a
three3,hase machines at synchronous s,eed
Sinusoidal rotatin mm$ *a/e creates in (hase sinusoidal rotatin $lu- density
*a/e in the air a(M the (ea, /alue o$ 9- wave is i/en by
%here g is air-a( lenth
E a m , l e: rove that a rotating magnetic field of constant amplitude is
produced when )-phase balanced winding is e6cited by three-phase balanced
currents1
Solution: three 2 (hase balanced currents i/en by
------ +1!
The three mm$s 5
a
. 5
b
and 5
c
can be e-(ressed mathematically as
"ngle : is measured $rom the a-is o$ phase a
The mm$ o$ (hase a can be e-(ressed as
Similarly. $or (hases b C c'
------ +"!
------ +5!
------ +7!
The resultant mm$

( , ) can be obtained by addin the three mm$s i/en

by
0=s. +1!. +"! and +5!.
------ +9!
:ut
mm"
0=.+9!. there$ore. reduces to
------ +8!
It can be sho*n that 0=.+8! re(resents a tra/ellin mm$ *a/e o$ constant am(litude

At
At
At

H.*: ! three-phase' ;-connected winding is fed from )-phase balanced supply'

with their neutrals connected together1 "f one of the three supply leads gets
disconnected' find what happens to the m1m1f1 wave .
#
#
E l ec t r o m o t i(e 9 o rce &E M9 ' E2u a t ion
' A *ire loo( is rotated in a manetic $ield.
2 G is the number o$ turns in the loo(
2 # is the lenth o$ the loo(
2 D is the *idth o$ the loo(
2 : is the manetic $lu- density
2 n is the number o$ re/olutions (er seconds
' A *ire loo( is rotated in
a manetic $ield.
' The manetic $lu- throuh
the loo( chanes by the (osition
N +t ! 3 $ % & cos +O t !
O 3 " P n
' Position 1 all $lu- lin,s *ith
the loo(
' Position " the $lu- lin,ae
reduced
' The chane o$ $lu- lin,ae
induces a /oltae in the loo(
' +t !
3
(
dN +t !
dt
3 ( $ % &
d Kcos +O t !L
3 ( $ % & O sin +O t !
dt
' The induced /oltae is an ac /oltae
' The /oltae is sinusoidal
' The rms /alue o$ the induced /oltae loo( is1
( $ % & O
'
rs
3
"
The r.m.s /alue o$ the enerated em$ in a $ull (itched coil is
=

2
. *here

= 2 [ =
! =

2
= 2 = 4.44

*indin# 9actor &Coil 6itch and Distributed *indin#s'

it ch 5a ct or or Co il it ch
The ratio o$ (hasor +/ector! sum o$ induced em$s (er coil to the arithmetic sum
o$ induced em$s (er coil is ,no*n as pitch factor (<
p
) or coil span factor (<
c
)
*hich is al*ays less than unity.
#et the coil ha/e a (itch short by anle = electrical s(ace derees $rom $ull (itch
and induced em$ in each coil side be &.
E

E
' I$ the coil *ould ha/e been $ull (itched. then total induced em$ in the coil
*ould ha/e been (&.
' *hen the coil is short (itched by = electrical s(ace derees the resultant
induced em$. &
>
in the coil is (hasor sum o$ t*o /oltaes. = a(art
= 2
cos

6itch "actor<

=


=
=

Eam,le. The coil s,an "or the stator )indin# o" an alternator is -.;
o
. 9ind
the chordin# "actor o" the )indin#.
Solution: Chordin anle. = 180

= 180

120

= 60

Chordin $actor. = cos

= cos
2
60
= 0.866
2
D i s t r ib u tion 5 a c tor
The ratio o$ the (hasor sum o$ the em$s induced in all the coils distributed in a
number o$ slots under one (ole to the arithmetic sum o$ the em$s induced+or to the
resultant o$ em$s induced in all coils concentrated in one slot under one (ole! is
,no*n as breadth factor (<
b
) or distribution factor (<
d
)

=


The distribution $actor is al*ays less than unity.
#et no. o$ slots (er (ole 3 ) and no. o$ slots (er (ole (er (hase 3 q
Induced em$ in each coil side 3 '
c
Anular dis(lacement bet*een the slots. =
180

The em$ induced in di$$erent coils o$ one (hase under one (ole are
re(resented by side AC. CD. D0. 0;Q %hich are e=ual in manitude +say
each e=ual 0
c
! and di$$er in (hase +say by F
o
! $rom each other.
E
E
E
9
D
E
C
E
A
>B.
>B.
>
E
:
>
>B.
#>
6

I$ bisectors are dra*n on AC. CD. D0. 0;Q they *ould meet at common (oint
(*)+ The (oint * *ould be the circum center o$ the circle ha/in AC. CD. D0.
0;Qas the chords and re(resentin the em$s induced in the coils in di$$erent slots.
0M; induced in each coil side. = = 2s"#

2
= 2 s"#

2
! The resultant em$.

= = 2
s"#

= 2
s"#
2

, distribution $actor.

=


2 s"#

=
2
=

2 s"#

Eam,le. Calculate the distribution "actor "or a /53slots< 03,ole< sin#le layer /3
,hase )indin#.
Solution: Go. o$ slots (er (ole. =
36
= 9
4
Go. o$ slots (er (ole (er (hase. =


=
9
= 3
3
Anular dis(lacement bet*een the slots. =
180

=
180
9

= 20

s"#

s"#
320

1 s"# 30

Distribution $actor.

=
2
=
2
= = 0.96
s"#

2
3 s"#
20

2
3 s"#
10

Eam,le-. A 5-(hase. >-(ole. A9? r.(.m. star-connected alternator has A" slots on
the armature. 0ach slot has 1" conductors and *indin is short chorded by " slots.
;ind the induced em$ bet*een lines. i/en the $lu- (er (ole is ?.?8 %b.
Solution:
;lu- (er (ole. = 0.06
=

60
=
4750
= 50
60
Gumber o$ conductors connected in series (er (hase.

=
1272
= 288
3
Gumber o$ turns (er (hase. =

2
=
288
2
= 144
Gumber o$ slots (er (ole. =
72
= 9
8
Gumber o$ slots (er (ole (er (hase. =

=
9
= 3
3 3
Anular dis(lacement bet*een the slots. =
180

=
180
9

= 20

s"#

s"#
320

1 s"# 30

Distribution $actor.

=
2
=
2
= = 0.96
s"#

2
3 s"#
20

2
3 s"# 10

Chordin anle. = 180

2
= 40

Pitch $actor.

= cos
2
=
cos
4 0

= cos 20
2

= 0.94
Induced em$ bet*een lines.

= 3 4.44

=
3 4.44 0.96 0.94 0.06 50 144 =
2998
Ma# neto mo ti(e 9o rce & mm"' o" AC * indi n#s
? 1m 1f1 o f a c o i l
the /ariation o$ manetic (otential di$$erence alon the air 2a( (eri(hery is
o$ rectanular *a/e$orm and o$ manitude
1

2
The am(litude o$ mm$ *a/e /aries *ith time. but not *ith s(ace
The air 2a( mm$ *a/e is time-/ariant but s(ace in/ariant
The air 2a( mm$ *a/e at any instant is rectanular
Mm" distribution alon# air3#a, ,eri,hery
The $undamental com(onent o$ rectanular *a/e is $ound to be
%here
4

1
=

2
cos =
1
cos
: 3 electrical s(ace anle measured $rom the manetic a-is o$ the stator coil
1
1
&ere 5
%p
. the (ea, /alue o$ the sine mm$ *a/e $or a "-(ole machine is i/en by
=
4
$

2
%hen i2/ 5
%p
2/
i2"
ma6
2
4

2
;or "-(ole machine
1
=

$

2
;or (-(ole machine =
4
$

2

? 1m 1f of di s tr ib u t e d w i n di n gs
The mm$ distribution alon the air a( (eri(hery de(ends on the nature o$
slots. *indin and the e-citin current
The e$$ect o$ *indin distribution has chaned the sha(e o$ the mm$ *a/e.
$rom rectanular to ste((ed
De(elo,ed dia#ram and mm" )a(e o" the machine
&each coil has N
c
turns and each turn carries i am,eres'
Eam,le: a /3,hase< .3,ole stator has double3layer "ull ,itched )indin# )ith 4
slots ,er ,ole ,er ,hase. I" each coil has N
c
turns and i is the conductor
current< then s!etch the mm" )a(e "orm ,roduced by ,hase ! alone.
A /3,hase< .3,ole stator )ith double3layer )indin# ha(in# 4 slots ,er ,ole ,er ,hase
;or any closed (ath around slot 1. the total current enclosed is (N
c
i am(ere
Manetic (otential di$$erence across each a( is

The mm$ /ariation $rom

to +

at the middle o$ slot 1

The mm$ /ariation $or slot 1

E
is $rom +

to

The mm$ /ariation $or coil 11

E
is o$ rectanular *a/e$orm *ith am(litude
%

. similarly. the rectanular mm$ *a/e$orms o$ am(litude %

are
s,etched $or the coils ""
E
. Q. 99
E
The combined mm$ (roduced by 9 coils is obtained by addin the ordinates
o$ the indi/idual coil mm$s.
The resultant mm$ *a/e$orm consists o$ a series o$ ste(s each o$ heiht

3 +conductors (er slot! +conductor current!

The am(litude o$ the resultant mm$ *a/e is

.
Mm" )a(e"orms
Ha r mo n ic E " "ec t
The $lu- distribution alon the air a(s o$ alternators usually is non-
sinusoidal so that the em$ in the indi/idual armature conductor li,e*ise is
non-sinusoidal
The sources o$ harmonics in the out(ut /oltae *a/e$orm are the non-
sinusoidal *a/e$orm o$ the $ield $lu-.
;ourier sho*ed that any (eriodic *a/e may be e-(ressed as the sum o$ a d-c
com(onent +Bero $re=uency! and sine +or cosine! *a/es ha/in $undamental
and multi(le or hiher $re=uencies. the hiher $re=uencies bein called
harmonics.
The em$ o$ a (hase due to the fundamental component o$ the $lu- (er (ole is1

1
=
4.44
1

1
%here
1
=
1
.
1
is the *indin $actor. ;or the nth harmonic


=
4.44

The nth harmonic and fundamental em$ com(onents are related by

1
=

1

1
The r.m.s. (hase em$ is1


=
1
2
+
3
2
+$$$ +

2
All the odd harmonics +third. $i$th. se/enth. ninth. etc.! are (resent in the
(hase /oltae to some e-tent and need to be dealt *ith in the desin o$ ac
machines.
:ecause the resultin /oltae *a/e$orm is symmetric about the center o$
the rotor $lu-. no even harmonics are (resent in the (hase /oltae.
In ;- connected. the third-haronic /oltae bet*een any t*o terminals *ill
be Bero. This result a((lies not only to third-harmonic com(onents but also to
any multi(le o$ a third-harmonic com(onent +such as the ninth harmonic!.
Such s(ecial harmonic $re=uencies are called triplen harmonics.

The (itch $actor o$ the coil at the harmonic $re=uency can be e-(ressed as

=
cos

*here n is the number o$ the harmonic

2
& l im in a t io n o r S u p p r e s s e d of 4 a r m o n ics
;ield $lu- *a/e$orm can be made as much sinusoidal as (ossible by the
$ollo*in methods1
1. Small air a( at the (ole centre and lare air a( to*ards the (ole ends
". S@ewing: s,e* the (ole $aces i$ (ossible
5. Distribution: distribution o$ the armature *indin alon the air-a(
(eri(hery
7. Chording: *ith coil-s(an less than (ole (itch
9. 5ractional slot winding
8. !lternator connections: star or delta connections o$ alternators su((ress
tri(len harmonics $rom a((earin across the lines
;or e-am(le. $or a coil-s(an o$ t*o-thirds
2
3
o$ a (ole (itch
2


, &=
3

180
=
120
(
)
, = 180

= 180


120

= 60

1
=
cos

=
cos
2
60

= cos
30
2

= 0.866
;or the 5
rd
harmonic1
3
=
cos
360

2
= cos 90

= 0M
Thus all 5
rd
+and tri(len! harmonics are eliminated $rom the coil and
(hase em$ . The tri(len harmonics in a 5-(hase machine are normally eliminated
by the (hase connection.
Eam,le: "n --pole, 3-phase, 60
o
spread, double la.er winding has /! coils in /!
slots+ 0he coils are short-pitched b. two slots+ 1alculate the winding factor for the
fundaental and third haronic+
Solution: Go. o$ slots (er (ole. =
72
= 9
8
Go. o$ slots (er (ole (er (hase. =

=
9
= 3
3
2 0
3 s"#
2 0

Anular dis(lacement bet*een the slots. =

180

=
180
9

= 20

,
&=
180

180

(
9 2
)
=
9
= 140

, = 180


= 180

140

= 40

5or the fundamental component

s"#
2

s"# 3
2

,

=
s"#
2
=

2
= 0.96

,

=
cos
2
= cos
40

2
= 0.94
,

=

= 0.96
0.94 = 0.9
5or the third harmonic component (n2))
s"# 2

3 s"#
3
,
3
=
s"# 2
=
s"#
3 3
2 0
2

2
= 0.666

,

3
= cos
3
2
=
cos
3 40

2
= 0.5
,
3
=
3

3
=
0.666 0.5 = 0.333
Eam,le/: 1alculate the r++s+ 2alue of the induced e++f+ per phase of a 30-
pole,
3-phase, 4056 alternator with ! slots per pole per phase and 4 conductors per slot
in two la.ers+ 0he coil span is 340
o
+the flux per pole has a fundaental coponent
of 0+3!Wb and a third haronic coponent+
Solution: Go. o$ slotsH(oleH(hase. =
2
Go. o$ slotsH(ole. = = 2 3 = 6
Go. o$ slotsH(hase 32= 10 2 = 20
Go. o$ conductors connected in series.

= 20 4 = 80
Go. o$ series turnsH(hase. =


=
80
= 40
2 2
2 s"#
3 0
3 s"#
3

Anular dis(lacement bet*een ad<acent slots. =

180

=
180
6

= 30

s"# 2

,

=
s"#
2
=
s"#
2
3 0
2

2
= 0.966

,

= cos
2
= cos
(180

150

)
= cos
15
2

= 0.966
Induced em$ (er (hase +$undamental com(onent!.

1
= 4.44

= 4.44 0.966 0.966 0.12 50 40 = 994.4

;or third harmonic com(onent o$ $lu-
s"# 2

,
3
=
s"#
2
=
s"#
2 3
3 0
2

2
= 0.707
(180

150

,
3
=
cos 3
,
3
= 3 =
3 50 = 150
= cos
45
2
= 0.707
1 20
;lu- (er (ole.
3
=
3
0.12
100
= 0.008
Induced em$ (er (hase +third harmonic com(onent!

3
= 4.44
3

= 4.44 0.707 0.707 0.008 150 40 = 106.56

Induced em$ (er (hase.

=
1 2
+
3 2
= (994.4)
2
+ (106.56)
2
=
1000
H.*
1. Three-(hase /oltaes are a((lied to the three *indins o$ an electrical machine. I$ any t*o
su((ly terminals are interchaned. sho* that the direction o$ rotatin mm$ *a/e is
re/ersed.throuh its am(litude remains unaltered.
". A 5-(hase 7-(ole alternator has a *indin *ith > conductors (er slot. The armature has
a total o$ 58 slots. Calculate the distribution $actor. %hat is the induced /oltae (er (hase
*hen the alternator is dri/en at 1>?? RPM. *ith $lu- o$ ?.?71 %b in each (oleR
&Ans)er. ;.D5< 4;/.-D7 FoltsB,hase'
5. A 1? MVA .11 SV.9? &B .5-(hase star-connected alternator s dri/en at
5?? RPM. The *indin is housed in 58? slots and has 8 conductors (er
slot. the coils s(annin +9H8! o$ a (ole (itch. Calculate the sinusoidally distributed
$lu- (er (ole re=uired to i/e a line /oltae o$ 11 ,V on o(en circuit. and the $ull-
load current (er conductor. &Ans)er. ;.;85 )eber < 4.0.850 Am,s'
7. A three (hase four (ole *indin is e-cited by balanced three (hase 9? &B
currents. Althouh the *indin distribution has been desined to minimiBe the
harmonics. there remains some third and $i$th s(atial harmonics. Thus the (hase
" f can be *ritten as
Similar e-(ressions can be *ritten $or (hase $ +re(lacin 7 by 7 -3!0
o
and 8t by
8t-
3!0
o
! and (hase 1 +re(lacin 7 by 7 93!0
o
and Ot by 8t93!0
o
!.
Deri/e the e-(ression $or the total three (hase f. and sho* that the $undamental
and the 9
th
harmonic com(onents are rotatin