Generator Excitaion & AVR

3 November 2011 PMI Revision 00 1

Presentation outline
Types of excitation system
Static Excitation system
Brushless Excitation System
Components of excitation system
AVR
What is Excitation system?
Creating and strengthening the magnetic field of
the generator by passing DC through the filed
winding.
Why Excitation system?

With large alternators in the power system,
excitation plays a vital role in the management of
voltage profile and reactive power in the grid thus
ensuring Stability
STATOR
EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
ROTOR
N

S

Stator induced Voltage
E = K. L. d/ dt
K = constant
L = length exposed to flux
d/ dt = rate of change of flux

Frequency of induced Voltage
F = NP / 120
Magnitude of flux decides generated voltage and
speed of rotation decides frequency of
generated voltage
EXCITATION PRINCIPLE
The Equipment for supply, control and monitoring of this
DC supply is called the Excitation system
G

Flux in the generator rotor
is produced by feeding
DC supply in the field
coils, thus forming a 2
pole magnet of rotor
TYPES OF EXCITATION
EXCITATION
SYSTEM
ROTATING
SYSTEM
STATIC
SYSTEM
Conventional
Rotating
machines
High
frequency
excitation
Brushless
Excitation
System
EXCITATION SYSTEM
REQUIREMENT
Reliability
Sensitivity and fast response
Stability
Ability to meet abnormal conditions
Monitoring and annunciation of parameters
User friendliness

Providing variable DC current
with short time overload
capability
Controlling terminal voltage with
suitable accuracy
Ensure stable operation with
network and / or other machines
Contribution to transient stability
subsequent to a fault.
Communicate with the power
plant control system
Keep machine within permissible
operating range

AVR
Duties of an Excitation System
COMPONENTS OF TYPICAL
EXCITATION SYSTEM
Input and output interface , Aux. power supply, FB
AVR: At least two independent channels
Follow up control and changeover
Excitation build up and Field Discharging system
Cooling / heat dissipation components
Limiters
Protective relays
Testing , Monitoring and alarm / trip initiation
Specific requirements :
Field Flashing, Stroboscope, PSS,
AVR
AUTO
MAN
FDR
FF
415 v AC
STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM ( 200 MW)
F B
1
5
.
7
5

k
V

575 v
Brush Type Rotating Exciter Generator
Static excitation system
Excitation power from generator via excitation transformer.
Protective relays for excitation transformer

Field forcing provided through 415 v aux supply

Converter divided in to no of parallel (typically4 ) paths. Each
one having separate pulse output stage and air flow
monitoring.

Two channels : Auto & manual, provision for change over
from Auto to Manual
Limiters : Stator current limiter, Rotor current limiter, Load
angle limiter etc.
Alternate supply for testing

Static excitation system
voltage regulator
GT
EXC TRFR
18KV/700V
1500KVA
THYRISOR
BRIDGE
GENERATOR
FIELD
From TGMCC- C
415/40V,10KVA
Pre Excitation
Non linear
resistor
Field Breaker
Field discharge
Resistor
Crow Bar
Field flashing
For start up DC excitation is fed to the field from external source like
station battery or rectified AC from station Ac supply .
Filed flashing is used to build up voltage up to 30 %.
From 30 to 70 % both flashing and regulation remains in circuit.
70 % above flashing gets cut-off
BRUSH
GEAR
Brushless excitation
PILOT
EXCITER
MAIN
EXCITER
GENERATOR
FIELD BREAKER
FIELD
(PM)
ARMATURE
ROTATING
DIODES
R
Y
B
Components of Brush less
Excitation System
Three Phase Main Exciter.
Three Phase Pilot Exciter.
Regulation cubicle
Rectifier Wheels
Exciter Coolers
Metering and supervisory equipment.
AVR
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM
(500 MW)
21 KV
Brushless Excitation System
Eliminates Slip Rings, Brushgear and all problems associated with
transfer of current via sliding contacts

Simple, Reliable and increasingly popular system the world over,
Ideally suited for large sets

Minimum operating and maintenance cost

Self generating excitation unaffected by system fault/disturbances
because of shaft mounted pilot exciter

Multi contact electrical connections between exciter and
generator field

Stroboscope for fuse failure detection

Rotor Earth fault monitoring system

Rotor E/F monitoring system
alarm 80 K, Trip 5 K

Stroboscope for thyristor fuse monitoring
(one fuse for each pair of diodes, )

Auto channel thyristor current monitor
For monitoring of thyristor bridge current , and
initiating change over to manual.

Auto to Manual changeover in case of Auto channel
power supply, thyristor set problem, or generator volts
actual value problem
Brushless Excitation system
Excitation Power Requirement
Unit
capacity
MW
Excitation
Current at
Full Load
Excitation
Voltage at
full load
Ceiling
Volts
200/ 210 2600 310 610
500 6300 600 1000
PMG
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRUSHLESS AND STATIC
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
More since slip rings and
brushes are required. Also
over hang vibrations are
very high resulting in faster
wear and tear.
Less since slip rings and brushes
are avoided.
Maintenance. 5
No additional bearing and
increase in shaft length are
required.
One additional bearing and an
increase in the shaft length
are required.
Requirement of additional
bearing and increase of
turbo generator shaft
length.
4
Very fast response in the order
of 40 ms. due to the direct
control and solid state
devices employed.
Slower than static type since
control is indirect (on the
field of main exciter) and
magnetic components
involved.
Response of the excitation
system.
3
Field flashing supply required
for excitation build up.
No external source requirement
since pilot exciter has
permanent magnet field.
Dependency on external
supply.
2
Static excitation system uses
thyristors & taking supply
from output of the
generator
Brushless system gets activated
with pilot exciter, main
exciter and rotating diodes.
Type of system. 1
Static Excitation Brushless Excitation Description S.NO
MAIN EXCITER
EXCITER ROTOR
EXCITER COOLING
VAPOUR EXHAUST
COOLER
X
G
E
F
V
T
GENERATOR
Equivalent circuit of Generator
I
E
F
= I . X
G
+ V
T
GENERATOR
V
T
I
L
I
L
.X
d
E
f
Phasor diagram of the Generator

G
V
bus
V
T
X
T
X
d
E
f
GENERATOR
Generator + Generator Transformer Eq. Ckt.
G
GT
GCB
V
bus
V
T
E
F
I
L

Vector Diagram of Generator and GT
connected to an infinite bus
GENERATOR
I
L
.X
T
I
L
.X
d
I n the equivalent Circuit and Phasor diagram, the notations used have
the following description:
V
bus
: I nfinite bus voltage
V
T
: Generator Terminal Voltage
E
F
: I nduced Voltage (behind synchronous
I mpedance) of Generator, proportional
to excitation.
X
d
: Direct axis sync. Reactance assumed
same as quadrature axis sync.
Reactance
X
T
: Transformer reactance
I
L
: Load Current
: Phase angle
: Torque Angle (rotor/load angle)

GENERATOR
Referring to the phasor diagram on slide no.14;
Sin / I
L
.{X
d
+X
T
} = Sin (90+ ) / E
F

Putting X
d
+X
T
=X, and multiplying both sides by VI
L
,
V Sin /X = VI
L
Cos / E
F

{Sin (90+ ) = Cos }
or,
(E
F
. V / X) Sin = VI
L
Cos = P
P
max
= E
F
. V / X
Note that the Electrical Power Output varies as the Sin of Load angle
GENERATOR
POWER ANGLE EQUATION
Torque angle diagram
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Angle in degrees
S
i
n

d
e
l
t
a
Torque angle diagram
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
3
0
6
0
9
0
1
2
0
1
5
0
1
8
0
Angle in degrees
P
o
w
e
r

i
n

p
u
ROTOR
STATOR

Rotor
mag.
axis
Stator
mag.
axis
N
S
S
N
red
yellow
blue
Physical
significance
of load angle
O V
bus

E
F1
E
F2 P
1
P
2
Locus of
Constant
Excitation
I
2
I
1

2
Excitation constant;
Steam flow increased
Power output P
1
to P
2
ACTIVE POWER CHANGE
O V
bus

E
F1
E
F2
Locus of P = const.
Locus of
Constant
Excitation
I
2
I
1

2
Steam Flow constant;
Excitation increased
Power output Constant

I Cos = Constant
EXCITATION CHANGE
Excitation Control
Power Angle Diagrams for Different
Excitation Levels
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Power Angle (delta), in degrees
P
o
w
e
r

i
n

p
e
r

u
n
i
t
P1
P2
P3
TYPES OF AVR SYSTEMS
Single channel AVR system

Dual channel AVR system

Twin channel AVR system

Single channel AVR system

Here we have two controllers one is automatic and the other is
manual and both the controllers are fed from the same supply
The AVR senses the circuit parameters through current
transformers and voltage transformers and initiates the control
action by initiating control pulses , which are amplified and sent
to the circuit components
The gate controller is used to vary the firing angle in order
to control the field current for excitation
In case of any fault in the automatic voltage regulator the control
can be switched on to the manual controller.

Dual channel AVR system
Here also we have two controllers in the same manner as the
previous case i.e. one automatic voltage controller and one manual
controller
But here in contrary to the previous case we have different power
supply, gate control and pulse amplifier units for each of the
controllers
Reliability is more in this case than previous one since a fault in
either gate control unit or pulse amplifier or power supply in single
channel AVR will cause failure of whole unit, but in dual channel
AVR this can be avoided by switching to another channel.
This system almost resembles the dual channel AVR but the only
difference is that here we have two automatic voltage regulators
instead of one automatic voltage regulator and one manual Voltage
regulator
This system has an edge over the previous one in the fact that in case
of failure in the AVR of the Dual voltage regulator the manual system
is switched on and it should be adjusted manually for the required
change in the system and if the fault in AVR is not rectified in
reasonable time it will be tedious to adjust the manual voltage
regulator
In Twin channel AVR both the AVRs sense the circuit parameters
separately and switching to other regulator incase of fault is much
easier and hence the system is more flexible than the other types.
Generally switching to manual regulator is only exceptional cases
like faulty operation of AVR or commissioning and maintenance
work and hence we can easily manage with one AVR and one
manual regulator than two AVRs. So Twin channel AVR is only
used in very few cases and generally Dual channel AVR is
preferred.
AVR
The feedback of voltage and current output of the generator
is fed to avr where it is compared with the set point
generator volts se from the control room
There are two independent control systems
1. Auto control
2. Manual control

The control is effected on the 3 phase output of the pilot
exciter and provides a variable d.c. input to the main exciter
AVR
The main components of the voltage Regulator are two closed
loop control systems each followed by separate gate control unit
and thyristor set and de excitation equipment
Control system 1 for automatic generator voltage control
(AUTO) comprises the following
AVR
Excitation current regulator, controlling the field current of
the main exciter
Circuits for automatic excitation build-up during start up
and field suppression during shut-down

Generator voltage control

The output quantity of this control is the set point for a following.

AVR
This equipment acts on to the output of the generator voltage,
control, limiting the set point for the above excitation current
regulator. The stationary value of this limitation determines the
maximum possible excitation current set-point (field forcing
limitation);

Limiter for the under-excited range (under excitation limiter),

Delayed limiter for the overexcited range (over excitation limiter)

AVR
In the under excitation range, the under
excitation ensures that the minimum excitation
required for stable parallel operation of the
generator with the system is available and that
the under -excited reactive power is limited
accordingly
AVR
The set-point adjuster of the excitation current
regulator for manual is tracked automatically (follow-
up control) so that, in the event of faults, change over
to the manual control system is possible without delay
Automatic change over is initiated by some special
fault condition. Correct operation of the follow-up
control circuit is monitored and can be observed on a
matching instrument in the control room. This
instrument can also be used for manual matching.
AVR
FAULT INDICATIONS
The following alarms are issued from the voltage
regulator to the control room.
AVR fault

AVR automatic change over to MANUAL

AVR loss of voltage alarm

AVR
There are 3 limiters

1.Under excitation limiter

2.Over excitation limiter

3. V/F limiter
The current feedback is utilized for active and
reactive power compensation and for limiters
Ceiling Voltage
It is the max. voltage that cab be impressed on the
field under specified conditions.
Ceiling voltage ultimately determine how fast the
field current can be changed.
For normal disturbances, ceiling condition prevails
for a 10 secs max. to either increase or decrease
the excitation untill the system returns to steady
state operating state.
Ceiling Voltage
Response: It is defined as the rate of increase (decrease) of the
excitation system out put voltage seen from the excitation voltage
time response curve.
The starting point for evaluating the rate of change shall be the initial
rated value.
Response ratio is the numerical value which is obtained when
the excitation system response in volt/sec measured over first 0.5
sec. This is applied only for increasing excitation.

Ceiling Voltage
o
e
d
a
b
ed- rated
voltage
eb-ceiling
voltage
Oe- 0.5 secs.
Capability Curve
Capability Curve relates to the limits in which a generator can
Operate safely.
Boundaries of the Curve within with the machine will operate
safely
Lagging Power Factor/Overexcited region
Top Section Relates to Field Heating in Rotor Winding
Right Section Relates to Stator current Limit
Straight line relates to Prime Mover Output

Leading Power Factor/ Underexicted region

Lower Side relates to Stator end ring Limit
Further down relates to Pole slipping

LIMITERS

Over excitation limiter
Under excitation limiter
Rotor angle limiter
Stator current limiter
V/F limiter

Limiters
OVER EXCITATION LIMITER (Rotor Current Limiter OR Field forcing
limiter)
It avoids thermal overloading of the rotor winding
It limits the field current so that rotor temperature
does not cross the limit
Rotor current can go high due to low system voltage
and close in faults
For low system voltage long time field forcing of
lesser degree is required
For close in faults very high degree of field forcing
for a short period is required to prevent collapse of
grid voltage
The locus of the over-excitation limiter is a circle
having radius of maximum rotor current

Limiters
STATOR CURRENT LIMITER (SCL)

Avoids thermal overloading of the stator winding

It protects the generator against long duration of high
stator currents
For excessive inductive current SCL acts over AVR
after a certain time lag and decreases the excitation
current to limit the inductive current to the limit value.
But for excessive capacitive current, SCL acts on the
AVR without time delay to increase the excitation and
there by reduces the capacitive loading (There is a
risk for the m/c falling out of step in the under excited
mode of operation)
the locus of the stator current limiter is a circle having
radius of MVA or stator current
Limiters

UNDER EXCITATION LIMITER/Rotor Angle limiter

Operation of generator in under-excitation condition:

Flux density is low so coupling force stator and
rotor is low

Machine is operating in higher load angle, so
capability for absorbing disturbance is less

So with slight disturbance machine may go to
unstable zone

V/HZ limiter

Under low frequency conditions, saturation of
transformers, PTs and unintended tripping due to
over voltages may occur if excitation is maintained
at rated frequency condition.

The circuit senses frequency and reduces the
reference value when the frequency falls below
the cut off value.

By this reduction in excitation the terminal voltage
is reduced.

Field failure protection
Loss of generator field excitation under normal running
conditions may arise due to any of the following condition.
1. Failure of brush gear.
2.unintentional opening of the field circuit breaker.
3. Failure of AVR.
When generator on load loses its excitation , it starts to
operate as an induction generator, running above
synchronous speed.cylindrical rotor generators are not
suited to such operation , because they don't have damper
windings able to carry the induced currents, consequently
this type of rotor will overheat rather quickly.


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3 November 2011 PMI Revision 00 2

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Generator Excitaion &amp; AVR

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3 November 2011 PMI Revision 00 2

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Generator Excitaion & AVR

Generator Excitaion & AVR