Engineering Mathematics 2

INTEGRAL CALCULUS OF ONE VARIABLE

Definite Integral and Fundamental

Theorem of Calculus

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REMARKS
ALL MATERIALS ARE PREPARED WITH MATHCAD; CERTAIN DIFFERENCES FROM WRITTEN FORM ARE
EXPECTED BUT CORRECT WITHIN THE MATHEMATICAL CONTEXT.

QA 2.2B1(i)
Step 1 Given two curves

y = f( x) = 4 ⋅ x
3 2
y = g ( x) = x + 3 ⋅ x

Step 2 Formula for bounded area

b
⌠
Area =  f( x) − g( x) dx
⌡
a

Step 3 To find a and b by solving f(x) = g(x)

3 2 ttk
4⋅ x = x + 3⋅ x No attempt is shown on solving.
x = −4 , 0 , 1
Since x has three values, then there are two bounded areas.

a = −4
b=0

c=1

Step 4 To calculate area

0
⌠
Area1 :=  ( 3 2
4⋅ x − x + 3⋅ x ) dx
⌡
−4

Area1 = − 32
And
1
⌠ 3 2(
Area2 :=  4 ⋅ x − x + 3⋅ x dx )
⌡
0

Area2 = 0.75

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Step 5 Conclusion

Area := Area1 + Area2

Area = 32.75 ;ans (i)

Step 6 Graph the curves to understand curves (Optional step) -- done in step 1.

−4 1
4x
4 2 0 2
3 2
x + 3⋅ x

20

QA 2.2B1(ii)
Step 1 Given two curves

2
y = f( x) = x
2
3
y = g ( x) = x
2
Step 2 Formula for bounded area x

3
b x
⌠
Area =  f( x) − g( x) dx
⌡ 0 2
a

ttk
No attempt is shown on solving.
Step 3 To find a and b by solving f(x) = g(x)

2 3
x =x 0
x = 0, 0, 1
2 3
x = x solve , x
 
→ 0
 
1
Since x has three values with one pair repeat, then there is a bounded areas.

a=0
b=1
Step 4 To calculate area

1
⌠ 2 3
Area :=  x − x dx
⌡
0

Area = 0.083 ;ans (ii)

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QA 2.2C1(i)
Step 1 Given two curves
Let

y = f( x)
y = g ( x)
2
f( x) := x
g ( x) := − x
Step 2 Formula for bounded area 2

b
⌠ f ( x)
Area =  f( x) − g( x) dx
⌡
a g ( x)

2 1 0 1

ttk
Step 3 To find a and b by solving f(x) = g(x) No attempt is shown on solving.
2
f( x) = g( x) → x = − x
2 0 
x = −1 , 0 x = − x solve , x →  
 −1 
Since x has three values with one pair repeat, then there is a bounded areas.

a = −1
b=0
Step 4 To calculate area

0
⌠
Area :=  f( x) − g ( x) dx
⌡ About the integrand
−1 2
f( x) − g ( x) → x + x
Area = − 0.167 ;ans (ii)

QA 2.2C1(iii)
Step 1 Given two curves

2
f( t) := t ⋅ ( t + 1) ⋅ ( t − 1)

2
g ( t) := 1 − t
Step 2 Formula for bounded area 2

b
⌠
Area =  f( t) − g ( t) dx f ( t)
⌡
a
g ( t)

2 0 2

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ttk
Step 3 To find a and b by solving f(t) = g(t) No attempt is shown on solving.
2 2
f( t) = g ( t) → t ⋅ ( t + 1 ) ⋅ ( t − 1 ) = 1 − t 1 
 
t = −1 , 1
2 2
t ⋅ ( t + 1 ) ⋅ ( t − 1 ) = 1 − t solve , t →
 −1 
 i 
 
Complex pair is ignored
 −i 
-- we select real roots

Since t has two real values with one pair of complex, then there is a bounded areas.

a = −1
b=1
Step 4 To calculate area

1
⌠
Area :=  f( t) − g( t) dt
⌡− 1 About the integrand
2 2
f( t) − g( t) → t ⋅ ( t + 1 ) ⋅ ( t − 1 ) − 1 + t
Area = − 1.6 ;ans (iii)

Step 5 Conclusion

Area = 1.6 Leave area as positive.

QA 2.2C1(iv)
Step 1 Given two curves

y = f( x)
y = g ( x)
2
f( x) := x − 2 ⋅ x

2
g ( x) := 4 − x

5
Step 2 Formula for bounded area It is helpful
if you can draw
b the curves.
⌠ f ( x)
Area =  f( x) − g( x) dx
⌡a g ( x) 2 0 2

Step 3 To find a and b by solving f(x) = g(x) ttk

2 2 No attempt is shown on solving.
f( x) = g( x) → x − 2 ⋅ x = 4 − x
x = −1 , 2
2 2  −1 
a = −1 x − 2 ⋅ x = 4 − x solve , x →  
2 
b=2
Step 4 To calculate area
About the integrand

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About the integrand
2
⌠
2 f( x) − g ( x) → 2 ⋅ x − 2⋅ x − 4
Area :=  f( x) − g ( x) dx
⌡− 1

Area = − 9 ;ans (iii)

Step 5 Conclusion

Area = − 9 You may also leave area as positive.

QA 2.2C1(v)
Step 1 Given two curves

y = f( x)
y = g ( x)
2
f( x) := − x + 4 ⋅ x − 3

g ( x) := 0

Step 2 Formula for bounded area It is helpful

2 if you can draw
b the curves.
⌠ f ( x)
Area =  f( x) − g( x) dx
⌡a g ( x)

0 2 4

ttk
Step 3 To find a and b by solving f(x) = g(x)
No attempt is shown on solving.
2
f( x) = g( x) → − x + 4 ⋅ x − 3 = 0
x = −1 , 2 2 1 
− x + 4 ⋅ x − 3 = 0 solve , x →  
a=1 3 
b=3
Step 4 To calculate area

3 About the integrand

⌠ 2
Area :=  f( x) − g ( x) dx f( x) − g ( x) → − x + 4⋅ x − 3
⌡1

Area = 1.333 ;ans (iii)

Step 5 Conclusion

Area = 1.333

QA 2.2C1(vi)
Step 1 Given two curves

y = f( x)
y = g ( x) x=1
2
f( x) := x

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2
g ( x) := − x

Step 2 Formula for bounded area It is helpful

if you can draw
b the curves.
⌠
Area =  f( x) − g( x) dx 0 1
⌡ 2
a f ( x)

g ( x)

0 2 4

x
ttk
Step 3 To find a and b by solving f(x) = g(x)
No attempt is shown on solving.
2 2
f( x) = g( x) → x = − x

x = 0, 0 2 2 0
x = − x solve , x →  
since x = 1: 0
a=0

b=1 ;since x =1 is also given

Step 4 To calculate area

About the integrand
2
⌠
1 f( x) − g ( x) → 2 ⋅ x
Area :=  f( x) − g ( x) dx
⌡
0

Area = 0.667 ;ans (vi)

Step 5 Conclusion

Area = 0.667

QA 2.2C1(v)

Step 1 Given two curves

y = f( x)
y = g ( x)
3
f( x) := x
g ( x) := 9 ⋅ x

Step 2 Formula for bounded area

It is helpful
b if you can draw
⌠ f ( x) the curves.
Area =  f( x) − g( x) dx
⌡
a g ( x) 0

x
Step 3 To find a and b by solving f(x) = g(x)

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 Engineering Mathematics 2
3
f( x) = g( x) → x = 9 ⋅ x ttk
No attempt is shown on solving.
x = −3 , 0 , 3

Roots x has three values which indicate 2 bounded area.

a = −3 0 
b=0
3
x = 9 ⋅ x solve , x
 
→ 3
 
c=3  −3 
Step 4 To calculate area
About the integrand
3
⌠
0 f( x) − g ( x) → x − 9 ⋅ x
Area1 :=  f( x) − g ( x) dx
⌡
−3

Area1 = 20.25

and
3
⌠
Area2 :=  f( x) − g( x) dx
⌡
0

Area2 = − 20.25

Step 5 Conclusion

Area := Area1 + Area2 Leave area as positive.

Area = 40.5 ;ans (vii)

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