Jacaranda (Engineering) 3333 Mail Code Phone: 818.677.

6448
E-mail: lcaretto@csun.edu 8348 Fax: 818.677.7062
College of Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering Department
Mechanical Engineering 375
Heat Transfer


Spring 2007 Number 17629 Instructor: Larry Caretto
May 9 Homework Solutions
13-8 Determine the view factors F
13
and F
23
between the
rectangular surfaces shown in the figure at the
right.
We can find the view factor F
31
from Figure 13-6 in the
text where surface 3 in our problem is surface 1 in the
text figure and surface 1 in our problem is surface 2 in
the text figure. With this correspondence we have the
following terms in to use in Figure 13-6, L
1
/W = L
2
/W =
1/3. For these values I read F
12
= 0.28 from the
figure. Alternatively we could calculate the shape
factor from the final equation in Table 13-1 which gives
a value of 0.257 for the shape factor. I will use the value from the equation for the shape factor
F
31
. We can find F
13
from the reciprocity relation A
1
F
13
= A
3
F
31
. Since A
1
= A
2
, F
13
= F
31
=
0.257 .
We can find F
23
by finding F
32
and using the reciprocity relation. In order to find F
32
we can use
the same figure or equation used before to find F
31+2
and then use the superposition theorem to
find the desired shape factor F
32
= F
31+2
F
31
. The problem of finding F
31+2
has the following
dimensions in terms of the labels in Figure 13-6: L
1
/W = 1/3 and L
2
/W = 2/3. For these values I
read the view factor from Figure 13-6 as 0.34. From the equation for the view factor I find a value
of 0.319. I will use this value for F
31+2
. I can then find F
32
= F
31+2
F
31
= 0.319 0.257 =
0.0620. Finally we can apply the reciprocity relation A
2
F
23
= A
3
F
32
. Since A
2
= A
3
, F
23
= F
32
=
0.0620 .
13-14 Consider a conical enclosure of height h and base
diameter D. Determine the view factor from the conical
side surface to a hole of diameter d located at the center of
the base.
We can determine the required shape factor by considering
only the summation and reciprocity relations. Label the small
circle as surface (1), the outer ring on the bottom of the cone
as surface (2) and the conical side as surface (3). In terms of
this numbering scheme we are trying to find F
31
. We can do
this by applying the reciprocity relation A
3
F
31
= A
1
F
13
. The
areas in this equation are A
1
= d
2
/4 and A
3
= Dh/2. (If you
are not familiar with the area for the surface of a cone, you can
see that the result is intuitively appealing. It is simply the area
of a cylinder with half the height of the cone.)
We can deduce the value of F
13
. From the diagram we see that radiation leaving the small center
has no place to go except the conical surface. Therefore, F
13
must equal one. With F
13
= 1 we
can find F
31
= A
1
F
13
/A
3
= (d
2
/4)(1)/(Dh/2) or F
31
= d
2
/(2Dh) .
(3)
(2)
(1)
May 9 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 2

13-26E Consider a 10-ft by 10-ft by 10-ft cubical furnace whose top and side surfaces closely
approximate black surfaces and whose base surface has an emissivity = 0.7. The base,
top, and side surfaces of the furnace are maintained at uniform temperatures of 800 R,
1600 R, and 2400 R, respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between
(a) the base and the side surfaces and (b) the base and the top surfaces. Also, determine
the net rate of radiation heat transfer to the base surface.
In this problem all the side surfaces have identical radiation
properties ( = 1) and the same temperature (2400 R) so we
can consider the four side surfaces as a single surface for
radiation exchange. In the diagram shown at the left, we call
the bottom surface, surface 1, the top surface, surface 2, and
the sides of the cube, surface 3.
The view factors for the heat exchange between the top and
bottom surfaces, F
12
and F
21
, are the same because the areas
of both surfaces are the same; F
12
= F
21
. We can find this
common view factor from Figure 13-5 with L
1
/D = L
2
/D = 1
since all sides of the cube are the same. With these
parameters we find F
12
= F
21
= 0.2 from the figure. Using the
corresponding equation in Table 13-1 gives F
12
= F
21
=
0.1998. Use the rounded value of 0.2 in further calculations.
We can use the summation rule: F
11
+ F
12
+ F
13
= 1 and the fact that surface 1 is a flat surface so
that F
11
= 0 to obtain the view factor F
13
= 1 F
12
= 1 0.2 = 0.8. By the symmetry of the cube
F
23
= F
13
. We can find F
31
(which will also be equal to F
32
by symmetry) by the reciprocal rule:
A
1
F
13
= A
3
F
31
. The area A
1
is the area on one side of the cube: A
1
= (10 ft)(10 ft) = 100 ft
2
. The
area A
3
is the area of the four sides counted as a single surface. This area is four times the area
of one side or A
3
= 400 ft
2
. Thus, F
31
=A
1
F
13
/A
3
= (100 ft
2
)(0.2)/(400 ft
2
) = 0.05. By symmetry, F
32

= 0.05. Finally, we can apply the summation rule to the side surfaces: F
31
+ F
32
+ F
33
= 1 so F
33
=
1 F
31
F
32
= 1 0.05 0.05 = 0.9.
Since we know the temperature of all the surfaces, we can compute the black body emissive
power of each surface, E
b
= T
4
.
( )
2
4
4 2
8
4
1 1
702
800
10 1714 . 0
ft h
Btu
R
R ft h
Btu x
T E
b

=

= =


( )
2
4
4 2
8
4
2 2
233 , 11
1600
10 1714 . 0
ft h
Btu
R
R ft h
Btu x
T E
b

=

= =


( )
2
4
4 2
8
4
3 3
866 , 56
2400
10 1714 . 0
ft h
Btu
R
R ft h
Btu x
T E
b

=

= =


Normally we would have to solve three simultaneous equations for three values of radiosity in an
enclosure with three surfaces. However, for a black surface, the radiosity is the same as the
emissive power. (To convince yourself of this recall the definition of J = G + E
b
. For a black
surface = 0 and = 1.) For the two black surfaces in this problem, we can write J
2
= E
b2
and J
3

= E
b3
. We can use the general radiosity equation for surface one in a three surface enclosure
from slide 29 of the May 2 lecture presentation.
( )
1
4
1 3 13
1
1
2 12
1
1
1 13 12
1
1
1 1 1
1
b
E T J F J F J F F = =

+
Setting J
2
= E
b2
and J
3
= E
b3
in this equation and inserting
1
= 0.7, F
12
= 0.2 and F
13
= 0.8 gives.
May 9 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 3

( ) ( ) ( )
1
4
1 3 2 1
8 . 0
7 . 0
7 . 0 1
2 . 0
7 . 0
7 . 0 1
8 . 0 2 . 0
7 . 0
7 . 0 1
1
b b b
E T E E J = =

+
429 . 1
3429 . 0 08571 . 0
3429 . 0 08571 . 0 429 . 1
3 2 1
1 1 3 2 1
b b b
b b b
E E E
J E E E J
+ +
= =
Substituting the values for the black body emissive powers found above gives us our solution for
J
1
.
2
2 2 2
3 2 1
1
813 , 14
429 . 1
866 , 56
3429 . 0
233 , 11
08571 . 0
702
429 . 1
3429 . 0 08571 . 0
ft h
Btu ft h
Btu
ft h
Btu
ft h
Btu
E E E
J
b b b

=
+ +
=
The basic equation for the net heat transfer from surface i to surface k is given by the equation
involving the radiosities of the two surfaces.
( )
k i ij i ik
J J F A Q =
&

If one of the surfaces is black we can replace the radiosity by the black body emissive power. We
use this equation to find the net heat transfer from surface one to surface three, with J
3
= E
b3
is
( ) ( ) ( )( ) =

= = =

2 2
2
3 1 13 1 3 1 13 1 3 1
866 , 56 813 , 14
2 . 0 100
ft h
Btu
ft h
Btu
ft E J F A J J F A Q
b
&
h
Btu x
6
10 364 . 3

The negative sign indicates that the net heat transfer is from surface three to surface one.
In a similar manner we find the net heat transfer from surface one to surface two, with J
2
= E
b2
.
( ) ( ) ( )( ) =

= = =

2 2
2
2 1 12 1 2 1 12 1 2 1
233 , 11 813 , 14
2 . 0 100
ft h
Btu
ft h
Btu
ft E J F A J J F A Q
b
&
h
Btu x
4
10 161 . 7

The net heat transfer from surface one is the sum of the two heat interchanges computed above.
(This is true because surface one is flat had has no heat interchange with itself.
= + = + =

h
Btu x
h
Btu x
Q Q Q
4 6
3 1 2 1 1
10 161 . 7 10 364 . 3
& & &

h
Btu x
6
10 293 . 3

We could also find this heat transfer from the following equation.
( )
( )( )
2
6
2 2
2
1 1
1
1 1
1
10 293 . 3 813 , 14 702
7 . 0 1
7 . 0 100
1
ft h
Btu x
ft h
Btu
ft h
Btu ft
J E
A
Q
b

=
&

This result provides a check on the previous calculations.
May 9 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 4

13-36 A furnace is shaped like a long equilateral-
triangular duct where the width of each side is
2 m. Heat is supplied from the base surface,
whose emissivity is
1
= 0.8, at a rate of 800
W/m
2
while the side surfaces, whose
emissivities are 0.5, are maintained at 500 K.
Neglecting the end effects, determine the
temperature of the base surface. Can you treat
this geometry as a two-surface enclosure?
Since the side surfaces both have the same
emissivity and the same temperature we may treat
these two sides as a single radiation surface. Call
this surface 2 and the base surface 1.
We can use the equation for radiative heat transfer
in a two-surface enclosure.
( ) ( )
2
2
2
1
12 1
1
4
2
4
1
12
2
2
2
1
12 1
1
4
2
4
1 1
2 2
2
12 1 1 1
1
2 1
12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

+ +

+ +

+ +

=
A
A
F
T T
q
A
A
F
T T A
A F A A
E E
Q
b b
&
&

Since the base is flat, F
11
= 0 and the summation rule gives F
12
= 1 = F
11
= 1 0 = 1. For a given
length, L, of the furnace, the area of the bottom is A
1
= (2 m)L and the area of the sides is A
2
=
2(2 m)L; so, A
2
= 2A
1
or A
1
/A
2
= 0.5. Solving the heat flux equation for the unknown T
1
and
substituting these numerical results and the given data into the resulting equation for T
1
gives.
4
4
2
2
2
2
1
12 1
1 12
1
4
1
4
2
2
2
2
1
12 1
1 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
T
A
A
F
q
T T T
A
A
F
q
+

+ +

= = +

+ +

& &

( ) = +

+ +

=

4
4
4 2
8
2
1
500
5 . 0
5 . 0 1
5 . 0
1
1
8 .
8 . 1
10 670 . 5
800
K
K m
W x
m
W
T 543 K
May 9 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 5

13-43 Consider a circular grill whose
diameter is 0.3 m. The bottom of the
grill is covered with hot coal bricks at
950 K, while the wire mesh on top of
the grill is covered with steaks initially
at 5
o
C. The distance between the coal
bricks and the steaks is 0.20 m.
Treating both the steaks and the coal
bricks as blackbodies, determine the
initial rate of radiation heat transfer
from the coal bricks to the steaks.
Also, determine the initial rate of
radiation heat transfer to the steaks if
the side opening of the grill is covered
by aluminum foil, which can be
approximated as a reradiating surface.
Assuming that both surfaces are black
bodies, the heat transfer from the coal
(surface 1) to the steaks (surface2) is
( )
4
2
4
1 12 1 12
T T F A Q =
&

The view factor for two coaxial, circular surfaces with radii r
i
and r
j
separated by a distance L is given
by the following equation in Table 13-1. (The view factor can also be found from Figure 13-7.)
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
2
1
2 2
12
1
1 4
2
1
L r
L r
S where
r
r
S S F
+
+ =

=
For this problem r
1
= r
2
= 0.15 m and L = 0.2 m, so r
1
/L = r
2
/L = (0.15 m)/(0.2 m) = 0.75. This gives
( )
( )
( )
( )
2864 . 0
15 . 0
15 . 0
4 7778 . 3 7778 . 3
2
1
4
2
1
7778 . 3
75 . 0
75 . 0 1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2 2
12
2
2
2
1
2
2
=

=
=
+
+ =
+
+ =
m
m
r
r
S S F
L r
L r
S

The area of the coals is D
2
/4 = (0.3 m)
2
/4 = 0.07069 m
2
. The initial heat transfer when the
temperature of the steaks is 298 K can now be found.
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
4 4
4 2
8
2 4
2
4
1 12 1 12
298 950
10 670 . 5
2864 . 0 07069 . 0 K K
K m
W x
m T T F A Q

= =

&
926 W
In the second part of the problem the sides are aluminum foil, which is assumed to be a
reradiating surface. A reradiating surface is one in which there is no heat transfer except by
radiation and the net radiation heat transfer is zero. According to the basic equation for a gray-
diffuse surface, ( ) ( )
i i bi i i i
J E A Q = 1
&
; so if
i
Q
&
= 0 then J
i
= E
bi
. That is a reradiating
surface has the same radiosity as a black surface, T
4
. For this problem, where the other two
surfaces are black, we have a heat transfer between three black bodies, one of which has no net
heat transfer. Considering this new surface, surface 3,we have the following expression for the
zero net heat transfer to this surface.
May 9 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 6

( ) ( ) 0 0
3 2 23 2 3 1 13 1 23 13 3
= + = + = =
b b b b
E E F A E E F A Q Q Q
& & &

We can solve this equation for the emissive power of the reradiating surface, E
b3
.
0
23 2 13 1
2 23 2 1 13 1
3
=
+
+
=
F A F A
E F A E F A
E
b b
b

The two new view factors, F
13
and F
23
introduced here must be the same because of symmetry.
From the summation rule, F
12
+ F
13
= 1 so F
13
= 1 F
12
= 1 0.2864 = 0.7136. The black-body
emissive powers of surfaces 1 and 2 are
( ) ( )
2
4
4 2
8
4
2 2
2
4
4 2
8
4
1 1
14 . 444
298
10 670 . 5 46183
950
10 670 . 5
m
W
K
K m
W x
T E
m
W
K
K m
W x
T E
b b
=

= = =

= =


We use these emissive powers with F
13
= F
23
= 0.7136 and A
1
= A
2
= 0.07069 m
2
to find E
b3
.
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
3
23315
7136 . 0 07069 . 0 7136 . 0 07069 . 0
14 . 447
7136 . 0 07069 . 0
46183
7136 . 0 07069 . 0
m
W
m m
m
W
m
m
W
m
E
b
=
+
+
=
We can now compute the net heat transfer to the steaks (surface 2). We use the reciprocity
relation A
3
F
32
= A
2
F
23
in getting the final expression below.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 23 2 2 1 12 1 2 3 32 3 2 1 12 1 32 12 2 b b b b b b b b
E E F A E E F A E E F A E E F A Q Q Q + = + = + =
& & &

( )( ) ( )( )

=
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
14 . 447 23315
2864 . 0 07069 . 0
14 . 447 46183
2864 . 0 07069 . 0
m
W
m
W
m
m
W
m
W
m Q
&

2
Q
&
= 2079 W
13-59 A radiation shield that has the same emissivity
3
on both sides is placed between two
large parallel plates, which are maintained at uniform temperatures of T
1
= 650 K and T
2
=
400 K and have emissivities of
1
= 0.6 and
2
= 0.9, respectively. Determine the emissivity
of the radiation shield if the radiation heat transfer between the plates is to be reduced to
15 percent of that without the radiation shield
The heat flux between two large parallel plates is a special case of the general equation for heat
transfer in a two surface enclosure shown below.
( ) ( )
2
2
2
1
12 1
1
4
2
4
1
12
2
2
2
1
12 1
1
4
2
4
1 1
2 2
2
12 1 1 1
1
2 1
12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

+ +

+ +

+ +

=
A
A
F
T T
q
A
A
F
T T A
A F A A
E E
Q
b b
&
&

For infinite parallel plates F
12
= 1 and A
1
= A
2
, this equation becomes
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
2 1
4
2
4
1
2 1
4
2
4
1
2
2
1
1
4
2
4
1
12

+ +

+ +

T T T T T T
q
c
&
Substituting the data for the problem gives the heat transfer for no shields.
May 9 homework solutions ME 375, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2007 Page 7

( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
4 4
4 2
8
12
4877
1
9 . 0
1
6 . 0
1
400 650
10 670 . 5
m
W
K K
K m
W x
q
shield no
=
+

&
We want a radiation shield that will reduce the heat transfer to (15%)(4877 W/m
2
) = 731.6 W/m
2
.
We use equation 13-43 of the text for heat transfer with one shield.
( )
( )

=
1
1 1
1
1 1
2 , 3 1 , 3 2 1
4
2
4
1
1
12
T T
q
shield
&
In this equation
3,1
is the emissivity of the shield facing side 1 and
3,2
is the emissivity of the
shield facing side 2. We want to determine the emissivity of the shield that produces a given heat
transfer and we will assume that the emissivity of both sides of the shield is the same. Making
this assumption (
3,1
=
3,2
) and solving for the unknown emissivity of the shield gives.
( )
( ) ( )
3 2 1
4
2
4
1
2 , 3 1 , 3 2 1
4
2
4
1
1
12
2
2
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1

=
T T T T
q
shield
&
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2
1 1 2 2
2
1 1
2 1
1
12
4
2
4
1
3
1
12
4
2
4
1
3 2 1
1
12
shield shield shield
q T T q T T q & & &
( )
( ) ( )

=
2
1 1
2
2 1
1
12
4
2
4
1
1
12
3
shield
shield
q T T
q
&
&

Entering the known values into this equation gives the answer for the emissivity of the shield.
( ) ( ) [ ]
=

=

2
9 . 0
1
6 . 0
1 6 . 731
400 650
10 670 . 5
6 . 731
2
2
4 4
4 2
8
2
3
m
W
K K
K m
W x
m
W
0.181