DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL :

Data :
Depth of retaining wall : H1 2.8 mts
Weight of soil : 18 Kn/cum
Angle of repose of soil : 30
Safe bearing capacity of soil : q
o
100 Kn/sqm
Coefficient of friction bet soil and concrete : 0.5
Grade of concrete M 20
Grade of steel Fe 415
Design :
For M20 Concrete, permissible bending stress in compression 7 N/sqmm
For Fe 415 steel, permissible tensile stress 230 N/sqmm
Modular ration 13.33
For a balanced section
Depth of Neutral axis 0.289 d
Length of lever arm 0.904 d
Moment of resistance 0.914 bd
2
Active Earth pressure coefficient k
a
0.333
Dimensions of retaining wall
Depth of retaining wall H1 2.80 mts
Assume thickness of base slab 1/12 *H1 0.23 mts
Say 0.25 mts
Total depth of retaining wall 3.05 mts
Width of base 0.40 H 1.22 mts
0.60 H 1.83 mts
Hence adopt width of base slab 1.80 mts
Toe slab projection 0.33 b 0.59 mts
0.40 b 0.72 mts
Hence adopt a Toe slab projection of 0.70 mts
Width of heel portion as calculated 0.85 mts
A.Design of Stem :
Considering 1.00 mts length of retaining wall
Max Bending moment @ base of stem = K
a
..H1
3
/6 21.93 Kn-m
Hence effective depth required d 154.9 mm
Providing a nominal cover of 50 mm
And assuming 16 mm dia bars 16 mm
Overall depth of stem required 212.9 mm
Say 250 mm
Reduce the thickness of stem at top to 150 mm
Hence effective depth of stem at top 92 mm
Stability of stem wall
Let W1 Wt of rectangular portion of stem
W2 Wt of triangular portion of stem
W3 Wt of base slab
W4 Wt of soil on heel slab
Now taking moments about toe point
Sno Force LA Moment
1 W1 10.50 0.88 9.24
2 W2 3.5 0.77 2.7
3 W3 11.25 0.90 10.13
4 W4 42.84 1.38 59.12
W 68.09 81.19
Hence Total resisting moment M
R
81.19 Kn-m
Horizontal Earth pressure on stem P 27.88 Kn
This pressure will act at a ht of 1/3 depth of fill 1.02 mts
So,over turning moment M
o
28.44 Kn-m
Factor of safety againest over turning 2.85 > 2.50
Hence OK
Reinforcement in the stem :
Over all depth of stem including thickness of heel slab H 3.05 mts
Thickness of base slab after design 0.25 mts
Depth of Stem only 2.80 mts
Now Max Bending moment at base of stem M 21.93 Kn-m
Effective depth of stem required d 154.9 mm
Providing a clear cover of 50 mm
and assuming 10 mm dia main reinforcement 10 mm
Overall depth of stem required D 209.9 mm
Say 250 mm
Hence actual depth of effective depth available d 195 mm
Area of stee3l required Ast 421.89 sqmm
and providing 10 mm dia main reinforcement 10 mm
Area of each bar 78.54 sqmm
Spacing of main reinforcement s 186.16 mm
Say 180.00 mm
Actual area of steel provided 436.328 sqmm
Curtailment of stem reinforcement :
Designation
Note:This reinforcement is to be continued upto 48* dia of bar beyond the junction point of heel with base
slab.Incidentally the same reinforcement may be continued at bottom face into toe slab to serve the
bending moment requirement of toe slab.Howfar such reinforcement extended into toe slab from stem is
sufficient is to be ascertained from design of toe slab reinforcement.
The bending moment varies parabolically alond the depth of stem with zero value at top and max value at
bottom.
A
st

H
3
/d
Where " h " is the depth measured from top of stem
A
st
"

h
3
/d'
and " d' " is the effectiove depth measured at depth " h "
A.If 1/2 of the reinforcement is to be curtailed ,then Ast/Ast'=1/2
Substituting the values h/H (1/2*d'/d)^3
Overall depth of stem at bottom 250 mm
Clear cover to the main reinforcement 50 mm
Dia of main reinforcement 10 mm
Then effective cover 55 mm
And effective depth of stem at bottom d 195 mm
Overall depth of stem at top 150
At a depth " h " from top of stem
Overall depth of stem available = 150 + 35.71 *h
And effective depth = 95 + 35.71 *h
Depth h at which 0.5 of stem steel can be curtailed 0.50
h = 0.137 * (95+35.71*h)^1/3
1.000 1.947
1.500 2.032
2.100 2.125
Hence 1/2 of steel can be curtailed at a depth of 2.1 mts from top of stem
12* dia = 120 mm
Effective depth = 195 mm
Hence actual point of cut off from top of stem 1.905 mts
say 1.900 mts
B.If 1/4 of the reinforcement is to be curtailed ,then Ast/Ast'=1/4
Substituting the values h/H (1/2*d'/d)^3
Overall depth of stem at bottom 250 mm
Clear cover to the main reinforcement 50 mm
Dia of main reinforcement 10 mm
Then effective cover 55 mm
And effective depth of stem at bottom d 195 mm
Overall depth of stem at top 150 mm
At a depth " h " from top of stem
Overall depth of stem available = 150 + 35.71 *h
And effective depth = 95 + 35.71 *h
Depth h at which 0.25 of stem steel can be curtailed 0.25
h = 0.109 * (95+35.71*h)^1/3
1.000 1.549
1.500 1.616
1.600 1.629
mm
However these bars should be extended beyond the theoritical point of curtailment by a distance equal to
12* dia of bar or effective depth of section whichever is more.
195
These bars should be extended by a distance 195 mm from theoritical cut off point
Hence actual cutoff point from top of stem 1.405 mts
Say 1.400 mts
Distribution and temparature reinforcement :
Average thickness of stem 200 mm
Providing distribution steel @ 0.12% of GCA 0.12%
Distribution steel required 240 sq.mm
Providing 8 mm dia distribution steel 8 mm
Spacing of distribution steel required 209.43 mm
say 200 mm
B.Design of Base slab :
Pressure distribution below Base slab
Net Moment acting on the structure 52.75 Kn-m
Distance " x " of the point of application of resultant from toe 0.77 mts
Eccentricity " e " 0.13 mts
Pressure " p1 " at toe point 54.22 Kn/sqm
Pressure " p2 " at heel point 21.44 Kn/sqm
Pressure " p " at the junction of toe slab with stem 41.68 Kn/sqm
Pressure " p' " at the junction of heel slabl with stem 36.92 Kn/sqm
1.Upward soil pressure
2.Downward weight of toe slab
Downward weight of toe slab per metre 4.375 Kn
Upward reaction on toe slab per metre 33.57 Kn
Net upward reaction 29.195 Kn
Centroid force from toe -stem junction point 0.37 mts
Bending moment at Toe-Stem junction point 10.8 Kn-m
Effective depth of Toe slab required 108.7 mm
Let clear cover to base slab 50 mm
Assume 12 mm dia bars 12 mm
Effective cover 56 mm
Hence over all depth required 164.70 mm
Say 200.00 mm
Reduce the thickness to 200 mm at free edge 200.00 mm
Hence Effective depth provided at Toe-stem junction 144.00 mm
Area of steel required 360.72 sqmm
Assuming 100% of bars are extended in to toe slab 100%
Area of steel available = 100% of Area of Stem steel 100%*436.33 436.33 sqmm
which is grater than required,hence OK
Hence provide 10 mm dia @ 180.00 mm c/c at top face
Hence provide 8 mm dia bars at 200 mm spacing at inner face of the wall along its length.For temparature
reinforcement provide 8 mm steel @ 400 mm c/c both ways in the outer face
The weight of soil above toe slab is neglected for design purpose amnd hence the forces acting on the heel
slab are
As already pointed out the stem main reinforcement can be utilised as heel slab main reinforcement by
extending stem reinfocement into toe slab.
Check for development length :
Development length required 45 *Dia of bar
540 mm
Providing clear cover at end 50 mm
Length of bar available from Toe-Stem junction 650 mm
which is greater than required,hence OK
Distribution steel :
Average thickness of Toe wall 200.00 mm
Providing distribution steel @ 0.12% GCA 0.12%
Distribution reinforcement required 240.00 sqmm
Providing 8 mm dia distribution steel 8 mm
spacing of distribution steel 209.43 mm
say 180.00 mm
Check for shear :
Total shear force @ junction of Heel-Stem 29.20 Kn
Thickness of Heel slab at Heel-Stem 200.00 mm
Shear stress 0.15 N/sqmm
which is very small and hence no increase in thickness of heel required.
C.Design of Heel slab :
1.Upward soil pressure
2.Downward weight of toe slab
3.Downwards weight of soil on heel slab
Downward weight of heel slab per metre 4.25 Kn
Downward weight of heel slab per metre 42.84 Kn
Upward reaction on toe slab per metre 24.803 Kn
Net upward reaction 22.29 Kn
Centroid force from heel -stem junction point 0.39 mts
Bending moment at Toe-Stem junction point 10.34 Kn-m
Effective depth of Toe slab required 106.36 mm
Let clear cover to base slab 50 mm
Assume 12 mm dia bars 12 mm
Effective cover 56 mm
Hence over all depth required 162.36 mm
Say 200.00 mm
Reduce the thickness to 200 mm at free edge 200.00 mm
Hence Effective depth provided at Toe-stem junction 144.00 mm
Area of steel required 345.35 sqmm
Providing 10 mm dia bars main reinforcement 10 mm
Spacing of main reinforcement 227.41 mm
Say 200 mm
Check for development length :
Development length required 45 *Dia of bar
540 mm
Providing clear cover at end 50 mm
Length of bar available from Toe-Stem junction 800 mm
The forces acting on heel slab are
which is greater than required,hence OK
Distribution steel :
Average thickness of heel wall 200.00 mm
Providing distribution steel @ 0.12% GCA 0.12%
Distribution reinforcement required 240.00 sqmm
Providing 8 mm dia distribution steel 8 mm
spacing of distribution steel 209.43 mm
say 180.00 mm
Check for shear :
Total shear force @ junction of Heel-Stem 22.29 Kn
Thickness of Heel slab at Heel-Stem 200.00 mm
Shear stress 0.11 N/sqmm
which is very small and hence no increase in thickness of heel required.
Design summary :
Depth of retaining wall stem below GL 2.80 mts
Depth of Base slab 200.00 mm
Total depth of retaining wall upto bottom of Base 3.00 mts
Stem :
Thickness of stem at top 150 mm
at bottom 250 mm
Main reinforcement In the region 0.00 - 0.90 from base
Inside 10 mm
Spacing 180.00 mm
In the region 0.90 - 1.40 from base
Inside 10 mm
Spacing 360.00 mm
Distribution Inside 8 mm
Spacing 200.00 mm
Distribution & Main steel Outside 8 mm
Spacing 400.00 mm
Toe slab : Width of toe slab 0.70 mts
Thickness @ fixed end 200.00 mm
Thickness @ free end 200.00 mm
Main reinforcement at bottom 10 mm
Spacing 180.00 mm
Distribution at Bottom 8 mm
Spacing 180.00 mm
Heel slab : Width of heel slab 0.85 mts
Thickness @ fixed end 200.00 mm
Thickness @ free end 200.00 mm
Main reinforcement at top 10 mm
Spacing 200.00 mm
Distribution at top 8 mm
Spacing 180.00 mm
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL :
Data :
Depth of retaining wall : H1 2.8 mts
Weight of soil : 18 Kn/cum
Angle of repose of soil : 3
Safe bearing capacity of soil : q
o
100 Kn/sqm
Coefficient of friction bet soil and concrete : 0.5
Grade of concrete M 20
Grade of steel Fe 415
Design :
For M20 Concrete, permissible bending stress in compression 7 N/sqmm
For Fe 415 steel, permissible tensile stress 230 N/sqmm
Modular ration 13.33
For a balanced section
Depth of Neutral axis 0.289 d
Length of lever arm 0.904 d
Moment of resistance 0.914 bd
2
Active Earth pressure coefficient k
a
0.333
Dimensions of retaining wall
Depth of retaining wall H1 2.80 mts
Assume thickness of base slab 1/12 *H1 0.23 mts
Say 0.25 mts
Total depth of retaining wall 3.05 mts
Width of base 0.40 H 1.22 mts
0.60 H 1.83 mts
Hence adopt width of base slab 1.80 mts
Toe slab projection 0.33 b 0.59 mts
0.40 b 0.72 mts
Hence adopt a Toe slab projection of 0.70 mts
Width of heel portion as calculated 0.85 mts
A.Design of Stem :
Considering 1.00 mts length of retaining wall
Max Bending moment @ base of stem = K
a
..H1
3
/6 21.93 Kn-m
Hence effective depth required d 154.9 mm
Providing a nominal cover of 50 mm
And assuming 16 mm dia bars 16 mm
Overall depth of stem required 212.9 mm
Say 250 mm
Reduce the thickness of stem at top to 150 mm
Hence effective depth of stem at top 92 mm
Stability of stem wall
Let W1 Wt of rectangular portion of stem
W2 Wt of triangular portion of stem
W3 Wt of base slab
W4 Wt of soil on heel slab
Now taking moments about toe point
Sno Force LA Moment
1 W1 10.50 0.88 9.24
2 W2 3.5 0.77 2.7
3 W3 11.25 0.90 10.13
4 W4 42.84 1.38 59.12
W 68.09 81.19
Hence Total resisting moment M
R
81.19 Kn-m
Horizontal Earth pressure on stem P 27.88 Kn
This pressure will act at a ht of 1/3 depth of fill 1.02 mts
So,over turning moment M
o
28.44 Kn-m
Factor of safety againest over turning 2.85 > 2.50
Hence OK
Reinforcement in the stem :
Over all depth of stem including thickness of heel slab H 3.05 mts
Thickness of base slab after design 0.25 mts
Depth of Stem only 2.80 mts
Now Max Bending moment at base of stem M 21.93 Kn-m
Effective depth of stem required d 154.9 mm
Providing a clear cover of 50 mm
and assuming 10 mm dia main reinforcement 10 mm
Overall depth of stem required D 209.9 mm
Say 250 mm
Hence actual depth of effective depth available d 195 mm
Area of stee3l required Ast 421.89 sqmm
and providing 10 mm dia main reinforcement 10 mm
Area of each bar 78.54 sqmm
Spacing of main reinforcement s 186.16 mm
Say 180.00 mm
Actual area of steel provided 436.328 sqmm
Curtailment of stem reinforcement :
Designation
Note:This reinforcement is to be continued upto 48* dia of bar beyond the junction point of heel with base
slab.Incidentally the same reinforcement may be continued at bottom face into toe slab to serve the
bending moment requirement of toe slab.Howfar such reinforcement extended into toe slab from stem is
sufficient is to be ascertained from design of toe slab reinforcement.
The bending moment varies parabolically alond the depth of stem with zero value at top and max value at
bottom.
A
st

H
3
/d
Where " h " is the depth measured from top of stem
A
st
"

h
3
/d'
and " d' " is the effectiove depth measured at depth " h "
A.If 1/2 of the reinforcement is to be curtailed ,then Ast/Ast'=1/2
Substituting the values h/H (1/2*d'/d)^3
Overall depth of stem at bottom 250 mm
Clear cover to the main reinforcement 50 mm
Dia of main reinforcement 10 mm
Then effective cover 55 mm
And effective depth of stem at bottom d 195 mm
Overall depth of stem at top 150
At a depth " h " from top of stem
Overall depth of stem available = 150 + 35.71 *h
And effective depth = 95 + 35.71 *h
Depth h at which 0.5 of stem steel can be curtailed 0.50
h = 0.137 * (95+35.71*h)^1/3
1.000 1.947
1.500 2.032
2.100 2.125
Hence 1/2 of steel can be curtailed at a depth of 2.1 mts from top of stem
12* dia = 120 mm
Effective depth = 195 mm
Hence actual point of cut off from top of stem 1.905 mts
say 1.900 mts
B.If 1/4 of the reinforcement is to be curtailed ,then Ast/Ast'=1/4
Substituting the values h/H (1/2*d'/d)^3
Overall depth of stem at bottom 250 mm
Clear cover to the main reinforcement 50 mm
Dia of main reinforcement 10 mm
Then effective cover 55 mm
And effective depth of stem at bottom d 195 mm
Overall depth of stem at top 150 mm
At a depth " h " from top of stem
Overall depth of stem available = 150 + 35.71 *h
And effective depth = 95 + 35.71 *h
Depth h at which 0.25 of stem steel can be curtailed 0.25
h = 0.109 * (95+35.71*h)^1/3
1.000 1.549
1.500 1.616
1.600 1.629
However these bars should be extended beyond the theoritical point of curtailment by a distance equal to
12* dia of bar or effective depth of section whichever is more.
195 mm
These bars should be extended by a distance 195 mm from theoritical cut off point
Hence actual cutoff point from top of stem 1.405 mts
Say 1.400 mts
Distribution and temparature reinforcement :
Average thickness of stem 200 mm
Providing distribution steel @ 0.12% of GCA 0.12%
Distribution steel required 240 sq.mm
Providing 8 mm dia distribution steel 8 mm
Spacing of distribution steel required 209.43 mm
say 200 mm
B.Design of Base slab :
Pressure distribution below Base slab
Net Moment acting on the structure 52.75 Kn-m
Distance " x " of the point of application of resultant from toe 0.77 mts
Eccentricity " e " 0.13 mts
Pressure " p1 " at toe point 54.22 Kn/sqm
Pressure " p2 " at heel point 21.44 Kn/sqm
Pressure " p " at the junction of toe slab with stem 41.68 Kn/sqm
Pressure " p' " at the junction of heel slabl with stem 36.92 Kn/sqm
1.Upward soil pressure
2.Downward weight of toe slab
Downward weight of toe slab per metre 4.375 Kn
Upward reaction on toe slab per metre 33.57 Kn
Net upward reaction 29.195 Kn
Centroid force from toe -stem junction point 0.37 mts
Bending moment at Toe-Stem junction point 10.8 Kn-m
Effective depth of Toe slab required 108.7 mm
Let clear cover to base slab 50 mm
Assume 12 mm dia bars 12 mm
Effective cover 56 mm
Hence over all depth required 164.70 mm
Say 200.00 mm
Reduce the thickness to 200 mm at free edge 200.00 mm
Hence Effective depth provided at Toe-stem junction 144.00 mm
Area of steel required 360.72 sqmm
Assuming 100% of bars are extended in to toe slab 100%
Area of steel available = 100% of Area of Stem steel 100%*436.33 436.33 sqmm
which is grater than required,hence OK
Hence provide 10 mm dia @ 180.00 mm c/c at top face
Hence provide 8 mm dia bars at 200 mm spacing at inner face of the wall along its length.For temparature
reinforcement provide 8 mm steel @ 400 mm c/c both ways in the outer face
The weight of soil above toe slab is neglected for design purpose amnd hence the forces acting on the heel
slab are
As already pointed out the stem main reinforcement can be utilised as heel slab main reinforcement by
extending stem reinfocement into toe slab.
Check for development length :
Development length required 45 *Dia of bar
540 mm
Providing clear cover at end 50 mm
Length of bar available from Toe-Stem junction 650 mm
which is greater than required,hence OK
Distribution steel :
Average thickness of Toe wall 200.00 mm
Providing distribution steel @ 0.12% GCA 0.12%
Distribution reinforcement required 240.00 sqmm
Providing 8 mm dia distribution steel 8 mm
spacing of distribution steel 209.43 mm
say 180.00 mm
Check for shear :
Total shear force @ junction of Heel-Stem 29.20 Kn
Thickness of Heel slab at Heel-Stem 200.00 mm
Shear stress 0.15 N/sqmm
which is very small and hence no increase in thickness of heel required.
C.Design of Heel slab :
1.Upward soil pressure
2.Downward weight of toe slab
3.Downwards weight of soil on heel slab
Downward weight of heel slab per metre 4.25 Kn
Downward weight of heel slab per metre 42.84 Kn
Upward reaction on toe slab per metre 24.803 Kn
Net upward reaction 22.29 Kn
Centroid force from heel -stem junction point 0.39 mts
Bending moment at Toe-Stem junction point 10.34 Kn-m
Effective depth of Toe slab required 106.36 mm
Let clear cover to base slab 50 mm
Assume 12 mm dia bars 12 mm
Effective cover 56 mm
Hence over all depth required 162.36 mm
Say 200.00 mm
Reduce the thickness to 200 mm at free edge 200.00 mm
Hence Effective depth provided at Toe-stem junction 144.00 mm
Area of steel required 345.35 sqmm
Providing 10 mm dia bars main reinforcement 10 mm
Spacing of main reinforcement 227.41 mm
Say 200 mm
Check for development length :
Development length required 45 *Dia of bar
540 mm
Providing clear cover at end 50 mm
Length of bar available from Toe-Stem junction 800 mm
The forces acting on heel slab are
which is greater than required,hence OK
Distribution steel :
Average thickness of heel wall 200.00 mm
Providing distribution steel @ 0.12% GCA 0.12%
Distribution reinforcement required 240.00 sqmm
Providing 8 mm dia distribution steel 8 mm
spacing of distribution steel 209.43 mm
say 180.00 mm
Check for shear :
Total shear force @ junction of Heel-Stem 22.29 Kn
Thickness of Heel slab at Heel-Stem 200.00 mm
Shear stress 0.11 N/sqmm
which is very small and hence no increase in thickness of heel required.
Design summary :
Depth of retaining wall stem below GL 2.80 mts
Depth of Base slab 200.00 mm
Total depth of retaining wall upto bottom of Base 3.00 mts
Stem :
Thickness of stem at top 150 mm
at bottom 250 mm
Main reinforcement In the region 0.00 - 0.90 from base
Inside 10 mm
Spacing 180.00 mm
In the region 0.90 - 1.40 from base
Inside 10 mm
Spacing 360.00 mm
Distribution Inside 8 mm
Spacing 200.00 mm
Distribution & Main steel Outside 8 mm
Spacing 400.00 mm
Toe slab : Width of toe slab 0.70 mts
Thickness @ fixed end 200.00 mm
Thickness @ free end 200.00 mm
Main reinforcement at bottom 10 mm
Spacing 180.00 mm
Distribution at Bottom 8 mm
Spacing 180.00 mm
Heel slab : Width of heel slab 0.85 mts
Thickness @ fixed end 200.00 mm
Thickness @ free end 200.00 mm
Main reinforcement at top 10 mm
Spacing 200.00 mm
Distribution at top 8 mm
Spacing 180.00 mm
100
17593850 40939.45 429.753