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Chemistry Test 2
Example
BF3
B × 1 = 3 valence electrons Trigonal Planar
F × 3 = 21 valence electrons
+ 24 valence electrons
REMINDER
Intermolecular forces
Attractions between temporary dipoles of two different molecules
London forces
Interactions between two temporary dipoles (instantaneous dipoles); they depend
on two factors. Intermolecular forces are weaker than chemical bonds.
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1. Molar Mass
The higher the Molar Mass, the bigger the London forces and higher the
boiling point. With increase in Molar Mass, there are more electrons, the
bigger the possible temporary dipoles and therefore the bigger the
dispersion forces resulting in a higher melting point
2. Molecular shape
The shapes of the molecules also matter. Long thin molecules can
develop to short fat ones containing the same number of electrons
Dipole – Dipole
Interactions between two permanent dipoles of different molecules
Hydrogen bonding
Interactions between H which is directly linked to F, O & N and the lone pair of
electrons with F, O & N of a different molecule.
Polarity
Polar bonds
Although polar bonds are present in Trigonal
planar molecules, it is a symmetrical molecule so
the vectors are symmetrical and cancel
themselves. The bonds result in a non-polar
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POLAR
0 COVALENT
COVALENT
IONIC 0.4 2.0
4
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Hybridization
Sigma bonds (σ)
Covalent bonds that are formed by end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals;
because of this, the electron density is greatest along the internuclear axis.
Pi bonds (п)
Covalent bonds that are formed by side-to-side [lateral] overlap of atomic
orbitals; because of this, the electron density is lowest along the internuclear
axis. Delocalization applies to pi bonds.
Resonance
When a particular molecule can be represented as several different Lewis
structures is generally not any of these, but a mixture of all of them. This can be
represented by either using delocalized electrons, or through resonance (where
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each possible structure is drawn and the actual state resonates between them.)
The delocalization of pi electrons (which is effectively what happens) makes the
molecule more stable (as evidenced by a lower energy) and gives the bonds a
shorter length than would be expected.
Properties of resonance
1. Bonds are shorter than expected
2. Pi bonds moving (delocalization) enables more stability
Species to remember
1.
2. NO3-
3. NO2-
4. CO2-
5. CH3COO-
6. C6H6
7. 03
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Ionic bonds
Transfer of an electron from a metal to a non-metal resulting in the formation of a
cation or anion. The electrostatic attraction between a cation and anion is called
and ionic bond.
Cation
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
+2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2
+4 +2 +3 +2
+6 +3 Sn Pb N P S
+4 +2 +2 +3 +3 +4
+5 +4 +4 +5 +5 +6
+6
+7
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Anions
IV V VI