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BOY SCOUTS HANDBOOK The First Edition, 1911

BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA
Boy Scouts of America
Official Natioal Out
SI!MUND EISNER
New York Salesrooms
103 Fifth Avenue
Red Bank. N. J.

Eah !art of the uniform is stam!ed with the offiial seal of the Bo" Souts of Ameria.
#f there is no a$en" for the offiial uniform in "our it" write for sam!les.
S#%&'N( E#SNER
&anufaturer of '. S. Arm" and National %uard 'niform
)he Best Food for )he Bo" Souts is

S"re##e# $"eat
*eause it has all the musle+*uildin$, *one+makin$ material in the whole wheat $rain !re!ared in a
di$esti*le form, su!!l"in$ all the stren$th needed for work or !la". #t is read"+ooked and read"+to+eat. #t has
the $reatest amount of *od"+*uildin$ nutriment in smallest *ulk. #ts ris!ness om!els thorou$h mastiation,
and the more "ou hew it the *etter "ou like it. Shredded -heat is the favorite food of athletes. #t is on the
trainin$ ta*le of nearl" ever" olle$e and universit" in this ountr". )he reords show that the winners of
man" *rilliant rowin$ and trak events have *een trained on Shredded -heat.
The BISCUIT is in little loaf form. It is baked a crisp, golden brown. It is eaten with milk or cream, or
fruit, or is delicious when eaten as a toast with butter. TRISCUIT is the Shredded Wheat waferthe
ideal food for the camp or the long tramp.
Building buster bo!s is bull! businessthat"s the reason we want to help the Bo! Scout mo#ement.
T"e S"re##e# $"eat Com%ay
Nia&ara Falls' N( Y(

%ettin$ the final word *efore hikin$
BOY SCOUTS of AMERICA
).E /FF#0#A1 .AN(B//2
F/R B/YS

$ublished for
).E B/Y S0/')S /F A&ER#0A
300 F#F). A4EN'E
NE- Y/R2
%AR(EN 0#)Y, NE- Y/R2
(/'B1E(AY, 5A%E 6 0/&5ANY
1711
0/5YR#%.) 1711
BY B/Y S0/')S /F A&ER#0A
BOY SCOUT CERTIFICATE
)his is to ertif" that 888888888
of 88888888888 State of 888888888
Street and 0it" or )own address
A$e88888 .ei$ht88888 -ei$h88888
is a mem*er of 88888888 5atrol, of )roo! No. 88888
8888888888888888
Sout &aster
SCOUT HISTORY
9ualified as )enderfoot 88888888 1718
Seond 0lass Sout 888888888 1718
First 0lass Sout 8888888 1718
)UA*IFIED FOR MERIT BAD!ES
S'BJE0) (A)E
1 8888888888888888 8888888888888888
3 8888888888888888 8888888888888888
3 8888888888888888 8888888888888888
: 8888888888888888 8888888888888888
; 8888888888888888 8888888888888888
9ualified as 1ife Sout 8888888888888888
9ualified as Star Sout 8888888888888888
9ualified as Ea$le Sout 8888888888888888
Awarded .onor &edal 8888888888888888
<v=
+REFACE
)he Bo" Sout &ovement has *eome almost universal, and wherever or$ani>ed its leaders are $lad, as we
are, to aknowled$e the de*t we all owe to 1ieut.+%en. Sir Ro*ert S. S. Baden+5owell, who has done so
muh to make the movement of interest to *o"s of all nations.
)he B/Y S0/')S /F A&ER#0A is a or!oration formed *" a $rou! of men who are an?ious that the *o"s
of Ameria should ome under the influene of this movement and *e *uilt u! in all that $oes to make
harater and $ood iti>enshi!. )he affairs of the or$ani>ation are mana$ed *" a National 0ounil, om!osed
of some of the most !rominent men of our ountr", who $ladl" and freel" $ive their time and mone" that this
!ur!ose ma" *e aom!lished.
#n the various ities, towns, and villa$es, the welfare of the *o" souts is ared for *" loal ounils, and
these ounils, like the National 0ounil are om!osed of men who are seekin$ for the *o"s of the
ommunit" the ver" *est thin$s.
#n order that the work of the *o" souts throu$hout Ameria ma" *e uniform and intelli$ent, the National
0ounil has !re!ared its @/ffiial .and*ook,@ the !ur!ose of whih is to furnish to the !atrols of the *o"
souts advie in !ratial methods, as well as ins!irin$ information.
)he work of !re!arin$ this hand*ook has enlisted the servies of men eminentl" fitted for suh work, for
eah is an e?!ert in his own de!artment, and the Editorial Board feels that the or$ani>ation is to *e
on$ratulated in that suh men have *een found willin$ to $ive their time and ri!e e?!eriene to this
movement. #t would *e im!ossi*le adeAuatel" to thank all who *" advie and friendl" ritiism have hel!ed
in the !re!aration of the *ook, or even to mention their names, *ut to the authors whose names are attahed
to the various ha!ters, we aknowled$e an es!eial o*li$ation. -ithout their friendl" hel! this *ook ould
not *e. -e wish es!eiall" to e?!ress our a!!reiation of the hel!ful su$$estions made *" (aniel 0arter
Beard.
-e have arefull" e?amined and a!!roved all the material whih $oes to make u! <vi= the manual, and have
tried to make it as om!lete as !ossi*leB nevertheless, no one an *e more onsious than we are of the
diffiult" of !rovidin$ a *ook whih will meet all the demands of suh widel" sattered !atrols with suh
varied interests. -e have onstantl" ke!t in mind the evils that onfront the *o"s of our ountr" and have
struk at them *" fosterin$ *etter thin$s. /ur ho!e is that the information needed for suessful work with
*o" souts will *e found within the !a$es of this *ook.
#n these !a$es and throu$hout our or$ani>ation we have made it o*li$ator" u!on our souts that the"
ultivate oura$e, lo"alt", !atriotism, *rotherliness, self+ontrol, ourtes", kindness to animals, usefulness,
heerfulness, leanliness, thrift, !urit" and honor. No one an dou*t that with suh trainin$ added to his
native $ifts, the Amerian *o" will in the near future, as a man, *e an effiient leader in the !aths of
ivili>ation and !eae.
#t has *een deemed wise to !u*lish all material es!eiall" for the aid of sout masters in a se!arate volume to
*e known as @)he Sout &astersC &anual.@
-e send out our @/ffiial .and*ook,@ therefore, with the earnest wish that man" *o"s ma" find in it new
methods for the !ro!er use of their leisure time and fresh ins!iration in their efforts to make their hours of
rereation ontri*ute to stron$, no*le manhood in the da"s to ome.
).E B/Y S0/')S /F A&ER#0A
Editorial Board.
-#11#A& (. &'RRAY
%E/R%E (. 5RA)),
A. A. JA&ES/N,
<vii=
/FF#0ERS AN( &E&BERS /F ).E NA)#/NA1 0/'N0#1
BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA
).E F#F). A4EN'E B'#1(#N%, 300 F#F). A4EN'E
NE- Y/R2 0#)Y
.onorar" 5resident ).E ./N. -#11#A& .. )AF)
.onorar" 4ie+5resident
0olonel ).E/(/RE
R//SE4E1)
5resident
0/1#N .. 1#4#N%S)/NE,
-ashin$ton, (. 0.
1st 4ie+5resident
B. 1. ('1ANEY,
Bristol, )enn.
3d 4ie+5resident
&#1)/N A. &RAE,
(etroit, &ih.
3d 4ie+5resident
(A4#( S)ARR J/R(AN,
Stanford, 0a.
0hief Sout
ERNES) )./&5S/N SE)/N,
0os 0o*, 0onn.
National Sout
0ommissioner
(AN#E1 0AR)ER BEAR(,
Flushin$, 1. #., N.Y.
National Sout
0ommissioner
AdD.+%en. -#11#A& 4ERBE02,
Al*an", N.Y.
National Sout
0ommissioner
0olonel 5E)ER S. B/&'S,
New York 0it"
)reasurer
%E/R%E (. 5RA)),
Brookl"n, N. Y.
&E&BERS /F ).E EEE0')#4E B/AR(
0/1#N .. 1#4#N%S)/NE, 0hairman
(aniel 0arter Beard
&ilton A. &Rae
&ortimer 1. Shiff
0ol. 5eter S. Bomus
-illiam (. &urra"
Ernest )hom!son Seton
B. 1. (ulane"
%eor$e (. 5ratt
Seth S!ra$ue )err"
1ee F. .anmer
Frank 5res*re"
AdD.+%en. -illiam 4er*ek
%eor$e -. .inkle"
Ed$ar &. Ro*inson
JA&ES E. -ES), E?eutive Seretar"
&E&BERS /F NA)#/NA1 0/'N0#1
0harles 0onrad A**ott
Arthur Adams
(r. Feli? Adler
.arr" A. Allison
.enr" &orrell Atkinson
B. N. Baker
Ra" Stannard Baker
Evel"n Bri$$s Baldwin
0lifford -. Barnes
(aniel 0arter Beard
.enr" &. Beardsle"
&artin Behrman
Au$ust Belmont
Ernest 5. Biknell
<viii=
Edward Bok
0olonel 5eter S. Bomus
.on. 0harles J. Bona!arte
-illiam (. Bo"e
.. S. Brauher
Roeliff Brinkerhoff
(r. Elmer E. Brown
1uther Bur*ank
(r. Rihard 0. 0a*ot
Rev. S. 5arkes 0adman
Arthur A. 0are"
E. 0. 0arter
Rihard B. 0arter
-. (. 0ham!lin
)homas 0hew
-inston 0hurhill
%. A. 0lark
5. 5. 0la?ton
Randall J. 0ondon
0. &. 0onnoll"
Ernest 2. 0oulter
(r. 0. -ard 0ram!ton
%eor$e .. (alr"m!le
(r. %eor$e S. (avis
E. B. (e%root
Jud$e -illiam .. (e 1a"
-illiam 0. (emorest
(r. Edward ). (evine
Admiral %eor$e (ewe"
%ov. John A. (i>
&"ron E. (ou$las
BenDamin 1. (ulane"
.on. ). 0. (u 5ont
(r. %eor$e -. Ehler
%riffith /$den Ellis
Ro*ert Erskine El"
.enr" 5. Emerson
.on. John J. Esh
J. -. Everman
E*erhard Fa*er
(r. %eor$e J. Fisher
.orae Flether
.omer Folks
(r. -illiam B"ron For*ush
(r. 1ee 2. Frankel
Ro*ert #ves %ammell
.on. James R. %arfield
.amlin %arland
Ro*ert %arrett
-illiam .. %a"
Bisho! (avid .. %reer
Jesse A. %re$$
%eor$e B. %rinnell
S. R. %u$$enheim
1uther .alse" %ulik, &. (.
(r. %. Stanle" .all
(r. -infield Sott .all
1ee F. .anmer
(r. .astin$s .. .art
.on. -. &. .a"s
5rof. 0. R. .enderson
0lark -. .etherin$ton
%eor$e -. .inkle"
Allen .o*en
.on. R. 5. .o*son
Rev. R. -. .o$ue
John Sherman .o"t
0. R. .. Jakson
5rof. Jeremiah -. Jenks
%. E. Johnson
(r. (avid Starr Jordan
&a"or -illiam S. Jordan
/tto .erman 2ahn
(r. -illiam J. 2er*"
0harles .. 2i!
(r. J. .. 2irkland
Jud$e .enr" E. 2lamroth
Rev. -alter 1aidlow
0harles R. 1am*
Jose!h 1ee
Samuel &0. 1indsa"
Jud$e Ben B. 1indse"
0olin .. 1ivin$stone
0ol. Frank 1. 1oke
.on. Niholas 1on$worth
.on. Frank /. 1owden
.on. 1ee &0lun$
-illiam &0ormik
<i?=
.on. .enr" B. F. &afarland
J. .orae &Farland
0. -. &2ee
.on. -illiam B. &2inle"
J. S. &1ain
Franis .. &1ean
&ilton A. &Rae
0harles %. &a!his
%eor$e -. &anton
Ed$ar S. &artin
Frank S. &ason
Frank 1inoln &assek
(r. -illiam .. &a?well
1ieut.+%en. Nelson A. &iles
John F. &oore
Arthur 0. &oses
-illiam (. &urra"
(r. 0"rus Northro!
Frank -. /*er
.on. 0. S. 5a$e
(r. 0. .. 5arkhurst
.on. .er*ert 5arsons
.on. %ifford 5inhot
(avid R. 5orter
%eor$e (. 5orter
5err" Edwards 5owell
Frederi B. 5ratt
%eor$e (. 5ratt
Frank 5res*re"
%. Barrett Rih, Jr.
Jao* A. Riis
0larene 0. Ro*inson
Ed$ar &. Ro*inson
0olonel )heodore Roosevelt
1inoln E. Rowle"
/liver J. Sands
(r. (. A. Sar$ent
.enr" B. Saw"er
&ortimer 1. Shiff
0harles Sri*ner
%eor$e 1. Sehon
Rear Admiral )homas /liver Selfrid$e
Jefferson Seli$man
Jesse Seli$man
Ernest )hom!son Seton
Samuel Shuman
Rear Admiral 0harles (wi$ht Si$s*ee
-illiam F. Sloum
Fred. B. Smith
.on. %eor$e /tis Smith
1orillard S!ener
1orillard S!ener, Jr.
Jud$e -illiam .. Staake
.on. Adlai Stevenson
Andrew Stevenson
A. E. Stilwell
0. .. Stoddard
Rev. John )imoth" Stone, (.(.
#sidor Straus
.on. /sar S. Straus
Josiah Stron$
.on. -illiam .. )aft
Edward 2. )a"lor
%raham Rome"n )a"lor
Jud$e .arr" 1. )a"lor
-illiam 1. )erhune
Seth S!ra$ue )err"
John E. )ha"er
Rev. James #. 4ane
(r. .enr" 4an ("ke
AdD. %en. -illiam 4er*ek
John -anamaker
.enr" 1. -ard
1uien ). -arner
Rihard Benedit -atrous
Rear Admiral J. 0. -atson
-. (. -eatherford
(r. BenDamin #de -heeler
Eli -hitne"
&orna" -illiams
%en. %eor$e -. -in$ate
A. E. -inshi!
.enr" Ro$ers -inthro!
&aDor+%en. 1eonard -ood
Sur$eon+%en. -alter -"man
&aDor Andrew 0. Fa*riskie
<?=
A MESSA!E FROM THE CHIEF SCOUT
)/ ).E B/Y S0/')S /F A&ER#0AG
)here was one a *o" who lived in a re$ion of rou$h farms. .e was wild with the love of the $reen
outdoors++the trees, the tree+to! sin$ers, the wood+her*s and the live thin$s that left their ni$htl" traks in the
mud *" his s!rin$ well. .e wished so muh to know them and learn a*out them, he would have $iven almost
an" !rie in his $ift to know the name of this or that wonderful *ird, or *rilliant flowerB he used to trem*le
with e?itement and intensit" of interest when some new *ird was seen, or when some stran$e son$ ame
from the trees to thrill him with its !ower or ve? him with its m"ster", and he had a sad sense of lost
o!!ortunit" when it flew awa" leavin$ him dark as ever. But he was alone and hel!less, he had neither *ook
nor friend to $uide him, and he $rew u! with a kind of knowled$e hun$er in his heart that $nawed without
easin$. But this also it didG #t ins!ired him with the ho!e that some da" he mi$ht *e the means of savin$
others from this sort of torment++he would aim to furnish to them what had *een denied to himself.
)here were other thin$s in the $reen and livin$ world that had a *indin$ harm for him. .e wanted to learn to
am! out, to live a$ain the life of his hunter $randfather who knew all the triks of winnin$ omfort from the
relentless wilderness the foster+mother so rude to those who fear her, so kind to the stout of heart.
And he had "et another hankerin$++he loved the touh of romane. -hen he first found Fenimore 0oo!erCs
*ooks, he drank them in as one !arhed mi$ht drink at a s!rin$. .e reveled in the tales of oura$e and heroi
deeds, he $loated over reords of their trailin$ and soutin$ *" red man and whiteB he $loried in their
woodraft, and lived it all in ima$ination, seretl" *lamin$ the writer, a little, for !raisin$ without desri*in$
it so it ould *e followed. @Some da",@ he said, @# shall !ut it all down for other *o"s to learn.@
As "ears went *" he found that there were *ooks a*out most of the thin$s he wished to know, the stars, the
*irds, the <?i= Auadru!eds, the fish, the insets, the !lants, tellin$ their namesB their hidden !ower or urious
wa"s, a*out the am!erCs life the lan$ua$e of si$ns and even some of the serets of the trail. But the" were
ver" e?!ensive and a whole li*rar" would *e needed to over the $round. -hat he wanted++what ever" *o"
wants++is a hand*ook $ivin$ the *road fats as one sees them in the week+end hike, the o!en+air life. .e did
not want to know the trees as a *otanist, *ut as a foresterB nor the stars as an astronomer, *ut as a traveler. .is
interest in the animals was less that of anatomist than of a hunter and am!er, and his ravin$ for li$ht on the
insets was one to *e met *" a !o!ular *ook on *u$s, rather than *" a learned treatise on entomolo$".
So knowin$ the want he made man" attem!ts to $ather the sim!le fats to$ether e?atl" to meet the need of
other *o"s of like ideas, and findin$ it a mi$ht" task he $ladl" enlisted the hel! of men who had lived and felt
as he did.
Youn$ Souts of Ameria that *o" is writin$ to "ou now. .e thou$ht himself !euliar in those da"s. .e
knows now he was sim!l" a normal *o" with the interests and desires of all normal *o"s, some of them a
little dee!er rooted and more lastin$ !erha!s++and all the thin$s that he loved and wished to learn have now
!art in the *i$ *road work we all Soutin$.
@Sout@ used to mean the one on wath for the rest. -e have widened the word a little. -e have made it fit
the town as well as the wilderness and suited it to !eae time instead of war. -e have made the sout an
e?!ert in 1ife+raft as well as -ood+raft, for he is trained in the thin$s of the heart as well as head and hand.
Soutin$ we have made to over ridin$, swimmin$, tram!in$, trailin$, !hoto$ra!h", first aid, am!in$,
handiraft, lo"alt", o*ediene, ourtes", thrift, oura$e, and kindness.
(o these thin$s a!!eal to "ouH (o "ou love the woodsH
(o "ou wish to learn the trees as the forester knows themH And the stars not as an astronomer, *ut as a
travelerH
(o "ou wish to have all+round, well+develo!ed musles, not those of a $reat athlete, *ut those of a sound
*od" that will not fail "ouH -ould "ou like to *e an e?!ert am!er who an alwa"s make himself
omforta*le out of doors, and a swimmer that fears no watersH (o "ou desire the knowled$e to hel! the
wounded Auikl", and to make "ourself ool and self+reliant in an emer$en"H
(o "ou *elieve in lo"alt", oura$e, and kindnessH -ould <?ii= "ou like to form ha*its that will surel" make
"our suess in lifeH
)hen, whether "ou *e farm *o" or shoe lerk, news*o" or millionaireCs son, "our !lae is in our ranks, for
these are the thou$hts in soutin$B it will hel! "ou to do *etter work with "our !i$s, "our shoes, "our !a!ers,
or "our dollarsB it will $ive "ou new !leasures in lifeB it will teah "ou so muh of the outdoor world that "ou
wish to knowB and this .and*ook, the work of man" men, eah a leader in his field, is their *est effort to
show "ou the wa". )his is, indeed, the *ook that # so lon$ed for, in those far+off da"s when # wandered, heart
hun$r" in the woods.
ERNES) )./&5S/N SE)/N,
0hief Sout.
.eadAuarters Bo" Souts of Ameria,
300 Fifth Avenue, New York 0it".
June 1, 1711.
<?iii=
CONTENTS
5A%E
Bo" Sout 0ertifiate iii
5refae v
/ffiers and &em*ers of the National
0ounil
vii
0.A5)ER #.
Soutraft 3
A#& /F S0/') &/4E&EN) John 1. Ale?ander
-.A) S0/')#N% &EANS John 1. Ale?ander
S0/') 4#R)'ES John 1. Ale?ander
).E B/Y S0/') /R%AN#FA)#/N
S!eial
0ommittee
S0/') /A).
S!eial
0ommittee
S0/') 1A-
S!eial
0ommittee
)EN(ERF//), SE0/N( 01ASS,
AN( F#RS) 01ASS S0/')
RE9'#RE&EN)S
S!eial
0ommittee
BA(%ES, A-AR(S AN( E9'#5&EN)
S!eial
0ommittee
2N/)S E4ERY S0/') S./'1( 2N/-. Samuel A. &offat
0.A5)ER ##.
-oodraft ;I
-//(1/RE Ernest )hom!son Seton
B#R(0RAF)
National Assoiation Audu*on
Soieties
S.E11S AN( S.E11F#S. (r. -m. .eale" (all
RE5)#1ES (r. 1eonhard SteDne$er
#NSE0)S AN( B'))ERF1#ES 'nited States Bureau of Entomolo$"
F#S.ES AN( AN%1#N% (r. .u$h &. Smith
A9'AR#'& (r. -m. 1eland Stowell
R/02S AN( 5EBB1ES 'nited States %eolo$ial Surve"
F1/-ERS, FERNS AN( %RASSES (r. 1. 0. 0or*ett
&'S.R//&S, F'N%# /R
)/A(S)//1S
Ernest )hom!son Seton
0/&&/N N/R). A&ER#0AN )REES Ernest )hom!son Seton
NA)#4E -#1( AN#&A1S Ernest )hom!son Seton
0.A5)ER ###.
0am!raft 1:;
.#2#N% AN( /4ER+N#%.) 0A&5S .. -. %i*son
)EN) &A2#N% &A(E EASY .. J. .olden
AN /5EN /')#N% )EN) -arren .. &iller
0AN/E#N%, R/-#N%, AN(
SA#1#N%
S!eial
0ommittee
<?iv=
0.A5)ER #4.
)raks, )railin$, and Si$nalin$ Ernest )hom!son Seton 1JI
0.A5)ER 4.
.ealth and Endurane %eor$e J. Fisher, &.(. 317
0.A5)ER 4#.
0hivalr" John 1. Ale?ander 33I
0.A5)ER 4##.
First Aid and 1ife Savin$ &aDor 0harles 1"nh 3;;
-A)ER A00#(EN)S -il*ert E. 1on$fellow
0.A5)ER 4###.
%ames and Athleti Standards 371
#N(//R AN( /')(//R
%A&ES
Ernest )hom!son Seton
A).1E)#0 S)AN(AR(S S!eial 0ommittee
0.A5)ER #E.
5atriotism and 0iti>enshi! -aldo .. Sherman 333
5RA0)#0A1 0#)#FENS.#5
0ol. )heodore
Roosevelt
A55EN(#E.
E9'#5&EN) 3;7
B//2S F/R REFEREN0E 3K7
#N(EE 373
A(4ER)#SE&EN)S
HANDBOOK FOR BOYS
<3=
0.A5)ER #
SCOUTCRAFT
This chapter is the result of the work of the Committee on Scout %ath, Scout &aw, Tenderfoot, Secondclass
and 'irstclass Re(uirements) the Committee on Badges, *wards, and +(uipment) the Committee on
$ermanent %rgani,ation and 'ield Super#ision, and -ohn &. *le.ander and Samuel *. /offat.
Aim of t"e Scout Mo,emet
B! -ohn &. *le.ander, Bo! Scouts of *merica
)he aim of the Bo" Souts is to su!!lement the various e?istin$ eduational a$enies, and to !romote the
a*ilit" in *o"s to do thin$s for themselves and others. #t is not the aim to set u! a new or$ani>ation to !arallel
in its !ur!oses others alread" esta*lished. )he o!!ortunit" is afforded these or$ani>ations, however, to
introdue into their !ro$rams uniAue features a!!ealin$ to interests whih are universal amon$ *o"s. )he
method is summed u! in the term Soutraft, and is a om*ination of o*servation, dedution, and handiness,
or the a*ilit" to do thin$s. Soutraft inludes instrution in First Aid, 1ife Savin$, )rakin$, Si$nalin$,
0"lin$, Nature Stud", Seamanshi!, 0am!raft, -oodraft, 0hivalr", 5atriotism, and other su*Dets. )his is
aom!lished in $ames and team !la", and is !leasure, not work, for the *o". All that is needed is the out+of+
doors, a $rou! of *o"s, and a om!etent leader.
$"at Scouti& Meas
#n all a$es there have *een souts, the !lae of the sout *ein$ on the dan$er line of the arm" or at the
out!osts, !rotetin$ those of his om!an" who onfide in his are.
)he arm" sout was the soldier who was hosen out of all the arm" to $o out on the skirmish line.
)he !ioneer, who was out on the ed$e of the wilderness, <:= $uardin$ the men, women, and hildren in the
stokade, was also a sout. Should he fall aslee!, or lose ontrol of his faulties, or fail on his wath, then the
lives of the men, women, and hildren !aid the forfeit, and the sout lost his honor.
But there have *een other kinds of souts *esides war souts and frontier souts. )he" have *een the men of
all a$es, who have $one out on new and stran$e adventures, and throu$h their work have *enefited the !eo!le
of the earth. )hus, 0olum*us disovered Ameria, the 5il$rim Fathers founded New En$land, the earl"
En$lish settlers oloni>ed Jamestown, and the (uth *uilt u! New York. #n the same wa" the hard" Soth+
#rish !ushed west and made a new home for the Amerian !eo!le *e"ond the Alle$hanies and the Rokies.
)hese !eae souts had to *e as well !re!ared as an" war souts. )he" had to know soutraft. )he" had to
know how to live in the woods, and *e a*le to find their wa" an"where, without other hart or om!ass than
the sun and stars, *esides *ein$ a*le to inter!ret the meanin$ of the sli$htest si$ns of the forest and the foot
traks of animals and men.
)he" had to know how to live so as to kee! health" and stron$, to fae an" dan$er that ame their wa", and
to hel! one another. )hese souts of old were austomed to take hanes with death and the" did not
hesitate to $ive u! their lives in hel!in$ their omrades or ountr". #n fat, the" left ever"thin$ *ehind them,
omfort and !eae, in order to !ush forward into the wilderness *e"ond. And muh of this the" did *eause
the" felt it to *e their dut".
)hese little+known souts ould *e multi!lied indefinitel" *" $oin$ *ak into the !ast a$es and readin$ the
histories and stories of the kni$hts of 2in$ Arthur, of the 0rusaders, and of the $reat e?!lorers and navi$ators
of the world.
-herever there have *een heroes, there have *een souts, and to *e a sout means to *e !re!ared to do the
ri$ht thin$ at the ri$ht moment, no matter what the onseAuenes ma" *e.
)he wa" for ahievement in *i$ thin$s is the !re!arin$ of oneCs self for doin$ the *i$ thin$s++*" $oin$ into
trainin$ and doin$ the little thin$s well. #t was this harateristi of 1ivin$stone, the $reat e?!lorer, that made
him what he was, and that has marked the areer of all $ood souts.
)o *e a $ood sout one should know somethin$ a*out the woods and the animals that inha*it them, and how
to are for oneCs self when am!in$.
<;=
)he ha*its of animals an *e studied *" stalkin$ them and wathin$ them in their native haunts.
)he sout should never kill an animal or other livin$ reature needlessl". )here is more s!ort in stalkin$
animals to !hoto$ra!h them, and in omin$ to know their ha*its than in huntin$ to kill.
But woodraft means more than this. #t means not onl" the followin$ of traks and other si$ns, *ut it means
to *e a*le to read them. )o tell how fast the animal whih made the traks was $oin$B to tell whether he was
fri$htened, sus!iious, or otherwise.
-oodraft also ena*les the sout to find his wa", no matter where he is. #t teahes him the various kinds of
wild fruit, roots, nuts, et., whih are $ood for food, or are the favorite food of animals.

Sout Stalkin$
B" woodraft a sout ma" learn a $reat num*er of thin$s. .e ma" *e a*le to tell whether the traks were
made *" an animal or *" man, *i"le, automo*ile or other vehile.
B" havin$ his !ower of o*servation trained he an tell *" ver" sli$ht si$ns, suh as the sudden fl"in$ of
*irds, that someone is movin$ ver" near him thou$h he ma" not *e a*le to see the !erson.
<K=
)hrou$h woodraft then, a *o" ma" train his e"e, and *e a*le to o*serve thin$s that otherwise would !ass
unnotied. #n this wa" he ma" *e a*le to save animals from !ain, as a horse from an ill+fittin$ harness. .e
ma" also *e a*le to see little thin$s whih ma" $ive him the lew to $reat thin$s and so *e a*le to !revent
harm and rime.

)orture LNote the hek or *earin$+reinM

0omfort
Besides woodraft one must know somethin$ of am! life. /ne of the hief harateristis of the sout is to
*e a*le to live in the o!en, know how to !ut u! tents, *uild huts, throw u! a lean+to for shelter, or make a
du$out in the $round, how to *uild a fire, how to !roure and ook food, how to *ind lo$s to$ether so as to
onstrut *rid$es and rafts, and how to find his wa" *" ni$ht as well as *" da" in a stran$e ountr".
1ivin$ in the o!en in this wa", and makin$ friends of the trees, the streams, the mountains, and the stars,
$ives a sout a $reat deal of onfidene and makes him love the natural life around him.

0am! loom, for makin$ mats and mattresses
)o *e a*le to tell the differene *etween the trees *" their *ark and leaves is a soure of !leasureB to *e a*le
to make a <I= *ed out of rou$h tim*er, or weave a mattress or mat out of $rass to slee! on is a Do". And all of
these thin$s a $ood sout should know.
)hen too, a $ood sout must *e hivalrous. )hat is, he should *e as manl" as the kni$hts or !ioneers of old.
.e should *e unselfish. .e should show oura$e. .e must do his dut". .e should show *enevolene and
thrift. .e should *e lo"al to his ountr". .e should *e o*edient to his !arents, and show res!et to those who
are his su!eriors. .e should *e ver" ourteous to women. /ne of his o*li$ations is to do a $ood turn ever"
da" to some one. .e should *e heerful and seek self+im!rovement, and should make a areer for himself.
All these thin$s were harateristis of the old+time Amerian souts and of the 2in$ Arthur kni$hts. )heir
honor was sared. )he" were ourteous and !olite to women and hildren, es!eiall" to the a$ed, !roteted
the weak, and hel!ed others to live *etter. )he" tau$ht themselves to *e stron$, so as to *e a*le to !rotet
their ountr" a$ainst enemies. )he" ke!t themselves stron$ and health", so that the" mi$ht *e !re!ared to do
all of these thin$s at a momentCs notie, and do them well.
So the *o" sout of to+da" must *e hivalrous, manl", and $entlemanl".
-hen he $ets u! in the mornin$ he ma" tie a knot in his nektie, and leave the nektie outside his vest until
he has done a $ood turn. Another wa" to remind himself is to wear his sout *ad$e reversed until he has done
his $ood turn. )he $ood turn ma" not *e a ver" *i$ thin$++hel! an old lad" aross the streetB remove a *anana
skin from the !avement so that !eo!le ma" not fallB remove from streets or roads *roken $lass, dan$erous to
automo*ile or *i"le tiresB $ive water to a thirst" horseB or deeds similar to these.
)he sout also ou$ht to know how to save life. .e ou$ht to *e a*le to make a stretherB to throw a ro!e to a
drownin$ !ersonB to dra$ an unonsious !erson from a *urnin$ *uildin$, and to resusitate a !erson
overome *" $as fumes. .e ou$ht also to know the method of sto!!in$ runawa" horses, and he should have
the !resene of mind and the skill to alm a !ani and deal with street and other aidents.
)his means also that a *o" sout must alwa"s *e in the !ink of ondition. A *o" annot do thin$s like these
unless he is health" and stron$. )herefore, he must *e s"stematiall" takin$ e?erise, !la"in$ $ames,
runnin$, and walkin$. #t means that he must slee! enou$h hours to $ive him the neessar" stren$th, and if
!ossi*le to slee! ver" muh in the o!en, or at least <J= with the windows of his *edroom o!en *oth summer
and winter.
#t means also that he should take a old *ath often, ru**in$ dr" with a rou$h towel. .e should *reathe
throu$h the nose and not throu$h the mouth. .e should at all times train himself to endure hardshi!s.
#n addition to these the sout should *e a lover of his ountr". .e should know his ountr". .ow man" states
there are in it, what are its natural resoures, so!e, and *oundaries. .e ou$ht to know somethin$ of its
histor", its earl" settlers, and of the $reat deeds that won his land. .ow the" settled alon$ the *anks of the
James River. .ow 5hiladel!hia, New York, and other $reat ities were founded. .ow the 5il$rim Fathers
esta*lished New En$land and laid the foundation for our national life. .ow the souts of the &iddle -est
saved all that $reat setion of the ountr" for the Re!u*li. .e ou$ht to know how )e?as *eame !art of the
'nited States, and how our national heroes strethed out their hands, north and south, east and west, to make
one $reat united ountr".
.e ou$ht to know the histor" of the im!ortant wars. .e ou$ht to know a*out our arm" and nav" fla$s and the
insi$nia of rank of our offiers. .e ou$ht to know the kind of $overnment he lives under, and what it means
to live in a re!u*li. .e ou$ht to know what is e?!eted of him as a iti>en of his state and nation, and what
to do to hel! the !eo!le amon$ whom he lives.
#n short, to *e a $ood sout is to *e a well+develo!ed, well+informed *o".
Scout -irtues
)here are other thin$s whih a sout ou$ht to know and whih should *e harateristi of him, if he is $oin$
to *e the kind of sout for whih the Bo" Souts of Ameria stand. /ne of these is o*ediene. )o *e a $ood
sout a *o" must learn to o*e" the orders of his !atrol leader, sout master, and sout ommissioner. .e must
learn to o*e", *efore he is a*le to ommand. .e should so learn to disi!line and ontrol himself that he will
have no thou$ht *ut to o*e" the orders of his offiers. .e should kee! suh a stron$ $ri! on his own life that
he will not allow himself to do an"thin$ whih is i$no*le, or whih will harm his life or weaken his !owers
of endurane.
Another virtue of a sout is that of ourtes". A *o" sout <7= ou$ht to have a ommand of !olite lan$ua$e.
.e ou$ht to show that he is a true $entleman *" doin$ little thin$s for others.
1o"alt" is also a sout virtue. A sout ou$ht to *e lo"al to all to whom he has o*li$ations. .e ou$ht to stand
u! oura$eousl" for the truth, for his !arents and friends.
Another sout virtue is self+res!et. .e ou$ht to refuse to ae!t $ratuities from an"one, unless a*solutel"
neessar". .e ou$ht to work for the mone" he $ets.
For this same reason he should never look down u!on an"one who ma" *e !oorer than himself, or env"
an"one riher than himself. A soutCs self+res!et will ause him to value his own standin$ and make him
s"m!atheti toward others who ma" *e, on the one hand, worse off, or, on the other hand, *etter off as far as
wealth is onerned. Souts know neither a lower nor a hi$her lass, for a sout is one who is a omrade to
all and who is read" to share that whih he has with others.
)he most im!ortant sout virtue is that of honor. #ndeed, this is the *asis of all sout virtues and is losel"
allied to that of self+res!et. -hen a sout !romises to do a thin$ on his honor, he is *ound to do it. )he
honor of a sout will not !ermit of an"thin$ *ut the hi$hest and the *est and the manliest. )he honor of a
sout is a sared thin$, and annot *e li$htl" set aside or tram!led on.
Faithfulness to dut" is another one of the sout virtues. -hen it is a soutCs dut" to do somethin$, he dare not
shirk. A sout is faithful to his own interest and the interests of others. .e is true to his ountr" and his %od.
Another sout virtue is heerfulness. As the sout law intimates, he must never $o a*out with a sulk" air. .e
must alwa"s *e *ri$ht and smilin$, and as the humorist sa"s, @&ust alwa"s see the dou$hnut and not the
hole.@ A *ri$ht fae and a heer" word s!read like sunshine from one to another. #t is the soutCs dut" to *e a
sunshine+maker in the world.
Another sout virtue is that of thou$htfulness, es!eiall" to animalsB not merel" the thou$htfulness that eases
a horse from the !ain of a *adl" fittin$ harness or $ives food and drink to an animal that is in need, *ut also
that whih kee!s a *o" from throwin$ a stone at a at or t"in$ a tin an on a do$Cs tail. #f a *o" sout does not
!rove his thou$htfulness and friendshi! for animals, it is Auite ertain that he never will *e reall" hel!ful to
his omrades or to the men, women, and hildren who ma" need his are.
<10=
And then the final and hief test of the sout is the doin$ of a $ood turn to some*od" ever" da", Auietl" and
without *oastin$. )his is the !roof of the sout. #t is !ratial reli$ion, and a *o" honors %od *est when he
hel!s others most. A *o" ma" wear all the sout uniforms made, all the sout *ad$es ever manufatured,
know all the woodraft, am!raft, soutraft and other ativities of *o" souts, and "et never *e a real *o"
sout. )o *e a real *o" sout means the doin$ of a $ood turn ever" da" with the !ro!er motive and if this *e
done, the *o" has a ri$ht to *e lassed with the $reat souts that have *een of suh servie to their ountr".
)o aom!lish this a sout should o*serve the sout law.
Ever" *o" ou$ht to ommit to memor" the followin$ a**reviated form of the Sout law.
T"e T.el,e +oits of t"e Scout *a.
1.
A sout is
trustworth".
3. A sout is lo"al.
3. A sout is hel!ful.
:. A sout is friendl".
;. A sout is ourteous.
K. A sout is kind.
I. A sout is o*edient.
J. A sout is heerful.
7. A sout is thrift".
10. A sout is *rave.
11. A sout is lean.
13. A sout is reverent.
T"e Boy Scout Or&ai/atio
LResult of work of 0ommittee on 5ermanent /r$ani>ation and Field Su!ervisionG++.. S. Brauher, 0hairman.
1orillard S!ener. Jr., 0olin .. 1ivin$stone. Rihard 0. &orse. &ortimer Shiff, (r. %eor$e -. Ehler, 0. &.
0onnoll", E. B. (e%root, 1ee F. .amner.M
)o do $ood soutin$ a *o" must understand the or$ani>ation of whih he is a !art. )he Bo" Souts of
Ameria is !romoted and $overned *" a $rou! of men alled the National 0ounil. )his National 0ounil is
made u! of leadin$ men of the ountr" and it is their desire that ever" Amerian *o" shall have the
o!!ortunit" of *eomin$ a $ood sout.
)he National 0ounil holds one meetin$ annuall" at whih it elets the offiers and the mem*ers of the
E?eutive Board. #t o!"ri$hts *ad$es and other sout desi$ns, arran$es for their manufature and
distri*ution, selets desi$ns for uniforms and sout eAui!ment, issues sout ommissionersC and sout
mastersC ertifiates, and $rants harters for loal ounils.
<11=
A loal ounil throu$h its offiers++!resident, vie+!resident, seretar", treasurer, and sout ommissioner,
its e?eutive ommittee, ourt of honor, and other ommittees++deals with all loal matters that relate to
soutin$.
)he sout ommissioner is the rankin$ sout master of the loal ounil and !resides at all sout mastersC
meetin$s as well as at all sout field meets. #t is also the dut" of the sout ommissioner to re!ort to and
advise with the 0hief Sout throu$h the E?eutive Seretar" onernin$ the souts in his distrit. )he sout
ommissionerCs ertifiate is issued from National .eadAuarters u!on the reommendation of a loal ounil
after this ounil has *een $ranted a harter.
)he sout master is the adult leader of a troo!, and must *e at least twent"+one "ears of a$e. .e should have
a dee! interest in *o"s, *e $enuine in his own life, have the a*ilit" to lead, and ommand the *o"sC res!et
and o*ediene. .e need not *e an e?!ert at soutraftB a $ood sout master will disover e?!erts for the
various ativities. .is ertifiate is $ranted u!on the reommendation of the loal ounil.
An assistant sout master should *e ei$hteen "ears of a$e or over. .is ertifiate is $ranted *" the National
0ounil u!on the reommendation of the sout master of his troo! and the loal ounil.
C"ief Scout a# Staff
)he 0hief Sout is eleted annuall" *" the National 0ounil and has a staff of de!uties eah of whom is
hairman of a ommittee of soutraft. )hese de!uties are as followsG
0hief Sout Sur$eon.
0hief Sout (iretor of .ealth.
0hief Sout -oodsman.
0hief Sout Athleti (iretor.
0hief Sout Stalker.
0hief Sout 0iti>en.
0hief Sout &aster.
0hief Sout (iretor of 0hivalr".
0hief Sout 0am! &aster.
Souts are $raded as followsG
0hief Sout and Staff.
Sout 0ommissioner.
Sout &aster.
Assistant Sout &aster.
5atrol 1eader.
Assistant 5atrol 1eader.
Ea$le Sout.
Star Sout.
1ife Sout.
First+lass Sout.
Seond+lass Sout.
)enderfoot.
Ho. to Become a Boy Scout
)he easiest wa" to *eome a *o" sout is to Doin a !atrol that has alread" *een started. )his !atrol ma" *e in
<13= a Sunda" Shool, Bo"sC Bri$ade, Bo"sC 0lu*, Youn$ &enCs 0hristian Assoiation, Youn$ &enCs
.e*rew Assoiation, Youn$ &enCs 0atholi Assoiation, or an" other or$ani>ation to whih "ou ma" *elon$.
#f there is no !atrol near "ou, $et some man interested enou$h to start one *" $ivin$ him all the information.
A !atrol onsists of ei$ht *o"s, one of whom *eomes the !atrol leader and another the assistant !atrol
leader.
A troo! onsists of three or more !atrols, and the leader of the troo! is alled a sout master. )here an *e no
!atrols or troo!s of *o" souts without this sout master.
T"e Scout Motto
)he motto of the *o" souts is Be 5re!ared, and the *ad$e of the *o" souts is a o!"ri$hted desi$n with this
motto, @Be 5re!ared,@ on a sroll at its *ase.
)he motto, @Be 5re!ared,@ means that the sout is alwa"s in a state of readiness in mind and *od" to do his
dut". )o *e !re!ared in mind, *" havin$ disi!lined himself to *e o*edient, and also *" havin$ thou$ht out
*eforehand an" aident or situation that ma" our, so that he ma" know the ri$ht thin$ to do at the ri$ht
moment, and *e willin$ to do it. )o *e !re!ared in *od", *" makin$ himself stron$ and ative and a*le to do
the ri$ht thin$ at the ri$ht moment, and then to do it.
T"e Scout Ba#&e
)he sout *ad$e is not intended to re!resent the fleur+de+lis, or an arrowhead. #t is a modified form of the
si$n of the north on the marinerCs om!ass, whih is as old as the histor" of navi$ation. )he 0hinese laim its
use amon$ them as earl" as 3K3: B. 0., and we have definite information that it was used at sea *" them as
earl" as 300 A. (. &aro 5olo *rou$ht the om!ass to Euro!e on his return from 0atha". )he si$n of the
north on the om!ass $raduall" ame to re!resent the north, and !ioneers, tra!!ers, woodsmen, and souts,
*eause of this, ado!ted it as their em*lem. )hrou$h enturies of use it has under$one modifiation until it
has now assumed the sha!e of our *ad$e.
)his trefoil *ad$e of the souts is now used, with sli$ht loal variations, in almost ever" ivili>ed ountr" as
the mark of *rotherhood, for $ood iti>enshi!, and friendliness.
#ts sroll is turned u! at the ends like a soutCs mouth, *eause he does his dut" with a smile and willin$l".
)he knot is to remind the sout to do a $ood turn to someone dail".
<13=
)he arrowhead !art is worn *" the tenderfoot. )he sroll !art onl" is worn *" the seond+lass sout. )he
*ad$e worn *" the first+lass sout is the whole *ad$e.
)he offiial *ad$es of the Bo" Souts of Ameria are issued *" the National 0ounil and ma" *e seured
onl" from the National .eadAuarters. )hese *ad$es are !roteted *" the '. S. 5atent 1aws Lletters of !atent
num*ers :1:13 and :1;33M and an"one infrin$in$ these !atents is lia*le to !roseution at law.
#n order to !rotet the Bo" Sout &ovement and those who have Aualified to reeive *ad$es desi$natin$ the
various de$rees in soutraft, it is desired that all interested oo!erate with the National .eadAuarters in
safe$uardin$ the sale and distri*ution of these *ad$es. )his ma" *e done *" o*servin$ the followin$ rulesG
1. Bad$es should not *e ordered until after *o"s have atuall" om!lied with the reAuirements !resri*ed *"
the National 0ounil and are entitled to reeive them.
3. All orders for *ad$es should *e sent in *" the sout master with a ertifiate from the loal ounil that
these reAuirements have *een om!lied with. Blanks for this !ur!ose ma" *e seured on a!!liation to the
National .eadAuarters.
-here no loal ounil has *een formed, a!!liation for *ad$es should *e sent diret to .eadAuarters, si$ned
*" the re$istered sout master of the troo!, $ivin$ his offiial num*er.
Sout ommissionersC, sout mastersC, and assistant sout mastersC *ad$es an *e issued onl" to those who are
re$istered as suh at National .eadAuarters.
Tenderfoot Badge++%ilt metal.
$atrol &eader"s Tenderfoot Badge+/?idi>ed silver finish.
)hese *ad$es are seven ei$hths of an inh wide and are made either for the *utton+hole or with safet"+!in
las!. 5rie ; ents.
SecondClass Scout Badge++%ilt metal.
$atrol &eader"s SecondClass Scout Badge++/?idi>ed silver.
)hese *ad$es++safet"+!in st"le++to *e worn u!on the sleeve. 5rie 10 ents.
'irstClass Scout Badge++%ilt metal.
$atrol &eader"s 'irstClass Scout Badge++/?idi>ed silver.
Both *ad$es safet"+!in st"le++to *e worn u!on the sleeve. 5rie 1; ents.
Scout Commissioner"s, Scout /aster"s, and *ssistant Scout /aster"s *rm Badges.
)hese *ad$es are woven in *lue, $reen, and red silk, and are to *e worn on the sleeve of oat or shirt. 5rie
3; ents.
<1:=
Buttons++)he offiial *uttons worn on the sout uniforms sell for 10 ents !er set for shirt and 1; ents !er
set for oat.
/erit Badges++5rie 3; ents eah.
Bo! Scout Certificates++A handsome ertifiate in two olors, K ? J inhes, has *een !re!ared for *o" souts
who wish to have a reord of their enrolment. )he ertifiate has the Sout /ath and 1aw and the offiial
Seal u!on it, with !lae for the si$nature of the sout master. )he !rie is ; ents.
Directios For Or#eri&
Im%ortat0 -hen orderin$ su!!lies send e?at remittane with order, #f hek is used add New York
e?han$e. &ake heks and mone" orders !a"a*le to Bo" Souts of Ameria. All orders reeived without the
!ro!er remittane will *e shi!!ed 0. /. (., or held until remittane arrives.
T"e Scout Oat"
Before he *eomes a sout a *o" must !romiseG
O my "oor I .ill #o my 1est2
3( To #o my #uty to !o# a# my coutry' a# to o1ey t"e scout la.4
5( To "el% ot"er %eo%le at all times4
6( To 7ee% myself %"ysically stro&' metally a.a7e' a# morally strai&"t(
-hen takin$ this oath the sout will stand, holdin$ u! his ri$ht hand, !alm to the front, thum* restin$ on the
nail of the little fin$er and the other three fin$ers u!ri$ht and to$ether.
T"e Scout Si&
)his is the sout si$n. )he three fin$ers held u! remind him of his three !romises in the sout oath.
T"e Scout Salute
-hen the three fin$ers thus held are raised to the forehead, it is the sout salute. )he sout alwa"s salutes an
offier.
T"e Scout *a.
LResult of work of 0ommittee on Sout /ath, Sout 1aw, )enderfoot, Seond+lass and First+lass Sout
ReAuirementsG++5rof. Jeremiah -. Jenks, 0hairman. (r. 1ee 2. Frankel, %eor$e (. 5orter, E. &. Ro*inson,
%. -. .inkle", B. E. Johnson, 0lark -. .etherin$ton, Arthur A. 0are".M
)here have alwa"s *een ertain written and unwritten laws re$ulatin$ the ondut and diretin$ the ativities
of men. <1;= -e have suh unwritten laws omin$ down from !ast a$es. #n Ja!an, the Ja!anese have their
Bushido or laws of the old Samurai warriors. (urin$ the &iddle A$es, the hivalr" and rules of the 2ni$hts
of 2in$ Arthur, the 2ni$hts )em!lar and the 0rusaders were in fore. #n a*ori$inal Ameria, the Red #ndians
had their laws of honorG likewise the Fulus, .indus, and the later Euro!ean nations have their anient odes.
)he followin$ laws whih relate to the Bo" Souts of Ameria, are the latest and most u! to date. )hese laws
a *o" !romises to o*e" when he takes his sout oath.
3( A scout is trust.ort"y(
A soutCs honor is to *e trusted. #f he were to violate his honor *" tellin$ a lie, or *" heatin$, or *" not
doin$ e?atl" a $iven task, when trusted on his honor, he ma" *e direted to hand over his sout *ad$e.
5( A scout is loyal(
.e is lo"al to all to whom lo"alt" is dueG his sout leader, his home, and !arents and ountr".
6( A scout is "el%ful(
.e must *e !re!ared at an" time to save life, hel! inDured !ersons, and share the home duties. .e must
do at least one $ood turn to some*od" ever" da".
8( A scout is frie#ly(
.e is a friend to all and a *rother to ever" other sout.
9( A scout is courteous(
.e is !olite to all, es!eiall" to women, hildren, old !eo!le, and the weak and hel!less. .e must not
take !a" for *ein$ hel!ful or ourteous.
:( A scout is 7i#(
.e is a friend to animals. .e will not kill nor hurt an" livin$ reature needlessl", *ut will strive to save
and !rotet all harmless life.
;( A scout is o1e#iet(
.e o*e"s his !arents, sout master, !atrol leader, and all other dul" onstituted authorities.
<( A scout is c"eerful(
.e smiles whenever he an. .is o*ediene to orders is !rom!t and heer". .e never shirks nor
$rum*les at hardshi!s.
=( A scout is t"rifty(
.e does not wantonl" destro" !ro!ert". .e works faithfull", wastes nothin$, and makes the *est use of
his <1K= o!!ortunities. .e saves his mone" so that he ma" !a" his own wa", *e $enerous to those in
need, and hel!ful to worth" o*Dets.
0e ma! work for pa! but must not recei#e tips for courtesies or good turns.
3>( A scout is 1ra,e(
.e has the oura$e to fae dan$er in s!ite of fear and has to stand u! for the ri$ht a$ainst the oa?in$s
of friends or the Deers or threats of enemies, and defeat does not down him.
33( A scout is clea(
.e kee!s lean in *od" and thou$ht, stands for lean s!eeh, lean s!ort, lean ha*its, and travels with
a lean rowd.
35( A scout is re,eret(
.e is reverent toward %od. .e is faithful in his reli$ious duties and res!ets the onvitions of others
in matters of ustom and reli$ion.
T"e T"ree Classes of Scouts
)here are three lasses of souts amon$ the Bo" Souts of Ameria, the tenderfoot, seond+lass sout, and
first+lass sout. Before a *o" an *eome a tenderfoot he must Aualif" for same. A tenderfoot, therefore, is
su!erior to the ordinar" *o" *eause of his trainin$. )o *e a tenderfoot means to ou!" the lowest $rade in
soutin$. A tenderfoot on meetin$ ertain reAuirements ma" *eome a seond+lass sout, and a seond+lass
sout u!on meetin$ another set of reAuirements ma" *eome a first+lass sout. )he first+lass sout ma"
then Aualif" for the various merit *ad$es whih are offered in another !art of this ha!ter for !rofiien" in
soutin$. )he reAuirements of the tenderfoot, seond+lass sout, and first+lass sout, are as followsG
Tenderfoot

)enderfoot
)o *eome a sout a *o" must *e at least twelve "ears of a$e and must !ass a test in the followin$G
1. 2now the sout law, si$n, salute, and si$nifiane of the *ad$e.
3. 2now the om!osition and histor" of the national fla$ and the ustomar" forms of res!et due to it.
3. )ie four out of the followin$ knotsG sAuare or reef, sheet+*end, *owline, fishermanCs, shee!shank, halter,
love hith, tim*er hith, or two half hithes.
<1I=
.e then takes the sout oath, is enrolled as a tenderfoot, and is entitled to wear the tenderfoot *ad$e.
Secondclass Scout

Seond+lass Sout
)o *eome a seond+lass sout, a tenderfoot must !ass, to the satisfation of the reo$ni>ed loal sout
authorities, the followin$ testsG
1. At least one monthCs servie as a tenderfoot.
3. Elementar" first aid and *anda$in$B know the $eneral diretions for first aid for inDuriesB know treatment
for faintin$, shok, fratures, *ruises, s!rains, inDuries in whih the skin is *roken, *urns, and saldsB
demonstrate how to arr" inDured, and the use of the trian$ular and roller *anda$es and tourniAuet.
3. Elementar" si$nalin$G 2now the sema!hore, or Amerian &orse, or &"er al!ha*et.
:. )rak half a mile in twent"+five minutesB or, if in town, desri*e satisfatoril" the ontents of one store
window out of four o*served for one minute eah.
;. %o a mile in twelve minutes at soutCs !ae++a*out fift" ste!s runnin$ and fift" walkin$, alternatel".
K. 'se !ro!erl" knife or hathet.
I. 5rove a*ilit" to *uild a fire in the o!en, usin$ not more than two mathes.
J. 0ook a Auarter of a !ound of meat and two !otatoes in the o!en without the ordinar" kithen ookin$
utensils.
7. Earn and de!osit at least one dollar in a !u*li *ank.
10. 2now the si?teen !rini!al !oints of the om!ass.
'irstclass Scout

First+lass Sout
)o *eome a first+lass sout, the seond+lass sout must !ass the followin$ testsG
1. Swim fift" "ards.
3. Earn and de!osit at least two dollars in a !u*li *ank.
3. Send and reeive a messa$e *" sema!hore, or Amerian &orse, or &"er al!ha*et, si?teen letters !er
minute.
:. &ake a round tri! alone Lor with another soutM to a !oint <1J= at least seven miles awa", $oin$ on foot or
rowin$ *oat, and write a satisfator" aount of the tri! and thin$s o*served.
;. Advaned first aidG 2now the methods for !ani !reventionB what to do in ase of fire and ie, eletri and
$as aidentsB how to hel! in ase of runawa" horse, mad do$, or snake *iteB treatment for disloations,
unonsiousness, !oisonin$, faintin$, a!o!le?", sunstroke, heat e?haustion, and free>in$B know treatment for
sun*urn, iv" !oisonin$, *ites and stin$s, nose*leed, earahe, toothahe, inflammation or $rit in e"e, ram! or
stomah ahe and hillsB demonstrate artifiial res!iration.
K. 5re!are and ook satisfatoril", in the o!en, without re$ular kithen utensils, two of the followin$ artiles
as ma" *e direted. E$$s, *aon, hunterCs stew, fish, fowl, $ame, !anakes, hoe+ake, *isuit, hardtak or a
@twist,@ *aked on a stikB e?!lain to another *o" the methods followed.
I. Read a ma! orretl", and draw, from field notes made on the s!ot, an intelli$i*le rou$h sketh ma!,
indiatin$ *" their !ro!er marks im!ortant *uildin$s, roads, trolle" lines, main landmarks, !rini!al
elevations, et. 5oint out a om!ass diretion without the hel! of the om!ass.
J. 'se !ro!erl" an a?e for fellin$ or trimmin$ li$ht tim*erB or !rodue an artile of ar!entr" or a*inet+
makin$ or metal work made *" himself. E?!lain the method followed.
7. Jud$e distane, si>e, num*er, hei$ht and wei$ht within 3; !er ent.
10. (esri*e full" from o*servation ten s!eies of trees or !lants, inludin$ !oison iv", *" their *ark, leaves,
flowers, fruit, or sentB or si? s!eies of wild *irds *" their !luma$e, notes, traks, or ha*itsB or si? s!eies of
native wild animals *" their form, olor, all, traks, or ha*itsB find the North Star, and name and desri*e at
least three onstellations of stars.
11. Furnish satisfator" evidene that he has !ut into !ratie in his dail" life the !rini!les of the sout oath
and law.
13. Enlist a *o" trained *" himself in the reAuirements of a tenderfoot.
1%T+.1o de#iation from abo#e re(uirements will be permitted unless in e.traordinar! cases, such as
ph!sical inabilit!, and the written consent of the 1ational 0ead(uarters has been obtained b! the recogni,ed
local scout authorit!.
<17=
+atrol Si&s
Eah troo! of *o" souts is named after the !lae to whih it *elon$s. For e?am!le, it is )roo! No. 1, 3, 3, :,
et., of New York or 0hia$o. Eah !atrol of the troo! is named after an animal or *ird, *ut ma" *e $iven
another kind of name if there is a valid reason. #n this wa", the )went"+seventh New York )roo!, for
instane, ma" have several !atrols, whih ma" *e res!etivel" the /?, -olf, Jakal, Raven, Buffalo, Fo?,
5anther, and Rattlesnake.

5ositions of 4arious Bad$es
Eah sout in a !atrol has a num*er, the !atrol leader *ein$ No. 1, the assistant !atrol leader No. 3, and the
other souts the remainin$ onseutive num*ers. Souts in this wa" should <33= work in !airs, Nos. 3 and :
to$etherB ; and K to$etherB I and. J to$ether.
<30=

&/N%//SE
SAueak++@0hee!@
BR/-N AN( /RAN%E
.A-2
0r" Lsame as
Ea$leM++@2reeee@
5#N2
-/1F
.owl+@.ow+oooo@
YE11/- AN( B1A02
5EE-#)
-histle+@)ewitt@
%REEN AN( -.#)E

./'N(
Bark @Bawow+wow@
/RAN%E
0A)
0r"++@&eeaow@
%RAY AN( BR/-N
JA02A1
1au$hin$ 0r"+@-ahwah+wah+wah+
wah.@
%RAY AN( B1A02

RA4EN
0r"+@2ar+kaw@
B1A02
B'FFA1/
1owin$ Lsame as BullM @'m+
maouw@
RE( AN( -.#)E
5EA0/02
0r"+@Bee+oik@
%REEN AN( B1'E

B'11
1owin$+@'m+
maouw@
RE(
SEA1
0all+@.ark@
RE( AN( B1A02
/-1
-histle @2oot+koot+koo@
B1'E

)#%ER
5urr+@%rrrao@
4#/1E)
1#/N
Roar+@Eu+'$h@
YE11/- AN(
RE(
2AN%AR//
0all+@0oo+ee@
RE( AN(
%RAY
./RSE
-hinne"+@.ee+e+e+e@
B1A02 AN( -.#)E
<31=

F/E
Bark+@.a+ha@
YE11/- AN(
%REEN
BEAR
%rowl+@Boorrr@
BR/-N AN( RE(
S)A%
0all+@Baow@
4#/1E) AN( B1A02
S)/R2
0r"+@2orrr@
B1'E AN( -.#)E

5AN).ER
)on$ue in side of
mouth++@2eeook@
YE11/-
0'R1E-
-histle++@0urle"
@
%REEN
.YENA
1au$hin$ 0r"+@/oowah+oowah+
wah@
YE11/- AN( BR/-N

RA&
Bleat++@Ba+a+a@
BR/-N
-//( 5#%E/N
0all++@Book+hooroo@
B1'E AN( %RAY
EA%1E
4er" shrill r"++@2reeee@
%REEN AN( B1A02

.#55/
.iss+@Brrussssh@
5#N2 AN( B1A02
RA))1ESNA2E
Rattle a !e**le in a small !otted meat
tin.
-#1( B/AR
%runt++@Broof+*roof@
%RAY AN( 5#N2

0/BRA
.iss++@5ssst@
/RAN%E AN( B1A02
0'02//
0all++@0ook+koo@
%RAY
/))ER
0r"++@.oi+oi+oik@
BR/-N AN( -.#)E
BEA4ER
Sla! made *" la!!in$ *ands
B1'E AN( YE11/-
<33 ontinued=
Eah sout in a !atrol should *e a*le to imitate the all of his !atrol animal. )hat is, the souts of the -olf
!atrol should *e a*le to imitate a wolf. #n this wa" souts of the same !atrol an ommuniate with eah
other when in hidin$, or in the dark of ni$ht. #t is not honora*le for a sout to use the all of an" other !atrol
e?e!t his own.
)he !atrol leader alls u! his !atrol at will *" soundin$ his whistle and *" $ivin$ the all of the !atrol.
-hen the sout makes si$ns an"where for others to read he also draws the head of his animal. )hat is to sa",
if he were out soutin$ and wanted to show that a ertain road should not *e followed *" others, he would
draw the si$n, @not to *e followed,@ aross it and add the name of his !atrol animal, in order to show whih
!atrol disovered that the road was *ad, and *" addin$ his own num*er at the left of the head to show whih
sout had disovered it.

B1'E B'FFA1/
on white $round
F1Y#N% EA%1ES
@Yeh+"eh+"eh@
Blak and white on
red
B1'E .ER/NS
@.rrrr@
Blue and $reen
./RNE( 2#N%B#R(S

S#NA-A
Blak on red
B1A02BEARS
Blak on red
A.&EE2S S#14ER F/EES

RE(
)RA#1ERS
&//N BAN(
Yellow on *lue
/-NE/2ES B1AF#N% ARR/-
Eah !atrol leader arries a small fla$ on the end of his staff <33= or stave with the head of his !atrol animal
shown on *oth sides. )hus the )i$ers of the )went"+seventh New York )roo! should have the fla$ shown
*elow.

T"e Merit Ba#&es
LResult of work of 0ommittee on Bad$es, Awards and EAui!mentG (r. %eor$e J. Fisher, 0hairman, %en.
%eor$e -. -in$ate, (r. 0. -ard 0ram!ton, (aniel 0arter Beard. 0. &. 0onnoll", A. A. Jameson. Ernest
)hom!son Seton.M
-hen a *o" has *eome a first+lass sout he ma" Aualif" for the merit *ad$es.
The e.amination for these badges should be gi#en b! the Court of 0onor of the local council. This
e.amination must not be gi#en an! bo! who is not (ualified as a firstclass scout. *fter the bo! has passed
the e.amination, the local council ma! secure the merit badge for him b! presenting the facts to the 1ational
Council. These badges are intended to stimulate the bo!"s interest in the life about him and are gi#en for
general knowledge. The wearing of these badges does not signif! that a scout is (ualified to make his li#ing
b! the knowledge gained in securing the award.
Souts winnin$ an" of the followin$ *ad$es are entitled to !lae after their names the insi$nia of the *ad$es
won. For instane, if he has suessfull" !assed the si$nalin$ and seamanshi! tests, he si$ns his name in this
manner++

<3:=
A&riculture

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for A$riulture a sout must
1. State different tests with $rains.
3. %row at least an are of orn whih !rodues 3; !er ent. *etter than the $eneral avera$e.
3. Be a*le to identif" and desri*e ommon weeds of the ommunit" and tell how *est to eliminate them.
:. Be a*le to identif" the ommon insets and tell how *est to handle them.
;. .ave a !ratial knowled$e of !lowin$, ultivatin$, drillin$, hed$in$, and drainin$.
K. .ave a workin$ knowled$e of farm mahiner", ha"makin$, rea!in$, loadin$, and stakin$.
I. .ave a $eneral aAuaintane of the routine seasonal work on the farm, inludin$ the are of attle, horses,
shee!, and !i$s.
J. .ave a knowled$e of 0am!*ellCs Soil 0ulture !rini!le, and a knowled$e of dr" farmin$ and of irri$ation
farmin$.
A&li&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for An$lin$ a sout must
1. 0ath and name ten different s!eies of fishG salmon or trout to *e taken with fliesB *ass, !ikerel, or !ike
to *e au$ht with rod or reel, muskallon$e to *e au$ht *" trollin$.
3. &ake a *ait rod of three Doints, strai$ht and sound, 1: o>. or less in wei$ht, 10 feet or less in len$th, to
stand a strain of 1+1N3 l*s. at the ti!, 13 l*s. at the $ri!.
3. &ake a Dointed fl"+rod J+10 feet lon$, :+J o>s. in wei$ht, a!a*le of astin$ a fl" si?t" feet.
:. Name and desri*e twent"+five different s!eies of fish found in North Amerian waters and $ive a
om!lete list of the fishes asertained *" himself to inha*it a $iven *od" of water.
;. %ive the histor" of the "oun$ of an" s!eies of wild fish from the time of hathin$ until the adult sta$e is
reahed.
Arc"ery

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Arher" a sout must
1. &ake a *ow and arrow whih will shoot a distane of one hundred feet with fair !reision.
3. &ake a total sore of 3;0 with K0 shots in one or <3;= two meets, usin$ standard four+foot tar$et at fort"
"ards or three+foot tar$et at thirt" "ards.
3. &ake a total sore of 300 with I3 arrows, usin$ standard tar$et at a distane of fift" "ards.
:. Shoot so far and fast as to have si? arrows in the air at one.
Arc"itecture

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Arhiteture a sout must
1. 5resent a satisfator" free+hand drawin$.
3. -rite an essa" on the histor" of Arhiteture and desri*e the five orders.
3. Su*mit an ori$inal desi$n for a two+stor" house and tell what material is neessar" for its onstrution,
$ivin$ detailed s!eifiations.
Art

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Art a sout must
1. (raw in outline two sim!le o*Dets, one om!osed of strai$ht lines, and one of urved lines, the two
su*Dets to *e $rou!ed to$ether a little *elow the e"e.
3. (raw in outline two *ooks a little *elow the e"e, one *ook to *e o!enB also a ta*le or hair.
3. &ake in outline an E$"!tian ornament.
:. &ake in outline a %reek or Renaissane ornament from a ast or o!".
;. &ake an ori$inal arran$ement or desi$n usin$ some detail of ornament.
K. &ake a drawin$ from a $rou! of two o*Dets !laed a little *elow the e"e and show li$ht and shade.
I. (raw a "lindrial o*Det and a retan$ular o*Det, $rou!ed to$ether a little *elow the e"e, and show li$ht
and shade.
J. 5resent a am! sene in olor.
Astroomy

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Astronom" a sout must
1. .ave a $eneral knowled$e of the nature and movements of stars.
<3K=
3. 5oint out and name si? !rini!al onstellationsB find the North *" means of other stars than the 5ole+star in
ase of that star *ein$ o*sured *" louds, and tell the hour of the ni$ht *" the stars and moon.
3. .ave a $eneral knowled$e of the !ositions and movements of the earth, sun and moon, and of tides,
eli!ses, meteors, omets, sun+s!ots, and !lanets.
At"letics

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Athletis a sout must
1. -rite an ae!ta*le artile of not less than five hundred words on how to train for an athleti event.
3. %ive the rules for one trak and one field event.
3. &ake the reAuired athleti standard aordin$ to his wei$ht, lassifiations and onditions as stated in
ha!ter ei$ht.
Automo1ili&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Automo*ilin$ a sout must
1. (emonstrate how to start a motor, e?!lainin$ what !reautions should *e taken.
3. )ake off and !ut on !neumati tires.
3. 2now the funtions of the luth, ar*uretor, valves, ma$neto, s!ark !lu$, differential am shaft, and
different s!eed $ears, and *e a*le to e?!lain differene *etween a two and four+"le motor.
:. 2now how to !ut out *urnin$ $asoline or oil.
;. .ave satisfatoril" !assed the reAuirements to reeive a liense to o!erate an automo*ile in the ommunit"
in whih he lives.
A,iatio

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Aviation a sout must
1. .ave a knowled$e of the theor" of aero!lanes, *alloons, and diri$i*les.
3. .ave made a workin$ model of an <3I= aero!lane or diri$i*le that will fl" at least twent"+five "ardsB and
have *uilt a *o? kite that will fl".
3. .ave a knowled$e of the en$ines used for aero!lanes and diri$i*les, and *e a*le to desri*e the various
t"!es of aero!lanes and their reords.
Bee Farmi&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Bee Farmin$ a sout must
1. .ave a !ratial knowled$e of swarmin$, hivin$, hives and $eneral a!iulture, inludin$ a knowled$e of
the use of artifiial om*s.
3. (esri*e different kinds of hone" and tell from what soures $athered.
Blac7smit"i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Blaksmithin$ a sout must
1. '!set and weld a one+inh iron rod.
3. &ake a horseshoe.
3. 2now how to tire a wheel, use a sled$e+hammer and for$e, shoe a horse orretl" and rou$hshoe a horse.
:. Be a*le to tem!er iron and steel.
Bu&li&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Bu$lin$ a sout must
1. Be a*le to sound !ro!erl" on the Bu$le the ustomar" 'nited States Arm" alls.
Busiess

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Business a sout must
1. -rite a satisfator" *usiness, and a !ersonal letter.
3. State fundamental !rini!les of *u"in$ and sellin$.
3. 2now sim!le *ookkee!in$.
:. 2ee! a om!lete and atual aount of !ersonal reei!ts and e?!enditures for si? months.
<3J=
;. State how muh mone" would need to *e invested at ; !er ent. to earn his weekl" allowane of s!endin$
mone" for a "ear.
Cam%i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 0am!in$ a sout must
1. .ave sle!t in the o!en or under anvas at different times fift" ni$hts.
3. .ave !ut u! a tent alone and dithed it.
3. .ave made a *ed of wild material and a fire without mathes.
:. State how to hoose a am! site and how to !re!are for rainB how to *uild a latrine LtoiletM and how to
dis!ose of the am! $ar*a$e and refuse.
;. 2now how to onstrut a raft.
Car%etry

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 0ar!entr" a sout must
1. 2now the !ro!er wa" to drive, set and linh a nail.
3. 2now the different kinds of hisels, !lanes and saws, and how to shar!en and use them.
3. 2now the use of the rule, sAuare, level, !lum*+line and mitre.
:. 2now how to use om!asses for sri*in$ *oth re$ular and irre$ular lines.
;. &ake an artile of furniture with three different standard Doints or s!lies, with at least one surfae of
hi$hl" !olished hard or deorative wood. All work to *e done without assistane.
C"emistry

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 0hemistr" a sout must *e a*le to !ass the followin$ testG
1. (efine !h"sial and hemial han$e. -hih ours when salt is dissolved in water, milk sours, iron rusts,
water *oils, iron is ma$neti>ed and meruri o?ide is heated a*ove the *oilin$ !oint of merur"H
3. %ive orret tests for o?"$en, h"dro$en, nitro$en, hlorine, and ar*on dio?ide $ases.
3. 0ould "ou use the a*ove $ases to e?tin$uish fireH .owH
:. -h" an *akin$ soda *e used to !ut out a small fireH
<37=
;. %ive tests for a hloride, sul!hide, sul!hate, nitrate, and ar*onate.
K. %ive the names of three ommerial forms of ar*on. )ell how eah is made and the !ur!ose for whih it
is used.
I. -hat om!ound is formed when ar*on is *urned in airH
J. )ell !roess of makin$ lime and mortar from limestone.
7. -h" will fresh !laster harden Auiker *" *urnin$ haroal in an o!en vessel near itH
Ci,ics

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 0ivis a sout must
1. State the !rini!al iti>enshi! reAuirements of an eletor in his state.
3. 2now the !rini!al features of the naturali>ation laws of the 'nited States.
3. 2now how 5resident, 4ie+5resident, senators, and on$ressmen of the 'nited States are eleted and their
terms of offie.
:. 2now the num*er of Dud$es of the Su!reme 0ourt of the 'nited States, how a!!ointed, and their term of
offie.
;. 2now the various administrative de!artments of $overnment, as re!resented in the 5residentCs 0a*inet.
K. 2now how the $overnor, lieutenant+$overnor, senators, re!resentatives, or assem*l"men of his state are
eleted, and their terms of offie.
I. 2now whether the Dud$es of the !rini!al ourts in his state are a!!ointed or eleted, and the len$th of
their terms.
J. 2now how the !rini!al offiers in his town or it" are eleted and for what terms.
7. 2now the duties of the various it" de!artments, suh as fire, !olie, *oard of health, et.
10. (raw a ma! of the town or it" in whih he lives, $ivin$ loation of the !rini!al !u*li *uildin$s and
!oints of s!eial interest.
11. %ive satisfator" evidene that he is familiar with the <30= !rovisions and histor" of the (elaration of
#nde!endene, and the 0onstitution of the 'nited States.
Coser,atio

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 0onservation a sout must
1. Be a*le to reo$ni>e in the forest all im!ortant ommerial trees in his nei$h*orhoodB distin$uish the
lum*er from eah and tell for what !ur!ose eah is *est suitedB tell the a$e of old *la>es on trees whih mark
a *oundar" or trailB reo$ni>e the differene in the forest *etween $ood and *ad lo$$in$, $ivin$ reasons wh"
one is $ood and another *adB tell whether a tree is d"in$ from inDur" *" fire, *" insets, *" disease or *" a
om*ination of these ausesB know what tools to use, and how to fi$ht fires in hill" or in flat ountr". 0ollet
the seeds of two ommerial trees, lean and store them, and know how and when to !lant them.
3. 2now the effet u!on stream+flow of the destrution of forests at head watersB know what are the four
$reat uses of water in streamsB what auses the !ollution of streams, and how it an *est *e sto!!edB and how,
in $eneral, water !ower is develo!ed.
3. Be a*le to tell, for a $iven !iee of farm land, whether it is *est suited for use as farm or forest, and wh"B
!oint out e?am!les of erosion, and tell how to sto! itB $ive the reasons wh" a $rowin$ ro! !ointed out to
him is suessful or wh" notB and tell what ro!s should *e $rown in his nei$h*orhood and wh".
:. 2now where the $reat oal fields are situated and whether the use of oal is inreasin$, and if so at what
rate. )ell what are the $reat soures of waste of oal, in the mines, and in its use, and how the" an *e
redued.
;. 2now the !rini!al $ame *irds and animals in his nei$h*orhood, the seasons durin$ whih the" are
!roteted, the methods of !rotetion, and the results. Reo$ni>e the trak of an" two of the followin$G ra**it,
fo?, deer, sAuirrel, wild turke", ruffed $rouse and Auail.
Coo7i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 0ookin$ a sout must
1. 5rove his a*ilit" to *uild a fire!lae out of stone or sod <31= or lo$s, li$ht a fire, and ook in the o!en the
followin$ dishes in addition to those reAuired for a first+lass soutG 0am! stew, two ve$eta*les, omelet, rie
!uddin$B know how to mi? dou$h, and *ake *read in an ovenB *e a*le to make tea, offee, and ooa, arve
!ro!erl" and serve orretl" to !eo!le at the ta*le.
Craftsmas"i%

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 0raftsmanshi! a sout must
1. Build and finish unassisted one of the followin$ artilesG a round, sAuare or ota$onal ta*ouretB round or
sAuare den or li*rar" ta*leB hall or !iano *enhB rusti arm hair or swin$ to *e hun$ with hainsB or rusti
ta*le
3. .e must also make !lans or intelli$ent rou$h sketh drawin$ of the !iee seleted.
Cycli&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 0"lin$ a sout must
1. Be a*le to ride a *i"le fift" miles in ten hours.
3. Re!air a !unture.
3. )ake a!art and lean *i"le and !ut to$ether a$ain !ro!erl".
:. 2now how to make re!orts if sent out soutin$ on a road.
;. Be a*le to read a ma! and re!ort orretl" ver*al messa$es.
Dairyi&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for (air"in$ a sout must
1. 'nderstand the mana$ement of dair" attle.
3. Be a*le to milk.
3. 'nderstand the sterili>ation of milk, and are of dair" utensils and a!!lianes.
<33=
:. )est at least five ows for ten da"s eah, with the Ba*ok test, and make !ro!er re!orts.
Electricity

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Eletriit" a sout must
1. #llustrate the e?!eriment *" whih the laws of eletrial attration and re!ulsion are shown.
3. Name three uses of the diret urrent, and tell how it differs from the alternatin$ urrent.
3. &ake a sim!le eletro+ma$net.
:. .ave an elementar" knowled$e of the ation of sim!le *atter" ells and of the workin$ of eletri *ells
and tele!hones.
;. Be a*le to remed" fused wire, and to re!air *roken eletri onnetions.
K. 0onstrut a mahine to make stati eletriit" or a wireless a!!aratus.
I. .ave a knowled$e of the method of resusitation and resue of a !erson insensi*le from shok.
Firemas"i%

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Firemanshi!, a sout must
1. 2now how to turn in an alarm for fire.
3. 2now how to enter *urnin$ *uildin$s.
3. 2now how to !revent !anis and the s!read of fire.
:. 'nderstand the use of hoseB unrollin$, Doinin$ u!, onnetin$ two h"drants, use of no>>le, et.
;. 'nderstand the use of esa!es, ladders, and hutes, and know the loation of e?its in *uildin$s whih he
freAuents.
K. 2now how to im!rovise ro!es and nets.
I. 2now what to do in ase of !ani, understand the firemanCs lift and dra$, and how to work in fumes.
J. 'nderstand the use of fire e?tin$uishersB how to resue animalsB how to save !ro!ert"B how to or$ani>e a
*uket *ri$ade, and how to aid the !olie in kee!in$ *ak rowds.
First Ai#

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for First Aid a sout must
1. Be a*le to demonstrate the S"lvester and Shaefer methods of resusitation.
3. 0arr" a !erson down a ladder.
<33=
3. Banda$e head and ankle.
:. (emonstrate treatment of wound of the nek with severe arterial hemorrha$e.
;. )reat man$lin$ inDur" of the le$ without severe hemorrha$e.
K. (emonstrate treatment for ru!ture of variose veins of the le$ with severe hemorrha$e.
I. Show treatment for *ite of fin$er *" mad do$.
J. (emonstrate resue of !erson in ontat with eletri wire.
7. A!!l" tourniAuet to a !rini!al arter".
10. State hief differenes *etween ar*oli !oisonin$ and into?iation.
11. E?!lain what to do for snake *ite.
13. 5ass first aid test of Amerian Red 0ross Soiet".
First Ai# to Aimals

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for First Aid to Animals a sout must
1. .ave a $eneral knowled$e of domesti and farm animals.
3. Be a*le to treat a horse for oli.
3. (esri*e s"m!toms and $ive treatment for the followin$G wounds, fratures and s!rains, e?haustion,
hokin$, lameness.
:. 'nderstand horseshoein$.
Forestry

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Forestr" a sout must
1. Be a*le to identif" twent"+five kinds of trees when in leaf, or fifteen kinds of deiduous L*road leafM trees
in winter, and tell some of the uses of eah.
3. #dentif" twelve kinds of shru*s.
3. 0ollet and identif" sam!les of ten kinds of wood and *e a*le to tell some of their uses.
:. (etermine the hei$ht, and estimate the amount of tim*er, a!!ro?imatel", in five trees of different si>es.
<3:=
;. State laws for trans!lantin$, $raftin$, s!ra"in$, and !rotetin$ trees.
!ar#ei&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for %ardenin$, a sout must
1. (i$ and are for durin$ the season a !iee of $round ontainin$ not less than 1:: sAuare feet.
3. 2now the names of a do>en !lants !ointed out in an ordinar" $arden.
3. 'nderstand what is meant *" !runin$, $raftin$, and manurin$.
:. 5lant and $row suessfull" si? kinds of ve$eta*les or flowers from seeds or uttin$s.
;. 0ut $rass with s"the under su!ervision.
Ha#icraft

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for .andiraft a sout must
1. Be a*le to !aint a door.
3. -hitewash a eilin$.
3. Re!air $as fittin$s, sash lines, window and door fastenin$s.
:. Re!lae $as mantles, washers, and eletri li$ht *ul*s.
;. Solder.
K. .an$ !itures and urtains.
I. Re!air *linds.
J. Fi? urtains, !ortiere rods, *lind fi?tures.
7. 1a" ar!ets and mend lothin$ and u!holster".
10. Re!air furniture and hina.
11. Shar!en knives.
13. Re!air $ates.
13. Fi? sreens on windows and doors.
Horsemas"i%

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for .orsemanshi! a sout must
1. (emonstrate ridin$ at a walk, trot, and $allo!.
3. 2now how to saddle and *ridle a horse orretl".
3. 2now how to water and feed and to what amount, and how to $room a horse !ro!erl".
<3;=
:. 2now how to harness a horse orretl" in sin$le or dou*le harness and to drive.
;. .ave a knowled$e of the !ower of endurane of horses at work and know the loal re$ulations onernin$
drivin$.
K. 2now the mana$ement and are of horses.
I. Be a*le to identif" unsoundness and *lemishes.
J. 2now the evils of *earin$ or hek reins and of ill+fittin$ harness or saddler".
7. 2now two ommon auses of, and !ro!er remedies for, lameness, and know to whom he should refer
ases of ruelt" and a*use.
10. Be a*le to Dud$e as to the wei$ht, hei$ht, and a$e of horsesB know three *reeds and their $eneral
harateristis.
Iter%reti&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for #nter!retin$, a sout must
1. Be a*le to arr" on a sim!le onversation.
3. -rite a sim!le letter on su*Det $iven *" e?aminers.
3. Read and translate a !assa$e from a *ook or news!a!er, in Frenh, %erman, En$lish, #talian, or an"
lan$ua$e that is not of his own ountr".
I,etio

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for #nvention a sout must
1. #nvent and !atent some useful artileB
3. Show a workin$ drawin$ or model of the same.
*eat"er $or7i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 1eather -orkin$ a sout must
1. .ave a knowled$e of tannin$ and urin$.
<3K=
3. Be a*le to sole and heel a !air of *oots, sewed or nailed, and $enerall" re!air *oots and shoes.
3. Be a*le to dress a saddle, re!air traes, stirru! leathers, et., and know the various !arts of harness.
*ife Sa,i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 1ife Savin$ a sout must
1. Be a*le to dive into from seven to ten feet of water and *rin$ from *ottom to surfae a loose *a$ of sand
wei$hin$ five !ounds.
3. Be a*le to swim two hundred "ards, one hundred "ards on *ak without usin$ the hands, and one hundred
"ards an" other stroke.
3. Swim fift" "ards with lothes on Lshirt, lon$ trousers, and shoes as minimumM.
:. (emonstrate LaM on land++five methods of releaseB L*M in the water++two methods of releaseB LM the
Shaefer method of resusitation L!rone !ressureM.
Mac"iery

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for &ahiner" a sout must
1. State the !rini!les underl"in$ the use and onstrution of the lathe, steam *oiler and en$ine, drill !ress
and !laner.
3. &ake a small wood or metal model illustratin$ the !rini!les of either levers, $ears, *elted !ulle"s, or
*lok and fall.
Mar7smas"i%

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for &arksmanshi! a sout must
1. 9ualif" as a marksman in aordane with the re$ulations of the National Rifle Assoiation.
Masory

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for &asonr" a sout must
1. 1a" a strai$ht wall with a orner.
<3I=
3. &ake mortar and desri*e !roess.
3. 'se intelli$entl" a !lum*+line, level, and trowel.
:. Build a stone oven.
;. (emonstrate a knowled$e of various uses for ement.
K. Build a dr" wall.
Mii&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for &inin$ a sout must
1. 2now and name fift" minerals.
3. 2now, name and desri*e the fourteen $reat divisions of the earthCs rust Laordin$ to %eikieM.
3. (efine watershed, delta, drift, fault, $laier, terrae, stratum, di!B and identif" ten different kinds of rok.
:. (esri*e methods for mine ventilation and safet" devies.
Music

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for &usi a. sout must
1. Be a*le to !la" a standard musial instrument satisfatoril".
3. Read sim!le musi.
3. -rite a satisfator" essa" of not less than five hundred words on the histor" of Amerian musi.
Orit"olo&y

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for /rnitholo$" a sout must
1. .ave a list of one hundred different kinds of *irds !ersonall" o*served on e?!loration in the field.
3. .ave identified *e"ond Auestion, *" a!!earane or *" note, fort"+five different kinds of *irds in one da".
3. .ave made a $ood lear !hoto$ra!h of some wild *ird, the *ird ima$e to *e over one half inh in len$th on
the ne$ative.
:. .ave seured at least two tenants in *ird *o?es ereted *" himself.
<3J=
;. .ave dail" notes on the nestin$ of a !air of wild *irds from the time the first e$$ is laid until the "oun$
have left the nest.
K. .ave attrated at least three kinds of *irds, e?lusive of the En$lish s!arrow, to a @lunh ounter@ whih he
has su!!lied.
+aiti&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5aintin$ a sout must
1. .ave knowled$e of how to om*ine !i$ments in order to !rodue !aints in shades and tints of olor.
3. 2now how to add !ositive olors to a *ase of white lead or of white >in.
3. 'nderstand the mi?in$ of oilsB tur!entine, et., to the !ro!er onsisten".
:. 5aint a !orh floor or other surfae evenl" and without la!s.
;. 2now how and when to !utt" u! nail holes and uneven surfaes.
K. 5resent for ins!etion a !anel overed with three oats of !aint, whih !anel must ontain a *order of
moldin$, the *od" of the !anel to *e !ainted in one olor and the moldin$ in another.
+at"fi#i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5athfindin$ a sout must
1. 2now ever" lane, *"+!ath, and short ut for a distane of at least two miles in ever" diretion around the
loal soutsC headAuarters in the ountr".
3. .ave a $eneral knowled$e of the distrit within a five mile radius of his loal headAuarters, so as to *e a*le
to $uide !eo!le at an" time, *" da" or ni$ht.
3. 2now the $eneral diretion and !o!ulation of the five !rini!al nei$h*orin$ towns and *e a*le to $ive
stran$ers orret diretions how to reah them.
:. 2now in the ountr" in the two mile radius, a!!ro?imatel", the num*er of horses, attle, shee!, and !i$s
owned on the five nei$h*orin$ farmsG or in a town must know in a half+mile radius what liver" sta*les,
$ara$es and *laksmiths there are.
;. 2now the loation of the nearest meat markets, *akeries, $roeries, and dru$ stores.
<37=
K. 2now where the nearest !olie station, hos!ital, dotor, fire alarm, fire h"drant, tele$ra!h and tele!hone
offies, and railroad stations are.
I. 2now somethin$ of the histor" of the !lae, its !rini!al !u*li *uildin$s, suh as town or it" hall, !ost+
offie, shools, and hurhes.
J. As muh as !ossi*le of the a*ove information should *e entered on a lar$e sale ma!.
+ersoal Healt"

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5ersonal .ealth a sout must
1. -rite a statement on the are of the teeth.
3. State a !rini!le to $overn in eatin$, and state in the order of their im!ortane, five rules to $overn the are
of his health.
3. Be a*le to tell the differene in effet of a old and hot *ath.
:. (esri*e the effet of alohol and to*ao on the $rowin$ *o".
;. )ell how to are for the feet on a marh.
K. (esri*e a $ood healthful $ame and state its merit.
I. (esri*e the effets of walkin$ as an e?erise.
J. )ell how athletis ma" *e overdone.
+"oto&ra%"y

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5hoto$ra!h" a sout must
1. .ave a knowled$e of the theor" and use of lenses, of the onstrution of ameras, and the ation of
develo!ers.
3. )ake, develo!, and !rint twelve se!arate su*DetsG three interiors, three !ortraits, three landsa!es, and
three instantaneous @ation !hotos.@
3. &ake a reo$ni>a*le !hoto$ra!h of an" wild *ird lar$er than a ro*in, while on its nestB or a wild animal in
its native hauntsB or a fish in the water.
+ioeeri&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5ioneerin$ a sout must
1. Fell a nine+inh tree or !ole in a !resri*ed diretion neatl" and Auikl".
<:0=
3. )ie si? knots of knots Auikl".
3. 1ash s!ars !ro!erl" to$ether for saffoldin$.
:. Build a modern *rid$e or derrik.
;. &ake a am! kithen.
K. Build a shak of one kind or another suita*le for three ou!ants.
+lum1i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5lum*in$ a sout must
1. Be a*le to make wi!ed and *ra>ed Doints.
3. Re!air a *urst !i!e.
3. &end a *all or fauet ta!.
:. 'nderstand the ordinar" hot and old water s"stem of a house.
+oultry Farmi&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5oultr" Farmin$ a sout must
1. .ave a knowled$e of inu*ators, foster+mothers, sanitar" fowl houses, and oo!s and runs.
3. 'nderstand rearin$, feedin$, killin$, and dressin$ *irds for market.
3. Be a*le to !ak *irds and e$$s for market.
:. Raise a *rood of not less than ten hikens.
;. Re!ort his o*servation and stud" of the hen, turke", duk, and $oose.
+riti&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5rintin$ a sout must
1. 2now the names of ten different kinds of t"!e and ten si>es of !a!er.
3. Be a*le to om!ose *" hand or mahines.
3. 'nderstand the use of hand or !ower !rintin$ mahines.
:. 5rint a hand*ill set u! *" himself.
;. Be a*le to read and mark !roof orretl".
+u1lic Healt"

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for 5u*li .ealth a sout must
1. State what the hief auses of eah of the followin$ disease areG tu*erulosis, t"!hoid, malaria.
<:1=
3. (raw a dia$ram showin$ how the house+fl" arries disease.
3. )ell what should *e done to a house whih has *een ou!ied *" a !erson who has had a onta$ious
disease.
:. )ell how a sout ma" oo!erate with the *oard of health in !reventin$ disease.
;. (esri*e the method used in his ommunit" in dis!osin$ of $ar*a$e.
K. )ell how a it" should !rotet its foodsB milk, meat, and e?!osed foods.
I. )ell how to !lan the sanitar" are of a am!.
J. State the reason wh" shool hildren should under$o a medial e?amination.
Sc"olars"i%
N/)EG )he reAuirements for the merit *ad$e for Sholarshi! had not *een deided u!on when this *ook was
!u*lished. #nformation a*out same ma" *e seured u!on a!!liation to National .eadAuarters.
Scul%ture

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Sul!ture a sout must
1. &ake a la" model from an antiAue desi$n.
3. &ake a drawin$ and a model from nature, these models to *e faithful to the ori$inal and of artisti desi$n.
Seamas"i%

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Seamanshi!
1. Be a*le to tie ra!idl" si? different knots.
3. S!lie ro!es.
3. 'se a !alm and needle.
:. Flin$ a ro!e oil.
;. Be a*le to row, !ole, sull, and steer a *oatB also *rin$ a *oat !ro!erl" alon$side and make fast.
K. 2now how to *o? the om!ass, read a hart, and show use of !arallel rules and dividers.
I. Be a*le to state diretion *" the stars and sun.
J. Swim fift" "ards with shoes and lothes on.
<:3=
7. 'nderstand the $eneral workin$ of steam and h"drauli winhes, and have a knowled$e of weather
wisdom and of tides.
Si&ali&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Si$nalin$ a sout must
1. Send and reeive a messa$e in two of the followin$ s"stems of si$nalin$G Sema!hore, &orse, or &"er, not
fewer than twent"+four letters !er minute.
3. Be a*le to $ive and read si$nals *" sound.
3. &ake orret smoke and fire si$nals.
Stal7i&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Stalkin$ a sout must
1. )ake a series of twent" !hoto$ra!hs of wild animals or *irds from life, and develo! and !rint them.
3. &ake a $rou! of si?t" s!eies of wild flowers, ferns, or $rasses, dried and mounted in a *ook and orretl"
named.
3. &ake olored drawin$s of twent" flowers, ferns, or $rasses, or twelve skethes from life of animals or
*irds, ori$inal skethes as well as the finished !itures to *e su*mitted.
Sur,eyi&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Surve"in$ a sout must
1. &a! orretl" from the ountr" itself the main features of half a mile of road, with ::0 "ards eah side to a
sale of two feet to the mile, and afterward draw same ma! from memor".
3. Be a*le to measure the hei$ht of a tree, tele$ra!h !ole, and hurh stee!le, desri*in$ method ado!ted.
3. &easure width of a river.
:. Estimate distane a!art of two o*Dets a known distane awa" and una!!roaha*le.
;. Be a*le to measure a $radient.
S.immi&

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for Swimmin$ a sout must
1. Be a*le to swim one hundred "ards.
<:3=
3. (ive !ro!erl" from the surfae of the water.
3. (emonstrate *reast, rawl, and side stroke.
:. Swim on the *ak fift" feet.
Ta?i#ermy

)o o*tain a merit *ad$e for )a?iderm" a sout must
1. .ave a knowled$e of the $ame laws of the state in whih he lives.
3. 5reserve and mount the skin of a $ame *ird, or animal, killed in season.
3. &ount for a ru$ the !elt of some fur animal.
*ife Scout

)he life sout *ad$e will *e $iven to all first+lass souts who have Aualified for the followin$ five+merit
*ad$esG first aid, athletis, life+savin$, !ersonal health, and !u*li health.
Star Scout

)he star sout *ad$e will *e $iven to the first+lass sout who has Aualified for ten merit *ad$es. )he ten
inlude the list of *ad$es under life sout.
Ea&le Scout

An" first+lass sout Aualif"in$ for twent"+one merit *ad$es will *e entitled to wear the hi$hest sout merit
*ad$e. )his is an ea$leCs head in silver, and re!resents the all+round !erfet sout.
<::=
Hoor Me#als

A sout who is awarded an" one of the followin$ medals is entitled to wear the same on the left *reastG
Bron>e medal. 0ross in *ron>e with first+lass sout *ad$e su!erim!osed u!on it and sus!ended from a *ar
*" a red ri**on. )his is awarded to a sout who has saved life.
Silver &edal. Silver 0ross with first+lass sout *ad$e su!erim!osed u!on it and sus!ended from *ar *" *lue
ri**on. )his medal is awarded to a sout who saves life with onsidera*le risk to himself.
%old &edal. %old 0ross with first+lass sout *ad$e su!erim!osed u!on it and sus!ended from *ar *" white
ri**on. )his medal is the hi$hest !ossi*le award for servie and heroism. #t ma" *e $ranted to a sout who
has saved life at the $reatest !ossi*le risk to his own life, and also to an"one who has rendered servie of
!euliar merit to the Bo" Souts of Ameria.
)he .onor &edal is a national honor and is awarded onl" *" the National 0ounil. )o make a!!liation for
one of these *ad$es the fats must first *e investi$ated *" the 0ourt of .onor of the 1oal 0ounil and
!resented *" that *od" to the 0ourt of .onor of the National 0ounil.
The &ocal Court of 0onor ma! at an! time in#ite e.perts to share in their e.aminations and
recommendations.
-hen the National 0ourt of .onor has !assed u!on the a!!liation, the !ro!er medal will *e awarded.
Ba#&es of Ra7
)he followin$ devies are used to distin$uish the various ranks of soutsG
+atrol *ea#er

5atrol 1eaderG )he !atrol leaderCs arm *ad$e onsists of two *ars, 1+1N3+inhes lon$ and 3NJ+inh wide, of
white *raid worn on the sleeve *elow the left shoulder. #n addition he ma" <:;= wear all o?idi>ed silver
tenderfoot, seond+lass or first+lass sout *ad$e aordin$ to his rank. )he assistant !atrol leader wears one
*ar.

Servie Stri!esG For eah "ear of servie as a *o" sout, he will *e entitled to wear a stri!e of white *raid
around the sleeve a*ove the wrist, three stri!es *ein$ han$ed for one red one. Five "ears of soutin$ would
*e indiated *" one red stri!e and two white stri!es. )he star indiates the !osition for wearin$ merit *ad$es.

Sout &asterG )he *ad$e of the sout ommissioner, sout master, and assistant sout master is the first+lass
soutCs *ad$e re!rodued in *lue, $reen, and red, res!etivel", and are worn on the sleeve *elow the left
shoulder.

0hief SoutG )he *ad$e of the 0hief Sout is the first+lass sout *ad$e with a five+!ointed star a*ove it
em*roidered in silver.

0hief Sout Sur$eonG )he *ad$e of the 0hief Sout Sur$eon is the first+lass sout *ad$e with a adueus
a*ove it em*roidered in $reen. L)he 0hief SoutCs staff wear the *ad$e of rank in the same manner as the
0hief Sout.M

0hief Sout -oodsmanG )he *ad$e of the 0hief Sout -oodsman is the first+lass sout *ad$e with two
rossed a?es a*ove it em*roidered in $reen.

0hief Sout StalkerG )he *ad$e of the 0hief Sout Stalker is the first+lass sout *ad$e with an oak leaf
a*ove it em*roidered in *lue.

0hief Sout (iretor of .ealthG )he *ad$e of the 0hief Sout (iretor of .ealth is the first+lass sout *ad$e
with <:K= ton$ues of fire a*ove it em*roidered in red.

0hief Sout 0am! &asterG )he *ad$e of the 0hief Sout 0am! &aster is the first+lass sout *ad$e with a
moasin a*ove it em*roidered in $reenG

0hief Sout of AthletisG )he *ad$e of the 0hief Sout (iretor of Athletis is the first+lass sout *ad$e
with a win$ed &erur" foot a*ove it em*roidered in $reen.
0hief Sout (iretor of 0hivalr"G )he *ad$e of the 0hief Sout (iretor of 0hivalr" is the first+lass sout
*ad$e with the sout si$n a*ove it em*roidered in $old.

0hief Sout 0iti>enG )he *ad$e of the 0hief Sout 0iti>en is the first+lass sout *ad$e with the 'nited
States fla$ a*ove it in silver.
A!!ro!riate *ad$es for national and loal ounilmen ma" *e seured from the National .eadAuarters.
E@ui%met
It should be clearl! understood b! all interested in the Scout /o#ement that it is not necessar! for a bo! to
ha#e a uniform or an! other special e(uipment to carr! out the scout program. There are a great man!
troops in the countr! which ha#e made successful progresswithout an! e(uipment whate#er.
.owever, for the onveniene of *o"s who wish to seure a uniform or other eAui!ment, the National
0ounil has made arran$ements with ertain manufaturers to furnish suh !arts of the eAui!ment as ma" *e
desired *" the *o"s. Suh arran$ements have *een made with these manufaturers onl" after a $reat num*er
of re!resentative firms have *een $iven an o!!ortunit" to su*mit sam!les and !riesB the !ries Auoted to *e
uniform throu$hout the ountr". )hese manufaturers <:I= are $iven the !rivile$e of usin$ for a limited
!eriod an im!rint of the offiial *ad$e as an indiation that the 0ommittee on EAui!ment is willin$ to
reommend the use of that !artiular artile. )he offiial *ad$e is full" !roteted *" the '. S. 5atent 1aws
and an"one usin$ it without e?!ressed authorit" from National .eadAuarters is su*Det to !roseution at law.
0onsidera*le diffiult" has *een e?!eriened in the seletion of the material used in makin$ oats, *reehes,
and shirts. )he material used in the *o" sout oat, *reehes, and shirt has *een su*mitted to a thirt"+da" sun
test, the aid and stren$th test and is $uaranteed to *e a fast olor and dura*le. )o show the result of the
seletion made, the manufaturer of these artiles has *een $iven the !rivile$e of usin$ the im!rint of the
offiial seal and the ri$ht to use the offiial *uttons. -e reommend the !urhase of the artiles havin$ this
im!rint throu$h an" loal dealer or throu$h National .eadAuarters. .owever, where a loal ounil e?ists,
*uttons will *e su!!lied on order of the E?eutive 0ommittee for use on suh uniforms as the 0ommittee
ma" desire to have made loall". #n ommunities where no loal ounil has *een formed, the" ma" *e
su!!lied on order of a re$istered sout master. 5ries of the *uttons !er set for oat is 1; ents and !er set for
shirt 10 ents.
Ever" effort is made to have all !arts of the uniform and eAui!ment availa*le to souts throu$h loal dealers.
#f suh arran$ements have not *een made in a ommunit", the National .eadAuarters will *e $lad to hel! in
makin$ suh an arran$ement. &an" sout masters !refer to order uniforms and other su!!lies diret from
National .eadAuarters. #n order to over the e?!ense involved in handlin$ these su!!lies, the manufaturers
have a$reed to allow National .eadAuarters the same trade disount allowed to loal dealers. )rade throu$h
National .eadAuarters if suffiientl" lar$e will hel! to meet a !art of the urrent e?!enses of the National
/r$ani>ation. An" om*ination desired ma" *e made from this list. A fairl" om!lete eAui!ment ma" *e
seured at the ver" nominal sum of O3.1;. For instane, the Summer eAui!ment whih onsists ofG .at, ;0
entsB Shirt, I; entsB Shorts, ;0 entsB Belt, :0 ents.
-here it is desired to eAui! the mem*ers of the troo! with a standard uniform the followin$ eAui!ment is
su$$estedG .at, Shirt, 0oat, Breehes or 2niker*okers, Belt, 1e$$in$s or Stokin$s, shoes, .aversak.
<:J=
/ther om*inations ma" *e made aordin$ to the resoures of the *o"s formin$ the troo!.
.owever, it is reommended that eah troo! deide u!on a definite om*ination to *e worn *" its mem*ers
so that all of the souts in the troo! ma" dress alike. Eah *o" should !a" for his own su!!lies and
eAui!ment. Soliitin$ donations for this !ur!ose should *e !rohi*ited.
A om!lete list of all su!!lies and eAui!ment with full information a*out !laes where same an *e seured
is $iven in the a!!endi? of this *ook.
KNOTS E-ERY SCOUT SHOU*D KNO$
B! Samuel *. /offat, Bo! Scouts of *merica
Ever" sout knows what ro!e is. From the earliest moment of his !la" life he has used it in onnetion with
most of his $ames. #n am! life and on hikes he will *e alled u!on to use it a$ain and a$ain. #t is therefore
not essential to desri*e here the formation of ro!eB its various si>es and stren$th. )he im!ortant thin$ to
know is how to use it to the *est advanta$e. )o do this an intelli$ent understandin$ of the different knots and
how to tie them is essential. Ever" da" sailors, e?!lorers, mehanis, and mountain+lim*ers risk their lives
on the knots that the" tie. )housands of lives have *een sarified to ill+made knots. )he sout therefore
should *e !re!ared in an emer$en", or when neessit" demands, to tie the ri$ht knot in the ri$ht wa".
)here are three Aualities to a $ood knotG
1. Ra!idit" with whih it an *e tied.
3. #ts a*ilit" to hold fast when !ulled ti$ht, and
3. )he readiness with whih it an *e undone.
)he followin$ knots, reommended to souts, are the most serviea*le *eause the" meet the a*ove
reAuirements and will *e of $reat hel! in soutraft. #f the tenderfoot will follow losel" the various ste!s
indiated in the dia$rams, he will have little diffiult" in re!roduin$ them at !leasure
#n !ratisin$ knot+t"in$ a short !iee of hem! ro!e ma" *e used. )o !rotet the ends from fra"in$ a sout
should know how to @whi!@ them. )he ommonest method of @whi!!in$@ is as followsG

1a" the end of a !iee of twine alon$ the end of the ro!e. <:7= .old it to the ro!e with the thum* of "our left
hand while "ou wind the standin$ !art around it and the ro!e until the end of the twine has *een overed.
)hen with the other end of the twine la" a loo! *ak on the end of the ro!e and ontinue windin$ the twine
u!on this seond end until all is taken u!. )he end is then !ulled *ak ti$ht and ut off lose to the ro!e.
For the sake of learness a sout must onstantl" kee! in mind these three !rini!al !arts of the ro!eG

1. The Standing $art+)he lon$ unused !ortion of the ro!e on whih he worksB
3. The Bight++)he loo! formed whenever the ro!e is turned *ak u!on itselfB and,
3. The +nd++)he !art he uses in leadin$.
Before !roeedin$ with the tenderfoot reAuirements, a sout should first learn the two !rimar" knotsG the
overhand and fi$ure+of+ei$ht knots.
The %#erhand 2not.

Start with the !osition shown in the !reedin$ dia$ram. Bak the end around the standin$ !art and u! throu$h
the *i$ht and draw ti$ht.
The 'igure of +ight 2not.

&ake a *i$ht as *efore. )hen lead the end around *ak of the standin$ !art and down throu$h the *i$ht.
After these !reliminar" ste!s, the !ros!etive tenderfoot ma" !roeed to learn the reAuired knots.
<;0=
S(uare or Reef 2not.

)he ommonest knot for t"in$ two ro!es to$ether. FreAuentl" used in first+aid *anda$in$. Never sli!s or
DamsB eas" to untie.
'alse Reef or 3rann!.

#f the ends are not rossed orretl" when makin$ the reef knot, the false reef or $rann" is the result. )his
knot is alwa"s *ad.
Sheet Bend or Wea#er"s 2not.

)his knot is used in *endin$ the sheet to the lew of a sail and in t"in$ two ro!e+ends to$ether.
&ake a *i$ht with one ro!e A, B, then !ass end 0, of other ro!e u! throu$h and around the entire *i$ht and
*end it under its own standin$ !art.
The Bowline.

A noose that neither Dams nor sli!s. 'sed in lowerin$ a !erson from a *urnin$ *uildin$, et.
Form a small loo! on the standin$ !art leavin$ the end lon$ enou$h for the si>e of the noose reAuired. 5ass
the end u! throu$h the *i$ht around the standin$ !art and down throu$h the *i$ht a$ain. )o ti$hten, hold
noose in !osition and !ull standin$ !art.
0alter, Slip, or Running 2not.

A *i$ht is first formed and an overhand knot made with the end around the standin$ !art.
Sheepshank.

'sed for shortenin$ ro!es. %ather u! the amount to *e shortened, then make a half hith round eah of the
*ends as shown in the dia$ram.
<;1=
Clo#e 0itch.

'sed to fasten one !ole to another in fittin$ u! saffoldin$B this knot holds snu$l"B is not lia*le to sli!
laterall". .old the standin$ !art in left hand, then !ass the ro!e around the !oleB ross the standin$ !art,
makin$ a seond turn around the !ole, and !ass the end under the last turn.
The 'isherman"s Bend.

'sed a*oard "ahts for *endin$ on the $aff to!sail halliards. #t onsists of two turns around a s!ar or rin$,
then a half hith around the standin$ !art and throu$h the turns on the s!ar, and another half hith a*ove it
around the standin$ !art.
Timber 0itch.

'sed in haulin$ tim*er. 5ass the end of the ro!e around the tim*er. )hen lead it around its standin$ !art and
*rin$ it *ak to make two or more turns on its own !art. )he strain will hold it seurel".
Two 0alf 0itches.

'seful *eause the" are easil" made and will not sli! under an" strain. )heir formation is suffiientl"
indiated *" the dia$ram.
Blackwall 0itch.

'sed to seure a ro!e to a hook. )he standin$ !art when hauled ti$ht holds the end firml".
Becket 0itch.

For Doinin$ a ord to a ro!e. &a" *e easil" made from dia$ram.
<;3=
The 'isherman"s 2not.

'sed for t"in$ silk+worm $ut for fishin$ !ur!oses. #t never sli!sB is easil" unloosed *" !ullin$ the two short
ends.
)he two ro!es are laid alon$side one another, then with eah end an overhand knot is made around the
standin$ !art of the other. 5ull the standin$ !arts to ti$hten.
Carrick Bend.

'sed in unitin$ hawsers for towin$. #s easil" untied *" !ushin$ the loo!s inwards.
)urn the end of one ro!e A over its standin$ !art B to form a loo!. 5ass the end of the other ro!e aross the
*i$ht thus formed, *ak of the standin$ !art B over the end A, then under the *i$ht at 0, !assin$ it over its
own standin$ !art and under the *i$ht a$ain at (.
T"e MarierAs Com%ass

Bo?in$ the 0om!ass onsists in enumeratin$ the !oints, *e$innin$ with north and workin$ around the irle
as followsG
North
North *" East
North, North+east
North+east *" North
North+east
North+east *" East
East, North+east
East *" North
East
East *" South
East, South+east
South+east *" East
South+east
South+east *" South
<;3=
South, South+east
South *" East
South
South *" -est
South, South+west
South+west *" South
South+west
South+west *" -est
-est, South+west
-est *" South
-est
-est *" North
-est, North+west
North+west *" -est
North+west
North+west *" North
North, North+west
North *" -est
North
N/)ES
<;:=
Notes
<;;=
Notes
<;K=
Notes
<;I=
CHA+TER II
$OODCRAFT
$oo#lore
B! +rnest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout
T"e $atc" for a Com%ass
LFrom @Bo" Souts of Ameria,@ *" Ernest )hom!son Seton. 0o!"ri$ht, 1710, *" (ou*leda", 5a$e 6
0om!an" M
)he wath is often used to $ive the om!ass !oint e?atl". )husG 5oint the hour+hand to the sunB then, in the
mornin$, half+wa" *etween the hour+hand and noon is due south. #f afternoon, one must rekon half+wa"
*akward.
)husG at J A. &., !oint the hour+hand to the sun and rekon forward half+wa" to noonB the south is at 10. #f at
: 5. &., !oint the hour+hand at the sun and rekon *ak half+wa". )he south is at two oClok.
)he @half+wa"@ is *eause the sun makes a ourse of twent"+four hours and the lok of *ut twelve. #f we had
a rational time!iee of twent"+four hours, it would fit in muh *etter with all nature, and with the hour+hand
!ointed to the sun would make 13 oClok, noon, alwa"s south.
#f "ou annot see the sun, $et into a lear, o!en s!ae, hold "our knife !oint u!ri$ht on "our wath dial, and it
will ast a faint shadow, showin$ where the sun reall" is, unless the louds are ver" heav".
Fi#i& Your *atitu#e 1y t"e Stars
)he use of the stars to the sout is hiefl" to $uide him *" showin$ the north, *ut the white man has arried
the use a ste! fartherG he makes the 5ole+star tell him not onl" where the north is, *ut where he himself is.
From the 5ole+star, he an learn his latitude.
#t is rekoned an e?!loit to take oneCs latitude from the North Star with a art+wheel, or with two stiks and a
*uket of water.
<;J=
)he first attem!t # made was with two stiks and a *uket of water. # arran$ed the *uket in the da"time, so
that it ould *e filled from rim to rimB that is, it was level, and that $ave me the hori>on lineB ne?t, # fastened
m" two stiks to$ether at an adDusta*le an$le. )hen, la"in$ one stik aross the *uket as a *ase, # raised the
other till the two si$ht nothes on its u!!er ed$e were in strai$ht line for the 5ole+star. )he stiks were now
fastened at this an$le and !ut awa" till the mornin$. /n a smooth *oard++the *oard is allowa*le *eause it
an *e found either far on the !lains when "ou have "our wa$on, or on the shi! at sea++# ma!!ed out, first a
ri$ht an$le, *" the old !lan of measurin$ off a trian$le, whose sides were si?, ei$ht, and ten inhes, and
a!!lied the star an$le to this. B" a !roess of eAual su*division # $ot :; de$rees, 33+1N3 de$rees, finall" :0
de$rees, whih seemed to *e the latitude of m" am!B su*seAuent lookin$+u! showed it to *e :1 de$rees 10
minutes.

/f ourse, it is hard to ima$ine that the *o"s will ever *e so !laed that it is im!ortant for them to take their
latitude with home+made im!lementsB *ut it is also hard to ima$ine irumstanes under whih it would *e
neessar" to know that the sun is 73,000,000 miles awa". #t is ver" sure, however, that a *o" who has one
done this has a lar$er idea of the world and its $eo$ra!h", and it is likel" to hel! him in reali>in$ that there is
some meanin$ to the lines and fi$ures on the *order of his shool ma!s, and that the" are not !ut there
merel" to add to his !er!le?ities.

Sundial, or hunterCs lok
<;7=
)o make a soutCs sundial, !re!are a smooth *oard a*out fifteen inhes aross, with a irle divided into
twent"+four eAual !arts, and a tem!oraril" hin$ed !ointer, whose u!!er ed$e is in the middle of the dial.
5lae on some dead level, solid !ost or stum! in the o!en. At ni$ht fi? the dial so that the twelve oClok line
!oints e?atl" to north, as determined *" the 5olestar. )hen, usin$ two tem!orar" si$htin$ stiks of e?atl"
the same hei$ht Lso as to !ermit si$htin$ lear a*ove the ed$e of the *oardM set the !ointer e?atl" !ointin$ to
the 5ole+starB that is, the same an$le as the latitude of the !lae, and fi? it there immova*l". )hen remove the
two si$htin$ stiks. As a time!iee, this dial will *e found rou$hl" orret for that latitude. )he an$le of the
!ointer, or st"le, must *e han$ed for eah latitude.
Buil#i& a *o& Ca1i
LFrom 0ountr" 1ife in Ameria. &a", 170; M
)here are as man" different kinds of lo$ a*ins as of an" other arhiteture. #t is *est to *e$in with the
sim!lest. )he tools needed are a shar! a?, a rossut saw, an inh au$er, and a s!ade. #t is !ossi*le to $et
alon$ with nothin$ *ut an a? Lman" settlers had no other toolM, *ut the s!ade, saw, and au$er save muh
work.
For the site selet a hi$h, dr" !lae, in or near the woods, and lose to the drinkin$+water. #t should *e a
sunn" !lae, and with a view, !refera*l" one fain$ south or east. 0lear off and level the $round. )hen *rin$
"our lo$s. )hese are more !ituresAue with the *ark left on, *ut last lon$er !eeled. Ei$ht feet *" twelve feet
outside makes a $ood a*in for three or four *o"s.
0ut and arr" a*out twelve lo$s, eah ten feet lon$B and twelve more, eah fourteen feet lon$. )he lo$s
should *e at least si? inhes throu$h. Soft wood is !refera*le, as it is easier to handleB the four $round lo$s or
sills, at least, should *e of edar, hestnut, or other wood that does not rot. 1a" two of the fourteen+foot lo$s
on the $round, at the !laes for the lon$ sides, and seven feet a!art. )hen aross them, at the end, la" two
short ones, eleven feet a!art. )his leaves a*out a foot !roDetin$ from eah lo$. Roll the last two into their
restin$ !laes, and flatten them till the" sit firml". #t is of !rime im!ortane that eah lo$ rest immova*l" on
the one *elow. Now ut the u!!er !art of eah end lo$, to an ed$e over eah orner. LFi$. 1.M
<K0=

Ne?t !ut on two lon$ lo$s, roll them onto the middle, takin$ are to han$e off, so the *i$ end at a $iven
omer ma" *e followed ne?t time *" the small end and insure the orner risin$ evenl". Roll one of these
lar$e lo$s lose to where it is to *e !laed, then ut on its u!!er surfae at eah end a noth orres!ondin$
with the rid$e on the lo$ it is to ride on. -hen read", half a roll dro!s it into !lae. )he lo$ should *e one to
three inhes a*ove the one under it, and should not touh e?e!t at <K1= the ends. Re!eat the !roess now
with the other sides, then the two ends, et., alwa"s kee!in$ the line of the orner !lum*. As the walls rise, it
will *e found neessar" to skid the lar$er lo$sB that is, roll them u! on two lon$ lo$s, or skids, leanin$ a$ainst
the wall. LFi$. 3.M
-hen the lo$s are in !lae to the hei$ht of four and a half feet from the $round, it is time to deide where the
door and window are to *eB and at that !lae, while the ne?t lon$ lo$ is l"in$ on to!, *ottom u!, ut out a
!iee four feet lon$ and four inhes dee!. Roll this lo$ into !lae. LFi$. 3.M /ne more lo$ a*ove this, or
ertainl" two, will make "our shant" hi$h enou$h for *o"s. 5ut on final end lo$s, then two others aross the
shant". LFi$. :.M Roll u! the *i$$est, stron$est lo$ of all for the rid$e Lsometimes two are used side *" sideMB it
should lie alon$ the middle of the four ross !iees shown in Fi$. :.
)he two ross lo$s, B and 0, and the rid$e lo$ should *e ver" stron$, as the roof is heav". Now we are read"
to ut the doorwa" and window.
First, drive in *loks of wood *etween eah of the lo$s, all the wa" down from A to the $round, and from B
down to (, and 0 to E. LFi$. ;.M Saw down now from A half+wa" throu$h the $round lo$ F. )hen from B
down to half+wa" throu$h the lo$ (B now ontinue from %, uttin$ down to half throu$h the $round lo$. 'se
the a? to s!lit out the u!!er half of the $round lo$, *etween the saw+uts and also the u!!er half of the lo$ (.
.ew a flat !iee of soft wood, five or si? inhes wide, a*out two inhes thik, and as lon$ as the hei$ht of
this doorwa". Set it u! a$ainst the ends of the lo$s A to F. Bore an au$er hole throu$h it into the end of eah
lo$ Lthese holes must not *e in line lest the" s!lit the Dam*M, inludin$ the to! and *ottom ones, and drive into
eah a !in of oak. )his holds all safel". (o the same on the other side, . to E, and !ut a small one down B,
(, whih is the side of the window.
Now we are read" to finish the roof. 'se the a? to *evel off the orners of the four ross+lo$s, A and B. LFi$.
K.M )hen $et a lot of stron$ !oles, a*out five feet lon$, and la" them lose to$ether alon$ the two sides of the
roof till it is overed with !olesB !uttin$ a ver" heav" one, or small lo$, on the outer ed$e of eah, and
fastenin$ it down with a !in into the rid$e lo$. 0ut two lon$ !oles and la" one on eah of the lower ends of
the roof !oles, as at A, B, and 0 LFi$. IM, !innin$ them to the side lo$s.
0over this roof with a foot of ha" or straw or $rass, and over <K3= that a$ain evenl" with a*out four inhes
of stiff la". 5ak this down. #t will soon sAuee>e all that foot of straw down to little more than one inh, and
will make a warm and water+ti$ht roof. As the la" is ver" heav", it is wise, *efore $oin$ inside, to test the
roof *" Dum!in$ on it. #f it $ives too muh, it will *e well to add a entre !ro!.
Now for the doorG .ew out !lanksB two should *e enou$h. Fasten these to$ether with two ross+!iees and
one an$le+!iee, usin$ oak !e$s instead of nails, if "ou wish to *e trul" !rimitive. For these the holes should
*e *ored !art wa" with a $imlet, and a !e$ used lar$er than the hole. )he lower end of the *ak !lank is left
!roDetin$ in a !oint. LFi$. J.M )his !oint fits into a hole !eked with a !oint or *ored with an au$er into the
door+sill.
Bore another hole near the to! of the door LAM, and a orres!ondin$ one throu$h the door+Dam* *etween two
lo$s. Set the door in !lae. A stri! of rawhide leather, a lim*er willow *ranh, or a stri! of hikor" !ut
throu$h the au$er hole of the door and wed$ed into the hole in the Dam*, makes a trul" wild+wood hin$e. A
!e$ in the front Dam* !revents the door $oin$ too far out, and a strin$ and !e$ inside answer for a lath.
)he window o!enin$ ma" *e losed with a $lass sash, with a !iee of muslin, or with the rawhide of an
animal, sra!ed lear of hair and strethed on a frame.
#t now remains to hink and !laster the !lae.
0hinkin$ is *est done from the inside. 1on$ trian$ular stri!s and *loks of wood are driven in *etween the
lo$s and fastened there with oak !ins driven into the lower lo$ till nothin$ *ut small rannies remain. Some
a*ins are finished with moss !lu$$ed into all the rannies, *ut mud worked into !laster does *etter.
#t should *e !ut on the outside first, and afterward finished form the inside. #t is *est done reall" with two
!lasterers workin$ to$ether, one inside and one out.
)his om!letes the shant", *ut a *unk and fire!lae are usuall" added.
)he fire!lae ma" *e in one orner, or in the middle of the end. #t is easiest to make in the former.
Aross the orner, !e$ three an$le *raes, eah a*out three feet lon$. )hese are to !revent the himne"
fallin$ forward.
Now *e$in to *uild with stone, usin$ mud as mortar, a fire!lae this sha!e. LFi$. 7.M &ake the o!enin$ a*out
ei$hteen inhes arossB arr" it u! two feet hi$h, drawin$ it in a little, then la" a lon$ stone aross the front,
after whih *uild u! <K3= the flue *ehind the orner *raes ri$ht u! to the roof. )he to! orner+!iee arries
the rafter that ma" *e ut off to let the flue out. Build the himne" u! outside as hi$h as the hi$hest !art of
the rid$e.
But the ideal fire!lae is made with the himne" on the outside of the a*in, at the middle of the end farthest
from the door. For this "ou must ut a hole in the end lo$, like a *i$, low window, !e$$in$ a Dam* on the
ends as *efore.
-ith stones and mud "ou now *uild a fire!lae inside the shant", with the *i$ himne" arried u! outside,
alwa"s takin$ are that there are several inhes of mud or stone *etween the fire and an" of the lo$s.
#n ountr" where stone annot *e found, the fire!lae is often *uilt of mud, sustained *" an outside ri**in$
of lo$s.
#f the flue is fair si>e, that is, sa" one Auarter the si>e of the fire!lae o!enin$, it will *e sure to draw.
)he *unk should *e made *efore the hinks are !lastered, as the hammerin$ is a!t to loosen the mud.
0ut ei$ht or ten !oles a foot lon$er than "ou need the *unkB ut the end of eah into a flat *oard and drive
these *etween the lon$ lo$s at the ri$ht hei$ht and !lae for the *unk, su!!ortin$ the other end on a
ross!iee from a !ost to the wall. 5ut a ver" *i$ !ole on the outer side, and all is read" for the *edB most
woodsmen make this of small fir *ou$hs.
)here are two other well+known wa"s of ornerin$ the lo$s++one is sim!l" flattenin$ the lo$s where the"
touh. )his, as well as the first one, is known in the *akwoods of 0anada as ho$+!en finish. )he reall"
skilful woodsmen of the North alwa"s dovetail the omers and saw them flushG LFi$. 10M
Sometimes it is desira*le to make a hi$her $a*le than that whih one rid$e lo$ an make. )hen it is made
thusG LFi$. 11.M )his is as muh slo!e as a la" roof should haveB with an" more, the la" would wash off.
)his is the sim!lest wa" to *uild a lo$+a*in, *ut it illustrates all the main !rini!les of lo$ *uildin$. Shin$le
roofs and $a*les, *road !ia>>as outside, and modern fittin$ inside, are often added nowada"s in summer
am!s, *ut it must *e lear that the more town" "ou make the a*in, the less woods" it is, and less likel" to
*e the om!lete rest and han$e that is desired.
For fuller instrutions, see @1o$+0a*ins and 0otta$es.@ B". -m. S. -iks, 1700. L5u*. Forest and Stream, N.
Y.M <K:= Also, @)he Jak of All )rades.@ B" (an 0. Beard, Sri*nerCsB and @Field and Forest .and" Book.@
Measuri& Distaces
LSee @)wo 1ittle Sava$es,@ 1703.M
)he hei$ht of a tree is easil" measured when on a level, o!en !lae, *" measurin$ the len$th of its shadow,
then om!arin$ that with "our own shadow, or that of a ten+foot !ole.
)hus, the ten+foot !ole is astin$ a fifteen+foot shadow, and the treeCs shadow is one hundred and fift" feet
lon$, a!!l" the sim!le rule of three.
1; G 1;0 GG 10 G ? P 100
But it is seldom so eas", and the $ood old rule of the trian$le an *e safel" ounted onG %et a hundred or
more feet from "our tree, on o!en $round, as nearl" as !ossi*le on the level of its *ase. Set u! a ten+foot !ole
LA B, !a$e K;M. )hen mark the s!ot where the e?at line from the to! of the tree over the to! of the !ole
touhes the $round L0M. Now measure the distane from that s!ot L0M to the foot of the ten+foot !ole LBMB
su!!ose it is twent" feet. &easure also the distane from that s!ot L0M to the *ase of the tree L(MB su!!ose it is
one hundred and twent" feet, then "our !ro*lem isG
30 G 10 GG 130 G ? P K0
i.e., if at that an$le twent" feet from the e"e $ives ten feet elevation, one hundred and twent" feet must $ive
si?t".
To make a right angle, make a trian$le whose sides are e?atl" si?, ei$ht, and ten feet or inhes eah Lor
multi!les of theseM. )he an$le o!!osite the ten must *e a true ri$ht an$le.

)o make a ri$ht an$le
)here are man" wa"s of measurin$ distane aross rivers, et., without rossin$. )he sim!lest, !erha!s, is *"
the eAuilateral trian$le. 0ut three !oles of e?atl" eAual len$thB !e$ them to$ether into a trian$le. 1a" <K;=
this on the *ank of the river so one side !oints to some !oint on the o!!osite *ank. (rive in three !e$s to
mark the e?at !oints of this trian$le LA,B,0M. )hen move it alon$ the *ank until "ou find a !lae LF,E,%M
where its *ase is on line with the two !e$s, where the *ase used to *e, and one side in line with the !oint
aross the river L(M. )he width of the river is seven ei$hths of the *ase of this $reat trian$le.

Another method is *" the isoseles trian$le. &ake a ri$ht+an$led trian$le as a*ove, with sides si?, ei$ht, and
ten feet LA,B,0MB then, after firml" fi?in$ the ri$ht an$le, ut down the ei$ht+foot side to si? feet and saw off
the ten+foot side to fit. 5lae this with the side ( B on the river *ank in line with the si$ht o*Det LEM aross.
5ut three !e$s to mark the three <KK= orner !laes. )hen take the trian$le alon$ the *ank in the diretion of
0 until 0C (C are in line with the si$ht o*Det, while BC 0C is in line with the !e$s B 0. )hen the len$th of the
lon$ *ase B 0C will eAual the distane from B to E.

&easurin$ hei$ht of tree.

)o measure the s!ae *etween two distant o*Dets, ( and E. 1ine A B on one, then move this ri$ht+an$led
trian$le until F % is lined on the other, with B % in line with % .. B % eAuals the s!ae *etween ( and E
then.
#f the distane is onsidera*le, it ma" *e measured sometimes *" sound. )hus, when a $un is fired, a man is
ho!!in$, or a do$ *arkin$, ount the seonds *etween the si$ht and the hearin$ of the sound, and multi!l"
*" eleven hundred feet, whih is the distane sound travels in a seond.

)o lim* a tree that is too thik++5lae small tree a$ainst it.
<KI=
/asionall", the distane of an u!ri$ht *ank, liff, or *uildin$ an *e measured *" the eho. .alf the
seonds *etween shout and eho, multi!lied *" eleven hundred $ives the distane in feet.
)he usual wa" to estimate lon$ distanes is *" the time the" take to over. )hus, a $ood anoe on dead water
$oes four to five miles an hour. A man afoot walks three and a half miles an hour on $ood roads. A !aktrain
$oes two and a half miles an hour, or !erha!s one and a half on the mountain trails.
A manCs thum* is an inh wide.
S!an of thum* and lon$est fin$er, nine inhes. Brisk walkin$ !ae is one "ard for men.
$"at To Do $"e *ost i t"e $oo#s
L1adiesC .ome Journal, /to*er, 1703.M
@(id "ou ever $et lost in the woodsH@ # one asked a om!an" of twent" am!ers. Some answered, @YesB
one or twie.@ /thers said, @&an" a time.@ /nl" two said, @No, never.@ )hen # said, turnin$ to the two, @#
know that all the others here have had !lent" of e?!eriene, and that "ou two are the tenderfeet, and never
lived in the woods.@
#t is Auite ertain to ome sooner or laterB if "ou $o am!in$, "ou will $et lost in the woods. .unters, #ndians,
"es, *irds and *easts, $et lost at times. You an avoid it for lon$ *" alwa"s takin$ "our *earin$s and notin$
the landsa!e *efore leavin$ the am!, and this "ou should alwa"s doB *ut still "ou will $et lost some time,
and it is well to *e read" for it *" arr"in$ mathes, knife, and om!ass.
-hen "ou do miss "our wa", the first thin$ to remem*er is, like the #ndian, @You are not lostB it is the tee!ee
that is lost.@ #t isnCt serious. #t annot *e so unless "ou do somethin$ foolish.
)he first and most natural thin$ to do is to $et on a hill, u! a tree, or other hi$h lookout, and seek for some
landmark near am!. You ma" *e sure of this muhG
You are not nearl" so far from am! as "ou think "ou are. Your friends will soon find "ou.
You an hel! them *est *" si$nalin$.
)he worst thin$ "ou an do is to $et fri$htened. )he trul" dan$erous enem" is not the old or the hun$er so
muh as the fear. #t is fear that ro*s the wanderer of his Dud$ment and of his lim* !owerB it is fear that turns
the !assin$ e?!eriene into a final tra$ed". /nl" kee! ool and all will *e well.
<KJ=
#f there is snow on the $round, "ou an follow "our *ak trak.
#f "ou see no landmark, look for the smoke of the fire. Shout from time to time, and waitB for thou$h "ou
have *een awa" for hours it is Auite !ossi*le "ou are within earshot of "our friends. #f "ou ha!!en to have a
$un, fire it off twie in Auik suession on "our hi$h lookoutB then wait and listen. (o this several times and
wait !lent" lon$ enou$h++!erha!s an hour. #f this *rin$s no hel!, send u! a distress si$nal++that is, make two
smoke fires *" smotherin$ two *ri$ht fires with $reen leaves and rotten wood, and kee! them at least fift"
feet a!art, or the wind will onfuse them. )wo shots or two smokes are usuall" understood to mean @# am in
trou*le.@ )hose in am! on seein$ this should send u! one smoke, whih means, @0am! is here.@
#f "ou have a do$ or a horse with "ou, "ou ma" de!end u!on it he an *rin$ "ou out all ri$htB *ut usuall" "ou
will have to rel" on "ourself. )he sim!lest !lan, when there is fresh snow and no wind, is to follow "our own
trak *ak. No matter how far around or how rooked it ma" *e, it will ertainl" *rin$ "ou out safel".
#f "ou are sure of the $eneral diretion to the am! and determined to kee! movin$, leave a note !inned on a
tree if "ou have !a!erB if not, write with haroal on a !iee of wood, and also make a $ood smoke, so that
"ou an ome *ak to this s!ot if "ou hoose. But make ertain that the fire annot run, *" learin$ the
$round around it and *" *ankin$ it around with sods. And mark "our ourse *" *reakin$ or uttin$ a twi$
ever" fift" feet. You an kee! strai$ht *" the sun, the moon, or the stars, *ut when the" are unseen "ou must
*e $uided *" the om!ass. # do not *elieve muh in $uidane *" what are alled natureCs om!ass si$ns. #t is
usual to sa", for e?am!le, that the north side of the tree has the most moss or the south side the most lim*s,
et. -hile these are true in $eneral, there are so man" e?e!tions that when alarmed and in dou*t as to whih
is north, one is not in a frame of mind to deide with ertaint" on suh fine !oints.
#f a stron$ west wind, for e?am!le, was *lowin$ when "ou left am!, and has *lown ever sine, "ou an *e
!rett" sure it is still a west windB *ut the onl" safe and ertain natural om!ass $uides are the sun, moon, and
stars.
)he 5ole or North Star, and the %reat Bear Lalso alled the (i!!er and the 5ointersM, should *e known to
ever" *o" as the" are to ever" #ndian. )he 5ointers alwa"s !oint out the <K7= 5ole+star. /f ourse, the" $o
around it one in twent"+four hours, so this makes a kind of lok.
)he stars, then, will ena*le "ou to kee! strai$ht if "ou travel. But thik woods, fo$, or louds are a!t to ome
u!, and without somethin$ to $uide "ou are sure to $o around in a irle.
/ld woodsmen ommonl" follow down the streams. )hese are ertain to *rin$ "ou out somewhereB *ut the
ver" worst travelin$ is alon$ the ed$es of the streams, and the" take "ou a lon$ wa" around. All thin$s
onsidered, it is usuall" *est to sta" ri$ht where "ou are, es!eiall" if in a wild ountr" where there is no
hane of findin$ a farm house. &ake "ourself omforta*le for the ni$ht *" $atherin$ !lent" of $ood wood
while it is da"li$ht, and *uildin$ a wind sreen on three sides, with the fire in front, and somethin$ to kee!
"ou off the $round. (o not worr" *ut kee! u! a $ood fireB and when da" omes renew "our two smokes and
wait. A $ood fire is the *est friend of a lost man.
# have *een lost a num*er of times, *ut alwa"s $ot out without serious trou*le, *eause # ke!t ool. )he worst
losin$ # ever $ot was after # had *een so lon$ in the -est that # Aualified to at as a !rofessional $uide, and
was en$a$ed *" a lot of Eastern farmers lookin$ for land loations.
)his was in the /to*er of 1JJ3 on the '!!er Assini*oin. )he main *od" of the farmers had remained
*ehind. # had $one ahead with two of them. # took them over hundreds of miles of wild ountr". As we went
northward the ountr" im!roved. -e were travelin$ with o?en, and it was our ustom to let them $ra>e for
two hours at noon. /ne warm da", while the o?en were feedin$, we went in our shirt sleeves to a distant
*utte that !romised a lookout. -e for$ot a*out the lateness till the sun $ot low. Even then # ould have $ot
*ak to am!, *ut louds ame u! and darkness fell Auikl". 2nowin$ the $eneral diretion # ke!t on, and
after half an hourCs tram! we ame to a an"on # had never seen *efore. # $ot out m" om!ass and a math
and found that # had *een irlin$, as one is sure to do in the dark. # orreted the ourse and led off a$ain.
After another *rief turn # struk another math and learned from the om!ass that # was a$ain irlin$. )his
was disoura$in$, *ut with orreted ourse we a$ain tram!ed. # was leadin$, and suddenl" the dark $round
ten feet ahead of me turned $ra". # ould not make it out, so went autiousl" nearer. # la" down, reahed
forth, and then slowl" made sure that we were on the ed$e of a stee! !rei!ie. # *aked off, <I0= and
frankl" told the men # did not know where we were. # $ot out m" math *o? and om!ass and found # had *ut
one math left.
@An" of "ou $ot an" mathesH@ # asked. @NoB left Cem all in our oats,@ was their answer.
@-ell,@ said #, @# have one. Shall # use it to $et a new ourse from the om!ass, or shall we make a fire and
sta" here till mornin$H@
All voted to am! for the ni$ht. )here was now a old rain.
-e $ro!ed into a hollow where we $ot some dead wood, and *" usin$ our knives $ot some dr" hi!s from
the inside of a lo$. -hen all was read" we $athered lose around, and # $ot out the one math. # was a*out to
strike it when the "oun$er of the men saidG
@Sa", Seton, "ou are not a smokerB Jak is. .adnCt "ou *etter $ive him that mathH@
)here was sense in this. # have never in m" life smoked. Jak was an old sta$er and an ade!t with mathes. #
handed it to him. @Rrr!+fi>>@++and in a minute we had a fire.
-ith the hel! of the fireli$ht we now found !lent" of dead woodB we made three *la>in$ fires side *" side,
and after an hour we removed the entre one, then raked awa" all the hot ashes, and all la" down to$ether on
the warm $round. -hen the mornin$ ame the rain eased. -e strethed our stiffened lim*s and made for
am!. Yes, there it was in !lain view two miles awa" aross a fearful an"on. )hree ste!s more on that
$loom" ni$ht and we should have *een over the ed$e of that an"on and dashed to the *ottom.
Ho. to Ma7e Fire 1y Ru11i& Stic7s
@.ow do the #ndians make a fire without mathesH@ asked a *o" who loved to @!la" #ndian.@ &ost of us have
heard the answer to this. @)he #ndians use a flint and steel, as our own fathers and mothers did one hundred
"ears a$o, and *efore the" had flint and steel the" used ru**in$+stiks.@ -e have all read a*out *rin$in$ fire
out of two stiks *" ru**in$ them to$ether. # tried it one for an hour, and # know now # never would have
$ot it in a thousand "ears as # was doin$ it. /thers have had the same e?!erieneB onseAuentl", most !ersons
look u!on this as a sort of fair" tale, or, if the" *elieve it to *e true, the" think it so diffiult as to *e worth no
seond thou$ht. All souts, # find, are sur!rised and $reatl" interested to learn that not onl" is it !ossi*le, it is
eas", to make a frition <I1= fire, if "ou know howB and ho!eless, if "ou donCt. # have tau$ht man" *o"s and
men Linludin$ some #ndiansM to do it, and some have $rown so e?!ert that the" make it nearl" as Auikl" as
with an old+fashioned sul!hur math. -hen # first learned from -alter .ou$h, who learned from the #ndians,
it took me from five to ten minutes to $et a *la>in$ fire++not half an hour, as some *ooks have it. But later #
$ot it down to a minute, then to thirt"+one seonds from the time of takin$ u! the ru**in$+stiks to havin$ a
fine *la>e, the time in $ettin$ the first s!ark *ein$ a*out si? seonds.
&" earl" efforts were ins!ired *" *ook aounts of #ndian methods, *ut, unfortunatel", # have never "et seen
a *ook aount that was aurate enou$h to $uide an"one suessfull" in the art of fire+makin$. All omit one
or other of the a*solute essentials, or dwell on some trivialit". )he im!ression the" leave on those who know
is that the writers did not.
)he surest and easiest method of makin$ a frition fire is *" use of the *ow+drill. )wo stiks, two tools, and
some tinder are needed.
)he two stiks are the drill and the fire+*oard, or fire+*lok. )he *ooks $enerall" tell us that these must *e of
different kinds of wood. )his is a mistake. # have uniforml" $otten the *est results with two !iees of the
same kind++all the *etter, indeed, if the" are !arts of the same stik.
$"at Ki# of $oo#
)his is a ver" im!ortant Auestion, as woods that are too hard, too soft, too wet, too oil", too $umm", or too
resinous will not !rodue fire. )he wood should *e soft enou$h to wear awa", else it !rodues no !unk, and
hard enou$h to wear slowl", or the heat is not enou$h to li$ht the !unk, and, of ourse, it should *e hi$hl"
inflamma*le. )hose that # have had the *est luk with are *alsam fir, ottonwood roots, tamarak, Euro!ean
larh, red edar, white edar, /re$on edar, *asswood, "!ress, and sometimes seond+$rowth white !ine. #t
should alwa"s *e a dr", sound stik, *rash, *ut not in the least !unk".
#n eah !art of the ountr" there seems to *e a kind of wood well suited for fire+makin$. )he Eastern #ndians
used edarB the Northern #ndians, edar or *alsam firB the !lains #ndians used ottonwood or sa$e+*rush roots.
5erha!s the most relia*le of all is dr" and seasoned *alsam firB either the s!eies in the North woods or in the
Rokies will do. #t $ives a fine *i$ s!ark or oal in a*out seven seonds.
<I3=
-hen in the $rindin$ the dust that runs out of the noth is oarse and *rown, it means that the wood is too
softB when it is ver" fine and sant" it means that the wood is too hard.

)he ru**in$+stiks for fire+makin$
1. )he sim!lest kind of *owB a *ent stik with a stout leather thon$ fastened at eah end. #t is a*out 3I inhes
lon$ and ;NJ inh thik.
3. A more ela*orate *ow with a hole at eah end for the thon$. At the handle end it $oes throu$h a dis of
wood. )his is to ti$hten the thon$ *" !ressure of the hand a$ainst the dis while usin$.
3. Sim!lest kind of drill+soketB a !ine or hemlok knot with a shallow hole or !it in it. 3a is under view of
same. #t is a*out :+1N3 inhes lon$.
:. A more ela*orate drill+soketB a !e**le emented with $um in a wooden holder. :a is under view of same.
;. A ver" ela*orate drill+soketB it is made of tuli! wood, arved to re!resent the )hunder*ird. #t has e"es of
$reen fels!ar emented in with resin. /n the under side L;aM is seen, in the middle, a soa!stone soket let into
the wood and fastened with !ine $um, and on the head a hole ke!t filled with $rease, to $rease the to! of the
drill *efore use.
K. )he drillB 13 to 1J inhes lon$ and a*out 3N: inh thikB it is rou$hl" ei$ht+sided so the thon$ will not sli!,
and !ointed at eah end. )he *est wood for the drill is old, dr" *rash, *ut not !unk", *alsam fir or
ottonwood rootsB *ut *asswood, white edar, red edar, tamarak, and sometimes even white !ine, will do.
I. Fire+*oard or *lokB a*out 3N: inh thik and an" len$th hand"B a is noth with !it Dust *e$un, * shows the
!it after one usin$ and in $ood trim for seond time, shows the !it *ored throu$h and now uselessB the
noth is 1N3 inh wide and 3N: inh dee!.
J. Shows the wa" of usin$ the stiks. )he *lok LaM is held down with one foot, the end of the drill L*M is !ut
in the !it, the drill+soket LM is held on to! in left hand, one end of the *ow LdM is held in the ri$ht hand,
while the *ow is drawn *ak and forth.
7. #s a little wooden fire+!an, not essential *ut onvenientB its thin ed$e is !ut under the noth to ath the
!owder that falls.
<I3=
# have made man" e?!eriments to determine whether there is an"thin$ in the idea that it is *etter to have the
*lok and the drill of different woods.
But no h"*rid om*ination was so suessful as @two of a kind.@
)he drill and the *ow and soket are full" desri*ed in the illustration.
)he !re!arin$ of the fire+*oard is one of the most im!ortant thin$s. At the ed$e ut a noth half an inh wide
and a*out three fourths of an inh dee!B at the to! of this noth make a !it or shallow hole, and the *oard is
read". )he im!ortane of this noth is suh that it is useless to tr" fire+makin$ without it.
-hile these are the essentials, it is well to $et read", also, some tinder. # have tried a $reat man" different
kinds of lint and !unk, inludin$ a num*er that were artifiiall" !re!ared, soaked with salt!etre or other
om*usti*les. But these are not reall" fair !la". )he true woodrafter limits himself to the thin$s that he an
$et in the woods, and in all m" reent fire+makin$ # have ontented m"self with the tinder used for a$es *"
the red menG that is, edar wood finel" shredded *etween two stones. Some use the frin$es that $row on
*irh, im!rovin$ it *" ru**in$ in !owdered haroal.
Now that he has the tools and material read", it will *e an eas" matter for the mathless astawa" to !rodue
a fire.
5ass the leather thon$ one around the drill++and this should make the thon$ tautB !ut the lower !oint of the
drill in the !it at the to! of the noth in the fire+*oard, and hold the soket with the left hand on to! of the
drill. )he noth of the fire+*oard should *e restin$ on a hi! or thin wooden tra". .old the *ow *" the handle
end in the ri$ht hand, stead" the *oard under the left foot, and the left arm a$ainst the left knee. Now draw
the *ow *ak and forth with stead", even strokes, its full len$th. )his auses the drill to turn in the !it and
*ore into the woodB $round+u! wood runs out of the side of the noth, fallin$ on the hi! or tra". At first it is
*rownB in two or three seonds it turns *lak, and then smokesB in five or si? seonds it is $ivin$ off a loud
of smoke. A few more vi$orous strokes of the *ow, and now it will *e found that smoke still omes from the
!ile of *lak wood+dust on the hi!. Fan this $entl" with the handB the smoke inreases, and in a few seonds
"ou see a $lowin$ oal in the middle of the dust. L)here are never an" visi*le fl"in$ s!arks.M
Now take a li*eral !inh of the edar tinder++a*out a teas!oonfulB wra! this in some *ark fi*re or shredded
ro!e to <I:= kee! it from *lowin$ awa". .old it down on the oal, and, liftin$ tra" and all, *low or fan it
until in a few seonds it *la>es. 0arefull" !ile over it the shreds of *irh *ark or s!linters of fat !ine !re!ared
*eforehand, and the fire is made.
#f "ou have the ri$ht wood and still annot $et the fire, it is likel" *eause "ou do not hold the drill stead", or
have not ut the side noth Auite into the middle !oint of the little fire !it.
)he advanta$es of learnin$ this method are threefoldG
FirstG Fire+makin$ *" frition is an interestin$ e?!eriment in woodraft.
SeondG A *o" is *etter eAui!!ed havin$ learned it. .e an never afterward free>e to death for lak of
mathes if he has wood and an old shoe lae.
)hirdG For the ver" reason that it is diffiult, om!ared with mathes, it tends to !revent the *o"s makin$
unneessar" fires, and thus redues the dan$er of their settin$ the woods a*la>e or of smokin$ the for*idden
i$arette.
)here is suh a fasination in makin$ the ru**in$+stik fire that one of m" -estern ooks, *eomin$ an
e?!ert, $ave u! the use of mathes for a time and lit his mornin$ fire with the fire+drill, and, indeed, he did
not find it muh slower than the usual wa".
-alter .ou$h told me a stor" of an A!ahe #ndian who soffed at the mathes of white men, and laimed
that he ould li$ht a fire with ru**in$+stiks faster than .ou$h ould with mathes. So eah made read".
)he" were waitin$ for the word @$o@ when the #ndian saidG
@-ait. # see if him ri$ht.@ .e $ave a few strokes with the drill, and alled++@Sto!++sto! him no $ood.@ .e
rearran$ed the stiks, and tried a few more strokes. Just as &r. .ou$h was $oin$ to strike the math, he saidG
@Sto!++sto! him no $ood.@ .e did this three times *efore he alled @Read".@ )hen the word @%o@ was $iven.
)he white man struk the slow, si>>lin$ math. )he #ndian $ave half a do>en twirls to the drill++the smoke
*urst forth. .e overed it with the tinder, fanned a few seonds, then a *ri$ht flame arose, Dust *efore the
white man $ot his twi$s a*la>e. So the #ndian won, *ut it was *" an #ndian trikB for the three times when he
!retended to *e tr"in$ it, he was reall" warmin$ u! the wood++that is, doin$ a lar$e !art of the work. # am
afraid that, deft as he was, he would have lost in a fair rae. Yet this inident shows at least that, in !oint of
s!eed, the old ru**in$+stiks are not ver" far *ehind the mathes, as one mi$ht have su!!osed.
<I;=
#t is, indeed, a wonder that the soldiers at -est 5oint are not tau$ht this sim!le trik, when it is so easil"
learned, and mi$ht some da" *e the one thin$ to save the lives of man" of them.
Arc"ery
No woodraft eduation is om!lete without a knowled$e of arher". #t is a !it" that this no*le s!ort has
fallen into disuse. -e shall find it essential to some of our *est $ames.
)he modern huntin$ $un is an irresisti*le wea!on of wholesale murder, and is Dust as deadl" no matter who
!ulls the tri$$er. #t s!reads terror as well as death *" its loud dishar$e, and it leaves little lew as to who is
res!onsi*le for the shot. #ts deadl" ran$e is so fearfull" $reat as to !ut all $ame at the mer" of the lumsiest
t"ro. -oodraft, the oldest of all sienes and one of the *est, has steadil" delined sine the omin$ of the
$un, and it is entirel" due to this same un*ridled !ower that Ameria has lost so man" of her fine $ame
animals.
)he *ow is a far less destrutive wea!on, and to sueed at all in the hase the *owman must *e a dou*le+
read forester. )he *ow is silent and it sends the arrow with e?atl" the same !ower that the *owmanCs arm
!uts into it++no more, no less++so it is reall" his own !ower that s!eeds the arrow. )here is no Auestion as to
whih hunter has the ri$ht to the $ame or is res!onsi*le for the shot when the arrow is there to tell. )he $un
stands for little skill, irresisti*le fore su!!lied from an outside soure, overwhelmin$ unfair odds, and sure
death to the vitim. )he *ow, on the other hand, stands for all that is lever and fine in woodraftB so, no $uns
or fire+arms of an" kind are allowed in our *o" sout am!.
)he #ndianCs *ow was short, *eause, thou$h less effiient, it was easier to arr" than a lon$ one. Yet it did
not lak !ower. #t is said that the arrow head sometimes a!!eared on the far side of the *uffalo it was fired
into, and there is a tradition that -ah+na+tah, a Siou? hief, one shot his arrow throu$h a ow *uffalo and
killed her alf that was runnin$ at the other side.
But the lon$ *ow is more effetive than the short one. )he old En$lish *owmen, the *est the world has ever
seen, alwa"s shot with the lon$ *ow.
)he finest *ows and arrows are those made *" the !rofessional makers, *ut there is no reason wh" eah *o"
should not make his own.
Aordin$ to several authorities the *est *ow woods are mul*err", osa$e+oran$e, sassafras, Southern edar,
*lak loust, <IK= a!!le, *lak walnut, sli!!er" elm, ironwood, mountain ash, hikor", 0alifornia "ew, and
hemlok.
)ake a !erfetl" sound, strai$ht, well+seasoned stik five or si? feet lon$ L"our *ow should *e a*out as lon$
as "ourselfMB mark off a five+inh s!ae in the middle for the handleB leave this round and a full inh thikB
shave down the rest, flat on one side for the front and round on the other for the *ak, until it is a*out one
inh wide and three fourths of an inh thik ne?t the handle, ta!erin$ to a*out one half that at the ends, whih
are then @noked,@ niked, or nothed as shown in 0ut #. )hese nothes are for the strin$, whih is to *e !ut
on earl". (raw the *ow now, flat side out, not more than the !ro!er distane, and note arefull" whih end
*ends the mostB then shave down the other side until it *ends evenl". )he middle sarel" *ends at all. )he
!erfet sha!e, when *ent, is shown in 0ut ##. )rim the *ow down to "our stren$th and finish smoothl" with
sand!a!er and $lass. #t should *e strai$ht when unstrun$, and unstrun$ when not in use. Fan" urved *ows
are weak affairs. )he *ow for our *o" should reAuire a !ower of fifteen or twent" !ounds Lshown on a s!rin$
*alaneM to draw the strin$ twent"+three inhes from the *owB not more. )he *est strin$ is of hem! or linenB it
should *e a*out five inhes from the middle of the *ow when strun$ L0ut ##M. )he nothes for the strin$
should *e two+thirds the de!th of the strin$. #f "ou have not a *ou$ht strin$ make one of stron$, un*leahed
linen thread twisted to$ether. At one end the strin$, whih is heaviest at the ends, should *e fast knotted to
the *ow noth L0ut 4MB at the other it should have a loo! as shown in 0ut #4. #n the middle it should *e
lashed with fine silk and wa? for five inhes, and the e?at !lae marked where the arrow fits it.
)he arrow is more im!ortant than the *ow. An"one an make a *owB few an make an arrow, for, as a
Seminole #ndian e?!ressed it to &aurie )hom!son, @An" stik do for *owB $ood arrow muh hea! work,
u$h.@ .iawatha went all the wa" to (akota to see the famous arrow maker. #n En$land when the *ow was the
$un of the ountr", the *ow maker was alled a @*ow"er,@ and the arrow maker a @flether@ Lfrom the
Norman flehe, an arrowM. So when men *e$an to use surnames those who e?elled in arrow makin$ were
!roud to *e alled the @Flethers @B *ut to make a $ood *ow was not a nota*le ahievement, hene few took
@Bow"er@ as their name.
)he first thin$ a*out an arrow is that it must *e !erfetl" strai$ht. @Strai$ht as an arrow@ refers to the arrow
itself, not to its fli$htB that is alwa"s urved.
<II=

).E AR0.ERY /')F#) LNot all on sale.M
#. )he five+foot *ow as finished, with setions at the !oint shown.
##. )he *ow @*raed@ or strun$.
###. )he *ow unstrun$, showin$ the loo! sli!!ed down.
#4. )he loo! that is used on the u!!er end of the *ow.
4. )he tim*er hith alwa"s used on the lower end or noth of the *ow.
4#. A turke" feather with s!lit midri*, all read" to lash on.
4##. End view of arrow, showin$ noth and arran$ement of three feathers.
4###. 5art of arrow, showin$ featherin$ and lashin$.
#E. San$er huntin$ arrow with wooden !ointB 3; inhes lon$.
E. San$er war arrow with nail !oint and e?tra lon$ feathersB it also is 3; inhes lon$.
E#. 9uiver with #ndian desi$nB 30 inhes lon$.
E##.
)he @*raer@ or arm $uard of heav" leather for left arm with two laes to tie it on. #t is si?
inhes lon$.
<IJ=
)he #ndians made arrows of reeds and of strai$ht shoots of vi*urnum or arrow+wood, and of elder, *ut we
make *etter arrows out of the solid heartwood of hard !ine for tar$et use, and of hikor" or ash for huntin$.
)he arrow should *e twent"+five inhes lon$, round, and three ei$hths of an inh thik, and have three
feathers set as shown in 0ut 4#, a*out an inh from the noth. )he feather B, that stands out at ri$ht an$les to
noth A, should alwa"s *e awa" from the *ow in shootin$. )his is alled the ok+feather, and it is usuall"
marked or olored in some wa" to *e Auikl" distin$uished.

0/RRE0) F/R& #N S.//)#N%.
)he dia$ram at *ottom is to show the entres of heels in line with tar$et.
)urke" and $oose win$ feathers are the *est that $row in our ountr" for arrow feathers. )he #ndians mostl"
use turke". -ith a shar! knife ut a stri! of the midri* on whih is the vane of the featherB make three !iees,
eah two to three inhes lon$. -hite men $lue these on to the arrow. )he #ndians leave the midri* !roDetin$
at eah end and *" these lash the <I7= feathers without $luin$. )he lashed feathers stand the weather *etter
than those $lued, *ut do not fl" so well. )he #ndians use shar! flint arrow heads for war and for *i$ $ame, *ut
for *irds and small $ame the" make arrow heads with a kno* of hard wood or the knukle *one of some
small animal. )he *est arrow heads for our !ur!ose are like the ferrule of an um*rella to!B the" reeive the
end of the shaft into them and kee! it from s!littin$.
/ne of the *est arrows # ever shot with was twent"+ei$ht inhes lon$, five si?teenths of an inh thik, had a
ferrule head and ver" small feathers.
)he finishin$ touh of an arrow is @!aintin$@ it. )his is done for several !ur!osesG First, to !reserve it from
dam! whih would twist the arrow and soften the $lue that holds the feathersB seond, eah hunter !aints all
his arrows with his mark so as to know themB third, the" are thus made *ri$ht+olored to hel! in findin$ them
when lost.
)here are four other thin$s reAuired *" our arherG A smooth, hard arm+$uard, or *raer, usuall" of hard
leather. )he #ndians who use one make it of wood, $rass, or rawhide. #n !hoto$ra!hs of famous #ndians "ou
ma" often see this on the left wrist, and will remem*er that it was there as a !rotetion from the *low of the
*ow ord. Some arhers an shoot with the wrist *ent so as to need no $uard. )he three middle fin$ers of the
ri$ht hand also need !rotetion. An old leather $love, with thum* and little fin$er ut awa", will do ver" well
for this, thou$h the read"+made ti!s at the arher" stores are more onvenient. Some arhers who !ratise all
their lives an shoot without !rotetin$ the fin$ers.
)he *ow ase and Auiver are im!ortant. An" kind of a over that will kee! them from the rain, and han$ on
"our *ak, will do, *ut there are man" little thin$s that hel! to make them hand". -hen the over is off the
arrows should !roDet three or four inhes so that the" ma" *e more easil" drawn out. )he #ndians often
arried ver" *eautiful Auivers of *ukskin ornamented with Auills and *eads.
/ne da" out -est # saw an /maha *rave with a *ow ase and Auiver overed with ver" odd material++a !iee
of ommon red and white otton !rint. -hen allowed to e?amine it, # felt some other material underneath the
!rint. After a little dikerin$ he sold me *ow, arrows, Auiver, and all for a ou!le of dollars. # then ri!!ed
o!en the !rint and found m" first sus!iions onfirmedB for, underneath, the Auiver was of *ukskin,
*eautifull" em*roidered with red feathers and !oru!ine <J0= Auills of dee! red and turAuoise *lue. )he
#ndian was as muh !u>>led *" m" !referene for the Auill work as # was *" his for the otton !rint.
)he standard tar$et for men is four feet aross with a nine+inh *ullCs+e"e, and around that four rin$s, eah
four and three Auarter inhes wide. )he *ullCs+e"e ounts nine, the other rin$s seven, five, three, one. )he
*ou$ht tar$ets are made of straw, *ut a $ood tar$et ma" *e made of a *o? filled with sods, or a *ank overed
with sakin$ on whih are !ainted the usual rin$s.
Now omes the most im!ortant !oint of all++how to shoot. )here are several wa"s of holdin$ an arrow, *ut
onl" one $ood one. &ost *o"s know the ordinar" fin$er and thum* !inh, or $ri!. )his is all ver" well for a
to" *ow, *ut a hunterCs *ow annot *e drawn that wa". No one has stren$th enou$h in his fin$ers for it. )he
true arherCs $ri! of the arrow is shown in the ut. )he thum* and little fin$er have nothin$ to do with it.
)he arherCs $ri!
As in $olf and all suh thin$s, there is a ri$ht @form.@ You attend to "our end of the arrowCs fli$ht and the
other will take are of itselfG
Stand !erfetl" strai$ht. 5lant "our feet with the entres of the two heels in line with the tar$et. L0ut !a$e
IJ.M %ras! the *ow in the middle with the left hand and !lae the arrow on the strin$ at the left side of the
*ow. .old the *ow !lum*, and draw as a*ove till the noth of the arrow is ri$ht under "our e"e, and the head
of the arrow *ak to the *ow. )he ri$ht el*ow must *e in the same line with the arrow. 1et $o the arrow *"
strai$htenin$ the fin$ers a little, turnin$ the hand outward at the *ottom and drawin$ it *ak one inh.
Alwa"s do this in e?atl" the same wa" and "our shootin$ will *e even. Your left hand should not move a
hairCs *readth until the arrow strikes the tar$et.
)o *e$in shootin$ !ut the tar$et ver" near, within fifteen or twent" "ardsB *ut the !ro!er shootin$ distane
when the arher is in $ood !ratie is fort" "ards for a four+foot tar$et and thirt" "ards for a three+foot tar$et.
A $ood shot, shootin$ twelve arrows at this, should sore fift".
<J1=
)he #ndians $enerall" used their *ows at short ran$e, so that it was eas" to hit the mark. Ra!id firin$ was
im!ortant. #n their arher" om!etitions, therefore, the !ri>e was $iven to the one who ould have the most
arrows in the air at one. )heir reord, aordin$ to 0atlin, was ei$ht.
T"e Stars
As See $it" t"e Na7e# Eye
)he hief works referred to in this are 0. FlammarionCs @5o!ular Astronom"@ L%oreCs translationM, and
%arrett 5. ServissCs @Astronom" with an /!era %lass.@ L)hose who wish to $o farther a+sk" are referred to
these *ooks.M
-hether he e?!ets to use them as $uides or not, ever" *o" should learn the !rini!al onstellations and the
im!ortant stars. A non+sientifi friend said to me oneG @# am alwa"s $lad that # learned the !rini!al star
$rou!s when # was "oun$. # have never for$otten them, and, no matter in what stran$e ountr" # find m"self,
# an alwa"s look u! at ni$ht, and see the old familiar stars that shone on me in m" home in m" own
ountr".@
All Amerian *o"s know the (i!!er or %reat Bear. )his is, !erha!s, the most im!ortant star $rou! in our sk",
*eause of its si>e, !euliar form, and the fat that it never sets in our latitude, and last, that it alwa"s !oints
out the 5ole+star, and, for this reason, it is sometimes known as the 5ointers. #t is alled the (i!!er *eause it
is sha!ed like a di!!er with a lon$, *ent handle. -h" it is alled the %reat Bear is not so eas" to e?!lain. )he
lassial le$end has it that the n"m!h 0alisto, havin$ violated her vow, was han$ed *" (iana into a *ear,
whih, after death, was immortali>ed in the sk" *" Feus. Another su$$estion is that the earliest astronomers,
the 0haldeans, alled these stars @the shinin$ ones,@ and their word ha!!ened to *e ver" like the %reek arktos
La *earM. Another e?!lanation L# do not know who is authorit" for eitherM is that vessels in olden da"s were
named for animals, et. )he" *ore at the !row the arved effi$" of the namesake, and if the %reat Bear, for
e?am!le, made several ver" ha!!" vo"a$es *" settin$ out when a ertain onstellation was in the asendant,
that onstellation mi$ht *eome known as the %reat BearCs onstellation. 0ertainl", there is nothin$ in its
sha!e to Dustif" the name. 4er" few of the onstellations, indeed, are like the thin$ the" are <J3= alled after.
)heir names were usuall" $iven for some faniful assoiation with the namesake, rather than for resem*lane
to it.
)he 5ole+star is reall" the most im!ortant of the stars in our sk"B it marks the north at all timesB it alone is
fi?ed in the heavensG all the other stars seem to swin$ around it one in twent"+four hours. #t is in the end of
the 1ittle BearCs tail. But the 5ole+star, or 5olaris, is not a ver" *ri$ht one, and it would *e hard to identif" *ut
for the hel! of the (i!!er, or 5ointers.
)he outside LAl!ha and BetaM of the (i!!er !oints nearl" to 5olaris, at a distane eAual to three and one half
times the s!ae that se!arates these two stars of the (i!!erCs outer side.
4arious #ndians all the 5ole+star the @.ome Star,@ and @)he Star that Never &oves,@ and the (i!!er the"
all the @Broken Bak.@
)he last star *ut one in the (i!!er, awa" from the !ole++that is, the star at the *end of the handle,++is known
to astronomers as &i>ar, one of the .orsesB Just a*ove it, and tuked lose in, is a smaller star known to
astronomers as Alor, or the Rider. )he #ndians all these two the @/ld SAuaw and the 5a!!oose on .er
Bak.@ #n the old world, from ver" anient times, these have *een used as tests of e"esi$ht. )o *e a*le to see
Alor with the naked e"e means that one has e?ellent e"esi$ht. So also on the !lains, the old folks would
ask the hildren at ni$ht, @0an "ou see the !a!!oose on the old sAuawCs *akH@ And when the "oun$ster saw
it, and !roved that he did *" a ri$ht desri!tion, the" reDoied that he had the e"esi$ht whih is the first
reAuisite of a $ood hunter.
)he %reat Bear is also to *e remem*ered as the 5ointers for another reason. #t is the hour+hand of the
woodmanCs lok. #t $oes one around the North Star in a*out twent"+four hours, the same wa" as the sun,
and for the same reason++that it is the earth that is $oin$ and leavin$ them *ehind.
)he time in $oin$ around is not e?atl" twent"+four hours, so that the !osition of the 5ointers varies with the
seasons, *ut, as a rule, this for woodraft !ur!oses is near enou$h. )he *owl of the (i!!er swin$s one and
one half times the width of the o!enin$ Li.e., fifteen de$reesM in one hour. #f it went a Auarter of the irle,
that would mean "ou had sle!t a Auarter of a da", or si? hours.
<J3=
Eah fifteen da"s the stars seem to *e an hour earlierB in three months the" $ain one fourth of the irle, and
in a "ear $ain the whole irle.
Aordin$ to Flammarion, there are a*out seven thousand stars visi*le to the naked e"e, and of those *ut
nineteen are stars of the first ma$nitude. )hirteen of them are visi*le in the latitude of New York, the other
si? *elon$ to the South 5olar Re$ion of the sk". .ere is FlammarionCs arran$ement of them in order of
seemin$ *ri$htness. )hose that an *e seen in the Southern .emis!here onl", are in *raketsG
1. Sirius, the (o$+star.
3. Q0ano!us, of Ar$o.R
3. QAl!ha, of the 0entaur.R
:. Arturus, of Bootes.
;. 4e$a, of the 1"re.
K. Ri$el, of /rionCs foot.
I. 0a!ella, of Auri$a.
J. 5ro"on, or the 1ittle (o$+star.
7. Betel$uese, of /rionCs ri$ht shoulder.
10. QBeta, of the 0entaur.R
11. QAhernar, of Eridanus.R
13.
Alde*aran, of )aurus, the BullCs ri$ht
e"e.
13. Antares, of Sor!io.
1:. QAl!ha, of the Southern 0ross.R
1;. Altair, of the Ea$le.
1K. S!ia, of 4ir$o.
1I. Fomalhaut, of the Southern Fish.
1J. QBeta, of the Southern 0ross.R
17. Re$ulus, of the 1ion.
Orio
/rion L/+ri+onM, with its strikin$ arra" of *rilliant stars, Betel$uese, Ri$el, the )hree 2in$s, et., is $enerall"
admitted to *e the finest onstellation in the heavens.
/rion was the hunter $iant who went to .eaven when he died, and now marhes around the $reat dome, *ut
is seen onl" in the winter, *eause, durin$ the summer, he !asses over durin$ da"time. )hus he is still the
hunterCs onstellation. )he three stars of his *elt are alled the @)hree 2in$s.@
Sirius, the %reat (o$+star, is in the head of /rionCs hound, and followin$ farther *ak is the 1ittle (o$+star,
5ro"on. #n old harts of the stars, /rion is shown with his hound, huntin$ the *ull, )aurus.
<J:=

+leia#es
5leiades L5l"+a+desM an *e seen in winter as a luster of small stars *etween Alde*aran and Al$ol, or, a line
drawn from the *ak *ottom, throu$h the front rim of the (i!!er, a*out two (i!!er len$ths, touhes this little
$rou!. )he" are not far from Alde*aran, *ein$ on the shoulder of the Bull, of whih Alde*aran is the ri$ht
e"e. )he" ma" *e onsidered the seven arrow wounds made *" /rion. )he" are nearer the 5ole+star than
Alde*aran is, and on the side awa" from the (i!!erB also, the" are nearl" on a line *etween Beta of the
(i!!er Lfront *ottomM and 0a!ella.
Serviss tells us that the 5leiades have a su!!osed onnetion with the %reat 5"ramid, *eause @a*out 31I0 B.
0., when the *e$innin$ of s!rin$ oinided with the ulmination of the 5leiades at midni$htB that wonderful
$rou! of stars was visi*le <J;= Dust at midni$ht, throu$h the m"sterious southward+!ointin$ !assa$e of the
5"ramid.@
T"e Moo
)he moon is one fifth the diameter of the earth, a*out one fiftieth of the *ulk, and is a*out a Auarter million
miles awa". #ts ourse, while ver" irre$ular, is nearl" the same as the a!!arent ourse of the sun. But @in
winter the full moon is at an altitude in the sk" near the limit attained *" the sun in summer, . . . and even, at
ertain times, five de$rees hi$her. #t is the ontrar" in summer, a season when the moon remains ver" low@
LF.M.
)he moon $oes around the earth in 3I+1N: da"s. #t loses nearl" three fourths of an hour eah ni$htB that is, it
rises that muh later.
BIRDCRAFT
B! the 1ational *ssociation of *udubon Societies
An" *o" who ares enou$h for out+doors to *e a sout is sure to want a $ood aAuaintane with the *irds.
Even dull !eo!le annot hel! takin$ notie of our @little *rothers of the air,@ on aount of their *eaut", their
son$s, and their wondrous fli$ht. But most folks never take the trou*le to tr" and learn the names of an"
e?e!t a few ommon *irds. Souts whose e"es are shar! and ears are keen will find the stud" of *irds a
fasinatin$ s!ort, whih ma" !rove to *e the *est fun that the woods !rovide.
Ko.i& t"e Bir#s
#t is no eas" matter, this tr"in$ to $et to know the *irdsB *ut souts are not lookin$ for the easiest Do*s, and it
is $reat s!ort for them to follow some sh" son$ster throu$h the *rier" thiket until a reall" $ood look an *e
had, to sit stok still for half an hour to wath some unknown *ird ome home to her nest, or to wri$$le on all
fours throu$h the $rass to have a $lim!se over the to! of the knoll at the duks in the !ool *e"ond.
)he onl" eAui!ment neessar" for *ird stud" is an o!era or field $lass, a note+*ook and a $ood *ird referene
*ook. As soon as "ou $et a $ood look at a stran$e *ird, notie its olors and markin$s, and then, if it moves,
follow it u! until "ou have seen !ratiall" all of its most !rominent features. #t will *e im!ossi*le to arr"
these fats in "our head, and unless some definite memorandum is made at the time "ou will !ro*a*l" <JK=
*e ho!elessl" !er!le?ed when "ou $o to onsult the *ird *ook later. As it is hard to Dot down satisfator"
notes in the field, while athin$ fleetin$ $lanes of some timid *ird, a hand" little *ooklet has *een !re!ared
in whih o*servations an *e reorded ver" ra!idl". )hese an *e !roured for fifteen ents a!iee from the
National Assoiation of Audu*on Soieties, 17I: Broadwa", New York 0it".
1oation 88888888888888888888888
(ate 88888888888888888888888
.our 88888888888888888888888
-eather 8888888888888888888
-ind 88888888888888888888888

S#FEG
Smaller than wren
Between wren and s!arrow
Between s!arrow and ro*in
Between ro*in and row
1ar$er than row
SEEN
Near $round or hi$h u!
#n heav" woods
Bush" !laes
/rhard
%arden
Swam!
/!en ountr"
Near water
Name 8888888888888888888888
/rder 8888888888888888888888
Famil" 88888888888888888888888
%enus88888888888888888888888
S!eies 8888888888888888888888
<JI=
Eah *ooklet ontains outline fi$ures of the five leadin$ t"!es of *irdsG L1M small !erhin$ *irds, L3M hawks,
L3M sni!es, L:M herons, L;M duks. /n the !a$e o!!osite is a list of num*ers orres!ondin$ to olors. You an
Auikl" mark on the outline the !ro!er num*ers, and note with "our !enil an" marks on the *ird. )hen hek
the other data on the !a$e, add an" additional memoranda, and "ou have "our @*ird in the hand,@ read" to
take *ak and look u! at "our leisure.
Careful O1ser,atio
Notie !artiularl" the @ran$e@ of the *irds in "our referene *ook, and eliminate all those not stated as
ourrin$ in "our territor". Notie too, dates of the *irdsC omin$ and $oin$, and do not e?!et to find s!eies
at an" other time of "ear than within the dates mentioned. B" thus narrowin$ down the !ossi*ilities the task
is muh sim!lified. As a final resort, the National Assoiation of Audu*on Soieties stands read" to hel! all
souts who are !ositivel" @stum!ed,@ and if the desri!tive sli!s are mailed with return envelo!es to the
seretar" of the assoiation, 17I: Broadwa", New York 0it", an identifiation will *e made, if the
information furnished renders it in an" wa" !ossi*le.
)he ne?t time "ou see a *ird that "ou have one identified, "ou will !ro*a*l" remem*er its name, and in this
wa" "ou will *e sur!rised to find how ra!idl" "our *ird aAuaintane will $row. After a time even the fli$ht
of a *ird or its son$ will *e enou$h to reveal an old aAuaintane, Dust as "ou an often reo$ni>e a *o" friend
*" his walk or the sound of his voie, without seein$ his fae. And what a new Do" in life there is for an"*od"
that reall" knows the *irds a*out him. .e an !ik from the medle" of *ird son$s the notes of the individual
sin$ersB he knows when to look for old friends of the "ear *eforeB no ountr"side is ever lonel" for him, for
he finds *irds ever"where and knows that an" moment he ma" make some rare disover" or see a *ird *efore
unknown to him.
Bir# *ists
A sout should make a list of all the *irds he has !ositivel" identified. )his is his @life list@ and is added to
"ear *" "ear. #n addition he will kee! dail" lists of the *irds seen on s!eial tri!s in the field. )wo or more
!atrols an enDo" a friendl" rivalr" *" overin$ different re$ions and seein$ whih an o*serve the lar$est
variet" of *irds. .undreds of well+known <JJ= ornitholo$ists often have the fun of this kind of om!etition,
sendin$ in their lists to a entral *ureau. As man" as one hundred and twent" different kinds of *irds have
*een ounted in a sin$le da" *" one ener$eti *and of *ird+lovers. Suh a list is, however, attaina*le onl"
under e?e!tionall" favora*le irumstanes and *" skilled o*servers who know their ountr" thorou$hl".
For most souts, thirt" to fort" s!eies on a summer da", and fift" to si?t" durin$ the s!rin$ mi$ration, would
*e re$arded as a $ood list.

Bo*+white at feedin$ station
Nesti& Seaso
'ndou*tedl" the most interestin$ season to stud" *irds is durin$ the nestin$ !eriod whih is at its hei$ht in
June. #t takes a !air of shar! e"es to find most *irdsC nests in the first !lae, and one found, there are do>ens
of interestin$ little inidents whih it is a deli$ht to wath. /nl" a foolish sout would ro* himself of his
hane to o*serve the serets of nest life *" stealin$ the ontents, or would take an" deli$ht in !ilin$ u! a
olletion of e$$ shells whose value at its *est is almost nothin$, and whose aAuisition is neessaril"
aom!anied *" <J7= $enuine heart !an$s on the !art of the ri$htful owners. #t is more e?itin$ to tr" to hide
"ourself near the nest so skilfull" that the *irds will arr" on their domesti duties as thou$h "ou were not
near. A *lind made of $reen loth and set u! near the nest like a little tent will often $ive o!!ortunit" for ver"
lose o*servation. #t is sur!risin$ how near man" *irds will allow one to ome in this wa". Even thou$h the
*lind looks ver" stran$e and out of !lae, the *irds soon seem to $et used to it, so lon$ as it is motionless and
the inmate annot *e seen. A sim!le t"!e of *lind an *e onstruted *" sewin$ the ed$es of lon$ !iees of
$reen loth to$ether, drawin$ in the to! with a ord, and then dra!in$ it over an o!en um*rella.

Bird *lind
Ho. to +"oto&ra%"
From suh a hidin$ !lae, !hoto$ra!hs an often *e seured of timid *irds at their nests. #n attem!tin$ to take
!hoto$ra!hs it must *e remem*ered that ameras of the !oket variet" or fi?ed *o? t"!e are almost useless.
&ost of them annot *e worked without s!eial attahments at loser ran$e than si? feet, and, even if the
fous is orretl" $uessed, the ima$e is a!t to *e ver" small. #n this work it is far *etter to invest in a hea!
amera Lseond+hand if need *eM with whih one an o*tain a definite ima$e on the $round $lass where the
!late or film is to *e. Fous the amera on some s!ot where it is e?!eted the *ird will omeB usuall" this is
on the nest or "oun$, sometimes it is the food, a favorite !erh, or some form of deo". )he ne?t reAuisite is
!atiene. #f the oveted o!!ortunit" arrives, set off the shutter *" hand in the <70= *lind, or, where this is not
!ossi*le, *" means of a lon$ thread, after arefull" hidin$ the amera with *ou$hs, leaves, sods, et.
Ho. to Ko.
An idea of the details of a *irdCs life whih a sout ma" ome to know, ma" *e had from the followin$ ta*leG
1. (esri!tion. LSi>e, form, olor, and markin$s.M
3. .aunts. L'!land, lowland, lakes, rivers, woods, fields. et.M
3. &ovements. LSlow or ative, ho!s, walks, ree!s, swims, tail wa$$ed, et.M
:. A!!earane. LAlert, listless, rest eret, tail droo!ed, et.M
;. (is!osition. LSolitar", flokin$, war", unsus!iious, et.M
K. Fli$ht. LSlow, ra!id, diret, undulatin$, soarin$, sailin$, fla!!in$, et.M
I. Son$. L5leasin$, unattrative, lon$, short, loud, faint, sun$ from the $round, from a !erh, in the air, et.
Season of son$.M
J. 0all notes. L/f sur!rise, alarm, !rotest, warnin$, si$nalin$, et.M
7. Season. LS!rin$, fall, summer, winter, with times of arrival and de!arture and variations in num*ers.M
10. Food. LBerries, insets, seeds, et.B how seured.M
11. &atin$. L.a*its durin$ ourtshi!.M
13. Nestin$. L0hoie of site, material, onstrution, e$$s, inu*ation, et.M
13. )he "oun$. LFood and are of, time in the nest, notes, ations, fli$ht, et.M
So varied is a *irdCs life that there is still !lent" to *e learned a*out even our ommon *irds. #t is Auite
!ossi*le for a sout to disover some fats that have never "et *een !u*lished in *ooks.

Red+*reasted nuthath
$"at Oe Boy Di#
A *o" one ori$inated the idea of var"in$ the usual @*irdCs nestin$@ ra>e into a s"stemati stud" of the
*reedin$ of our ommon *irds. #n one s!rin$ he found within the limits of a sin$le villa$e one hundred and
sevent" ro*insC nests. @/ne hundred were in suita*le situations on !rivate !laes, fort"+one were in woods,
swam!s and orhards, ei$ht were !laed under *rid$es Ltwo *ein$ under the iron $irders of the railroad
*rid$eM, four were <71= in Auarries, si?teen were in *arns, sheds, under !ia>>as, et., and one was on the
$round at the foot of a *ush.@
#n addition to searhin$ out the *irds in their natural haunts, there is a $reat fasination in tr"in$ to attrat
them to our homes. (urin$ winter evenin$s *o" souts an *us" themselves makin$ nestin$ *o?es. Even an
old i$ar *o? or a tomato an with a hole in it the si>e of a Auarter will satisf" a house wren. /ther *o?es
whih are suita*le for *lue*irds, hikadees, tree swallows, !ur!le martins, and starlin$s, will, if set u! in
&arh, often have tenants the ver" first season. #n man" ases it is feasi*le to have hin$ed doors or sides on
the nestin$ *o?es, so that the" ma" oasionall" *e o!ened and the !ro$ress of events within o*served. #t is
needless to add, however, that $reat aution must *e e?erised to !revent desertion of the nest, or other
distur*ane of the *irdsC home life. 'nder favora*le irumstanes, even some of the sh"er inha*itants of the
woods, suh as wood!ekers, owls, and duks an *e indued to !atroni>e artifiial avities, if the" are made
ri$ht and ereted ri$ht.

(own" wood!eker

/*servation *o?, o!en
Cari& for Bir#s
Another wa" of attratin$ *irds in summer is *" !rovidin$ drinkin$ and *athin$ !laes. A little artifiial !ool
!roteted from ats, will *e a soure of Do" to the *irds and of deli$ht to the o*server from mornin$ to ni$ht.
A!!l" to the <73= National Assoiation of Audu*on Soieties for information as to where read"+made nest
*o?es and fountains an *e !roured, also *ooks on this su*Det, as well as on the su*Det of makin$ friends
of the *irds throu$h feedin$.

.ouse wren and tomato+an house

Birh+*ark house
T"e Bir# *uc" Couter
.ow *est to feed the *irds is almost an art in itself. A winter lunh ounter s!read with suet, nuts, hem! seed,
meat, and rum*s will attrat nuthathes, hikadees, down" and hair" wood!ekers, ree!ers, *lue Da"s, et.
0anar" seed, *ukwheat, oats and ha"+haff sattered on the $round *eneath will !rovide an irresisti*le
*anAuet for other feathered *oarders. A feedin$ !lae of this sort an *e arran$ed for onvenient o*servation
from a window, and afford no end of diversion and instrution. But whether lose to home or far afield, the
$reat seret of suess in suh work is re$ularit". Be$in to !ut the food out earl" in Novem*er, and let the
*irds $et to know that the" are alwa"s sure to find a su!!l" of dainties in a ertain s!ot, and the news will
soon s!read amon$ them. #n wintr" weather, es!eiall", it is ama>in$ what an *e aom!lished *" feedin$
the *irds re$ularl", and at least the followin$ *irds have *een indued to feed from the human handG
hikadee, white+*reasted nuthath, red+*reasted nuthath, *rown ree!er, 0arolina wren, ardinal, evenin$
$ros*eak, tufted titmouse, 0anada Da", Florida Da", /re$on Da", and red!oll. Even in s!rin$ untirin$ !atiene
has resulted in the $ratifiation of this su!reme am*ition of the *ird+lover, and *lue*ird, ro*in, at+*irdG
hi!!in$ s!arrow, oven+*ird, *rown thrasher and "ellow+throated vireo have *een known to feed from the
hand of a trusted friend, even with !lent" of food all around. -hat sout an add to this listH
+rotecti& t"e Bir#s
&an" a *o" thinks that Dust *eause a *ird is alive and moves it is a !ro!er tar$et for his air rifle or his slin$
shot. <73= 1et us *e thankful that there has now arisen a new lass of *o"s, the souts, who, like the kni$hts
of old, are ham!ions of the defeneless, even the *irds. Souts are the *irdsC !olie, and wo *etide the lad
who is au$ht with a nest and e$$s, or the lim! or!se of some feathered son$ster that he has slau$htered.
Souts know that there is no value in *irds that are shot, e?e!t a few sientifi s!eimens olleted *"
trained museum e?!erts. Souts will not ommend a farmer for shootin$ a hawk or an owl as a harmful *ird,
even thou$h it were seen to a!ture a "oun$ hiken. )he" will !ost themselves on the su*Det and find that
most hawks and owls feed hiefl" on field mie and lar$e insets inDurious to the farmerCs ro!s, and that
thus, in s!ite of an oasional toll on the !oultr", the" are as a whole of tremendous value. )he wa" the *irds
hel! mankind is little short of a marvel. A *and of nuthathes worked all winter in a !ear orhard near
Rohester and rid the trees of a ertain inset that had entirel" destro"ed the ro! of the !revious summer. A
!air of rose+*reasted $ros*eaks were seen to feed their nest of "oun$sters four hundred and twent"+si? times
in a da", eah time with a *illful of !otato+*u$s or other insets. A !rofessor in -ashin$ton ounted two
hundred and fift" tent ater!illars in the stomah of a dead "ellow+*illed ukoo, and, what a!!eals to us
even more, five hundred *loodthirst" mosAuitoes inside of one ni$ht+hawk.

-hite+*reasted nuthath

Blue*ird at entrane of nestin$+*o?
#t must not *e for$otten that lar$e it" !arks are amon$ the *est !laes for o*servin$ *irds. As an e?am!le of
what an *e aom!lished, even with limited o!!ortunities, there was a *o" who ha!!ened to know where
some owls roosted. <7:= Now all owls swallow their !re" whole, and in di$estin$ this food the" dis$or$e the
skulls, *ones, fur, and feathers in the form of hard dr" !ellets. )his *o" used to $o out on Saturda" or Sunda"
afternoon and *rin$ home his !okets full of !ellets, and then in the evenin$ he would *reak them a!art. #n
this wa" he learned e?atl" what the owls had *een eatin$ Lwithout killin$ themM and he even disovered the
skulls of ertain field mie that naturalists had never known e?isted in that re$ion. .e let the owl *e his
olletor.
+atrol $or7
#t is a $ood idea to kee! at !atrol headAuarters a lar$e sheet on the wall, where a list of the "earCs *ird
o*servations an *e ta*ulated. Eah time a new *ird is seen, its name is added, to$ether with the initial of the
o*server, and after that its various ourrenes are noted o!!osite its name. )he keenest e"ed souts are those
whose initials a!!ear most freAuentl" in the ta*le. #n addition, the ta*les will show the a!!earane and
relative a*undane of *irds in a $iven loalit". For !atrols of "oun$ *o"s, a !lan of takin$ u! a olored
!iture of eah *ird, as soon as it is thorou$hl" known, has *een found ver" suessful, and the result
!rovides a wa" to deorate the headAuarters.
Suh !itures an *e o*tained ver" hea!l" from the 5err" 5itures 0o., Boston, &ass., or the National
Assoiation of Audu*on Soieties, 17I: Broadwa", New York 0it".
MO**USCABBS"ells a# S"ellfis"
B! 4r. William 0eale! 4all, of the United States 3eological Sur#e!
Fi$. 1
-hite li!!ed snail L5ol"$"ra al*ola*risM
Amon$ the sh" and retirin$ animals whih inha*it our woods and waters, or the *orders of the sea, without
makin$ themselves ons!iuous to man e?e!t when he seeks the lar$er ones for food, are the mollusa,
usuall" onfounded with ra*s and ra"fish under the !o!ular name of @shellfish,@ e?e!t the few whih have
no e?ternal shell, whih are $enerall" alled slu$s. .ardl" an" !art of the world Le?e!t desertsM is without
them, *ut, sh" as the" are, it takes !rett" shar! e"es to find them. Some ome out of their hidin$ !laes <7;=
onl" at ni$ht, and nearl" all our Amerian kinds live under over of some sort.
)he mollusks an *e onvenientl" divided into three $rou!sG those whih inha*it fresh water, those whih
*reathe air and live on dr" land, and lastl" those whih are onfined to the sea. )he land shells, or snails,
have $enerall" thin shells of s!iral form and live u!on ve$eta*le matter, man" of them la"in$ small e$$s
whih look like minute !earls. )heir hidin$ !laes are under leaves in shad" or moist !laes, under the *ark
of dead trees or stum!s, or under loose stone. )he" ree! slowl" and are most ative after rain. Some of our
lar$er kinds are an inh or two in diameter, Lsee Fi$. 1., the white+li!!edM *ut from this si>e there are others
diminishin$ in si>e to the smallest, whih are hardl" lar$er than the head of a !in, #n olletin$ them the little
ones ma" *e allowed to dr" u!. )he *i$ ones must *e killed in *oilin$ water, when the animal an *e !ulled
out with a hook made of a rooked !in, leavin$ the shell lean and !erfet. )he slu$s are not attrative on
aount of the slime whih the" throw out and an onl" *e ke!t in s!irits. Some of the s!eies found in
0alifornia are as lar$e as a small i$ar, *ut those of the states east of the Rok" &ountains are smaller and
have mostl" *een introdued from Euro!e, where the" do a lot of mishief *" eatin$ suh $arden !lants as
lettue.
&an" of the fresh+water snails are a*undant in *rooks and !onds, and their relations, the fresh+water mussels,
are often ver" numerous in shallow rivers. )he" have a shell freAuentl" *eautifull" !earl", white or !ur!le,
and sometimes have the *rown outer skin !rettil" streaked with *ri$ht $reen.

Fi$. 3 -helk LBuinum umatumM

Fi$. 3 5ond snail L1"mnaea !alustrisM
)he !rini!al fresh+water snails are the !ond snail L1"mnaeaB see Fi$. 3MB the 5h"sa Lsee Fi$. KM, whih is
remarka*le for havin$ the oil turned to the left instead of the ri$htB and the or*+snail, L5lanor*isG see Fi$. :M
whih has its oil flat. All of <7K= these la" minute e$$s in a mass of trans!arent Dell", and are to *e found on
lil" !ads and other water !lants, or rawlin$ on the *ottom, while the mussels *ur" themselves more or less
in the mud or lie on the $ravell" *ottom of streams. )here is also a ver" numerous tri*e of small *ivalve
shells, var"in$ from half an inh to ver" minute in si>e, whih are also mud lovers and are known as
S!haerium or 5isidium, havin$ no @ommon@ En$lish names, sine onl" those who hunt for them know of
their e?istene.
/n the seashore ever"*od" knows the mussel L&"tilusG see Fi$. ;M, the soft lam, the round lam, and the
o"ster, as these are sou$ht for foodB *ut there is a multitude of smaller *ivalves whih are not so well known.
)he sea+snails *est known on the oast north of 0hesa!eake Ba" are the whelk LBuinumG see Fi$. 3M, the
sand snail or Natia, whih *ores the round holes often found in lam shells on the *eah, in order to suk the
Duies of its nei$h*ors, and the various kinds of !eriwinkles Lrok snails or 1ittorinaM found *" the millions
on the roks *etween tides. )hese, as well as the lim!ets, small *oat+sha!ed or sli!!er+sha!ed onial shells
found in similar !laes, are ve$eta*le feeders. Alto$ether, there are several hundred kinds found on the
seashore and the water near the shore, and a olletion of them will not onl" ontain man" urious, !rett",
and interestin$ thin$s, *ut will have the advanta$e of reAuirin$ no !reservative to kee! them in $ood
ondition after the animal has *een taken out.

Fi$. : /r*+Shell L5lanor*is trivolvisM

Fi$. ; Blak &ussel L&"tilusM

Fi$. K Bu**le snail L5h"sa heterostro!haM
)he sAuids, uttle+fishes, oto!us, and their allies are also mollusks, *ut not so aessi*le to the ordinar"
olletor, and an onl" *e ke!t in s!irits.
Books whih ma" hel! the olletor to identif" the shells he ma" find areG
For the land and fresh+water shellsG
<7I=
@&ollusks of the 0hia$o Area@ and @)he 1"mnaeidae of North Ameria.@ B" F. 0. Baker. 5u*lished *" the
0hia$o Aadem" of Sienes.
For the Amerian &arine ShellsG Bulletin No. 3I. 5u*lished *" the 'nited States National &useum, at
-ashin$ton.
For shells in $eneralG @)he Shell Book.@ 5u*lished *" (ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o., %arden 0it", N.Y.
/n the 5aifi 0oast the @-est 0oast Shells,@ *" 5rof. Josiah 2ee! of &ills 0olle$e, will *e found ver"
useful.
RE+TI*ES
B! 4r. &eonhard Ste5neger, Curator 1ational /useum
B" re!tiles we understand !ro!erl" a ertain lass of verte*rate or *ak*oned animals, whih, on the whole,
ma" *e desri*ed as !ossessin$ sales or horn" shields sine most of them ma" *e distin$uished *" this outer
overin$, as the mammals *" their hair and the *irds *" their feathers. Suh animals as thousand+le$s,
sor!ions, tarantulas, et., thou$h often erroneousl" referred to as re!tiles, do not onern us in this
onnetion. Amon$ the livin$ re!tiles we distin$uish four se!arate $rou!s, the roodiles, the turtles, the
li>ards, and the snakes.
)he roodiles resem*le li>ards in sha!e, *ut are ver" muh lar$er and live onl" in the tro!is and the
adDaent re$ions of the tem!erate >one. )o this order *elon$s our North Amerian alli$ator, whih inha*its
the states *orderin$ the %ulf of &e?io and the oast ountr" alon$ the Atlanti /ean as far north as North
0arolina. )he" are hunted for their skin, whih furnishes an e?ellent leather for travelin$ *a$s, !urses, et.,
and *eause of the inessant !ursuit are now *eomin$ Auite rare in man" loalities where formerl" the"
were numerous. )he Amerian roodile, ver" muh like the one ourrin$ in the river Nile, is also found at
the e?treme southern end of Florida.
)he turtles are easil" reo$ni>ed *" the *on" overin$ whih enases their *od", and into whih most s!eies
an withdraw their heads and le$s for !rotetion. )his *on" *o? is usuall" overed with horn" !lates, *ut in a
lar$e $rou!, the so+alled soft+shell turtles, the outer overin$ is a soft skin, thus formin$ a <7J= nota*le
e?e!tion to the rule that re!tiles are harateri>ed *" *ein$ overed with sales or !lates. -hile most of the
turtles live in fresh water or on land, a few s!eies !ass their lives in the o!en oean, onl" omin$ ashore
durin$ the *reedin$ season to de!osit their e$$s. Some of these marine turtles $row to an enormous si>e,
sometimes reahin$ a wei$ht of over ei$ht hundred !ounds. /ne of them is muh sou$ht for on aount of
the delia" of its fleshB another *eause of the thikness and *eaut" of its horn" !lates whih furnish the so+
alled tortoise+shell, an im!ortant artile of ommere. )urtles a!!ear to reah a ver" old a$e, s!eimens
havin$ *een known to have lived several hundred "ears. )he *o? tortoise of our woods, the musk turtles, the
sna!!in$ turtles are familiar e?am!les of this order, while the terra!in, whih lives in *rakish !onds and
swam!s alon$ our sea+oasts, is famous as a ta*le delia".

.arleAuin snake
)he li>ards are four+le$$ed re!tiles, usuall" of small si>e, livin$ on the $round or in the trees, out ver" rarel"
voluntaril" enterin$ water. )he so+alled water li>ards are not li>ards at all, *ut *elon$ to the salamanders
and are distin$uished *" havin$ a naked *od" not overed with sales. &ost of the true li>ards are of ver"
$raeful form, e?eedin$l" Auik at runnin$B others dis!la" the most $or$eous oloration whih, in man" of
them, suh as the hameleons, han$es aordin$ to the li$ht, or the tem!erature, or the mood of the animal.
Not all of them have four le$s, however, there *ein$ a stron$ tenden" to develo! le$less s!eies whih then
e?ternall" *eome so muh like snakes that the" are told a!art with some diffiult". )hus our so+alled $lass+
snake, ommon in the Southern states, is not a snake at all, *ut a li>ard, as we ma" easil" see *" o*servin$
the ear o!enin$s on eah side of the head, as no snake has ears. )his *eautiful animal is also known as the
Doint+snake, and *oth names have referene to the e?eedin$ *rittleness of its lon$ tail, whih often *reaks in
man" !iees in the hands of the enem" tr"in$ to a!ture the li>ard. )hat these !iees ever Doin and heal
to$ether is of ourse a sill" fa*le. As a matter of fat, the *od" in a om!arativel" short time $rows a new
tail, whih, however, is muh shorter and stum!ier than the old one. )he new !iee is often of a different
olor from the rest of the *od" and <77= $reatl" resem*les a @horn,@ *ein$ onial and !ointed, and has thus
$iven rise to another eAuall" sill" fa*le, vi>., that of the horn snake, or hoo! snake, whih is said to have a
stin$ in its tail and to *e deadl" !oisonous. )he li>ards are all !erfetl" harmless, e?e!t the slu$$ish %ila
monster L!ronouned .eela, named from the %ila River in Ari>onaM whih lives in the deserts of Ari>ona and
&e?io, and whose *ite ma" *e fatal to man. )he !oison $lands are situated at the !oint of the lower Daw, and
the venom is taken u! *" the wound while the animal han$s on to its vitim with the tenait" of a *ulldo$.
All the other li>ards are harmless in s!ite of the dreadful stories told a*out the deadl" Aualit" of some of the
s!eies in various !arts of the ountr".

Rattlesnake !alate
)he snakes form the last $rou! of the re!tiles. 'niversall" le$less, thou$h some of the *oas and !"thons have
distint outer rudiments of hind lim*s, the" are not easil" mistaken. And it is !erha!s well so, for unless one
is an e?!ert at distin$uishin$ *etween the !oisonous and the harmless kind it is Dust as well to kee! at a
res!etful distane from them. #t is safest not to interfere with them, es!eiall" as those that are not
!oisonous are usuall" ver" useful in destro"in$ rats and mie and other vermin, e?e!t !erha!s those livin$
in trees and feedin$ on e$$s and "oun$ *irds, whih ertainl" do not deserve our !rotetion. /f ourse the
rattlesnake is not to *e mistaken. )he horn" a!!endi? to its tail, with whih it sounds the warnin$ of its
!resene, is enou$h to distin$uish it. #t should here *e e?!lained that *oth li>ards and snakes at various
intervals shed the outer la"er of their skin, the so+alled e!idermis. )his trans!arent la"er, after a ertain
len$th of time, loosens and is usuall" stri!!ed off whole *" the animal rawlin$ out of it and turnin$ it inside
out, as a ti$ht $love is turned. Now, at the end of a rattlesnakeCs tail there is a horn" a! whih is <100= alled
the *utton, and *ein$ narrowed at the *ase and more stron$l" *uilt than the rest of the e!idermis it is not shed
with the rest of the skin, *ut remains attahed.
)hus for eah sheddin$ a new Doint or rin$ is added to the rattle. .ow often the sheddin$ takes !lae de!ends
on various irumstanes and ma" our an unertain num*er of times eah "ear. Suh a rattle, loose+Dointed
as it is, is rather *rittle and the ti! of the soundin$ instrument is easil" *roken and lost. #t will therefore *e
easil" understood that the ommon notion that a rattlesnakeCs a$e an *e told *" the num*er of the rin$s in its
rattle is a*solutel" erroneous. Another eAuall" ommon and eAuall" erroneous notion relates to the ton$ue of
the snake, whih the i$norant often term its @stin$@ and whih the" *elieve to *e the death+dealin$
instrument. /f ourse, the soft, forked ton$ue whih onstantl" darts out and in of the snakeCs mouth is
!erfetl" harmless. #t serves rather as a @feeler@ than as a taste or$an. )he wound is inflited *" a !air of
lar$e, urved, teeth or fan$s, in the u!!er Daw. )hese fan$s are hollow and onneted *" a dut with the $land
on the side of the head, in whih the !oison is formed. 5ressure on this $land at the time of the strike++for our
!oisonous snakes strike rather than *ite++sAuirts the !oison into the wound like a h"!odermi s"rin$e. )he
fan$s when shed or dama$ed are re!laed within a short time with new ones, so that a !oisonous snake an
onl" *e made harmless for a short !eriod *" *reakin$ them off. /nl" in e?e!tional ases need snake *ites
!rove fatal. #t is estimated that in North Ameria onl" a*out two !ersons in a hundred *itten are killed *" the
!oison, thou$h man" more die from arelessness or *ad treatment, the worst of whih is the fillin$ u! with
whiske", whih aids the !oison rather than ounterats it. )he essential thin$s in ase of snake *ite areG L1M
kee!in$ oneCs witsB L3M t"in$ a strin$, or the like, ti$htl" around the wounded lim* *etween the wound and
the heart, and loosenin$ it a*out one in fifteen minutes, so as to admit the !oison slowl" into the irulationB
L3M makin$ the wound *leed freel" *" enlar$in$ it with a knife or otherwiseB L:M if !erman$anate of !otash *e
hand" it should at one *e a!!lied to the <101= woundB L;M treat the wound as antise!tiall" as it is !ossi*le
with the means at hand and hurr" to a dotor.

0o!!erhead
)he dan$er de!ends $reatl" on the amount of the !oison inDeted, hene u!on the si>e of the snake. #t is for
this reason that the *i$ Florida rattlesnakes whih $row to si? feet and over are more to *e feared than are
other !oisonous snakes. /f these, we have in our ountr", *esides the rattlesnakes, the water moasin, or
otton mouth, the o!!erhead, and the oral snake. )he latter is a *ri$ht+olored snake of red, "ellow, and
*lak rin$s found in the South, *ut it is usuall" small, and not a$$ressive, so that *ut few ases of !oisonin$
are known. )he other two are ommon enou$h, the former from Norfolk, 4a., south, the other all over the
eastern ountr" from )e?as to &assahusetts. )he" are usuall" onfounded, however, with two !erfetl"
harmless snakes, the otton mouth with the ommon water snake, the o!!erhead with the so+alled
s!readin$ adder, *ut as their differenes have to *e learned from atual ins!etion and are ver" hard to
e?!ress in a desri!tion whih would hel! to identif" livin$ s!eimens, it is wisest to kee! awa" from all of
them.
See @)he 5oisonous Snakes of North Ameria.@ B" 1eonard SteDne$er, !u*lished *" %overnment 5rintin$
offie, -ashin$ton.

-ater moasin

0hr"salis
INSECTS AND BUTTERF*IES
United States Bureau of +ntomolog!
L#llustrations are o!ies from 0omstokCs @.ow to 2now the
Butterflies,@ throu$h ourtes" of (. A!!leton 6 0om!an".M
)here is an advanta$e in the stud" of insets over most other *ranhes of nature, e?e!tin$ !erha!s !lants, in
that there is !lent" of material. You ma" have to tram! miles to see a ertain *ird or wild animal, *ut if "ou
will sit down on the first !ath of $rass "ou are sure to see somethin$ $oin$ on in the inset world.
Butterflies
Nearl" all insets $o throu$h several different sta$es. )he "oun$ *ird is ver" muh like its !arent, so is the
"oun$ sAuirrel or a "oun$ snake or a <103= "oun$ fish or a "oun$ snailB *ut with most of the insets the
"oun$ is ver" different from its !arents. All *utterflies and moths la" e$$s, and these hath into ater!illars
whih when full $rown transform to what are alled !u!ae or hr"salids++nearl" motionless o*Dets with all
of the !arts soldered to$ether under an envelo!in$ sheath. -ith some of the moths, the !u!ae are surrounded
*" silk ooons s!un *" the ater!illars Dust *efore finall" transformin$ to !u!ae. -ith all *utterflies the
hr"salids are naked, e?e!t with one s!eies whih ours in 0entral Ameria in whih there is a ommon
silk ooon. -ith the moths, the lar$er !art s!in ooons, *ut some of them, like the owlet moths whose
larvae are the utworms, have naked !u!re, usuall" under the surfae of the $round. #t is not diffiult to stud"
the transformations of the *utterflies and moths, and it is alwa"s ver" interestin$ to feed a ater!illar until it
transforms, in order to see what kind of a *utterfl" or moth omes out of the hr"salis.
)ake the monarh *utterfl", for e?am!leG )his is a lar$e, reddish+*rown *utterfl", a stron$ flier, whih is seen
often fl"in$ a*out in the s!rin$ and a$ain in the late summer and autumn. )his is one of the most remarka*le
*utterflies in Ameria. #t is found all over the 'nited States. #t is one of the stron$est fliers that we know. #t
!asses the winter in the Southern states as an adult *utterfl", !ro*a*l" hidden awa" in raks under the *ark
of trees or elsewhere. -hen s!rin$ omes the *utterflies ome out and *e$in to fl" toward the north.
-herever the" find the milk+weed !lant the" sto! and la" some e$$s on the leaves. )he ater!illars issue
from the e$$s, feed on the milkweed, transform to hr"salidsB then the *utterflies issue and ontinue the
northward fli$ht, sto!!in$ to la" e$$s farther north on other milkweeds. B" the end of June or Jul" some of
these Southern *utterflies have found their wa" north into 0anada and *e$in the return fli$ht southward.
Alon$ in earl" Au$ust the" will *e seen at the summer resorts in the 0atskill &ountains, and *" the end of
/to*er the" will have traveled far down into the Southern states where the" !ass the winter.

Em!t" hr"salis and *utterfl"
)he ater!illar of the monarh or milkweed *utterfl" is a ver" strikin$ reature. #t is nearl" two inhes lon$
when full $rown. #ts head is "ellow stri!ed with *lakB its *od" is white with narrow *lak and "ellow ross+
stri!es on eah <103= se$ment. /n the *ak of the seond se$ment of the thora? there is a !air of *lak,
whi!lash+like filaments, and on the ei$hth Doint there is a similar shorter !air. -hen this ater!illar $ets read"
to transform to hr"salis, it han$s itself u! *" its tail end, the skin s!lits and $raduall" draws *ak, and the
hr"salis itself is revealed++!ale !ea+$reen in olor with $olden s!ots. An"one *" huntin$ over a !ath of
milkweed an"where in the 'nited States durin$ the summer is Auite a!t to find these ater!illars feedin$. #t
will *e eas" to wath them and to see them transform, and eventuall" to $et the *utterfl".
)he same thin$ ma" *e done with an"one of the si? hundred and fift"+two different kinds of *utterflies in the
'nited States.

1arva $ettin$ read" to transform

Full $rown larva
Mot"s
-hen it omes to moths, there is a muh $reater variet".
#nstead of si? hundred and fift"+two, there are fift"+nine hundred and sevent" in (otor ("arCs *i$ atalo$ue.
5erha!s the most interestin$ of these ater!illars are the *i$ native silk+worms, like those of the ero!ia
moth, the luna moth, the !ol"!hemus moth, or the !romethia moth. )hese ater!illars are ver" lar$e and are
to *e found feedin$ u!on the leaves of different trees, and all s!in stron$ silken ooons. 5eo!le have tried to
reel these ooons, thinkin$ that the" mi$ht *e a*le to use the silk to make silk loth as with the domesti
silk+worm of ommere, *ut the" have *een una*le to reel them !ro!erl". )he !ol"!hemus moth, for
e?am!le, has *een e?!erimented with a $reat deal. #t is found over a $reater !art of the 'nited States, and its
ater!illar feeds u!on a $reat variet" of trees and shru*s suh as oak, Butternut, hikor", *asswood, elm,
ma!le, *irh, hestnut, s"amore, and man" others. )he ater!illar is li$ht $reen and has raised lines of
silver" white on the side. #t $rows to a ver" lar$e si>e and s!ins a dense, hard ooon, usuall" attahed to
leaves. )here <10:= are two $enerations in the Southern states, and one in the Northern states. )he moth
whih omes out of the ooon has a win$ s!read of full" five inhes. #t is reddish+$ra" or somewhat *uff in
olor with darker *ands near the ed$e of the win$s, whih themselves are !inkish on the outside, and with a
lar$e lear s!ot near the entre of the forewin$ and a re$ular e"es!ot Llear in !art and *lue in the restM in the
entre of the hind win$.
/ne wishin$ to know a*out *utterflies and moths should onsult a *ook entitled, @.ow to 2now the
Butterflies,@ *" 5rof. J. .. 0omstok of 0ornell 'niversit" and his wife, &rs. 0omstok, !u*lished *" (.
A!!leton 6 0o., of New York, or, @)he Butterfl" Book,@ *" (r. -. J. .olland of 5itts*ur$, !u*lished *"
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o., of New York, and @)he &oth Book,@ also *" (otor .olland, and !u*lished *" the
same firm.

0ater!illar to hr"salis
Ot"er Isects
)here are man" more different kinds of insets than there are of flowerin$ !lants, and if we were to add
to$ether all of the different kinds of *irds, mammals, re!tiles, fishes, ra*s, mollusks, and all of the lower
forms of animal life, the" would not all to$ether amount to so man" different kinds as there are insets. )his
makes the lassifiation of insets Auite om!liated. )here are ei$hteen or nineteen main orders, and eah
one is su*divided almost indefinitel". )here is not one of these that is not full of interest. )he ha*its of ants,
for e?am!le, livin$ in ommunities *" themselves, afford a tremendous o!!ortunit" for interestin$
o*servation. A $ood *ook a*out them has *een reentl" written *" (r. -. &. -heeler, of .arvard, entitled
@Ants, their Struture, (evelo!ment, and Behavior,@ !u*lished *" the 0olum*ia 'niversit" 5ress, New York.
<10;=
&an" insets live in the water, and to follow their life histories in small home+made aAuaria is one of the
most interestin$ ou!ations one ould have, and there is a lot to *e learned a*out these insets. %o to an"
sta$nant !ool and "ou will find it swarmin$ with animal lifeG
1arvae or @wi$$lers@ of mosAuitoes, and a num*er of other aAuati insets will *e found, feedin$ u!on these
wi$$lers. -ater *u$s of different kinds will *e found and the life histories of most of these were until Auite
reentl" almost unknown.
Beetles a# $as%s
)he order Coleoptera, om!risin$ what we know as *eetles, has thousands of s!eies, eah one with its own
distintive mode of lifeB some of them feedin$ u!on other insets, others *orin$ into wood, others feedin$
u!on flowers, others u!on leaves, and so on in endless variet".
)he was!s also will *ear stud". .ere, too, there is a $reat variet", some of them *uildin$ the !a!er nests
known to ever" one, others *urrowin$ into the surfae of the $round and storin$ u! in these *urrows
$rassho!!ers and other insets for food for their "oun$ whih are $ru*+like in formB others still *urrowin$
into the twi$s of *ushes, and others makin$ mud nests attahed to the trunks of trees or to the la!*oards of
houses or out*uildin$s.
)his is Dust a hint at the endless variet" of ha*its of insets. )he 'nited States National &useum !u*lishes a
*ulletin, *" &r. Nathan Banks, entitled @(iretions for 0olletin$ and 5reservin$ #nsets,@ whih $ives a
$eneral outline of the lassifiation, and should *e !ossessed *" ever"one who wishes to take u! the stud"
from the *e$innin$.
FISHES
B! 4r. 0ugh /. Smith, 4eput! Commissioner United States 'isheries
)here is no more fasinatin$ and !rofita*le stud" than the fish life of the lakes, !onds, rivers, *rooks, *a"s,
estuaries, and oasts of the 'nited StatesB and no more im!ortant servie an *e rendered our Amerian *o"s
than to teah them to *eome familiar with our native food and $ame fishes, to reali>e their needs, and *"
e?am!le and !ree!t to <10K= endeavor to seure for the fishes fair onsideration and treatment.

+so. lucius++0ommon !ike !ikerel
%ncorh!nchus tschaw!tscha++0hinook salmon
Coregonus clupeiformis++0ommon whitefish
Sal#elinus fontinalis++Brook troutG s!ekled trout
Ictalurus punctatus++)he s!ekled atfish
Classes of Fis"
Fishes ma" *e rou$hl" lassified as L1M fresh water, L3M mi$rator" *etween fresh and salt water, and L3M
marine. Amon$ the families of Amerian fresh+water fishes that are ons!iuous on aount of their si>e,
a*undane, or eonomi im!ortane, or all of these, there ma" *e mentioned the stur$eons, the atfishes, the
sukers, the minnows or ar!s, the !ikes, the killifishes, the trouts, salmons, and whitefishes, the !erhes, and
the *asses, and sun fishes.
Mi&ratory Fis"
)he mi$rator" fishes fall into two $rou!s, the anadromous and the atadtomous. )he anadromous fishes !ass
most of their lives in the sea, run u! stream onl" for the !ur!ose of s!awnin$, and onstitute the most
valua*le of our river fishes. #n this $rou! are the shads and the alewives or river herrin$s, the white !erh, the
stri!ed *ass or rok fish, some <10I= of the stur$eons, and the Atlanti salmon, all of whih $o *ak to sea
after s!awnin$, and the 5aifi salmons Lfive s!eiesM, all of whih die after s!awnin$. /f the atadromous
fishes there is a sin$le e?am!le in our waters++the ommon eel. #t s!ends most of its life in the fresh waters
and sometimes *eomes !ermanentl" landloked there, and runs down to the sea to s!awn, la"in$ its e$$s off
shore in dee! water.
Marie Fis"
)he marine fishes that are found in the oastal waters of the 'nited States num*er man" hundred s!eies,
some of them of $reat value as food. Amon$ the most im!ortant are od, haddok, hake, hali*ut, Flounder,
herrin$, *luefish, makeral, weakfish or sAuetea$ue, mullet, sna!!er, drum, and rok fishes.

$erea fla#escens++Yellow !erh
$omolobus alti#alis++)he alewife or river herrin$
/icropterus salmoides++1ar$e+mouth *lak *ass
1otropis hudsonius++&innow or shiner
*cipenser o.!rh!nchus++)he Atlanti stur$eon
Stu#yi& Fis"
)he stud" of livin$ fishes is most entertainin$ and is rendered somewhat diffiult *" the medium in whih
the" live, *" their <10J=sh"ness, and *" the neessit" of a!!roahin$ losel" in order to o*tain an" aurate
view. )he s!awnin$, feedin$, swimmin$ and other ha*its of ver" few of our fishes are so well known that
further information thereon is not neededB and the *o" soutCs !atiene, skill, and !owers of o*servation will
*e refleted in the reords that ma" *e and should *e ke!t a*out the different fishes met with. Fishes ma" *e
studied from a *ank, wharf, or *oat, or *" wadin$B and the view of the *ottom and the fishes on or adDaent
thereto ma" *e $reatl" im!roved *" the use of a @water *uket@++an ordinar" wooden !ail whose *ottom is
re!laed *" a !iee of window $lass. A more ela*orate arran$ement for o*servation is to !rovide at the *ow
of a row+*oat a $lass *ottom *o? over whih ma" *e thrown a hood so that the student is invisi*le to the
fishes.

'undulus diaphanus++2illifishG to! minnow

Catostomus commersonii++0ommon sukerG white suker
I#etificatio of S%ecimes
-hile man" of the fishes in a $iven setion are easil" reo$ni>a*le, there are in ever" water fishes whih, on
aount of their small si>e, rarit", retirin$ ha*its, or lose similarit" to other fishes, are unknown to the
avera$e *o". )hese latter fishes often afford the most interestin$ su*Dets for stud"B and in all !arts of the
ountr" it is !ossi*le for ener$eti o*servers and olletors to add to the list of fishes alread" reorded from
!artiular distrits.
-hen fishes annot *e identified in the field, the lar$er ones ma" *e skethed and notes taken on their olor,
while the smaller ones ma" *e !reserved with salt, formalin, or an" kind of s!irits. S!eimens and drawin$s
ma" *e forwarded for identifiation to the >oolo$ial de!artment of the loal state universit", to the state fish
ommission, to the Bureau of Fisheries, -ashin$ton, (. 0., or to the 'nited States National &useum in the
same it".
<107=
A&li&
)his most deli$htful of outdoor !astimes reAuires for its enDo"ment no ela*orate or e?!ensive !ara!hernaliaG
a rod ut on the s!ot, a ork float, an ordinar" hook *aited with an$leworm, $rassho!!er, $ru*, ma"+fl", or
an" of a do>en other hand" lures, will answer for most oasions. At the same time, the Do"s of fishin$ will
often *e inreased if one !ossesses and learns how to use a li$ht, Dointed rod, with reel, fine line, and artifiial
*aits. )he neessar" eAui!ment for sientifi an$lin$ is so li$ht and om!at that it should form a !art of the
outfit of ever" one who s!ends muh time in the o!en air.
#t should *e the invaria*le !ratie of an$lers to return to the water all uninDured fish that are not needed for
food or stud". @#t is not all of fishin$ to fish,@ and no thou$htful *o" who has the interests of the ountr" at
heart, and no lover of nature, will $o fishin$ merel" for the !ur!ose of athin$ the lon$est !ossi*le strin$ of
fish, thus !lain$ himself in the lass of an$lers !ro!erl" known as @fish ho$s.@
S%ecial Ser,ice 1y Boy Scouts
4alua*le servie ma" *e rendered *" *o" souts in all !arts of the ountr" *" *rin$in$ to the attention of the
!ro!er state, ount", or munii!al authorities matters affetin$ the welfare of the fishes. Amon$ the su*Dets
that should *e re!orted to fish ommissioners, fish
wardens, or loal le$al offiers areG
L1M All ases notied where fish are *ein$ killed *" d"namite, !oisons, or other ille$al and im!ro!er means.
L3M )hreatened destrution of fish *" the dr"in$ of streams or !onds.
L3M )he e?istene of o*strutions to the !assa$e of fish on their wa" to their s!awnin$ $rounds. All dams in
streams in whih are mi$rator" fish should have fish+wa"s or fish+ladders.
A@uarium
William &eland Stowell, /. 4.
Ever" *o" should have an aAuarium. )he aAuarium will $ive ten times as muh !leasure as anno"ane, and
the lon$er time "ou have one undistur*ed the $reater will *e its revelations.
A sim!le tank an *e made from a lar$e water *ottle or demiDohn. File a line around the to! and arefull"
*reak it off. For the *ak "ard, ut a !aint *arrel in two or oat a tu* inside with s!ar varnish. An"thin$ that
will hold a few $allons of water, two inhes of lean sand, and some water !lants will *e a suita*le home for
fish and other reatures. A *o" hand" with tools an make a frame, and with !late $lass and !ro!er ement
onstrut a lar$e tank.
<110=
Starti& t"e A@uarium
You an *alane "our aAuarium *" !lent" of !lants. As the" $row the" $ive off o?"$en whih !urifies the
water and is *reathed *" the fish. )he water need not *e han$ed for "ears. )he swam!s and slow streams
afford $reat num*ers of !lants. #f "ou know the !lants $et !ond weeds, 0anadian water weed, ludwi$ia,
willow moss, or ta!e $rass. L1ook in the ditionar" for offiial names of the !lants or $et s!eial *ooks from
the li*rar".M )ake some ta!e $rass LvallisneriaM to "our teaher or dotor and ask him to show "ou under his
miroso!e how the sa! flows and the $reen olorin$ matter is de!osited. )he sim!lest form of ve$etation is
al$ae whih $rows on the sides of the tank. 1est this $row too thik, !ut in a few snails. -ath the snailsC
e$$s develo! in lusters. Bu" if "ou annot find *anded swam! snails that $ive *irth to their "oun$ instead of
la"in$ e$$s.
An" !ond or stream will furnish fish that are *eautiful or interestin$ to wath, e.$., killies, sunfish, at+fish,
ar!, shiners, *laknosed dae, minnows++the mud minnow that seems to stand on his tail++darters, et. #f "ou
$et "our su!!l" from dealers, *u" $old fish, of whih there are several varieties, fan+tailed, omets, frin$e
tails and teleso!e e"ed. &irror ar! are livel". 5aradise fish are as *eautiful as *utterflies.

A *alaned aAuarium
Fis" Nests
Ever" one knows somethin$ of *irdsC nests. (id "ou ever wath stikle*aks *uild their *arrel+like nest, or
the 5aradise fish his floatin$ nest, and the father fish take all the are of the "oun$H (id "ou ever see the
newt roll her e$$s in small leaves, or the addis fl" make a ase of *its of stik, leaves, and sandH For a real
marvel wath a !air of divin$ s!iders weave their *alloon+like nest under water and atuall" arr" air down
to fill it, so that the "oun$ ma" *e dr" thou$h su*mer$ed.
<111=
5ut in a few fresh+water lams and insets in variet", water *oatmen, divin$ s!iders, and whirli$i$s. A tank
of *eetles will *e full of interest. Alwa"s add two or three tad!oles as saven$ers, and wath their le$s $row
out as the tail $rows short and the" *eome fro$s. You an find or *u" a variet" of turtles whih will soon *e
tame and eat from "our fin$ers. (o not kee! turtles with fish.
/n ever" hike or tram! arr" a wide+mouthed *ottle for s!eimens and a !iee of ru**er loth in whih to
*rin$ home water !lants. Fish an *e arried wra!!ed in dam! moss for hours and will *e found well and
livel" when !ut in the aAuarium.
Fis" Foo#
Fish reAuire ver" little food other than the minute reatures that develo! in the water.
)he dealers su!!l" !ro!er foods for aAuaria, or "ou an !re!are "our own. Fine vermielli is $ood for $old
fish, sra!ed lean *eef is Dust what the sunfish and 5aradise fish want. Ant e$$s suit man" fish, and !owdered
do$ *isuit will fill man" mouths. #t is evident that an artile so *rief as this is onl" su$$estive. )he li*raries
ontain man" *ooks of whih two are reommendedG
@.ome AAuarium and .ow to 0are For #t.@ B" Eu$ene Smith, 1703.
5u*lished *" (utton, New York.
@Book of AAuaria.@ B" Bateman and Bennett, 1J70. 5u*lished *" 1. '!ott %ill, 1I0 Strand, -. 0., 1ondon.
ROCKS AND +EBB*ES
United States 3eological Sur#e!
%eolo$ists stud" the materials of the earthCs rust, the !roesses ontinuall" han$in$ its surfae, and the
forms and strutures thus !rodued. #n a da"Cs tram! one ma" see muh under eah of these heads.
)he earthCs rust is made u! hiefl" of the hard roks, whih outro! in man" !laes, *ut are lar$el" overed
*" thin, loose, surfae materials. Roks ma" *e i$neous, whih have ooled from a melted onditionB or
sedimentar", whih are made of la"ers s!read one u!on another *" water urrents or waves, or *" winds.
#$neous roks, while still molten, have *een fored into other roks from *elow, or !oured out on the surfae
from volanoes. )he" are hiefl" made of r"stals of various minerals, suh as Auart>, fels!ar, mia, and
!"rite. %ranite often ontains lar$e r"stals of fels!ar or mia. Some i$neous roks, es!eiall" lavas, are
$lass"B others are so fine $rained that the r"stals annot *e seen.
#n !laes one ma" find veins fillin$ raks in the roks, and <113= made of material de!osited from solution
in water. &an" valua*le minerals and ores our in suh veins, and fine s!eimens an sometimes *e
o*tained from them.
<113=

Fold in stratified rok
-earin$ the soft and hard *eds *" rain and wind

9uart> vein in rok
<113 ontinued=
Sedimentar" rok are formed of material usuall" derived from the *reakin$ u! and wearin$ awa" of older
roks. -hen first de!osited, the materials are loose, *ut later, when overed *" other *eds, the" *eome
hardened into solid rok. #f the la"ers were of sand, the rok is sandstoneB if of la", it is shale. Roks made
of la"ers of !e**les are alled on$lomerate or !uddin$+stoneB those of lim" material, derived !erha!s from
shells, are limestone. &an" sedimentar" roks ontain fossils, whih are the shells or *ones of animals or the
stems and leaves of !lants livin$ in former times, and *uried *" suessive *eds of sand or mud s!read over
them. &uh of the land is overed *" a thin surfae de!osit of la", sand, or $ravel, whih is "et loose
material and whih shows the mode of formation of sedimentar" roks.
Some roks have under$one, sine their formation, $reat !ressure or heat and have *een muh han$ed. )he"
are alled metamor!hi roks. Some are now made of r"stals thou$h at first the" were notB in others the
minerals have *eome arran$ed <11:= in la"ers losel" resem*lin$ the *eds of sedimentar" roksB still
others, like slate, tend to s!lit into thin !lates.
)he earthCs surfae is ontinuall" *ein$ han$edB the outro!!in$ hard rok is worn awa" *" wind and rain,
and is *roken u! *" frost, *" solution of some minerals, et. )he loose material formed is *lown awa" or
washed awa" *" rain and de!osited elsewhere *" streams in $ravel *ars, sand *eds, and mud flats. )he
streams ut awa" their *eds, aided *" the sand and !e**les washed alon$. )hus the hills are *ein$ worn down
and the valle"s dee!ened and widened, and the materials of the land are slowl" *ein$ moved toward the sea,
a$ain to *e de!osited in *eds.

-ave+ut liff with *eah and s!it *uilt *" waves and urrents
Alon$ the oast the waves, with the !e**les washed a*out, are wearin$ awa" the land and s!readin$ out its
materials in new *eds elsewhere. )he shore is *ein$ ut *ak in some !laes and *uilt out in others. Rivers
*rin$ down sand and mud and *uild deltas or *ars at their mouths.
4olanoes !our out melted rok on the surfae, and muh fine material is *lown out in eru!tions. Swam!s
are filled <11;= *" dead ve$eta*le matter and *" sand and mud washed in. )hese materials form new roks
and *uild u! the surfae. )hus the two !roesses, the wearin$ down in some !laes and the *uildin$ u! in
others, are tendin$ to *rin$ the surfae to a uniform level. Another !roess, so slow that it an *e o*served
onl" throu$h lon$ !eriods of time, tends to deform the earthCs rust and to make the surfae more irre$ular. #n
times !ast, la"ers of rok one hori>ontal have *een *ent and folded into $reat arhes and trou$hs, and lar$e
areas of the earthCs surfae have *een raised hi$h a*ove sea+level.

Rok led$e rounded smooth and srathed *" ie

Sand+dune with wind+ri!!led surfae
At almost an" rok outro! the result of <11K= the *reakin$+u! !roess ma" *e seenB the outer !ortion is
softer, more easil" *roken, and of different olor from the fresh rok, as shown *" *reakin$ o!en a lar$e
!iee. )he wearin$ awa" of the land surfae is well shown in rain $ullies, and the arr"in$ alon$ and
de!ositin$ of sand and $ravel ma" *e seen in almost an" stream. #n the Northern states and 0anada, whih at
one time were overed *" a $reat sheet of ie, movin$ southward and $rindin$ off the surfae over whih it
!assed, most of the rok outro!s are smoothl" rounded and man" show srathes made *" !e**les dra$$ed
alon$ *" the ie. )he hills too have <11I= smoother and rounder outlines, as om!ared with those farther
south where the land has *een arved onl" *" rain and streams. Alon$ the oast the wearin$ awa" of the land
*" waves is shown at liffs, found where the oast is hi$h, and *" the a*undant !e**les on the *eahes,
whih are *uilt of material torn from the land *" the waves. Sand *ars and tidal flats show the de!osition of
material *rou$ht *" streams and s!read out *" urrents. Sand dunes and *arrens illustrate the arr"in$ and
s!readin$ out of fine material *" the wind.

Sla* ontainin$ fossil shells

0on$lomerate or !uddin$+stone
#n man" re$ions the *eds of sedimentar" roks, whih must have *een nearl" hori>ontal when formed, are
now found slo!in$ at various an$les or standin$ on ed$e, the result of slow deformin$ of these *eds at an
earlier time. As some *eds are more easil" worn awa" than others, the hills and valle"s in suh re$ions owe
their form and !osition lar$el" to the different e?tent to whih the harder and softer *eds have *een worn
down *" weather and *" streams. )he irre$ular line of man" oasts is likewise due to the different hardness
of the roks alon$ the shore.
#t is *" the stud" of the roks and of the remains of life found in them, *" o*servin$ the wa" in whih the
surfae of the earth is *ein$ han$ed and e?aminin$ the results of those han$es and *" onludin$ that
similar results were !rodued in former times in the same wa", that $eolo$ists are a*le to read muh of the
!ast histor" of the earth, unounted "ears *efore there were men u!on it.
+lats' Fers' a# !rasses
B! 4r. &. C. Corbett, 0orticulturist, United States Bureau of $lant Industr!
)he a!!earane of the *lossoms and fruits of the fields and forests in an" loalit" note the advent and
!ro$ress of the seasons more auratel" than does the alendar. 5lants and seeds whih have lain aslee!
durin$ the winter are awakened not *" the *irth of a month, *ut *" the return of heat and moisture in !ro!er
!ro!ortions. )his ma" *e earl" one "ear and late another, *ut, no matter what the alendar sa"s, the !lants
res!ond to the all and $ive evidene of s!rin$, summer, or autumn as the ase ma" *e. )he surfae of the
earth is not flat. -e have valle"s and we have mountainsB we have torrid and we have tem!erate >ones. )he
!lant life of the world has *een adDusted to these varied onditions, and as a result we have !lants with ertain
harateristis $rowin$ in the tro!is at sea+level, *ut a ver" different lass of !lants with <11J= different
ha*its and harateristis inha*itin$ the elevated re$ions of this same >one. #t must *e remem*ered that even
under the tro!is some of the hi$hest mountains arr" a !er!etual snow+a!. )here is therefore all !ossi*le
$radations of limate from sea+level to the to! of suh mountains, even at the eAuator, and !lant life is as a
result as varied as is limate. Eah >one, whether determined *" latitude or *" altitude, !ossesses a distintive
flora.
But altitude and latitude are not the onl" fators whih have *een instrumental in determinin$ the !lants
found in an" !artiular loalit". )his old earth of ours has not alwa"s *een as we see her to+da". )he nature
we know and o*serve is Auite different from that whih e?isted in earlier a$es of the earthCs histor". )he
!lants, the trees, and the flowers that e?isted u!on the earth durin$ the a$e when our oal was *ein$
de!osited were ver" different from those we now have. )here has *een a han$e, *ut, stran$e as it ma" seem,
there are in some !laes u!on the earth to+da" some of the same s!eies of !lants whih were a*undant
durin$ the oal+formin$ !eriods. )hese are amon$ the oldest re!resentatives of the !lant world now e?tant.
)hen we are told that there was a !eriod when the north tem!erate >one was overed with a $reat ie field
whih rowded down as far as southern 5enns"lvania and entral /hio. )his naturall" *rou$ht a*out a
!rofound han$e in the loation and harater of the !lants of this re$ion. )here are in the Blak .ills of
(akota s!eies of !lants whih have no relatives an"where in the !rairie re$ion, and no means is known *"
whih these re!resentatives of a Rok" &ountain famil" ould find their wa" into the Blak .ills, save that,
!revious to the ie a$e, this s!eies was $enerall" sattered over the territor", and that, durin$ the ie a$e, the
s!eies was !er!etuated in the hills, *ut was killed out *etween there and the Rok" &ountains where it is
found in a*undane. )hese are some of the natural reasons for the e?istene of varied !lants in different
loalities. )he" are suffiient to e?!lain the reason for the e?istene of loal floras.
But nature has !rovided untold wa"s for the !er!etuation as well as the dis!ersal of !lants for the !ur!ose of,
so far as !ossi*le, ena*lin$ the !lants of the world to take !ossession of all !arts of the earthCs surfae. #f this
adDustment were om!lete, the !lants would *e !ratiall" alike all over the surfae of the earth, *ut we have
alread" e?!lained wh" this annot *e and wh" we have a different flora in eah >one, whether it *e marked
*" lines of latitude or hei$ht of <130= the mountains. 5lants are !er!etuated *" seeds, *" *ul*s, and *"
wood" !arts. Some seeds are hi$hl" !erisha*le and must *e sown as soon as ri!eB others remain "ears
without losin$ their !ower to !rodue !lants. Some $row as soon as the" ome in ontat with the soilB others
must fall, *e *uried and fro>en *efore the" will $erminate. Some !lants are !er!etuated *" *ul*s, tu*ers, or
roots in whih a su!!l" of food material is stored awa" to arr" the !lant over a !eriod when its a*ove+
$round !arts annot thrive owin$ to frost or drou$ht. '!on the return of favora*le onditions, these restin$
!arts throw out shoots and a$ain make the round of $rowth, usuall" !roduin$ *oth seeds and under$round
!arts for the !reservation of the s!eies. )here are *oth wild and ultivated !lants in nearl" all setions whih
illustrate these methods of !reservation. Besides !lants whih have *ul*s, tu*ers, or !erennial roots, we have
the lar$e, wood" !lants whih live man" "ears and so !er!etuate themselves, not onl" as individuals the same
as !lants with !erennial rootsB *ut the", too, as a rule, !rodue seed for the multi!liation of their kind.
<117=

$inkster 'lower++#t shows its !ink flowers in rok" woods and thikets durin$ s!rin$.

White $ine++0ommon ever$reen tree of the Northeastern states. Needle+like leaves in *undles of five

Butterfl! Weed++)he *ri$ht, oran$e olored flowers are ons!iuous in dr" meadows from June to Se!tem*er

$oison I#!++0an *e distin$uished from the harmless wood*ine *" its three+lo*ed leaves
<130 ontinued=
)he a$enies whih serve to s!read !lants a*out over the earthCs surfae are ver" varied and interestin$.
Nature has !rovided seeds with man" a!!enda$es whih assist in their dis!ersal. Some seeds have win$s, and
some !arahutes to take advanta$e of the wind. Some seeds are !rovided with hooks and stikers *" whih
the" *eome attahed to the fur of animals and are in this wa" ena*led to steal a free ride. /ther seeds are
!rovided with edi*le overin$s whih attrat *irds, *ut the seeds themselves are hard and not di$esti*leB the
fruit is eaten and the seeds reDeted and so !lants are sattered. Besides these methods of !er!etuation and
dis!ersal, some !lants are !er!etuated as well as dis!ersed *" ve$etative re!rodution, i. e., *" uttin$s as in
the ase of willowsB *" runners as in the ase of the straw*err"B and *" stolons as with the *lak ras!*err".
LFor further information on this !oint see Baile"Cs @1essons with 5lants.@M
Some !lant harateristis, however, of $reatest interest to the sout ma" *e enumerated. 5lants not onl"
mark >ones, *ut the" indiate soils with ertain harateristis, and the ro! wise sa" that the soil on whih
hestnut a*ounds is suita*le for *ukwheat or !eahes. 5lants also indiate the influene of loal onditions
suh as lakes, !onds, or even variations in ontour. A knowled$e of the loal flora of a re$ion will at one tell
one whether he is u!on a northern or a southern hillside *" the !lants of the area. )he reek *ottom will
<131= a*ound with s!eies not to *e found on the hillsides, *ut s!eies ommon to *oth !lain and mountain
will mark the !ro$ress of the season u! the slo!e.
#n the north tem!erate >one the moss if an" will *e found $rowin$ u!on the north side of the tree trunk. Eah
hundred feet of elevation in a $iven latitude makes from one to two da"s differene in time of *loomin$ of
!lants. )he harater of the ve$etation of a re$ion is an inde? to its limate. 0ertain !lants are ada!ted to
fri$id re$ions, others to tem!erate, and still others to tro!ial areas. Some !lants are ada!ted to humid
setions, while others are admira*l" adDusted to desert onditions. A knowled$e of these differenes in !lants
will *e of the $reatest value to the sout, and if this is su!!lemented *" information a*out the value and uses
of the various !lant !roduts man" hardshi!s an *e avoided. &an" !lants !rodue valua*le Duies, $ums,
and resins, while others "ield us valua*le tim*er for *uildin$ and a*inet uses.
-hile it is im!ossi*le to even su$$est the $reat variet" of !lants found within the onfines of the 'nited
States, the followin$ *ooks on *otan" will *e found hel!ful in eah of the different setions for whih the"
are desi$ned.
Bi1lio&ra%"y
For the *otan" of the Northeastern 'nited States useG
@New &anual of Botan",@ Ith ed. Asa %ra".
@#llustrated Flora of the 'nited States and 0anada.@ N. 1. Britton and .on. Addison Brown.
For the *otan" of the Southern 'nited States useG
@Flora of the Southern 'nited States.@ A. -. 0ha!man.
@Southern -ild Flowers and )rees.@ Alie 1ouns*err".
For the Botan" of the Rok" &ountain re$ion useG
@New &anual of Botan" of the 0entral Rok" &ountains.@ John &. 0oulterB Revised *" Aven Nelson.
@Rok" &ountain -ild Flower Studies.@ Burton /. 1on$"ear.
@)he )rees of 0alifornia.@ -illis 1inn Je!son.
For $eneral information re$ardin$ the shru**" !lants of the 'nited States useG
@/ur Shru*s of the 'nited States.@ Austin 0. A!$ar.
@/ur Northern Shru*s.@ .arriet 1ouise 2eeler.
For the wild flowers outside of those alread" mentioned for the Southern 'nited States and the Rok"
&ountain re$ion useG
@/ur %arden Flowers.@ .arriet 1ouise 2eeler.
@.ow to 2now the -ild Flowers.@ Franes )heodora 5arsons.
@Field Book of Amerian -ild Flowers.@ F. Shu"ler &athews.
<133=
For the ferns and $rasses it will *e found worth while to onsultG
@.ow to 2now the Ferns.@ Franes )heodora 5arsons.
@)he Fern 0olletorCs %uide.@ -illard Nelson 0lute.
@New En$land Ferns and )heir 0ommon Allies.@ .elen Eastman.
@)he %rasses, Sed$es, and Rushes of the North 'nited States.@ Edward 2no*el.
For the stud" of the monarhs of our forests the followin$ *ooks will all *e found e?eedin$l" usefulG
@&anual of the )rees of North Ameria.@ 0harles S!ra$ue Sar$ent.
@)rees of the Northern 'nited States.@ Austin 0. A!$ar.
@.and*ook of the )rees of the Northern 'nited States and 0anada.@ Rome"n Bek .ou$h.
@North Amerian )rees.@ N. 1. Britton.
@Familiar )rees and )heir 1eaves.@ 1711. F. Shu"ler &athews.
Besides these, several states have issued throu$h their state e?!eriment stations *ulletins dealin$ with the
loal !lant inha*itants. #n some instanes these !u*liations over forest trees, $rasses, and shru*s, either
native or introdued. Several of the eduational institutions, as well as the e?!eriment stations, now re$ularl"
issue nature stud" leaflets or *ulletins whih treat of !o!ular su*Dets of interest in onnetion with outdoor
thin$s. #t would *e well to write the state e?!eriment station in "our state for literature of this nature.
MUSHROOMS' FUN!I' OR TOADSTOO*S
B! +rnest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout
Re#ised b! 4r. C. C. Curtis
)here are thousands of different kinds of toadstools or mushrooms in the worldB most of them are $ood to
eat, "et all have a *ad re!utation, *eause some are deadl" !oisonous.
False tests. First of all let us dis!ose of some anient false tests that have led man" into disaster.
0ookin$ or otherwise tr"in$ with silver !roves a*solutel" nothin$. #t is *elieved *" man" that the !oisonous
mushrooms turn silver *lak. Some doB some do notB and some eata*le ones do. )here is nothin$ in it.
Bri$ht olors on the a! also mean nothin$B man" $or$eous toadstools are wholesome food. But the olor of
the !ores <133= means a $reat deal, and this is determined *" la"in$ the fun$us a! $ills down on $ra" !a!er
for si? or ei$ht hours under a $lass.

&oose horn lavaria

S!indle lavaria

0lu* lavaria

%olden lavaria
+oisoous Toa#stools
/f all the !oisonous kinds the deadliest are the Amanitas. Not onl" are the" wides!read and a*undant, *ut
the" are unha!!il" muh like the ordinar" ta*le mushrooms. )he" have however one or two stron$ marksG
)heir stalk alwa"s $rows out of a @!oison u!@ whih shows either as a u! or as a *ul*B the" have white or
"ellow $ills, and white s!ores. )he worst of these areG
Deat"cu%' Destroyi& A&el' SureB#eat"' or Dea#ly Amaita
6*manita phalloides7
/ne and one half to five inhes aross the u!B three to seven inhes hi$hB white, $reen, "ellowish olive, or
$ra"ish *rownB <13:= smooth *ut stik" when moistB $ills whiteB s!ores whiteB on the stem is an annulus or
rin$ Dust *elow the a!.
Fly Amaita
6*manita muscaria7
A*out the same si>eB mostl" "ellow, *ut ran$in$ from oran$e red to or almost whiteB usuall" with raised
white s!ots or sales on the to!B $ills white or tin$ed "ellowB s!ores whiteB flesh white.
Hate# Amaita
6*manita spreta7
Four to si? inhes hi$hB a! three to five inhes arossB white, tin$ed with *rown in !laes es!eiall" in the
middle of the a!, where it has sometimes a *um!.

(eadl" amanita +++ Fl" amanita +++ .ated amanita
)here are over a sore more of amanitas var"in$ in si>e and olor, *ut all have the $eneral st"le of
mushrooms, and the la*el marks of !oison, vi>., white or "ellow $ills, a !oison u!, and white s!ores.
Emetic Russula
6Russula emetica7
#n a less de$ree this russula is !oisonous. #t is a short+stemmed mushroom, two to four inhes hi$h, a*out the
si>e of the Fl" AmanitaB its a! is ros" red, !inkish when "oun$, dark red when older, fadin$ to straw olor in
a$eB its $ills and s!ores white. #ts !e!!er" taste when raw is a fair notie of dan$er.
S!mptoms of $oisoning8 4omitin$ and !ur$in$, @the dishar$e from the *owels *ein$ water" with small
flakes <13;= sus!ended and sometimes ontainin$ *lood,@ ram!s in the e?tremities. )he !ulse is ver" slow
and stron$ at first *ut later weak and ra!id, sometimes sweat and saliva !our out. (i>>iness, faintness, and
*lindness, the skin lamm", old, and *luish, or lividB tem!erature low with dreadful tetani onvulsions, and
finall" stu!or.
Remed!8 @)ake an emeti at one, and send for a !h"siian with instrutions to *rin$ h"!odermi s"rin$e and
atro!ine sul!hate. )he dose is 1N1J0 of a $rain, and doses should *e ontinued heroiall" until 1N30 of a $rain
is administered, or until, in the !h"siianCs o!inion, a !ro!er Auantit" has *een inDeted. -here the vitim is
ritiall" ill, the 1N30 of a $rain ma" *e administered.@ L&#llvaine 6 &aadam.M

Emeti russulaG russula emetia
Lafter &arshallM

&ushrooms
$HO*ESOME TOADSTOO*S
IM+ORTANT NOTE(BBE?%erimeti& .it" mus"rooms is #a&erous4 it is
1etter ot to eat t"em uless &at"ere# u#er e?%ert #irectio(
T"e Commo Mus"room
6*garicus campestris7
2nown at one *" its $eneral sha!e and smell, its !ink or *rown $ills, white flesh, *rown s!ores and solid
stem.
Co%rius
Also *elon$in$ to the $illed or true mushroom famil" are the ink+a!s of the $enus.
)he" $row on dun$ !iles and rih $round. )he" s!rin$ u! over ni$ht and !erish in a da". #n the last sta$e the
$ills turn as *lak as ink.
I7y Co%rius
6Coprinus atramentarius7
)his is the s!eies illustrated. )he e?am!le was from the woodsB often it is less tall and $raeful. )he a! is
one inh <13K= to three inhes in diameter, $ra"ish or $ra"ish *rown, sometimes tin$ed lead olor. -ash and
stewG Stew or *ake from twent" to thirt" minutes after thorou$h washin$, *ein$ the reo$ni>ed mode.
All the 0lavarias or 0oral &ushrooms are $ood e?e!t 0lavaria dihotoma whih is white, and has its
*ranhes divided in !airs at eah fork. #t $rows on the $round under *eehes and is sli$htl" !oisonousB it is
rare.

#nk" o!rinus
T"e Delicious Morel
6/orchella deliciosa7
/ne and a half to three inhes hi$hB $reenish with *rown hollows. )here are several kindred s!eies of
various olors. )his is known *" the "lindrial sha!e of its a!. -ash, slie, and stew.

&orel
+uff1alls
6&!coperdaceae7
)he ne?t im!ortant and safe $rou! are the !uff*alls *efore the" *e$in to !uff. All our !uff*alls when "oun$
and solid white inside are $ood, wholesome food. Some of them, like the *rain !uff*all or the $iant !uff*all,
are oasionall" a foot in diameter, and "ield flesh enou$h to feed a do>en !ersons.

Brain
!uff*all
5ear
!uff*all
0u!
!uff*all
)he" are well known to all who live in the ountr", their smooth rounded e?terior, without s!eial features
e?e!t the <13I= roots, and their solid white interior are easil" remem*ered. 5eel, slie, and fr".
Bi1lio&ra%"y
)he followin$ are standard and *eautifull" illustrated works on mushrooms and toadstools. )he" have *een
freel" used for $uidane and illustrations in the !re!aration of the a*oveG
@Edi*le Fun$i of New York.@ B" 0harles .. 5ek. 5u*lished *" New York State &useum, Al*an", 1700.
@)he &ushroom Book.@ B" Nina 1. &arshall. 5u*lished 1703 at New York *" (ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
O3.;0.
@/ne )housand Amerian Fun$i.@ B" &#llvaine and &aadam. 5u*lished *" the Bo**s+&errill 0om!an"
of #ndiana!olis, 1703. O3.00. Add :0 ents e?!ress.
@&ushrooms.@ %. F. Atkinson. .olt 6 0o.
@)he &ushroom.@ &. E. .ard. )he /hio 1i*rar" 0o., 0olum*us, /hio.
COMMON NORTH AMERICAN TREES
$"ite +ie
6$inus strobus7
A no*le ever$reen tree, u! to 1I; feet hi$h. )his is the famous !ine of New En$land, the lum*ermanCs !ri>e.
#ts leaves are in *unhes of five, and are 3 to ; inhes lon$B ones : to K inhes lon$. -ood !ale, soft,
strai$ht+$rained, easil" s!lit. Newfoundland to &anito*a and south to #llinois.

-hite
!ine
.emlo
k
Red edar
<13J=
)here are man" different kinds of !ines. )he" are *est distin$uished *" their ones.
Hemloc7
6Tsuga Canadensis7
Ever$reen. Si?t" to sevent" feet hi$h. -ood !ale, soft, oarse, s!linter", not dura*le. Bark full of tannin.
1eaves 1N3 to 3N: inhes lon$B ones a*out the same. #ts knots are so hard that the" Auikl" turn the ed$e of
an a?e or $a! it as a stone mi$htB these are !ro*a*l" the hardest ve$eta*le $rowth in our woods. #ts to!most
twi$ usuall" !oints easterl". Nova Sotia to &innesota, south to (elaware and &ihi$an.

0ottonwood Sha$*ark -alnut
Re# Ce#ar
6-uniperus 9irginiana7
Ever$reen. An" hei$ht u! to 100 feet. -ood, heart a *eautiful *ri$ht redB sa! wood nearl" whiteB soft, weak,
*ut e?tremel" dura*le as !osts, et. &akes a $ood *ow. )he tin" sale+like leaves are 3 to K to the inhB the
*err"+like ones are li$ht *lue and 1N: of an inh in diameter. #t is found in dr" !laes from Nova Sotia to
Florida and west to British 0olum*ia.
Cotto.oo#
6$opulus deltoides7
Small and rare in the Northeast, *ut a*undant and lar$e <137= in -estB even 1;0 feet hi$h. 1eaves 3 to K
inhes lon$. Found from 9ue*e to Florida and west to the mountains.
S"a&1ar7 or $"ite Hic7ory
60icoria o#ata7
A tall forest tree u! to 130 feet hi$h. 2nown at one *" the $reat an$ular sla*s of *ark han$in$ !artl"
detahed from its main trunk, fored off *" the $rowth of wood, *ut too tou$h to fall. #ts leaves are J to 1:
inhes lon$, with ; to I *road leaflets.
Blac7 $alut
6-uglans nigra7
A ma$nifient forest tree u! to 1;0 feet hi$h. -ood, a dark !ur!lish+*rown or $ra"B hard, lose+$rained,
stron$, ver" dura*le in weather or $round work, and heav"B fruit round, 1+3N: inhes throu$h. 1eaflets 13 to
33, and 3 to ; inhes lon$. Found from 0anada to the %ulf.
$"ite $alut or Butterut
6-uglans cinerea7
A muh smaller tree than the last, rarel" 100 feet hi$h, with muh smoother *ark, leaves similar *ut lar$er
and oarser, om!ound of fewer leaflets, *ut the leaflet stalks and the new twi$s are overed with stik"
down. 1eaves 1; to 30 inhes lon$, leaflets 11 to 17 in num*er and 3 to ; inhes lon$B fruit o*lon$, 3 to 3
inhes lon$. New Brunswik and (akota and south to &ississi!!i.
Commo Birc" or As%eBlea,e# Birc"
6Betula populifolia7
A small tree on dr" and !oor soil, rarel" ;0 feet hi$h. -ood soft, lose+$rained, not stron$, s!lits in dr"in$,
useless for weather or $round work. A u*i foot wei$hs 3K !ounds. 1eaves 3 to 3 inhes lon$. #t has a *lak
trian$ular sar at eah arm!it. )he anoe *irh is without these *lak marks. New Brunswik to /ntario to
5enns"lvania and (elaware.
Blac7 Birc"' S.eet Birc"' or Ma"o&ay Birc"
6Betula lenta7
)he lar$est of the *irhesB a $reat tree, in Northern forests u! to J0 feet hi$h. )he *ark is sarel" *irh",
rather like that of <130= herr", ver" dark, and aromati. 1eaves 3+1N3 to K inhes lon$. Newfoundland to
-estern /ntario and south to )ennessee.

Ashen+leaved
*irh
Blak
*irh
Beeh
Beec"
6'agus *mericana7
#n all North Ameria there is *ut one s!eies of *eeh. #t is a no*le forest tree, I0 to J0 and oasionall" 130
feet hi$h, readil" distin$uished *" its smooth, ash"+$ra" *ark. 1eaves 3 to : inhes lon$. #t shares with
hikor" and su$ar ma!le the honor of *ein$ a !erfet firewood. Nova Sotia to -isonsin, south to Florida
and )e?as.
C"estut
6Castanea dentata7
A no*le tree, K0 to J0 or even 100 feet hi$h. )he most deliious of nuts. 1eaves K to J inhes lon$. &aine to
&ihi$an and south to )ennessee.
Re# Oa7
6:uercus rubra7
A fine forest tree, I0 to J0 or even 1:0 feet hi$h. .ard, stron$, oarse+$rained, heav". #t heks, war!s, and
does not stand for weather or $round work. )he aorn takes two <131= seasons to ri!en. 1eaves : to J inhes
lon$. Nova Sotia to &innesota, south to )e?as and Florida.
$"ite Oa7
6:uercus alba7
A $rand forest tree, over 100 u! to 1;0 feet hi$h. -ood !ale, stron$, tou$h, fine+$rained, dura*le and heav",
valua*le tim*er. 0alled white from !ale olor of *ark and wood. 1eaves ; to 7 inhes lon$. Aorns ri!en in
one season. &aine to &innesota, Florida and )e?as.

0hestnu
t
Red oak -hite oak
$"ite Elm or S.am% Elm
6Ulmus *mericana7
A tall, s!lendid forest tree, ommonl" 100, oasionall" 130 feet hi$h. -ood reddish+*rown, hard, stron$,
tou$h, ver" hard to s!lit, oarse, heav". Soon rots near the $round. 1eaves 3 to ; inhes lon$. Flowers in
earl" s!rin$ *efore leafin$. A*undant, Newfoundland and &anito*a to )e?as.
Sycamore' +lae Tree' Butto1all or Butto.oo#
6$latanus occidentalis7
/ne of the lar$est of our treesB u! to 1:0 feet hi$hB ommonl" hollow. 1ittle use for weather work. Famous
for sheddin$ <133= its *ark as well as its leavesB leaves : to 7 inhes lon$. 0anada to %ulf.
Blac7 or Yello. *ocust' Sil,er C"ai
6Robinia pseudacacia7
A tall forest tree u! to J0 feet hi$hB leaves J to 1: inhes lon$B leaflets 7 to 17, 1 to 3 inhes lon$, !ods 3 to :
inhes lon$, : to I seeded. )his is the ommon loust so often seen a*out old lawns.

-hite
elm
S"amore
Blak
loust
Re#' Scarlet' $ater' or S.am% Ma%le
6*cer rubrum7
A fine, tall tree, often over 100 feet hi$h. Noted for its flamin$ rimson folia$e in fall, as well as its red leaf
stalks, flowers, and fruit, earlier. 1eaves 3 to K inhes lon$. 1ike all the ma!les it !rodues su$ar, thou$h in
this ase not muh. -estern North Ameria.
)he su$ar ma!le is a lar$er, finer tree.
Red ma!le -hite Ash
$"ite As"
LFra?inus AmerianaM
A fine tree on moist soil. Sevent" to J0 or even 130 feet hi$h. Yellow in autumnB noted for *ein$ last to leaf
and first <133= to shed in the forest. 0alled white for the silver" under sides of the leavesB these are J to 13
inhes lon$, eah leaflet 3 to K inhes lon$. Nova Sotia to )e?as.
For a full un*otanial aount of one hundred and twent" of our finest trees with their uses as wood, their
!ro!erties, and the urious and interestin$ thin$s a*out them seeG
@)he ForesterCs &anualG or Forest )rees )hat Ever" Sout Should 2now.@ B" Ernest )hom!son Seton.
NATI-E $I*D ANIMA*S
Ever" sout ou$ht to know the !rini!al wild animals that are found in North Ameria. .e need not know
them as a naturalist, *ut as a hunter, as a am!er. .ere is a *rief aount of twent"+four of them, and those
who wish to know more will find the fullest !ossi*le aount in @1ife .istories of North Ameria,@ *" E. ).
Seton. LSri*ners, 1707.M )hese two volumes are found in all lar$e li*raries.

Elk
El7 or $a%iti
6Cer#us canadensis7
)his is smaller than the moose. #t stands four to five feet at the shoulder and wei$hs four hundred to ei$ht
hundred !ounds. #t is known *" its rounded horns and the !ath of "ellowish+white on the rum! and tail. At
one time this s!lendid animal was found throu$hout tem!erate Ameria from the Atlanti to the 5aifi,
north to &assahusetts, the /ttawa River, the 5eae River, and British 0olum*iaB and south to %eor$ia,
)e?as, and southern 0alifornia. #t is now e?terminated e?e!t in &anito*a, Saskathewan, Al*ertaB
4anouver #sland, -ashin$ton, -"omin$ and a few loalities in the mountain states and in !arks where it
has *een reintrodued.
<13:=
)he elk of -ashin$ton is ver" dark in olorB that of the Southwest is ver" !ale and small.
$"iteBtaile# Deer
6%docoileus #irginianus7
)his is the *est known of the ommon deer of Ameria. #t is distin$uished *" the forward *end of the horns,
with the sna$s !ointin$ *akward, and *" its lon$ tail whih is *rown or *lakish a*ove and !ure white
*elow. #ts fae is $ra", its throat white. A fair si>ed *uk wei$hs two hundred !ounds, live wei$ht. A few
have *een taken of over three hundred and fift" !ounds wei$ht. #n the Southern states the" run muh smaller.
Several varieties have *een desri*ed. #t was found formerl" in all of the tim*er states east of the RokiesB
also in /ntario south of 1ake Ni!issin$, in south 9ue*e and south New Brunswik. At !resent it is
e?terminated in the hi$hl" ultivated states of the &iddle -est, *ut has s!read into northern /ntario, New
Brunswik, and &anito*a.

-hite+tailed deer

&ule deer
Mule Deer
6%docoileus hemionus7
)his is the ommonest deer of the hill ountr" in the entre of the ontinent. #t is found in the mountains from
&e?io to British 0olum*ia and northeasterl" Saskathewan and the 1ake of the -oods. #t is known *" its
<13;= dou*le+forked horns, its lar$e ears, the dark !ath on the forehead, the rest of the fae *ein$ whitish.
Also *" its tail whih is white with a *lak *unh on the end. )his is a lar$er deer than the -hite+tail. )here
are several varieties of it in the South and -est.

&oose
Moose
6*lces americanus7
)his is the lar$est of the deer tri*e. #t stands five and a half to si? and a half feet at the withers and wei$hs
ei$ht hundred to one thousand !ounds. #t is readil" distin$uished *" its flat horns and !endulous, hair"
mu>>le. #t is found in all the heavil" tim*ered re$ions of 0anada and Alaska and enters the 'nited States in
&aine, Adirondaks, &innesota, &ontana, #daho, and northwestern -"omin$. )hose from Alaska are of
$i$anti stature.
#n all our deer the antlers are $rown and shed eah "ear, reahin$ !erfetion in autumn for the matin$ season.
)he" are found in the males onl", e?e!t in the ari*ou, in whih s!eies the females also have small horns.

Antelo!e
Atelo%e
6*ntilocapra americana7
)he antelo!e is famous as the swiftest Auadru!ed native in Ameria. #t is a small reature, less than a
ommon deerB a fair+si>ed *uk wei$hs a*out one hundred !ounds. #t is known *" its rih *uff olor with
!ure white !athes, *" havin$ onl" two hoofs on eah foot, and *" the horns whih are of true horn, like
those of a $oat, *ut have a sna$ or *ranh and are shed eah "ear. #n the female the horns are little !oints
a*out an inh lon$.
Formerl" the antelo!e a*ounded on all the hi$h !lains from &anito*a to &e?io and west to /re$on and
0alifornia. #t is now redued to a few stra$$lin$ *ands in the entral and wildest !arts of the re$ion.
Moutai !oat
6%reamnos montanus7
)he mountain $oat is known at one *" its !ure white oat of wool and hair, its *lak horns, and !euliar
sha!e. #t is <13K= a*ove the si>e of a ommon deerB that is, a full $rown male wei$hs two hundred and fift"
to three hundred !oundsB the female a third less. #t is famous for its wonderful !ower as a rok lim*er and
mountaineer. #t is found in the hi$her Rokies, hiefl" a*ove tim*er lines, from entral #daho to Alaska.

%oat

-oodhuk
$oo#c"uc7
6/armota mona.7
)he ommon woodhuk is a $ri>>l" *rown on the *ak, hestnut on the *reast, *lakish on the rown and
!aws, and whitish on the heeks. #ts short ears and *ush" tail are im!ortant harateristis. #t measures a*out
twent"+four inhes of whih the tail is five and a half inhes and wei$hs five to ten !ounds.
#t is found in all the wooded !arts of 0anada from the Rokies to the Atlanti and south in the eastern states
to a*out :0 de$rees latitude.

Beaver
Bea,er
6Castor canadensis7
)he *eaver is known *" its $reat si>e++wei$hin$ from twent"+five to fift" !ounds++its hestnut olor, darker
on the rown, its we**ed feet, and its *road, flat, naked, sal" tail. )he !elt of this animal is a valua*le fur.
)he reature is famous for *uildin$ dams and di$$in$ anals. #t was found wherever there was water and
tim*er in North Ameria north of &e?io, *ut is now e?terminated in most hi$hl" settled re$ions.

&uskrat
Mus7rat
6'iber ,ibethicus7
)he muskrat is a*out the si>e of a atB that is, it is twent"+one inhes lon$, of whih the tail is ten inhes. #n
olor it somewhat resem*les the *eaver, *ut its feet are not ons!iuousl" we**ed, its tail is lon$ and
flattened vertiall", not <13I= hori>ontall". )his a*undant animal is found throu$hout North Ameria within
the limit of trees wherever there is fresh water. #t is the most a*undant fur on the market.

Blak+tailed Dak ra**it
Cac7 Ra11it
6&epus Californicus7
)he Dak+ra**it, famous for its s!eed and its ears, is known *" its si>e, whih a*out dou*les that of a ommon
ra**it and the Det *lak stri!e runnin$ from its *ak into its tail. #t is found on the !lains from Ne*raska to
/re$on and south to &e?io. )here are several different varieties.

0ottontail
Cottotail
6S!l#ilagus floridanus7
)he ommon eastern ottontail is known from the snowshoe *" its smaller feet and its muh lar$er, lon$er
tail, whih is $ra" a*ove, and snow+white underneath. Sometimes the ommon tame ra**it resem*les the
ottontail in $eneral olor, *ut the latter has the to! of its tail *lak.
)he ottontails do not turn white in winter. )he" are found in most !arts of the 'nited States, enterin$
0anada onl" in the /ntario !eninsula and southern Saskathewan.

0ou$ar
Cou&ar or +at"er
6'elis couguar7
)he ou$ar has *een alled the Amerian lionB it is the lar$est at in the western world e?e!t the Da$uar or
Amerian <13J= ti$er. #t is known *" its uns!otted *rown oat, its lon$, heav" tail, and its si>e. A male
ou$ar wei$hs one hundred and fift" to two hundred !oundsB a few have *een taken over that. )he females
are a third smaller. )he "oun$ in first oat have *lak s!ots.
)he ou$ar never attaks man *ut !re"s on deer, horses, alves, et. )here are several different formsB one or
other of these is Lor wasM found from /ttawa, &innesota, and 4anouver #sland to 5ata$onia.

1"n?
-ild at or *o* at

-ild 0at or Bo* 0at
$il# Cat or Bo1 Cat
6&!n. rufus7
)his is somewhat like the 0anada l"n? *ut is more s!otted, has smaller feet, and the tail has several dark *ars
a*ove and is !ure white on the under side of the ti!.
)here are several s!eies of *o* atsB the" over the tim*ered states and enter 0anada in /ntario, $oin$ north
to 1ake Simoe.
Fo?
69ulpes ful#us7
)he fo? is a*out four feet from snout to tail ti!B of this the tail is si?teen inhes or moreB it stands a*out
fifteen inhes at the shoulder. #t rarel" wei$hs over fifteen !ounds and sometimes *arel" ten. )he fo? is
known *" its *ri$ht, sand"+red oat, *lak ears and !aws, its white throat, and the white ti! at the end of the
tail. At a distane the fo?Cs ears and tail look ver" lar$e. )he silver or *lak fo? is a mere olor freak with
*lak oat and white tail ti!. Red fo?es are found throu$hout the heavil" tim*ered !arts of North Ameria
north of latitude thirt"+five de$rees.
!ray $olf
6Canis occidentalis7
)he wolf is sim!l" a *i$ wild do$ with e?e!tionall" stron$ Daws and $eneral $ra" olor, *eomin$ dirt"
white on the under !art. )he wolf is found in all !arts of North Ameria, e?e!t where settlement has driven
it out, and varies in olor with loalit". )he Florida wolves are *lak, )e?an wolves are reddish, and Arti
wolves are white. -olves wei$h from <137= sevent"+five to one hundred and twent" !ounds and are
distin$uisha*le from o"otes *" the heav" mu>>le and Daws, $reater si>e, and om!arativel" small tail, whih
is often held aloft. -olves nowada"s rarel" molest man.
Coyote
6Canis latrans7
)he ommon o"ote is like a small and deliate edition of the $ra" wolf. #t is muh smaller, wei$hin$ onl"
twent" to thirt" !ounds, and is distin$uished *" its shar!, fo?+like mu>>le and lar$e *ush" tail, whih is
rarel" raised to the level. #n olor it is muh like the ordinar" $ra" wolf *ut usuall" more tin$ed with "ellow.
#t is found in all the interior ountr" from -isonsin to /re$on and from &e?io to %reat Slave 1ake. )here
are several different varieties. #t never attaks man.

/tter
Otter
6&utra canadensis7
)he otter is a lar$e water weasel with lose, dense, shin" fur and we**ed feet. #t is known *" its olor++dark
*rown a*ove shaded into dark $ra" *elow and white on the heeks without an" markin$s++and *" its si>e. #t
is a*out fort" inhes lon$ and wei$hs a*out twent" !ounds. #t is found throu$hout North Ameria within the
limit of trees. #ts fur is ver" valua*le. #t feeds on fish.

-easel
$easel
6$utorius no#eboracensis7
)he ommon weasel of New En$land is a*out the si>e of a *i$ ratB that is, it is si?teen inhes lon$ and all
*rown with the e?e!tion of white hin, throat, *reast, and !aws, and *lak ti! to the tail. #n winter it turns
white e?e!t the tail ti!B that does not han$e.
)he whole ontinent is inha*ited *" weasels of one kind or another. )o the north there is a smaller kind with
shorter tailB on the !rairies a lar$e kind with a ver" lon$ tailB *ut all are of the same $eneral st"le and ha*its.
A ver" small one, <1:0= the least weasel, is onl" si? inhes lon$. #t is found hiefl" in 0anada.

&ink
Mi7
6$utorius #ison7
)he mink is sim!l" a water weasel. #t is known *" its si>e, lar$er than that of a ommon weasel, as it is
twent"+four inhes lon$ of whih the tail is seven inhesB also *" its dee! *rown olor all over e?e!t the
throat and hin whih are !ure white. #ts fur is *rown, harder and $lossier than that of the marten, and worth
a*out a Auarter as muh. #t does not turn white in the winter. /ne form or another of mink is found over all
the unarid !arts of North Ameria from the north limit of trees to the %ulf of &e?io.

Skunk
S7u7
6/ephitis mephitica7
)he skunk is known at one *" its *lak oat with white stri!es, its immense *ush" tail ti!!ed with white,
and its si>e, nearl" that of a at. #t wei$hs three to seven !ounds. #t ran$es from 4ir$inia to .udson Ba". #n
the Northwest is a lar$er kind wei$hin$ twie as muh and with *lak ti! to tail. 4arious kinds ran$e over the
ontinent south of latitude ;; de$rees. #t is harmless and *eautiful. )he smell $un for whih it is famous is a
liAuid muskB this is never used e?e!t in the e?treme of self+defene.

Bad$er
Ba#&er
6Ta.idea ta.us7
)he ommon *ad$er is known *" its $eneral whitish+$ra" olor, the *lak and white markin$s on the head,
the *lak !aws, and the stron$ laws for di$$in$. #t wei$hs from twelve to twent"+two !ounds. )hat is, it is
a*out the si>e of a Coon. <1:1= #t is found in all the !rairie and !lains ountr" from the Saskathewan 4alle"
to &e?io and from -isonsin to the 5aifi.

Raoon
Raccoo
6$roc!on lotor7
)he Coon looks like a small $ra" *ear with a *ush" rin$ed tail and a lar$e *lak !ath on eah e"e. #ts !aws
look like hands, and it has the full num*er of five fin$ers or toes on eah e?tremit". #t is found in all wooded
re$ions from &anito*a south to &e?io and from Atlanti to 5aifi, e?e!t the desert and Rok" &ountain
re$ion.

/!ossum
O%ossum
64idelphis marsupialis7
)he o!ossum is famous for arr"in$ its "oun$ in a !ouh in front of the *od". #t ma" *e known *" its dirt"+
white wooll" fur, its lon$, naked, !rehensile tail, its hand+like !aws, its white fae and shar! mu>>le, and the
naked !ink and *lue ears. #n si>e it resem*les a at. )he C!ossum is found from 0onnetiut to Florida and
westerl" to 0alifornia.

%ra" SAuirrel
!rayBs@uirrel
6Sciurus carolinensis7
Ameria is !artiularl" rih in sAuirrels. Not ountin$ $round+sAuirrels or hi!munks, we have over sevent"+
five different forms on this ontinent. )he widest s!read is !ro*a*l" the red+sAuirrelB *ut the *est known in
the 'nited States is the ommon $ra"+sAuirrel. #ts $ra" oat white *reast, and immense <1:3= *ush" tail are
familiar to all eastern hildren. #t is found in most of the hardwood tim*er east of the &ississi!!i and south of
the /ttawa River and the State of &aine. &ost of the nut trees in the woods of this re$ion were !lanted *"
the $ra"+sAuirrel.
Blac7 Bear
6Ursus americanus7
)his is the ommon *ear of Ameria. #t is known at one *" its Det *lak olor and *rown nose. #ts laws are
short, rarel" over an inh lon$, and urved, servin$ *etter as lim*ers than do the lon$ laws of the $ri>>l".
)wo hundred !ounds would *e a $ood si>ed female, three hundred a maleB *ut Florida *lak *ears have *een
taken wei$hin$ five hundred !ounds. Sometimes freaks with innamon+*rown oats are found.
)his *ear is found throu$hout North Ameria wherever there is tim*er.
N/)ES
<1:3=
Notes
<1::=
Notes
<1:;=
CHA+TER III
CAM+CRAFT
L#n treatin$ of am!in$ there has *een an intentional omission of the lon$+term am!. )his is treated
e?tensivel" in the *ooks of referene $iven at the lose of this ha!ter.M
Hi7i& a# O,erBi&"t Cam%
B! 0. W. 3ibson, Bo!s" Work Secretar!,
;oung /en"s Christian *ssociation
/assachusetts and Rhode Island
Several thin$s should *e remem*ered when $oin$ on a hikeG First, avoid lon$ distanes. A foot+wear",
musle+tired and tem!er+tried, hun$r" $rou! of *o"s is surel" not desira*le. )here are a lot of false notions
a*out oura$e and *raver" and $rit that read well in !rint, *ut fail misera*l" in !ratie, and lon$ hikes for
*o"s is one of the most $larin$ of these notions. Seond, have a leader who will set a $ood eas" !ae, sa" two
or three miles an hour, !revent the *o"s from e?essive water drinkin$, and assi$n the duties of !ithin$
am!, et. )hird, o*serve these two rules $iven *" an old woodsmanG L1M Never walk over an"thin$ "ou an
walk aroundB L3M never ste! on an"thin$ that "ou an ste! over. Ever" time "ou ste! on an"thin$ "ou lift the
wei$ht of "our *od". -h" lift e?tra wei$ht when tram!in$H Fourth, arr" with "ou onl" the thin$s a*solutel"
needed, rolled in *lankets, !onho arm" st"le.
Before startin$ on a hike, stud" arefull" the road ma!s, and take them with "ou on the walk for freAuent
referene. )he *est ma!s are those of the 'nited States %eolo$ial Surve", ostin$ five ents eah. )he ma!
is !u*lished in atlas sheets, eah sheet re!resentin$ a small, Auadran$ular distrit. Send to the su!erintendent
of douments at -ashin$ton, (. 0., for a list.
For tram!in$ the *o" needs the ri$ht kind of a shoe, or the tri! will *e a misera*le failure. A li$ht+soled or a
li$ht+*uilt shoe is not suited for mountain work or even for an ordinar" hike. )he feet will *lister and *eome
@road wear".@ )he shoe must *e neither too *i$, too small, nor too heav", and *e am!l" *road to $ive the toes
!lent" of room. )he shoe should *e water+ti$ht. A medium wei$ht, hi$h+to!!ed lae shoe is a*out ri$ht.
Bathin$ the feet at the s!rin$s and streams alon$ the road will *e refreshin$, if not indul$ed in too freAuentl".
<1:K= See 0ha!ter on @.ealth and Endurane@ for are of the feet and !ro!er wa" of walkin$.
#t is well to arr" a s!are shirt han$in$ down the *ak with the sleeves tied around the nek. 0han$e when
the shirt "ou are wearin$ *eomes too wet with !ers!iration.
)he most !ratial and ine?!ensive !ak is the one made for the Bo" Souts of Ameria. L5rie K0 ents.M #t
is a*out 1: ? 30 inhes sAuare, and K inhes thik, made of water+!roof anvas with shoulder+stra!s, and will
easil" hold ever"thin$ needed for a tram!in$ tri!.
A few sim!le remedies for *ruises, uts, et., should *e taken alon$ *" the leader. You ma" not need them
and some ma" !oke fun at them, *ut, as the old lad" said, @You anCt alwa"s sometimes tell.@ )he amount
and kind of !rovisions must *e determined *" the loalit" and ha*itation.
T"e *eaBto

Fi$. 1. Frame of lean+to
Reah the !lae where "ou are $oin$ to s!end the ni$ht in !lent" of time to *uild "our lean+to, and make
"our *ed for <1:I= the ni$ht. Selet "our am!in$ s!ot with referene to water, wood, draina$e, and material
for "our lean+to. 0hoose a dr", level !lae, the $round Dust slo!in$ enou$h to insure the water runnin$ awa"
from "our lean+to in ase of rain. #n *uildin$ "our lean+to look for a ou!le of $ood trees standin$ from ei$ht
to ten feet a!art with *ranhes from si? to ei$ht feet a*ove the $round. B" stud"in$ the illustration LNo. 1M
"ou will *e a*le to *uild a ver" serviea*le shak, affordin$ !rotetion from the dews and rain. -hile two or
more *o"s are *uildin$ the shak, another should *e $atherin$ firewood and !re!arin$ the meal, while
another should *e uttin$ and *rin$in$ in as man" soft, thik ti!s of trees as !ossi*le, for the roof of the
shak and the *eds.
.ow to thath the lean+to is shown in illustration No. 3. #f the am! site is to *e used for several da"s, two
lean+tos ma" *e *uilt fain$ eah other, a*out si? feet a!art. )his will make a ver" omforta*le am!, as a
small fire an *e *uilt *etween the two thus $ivin$ warmth and li$ht.

Fi$. 3. &ethod of thathin$
T"e Be#
/n the floor of "our lean+to la" a thik la"er of the fans or *ranhes of a *alsam or hemlok, with the onve?
side u!, and the *utts of the stems toward the foot of the *ed. Now thath this over with more fans *"
thrustin$ the *utt ends throu$h the first la"er at a sli$ht an$le toward the head of the *ed, so that the soft ti!s
will urve toward the foot of the *ed, and *e sure to make the head of "our *ed awa" from the o!enin$ of the
lean+to and the foot toward the o!enin$. /ver this *ed s!read "our ru**er *lankets or !onhos with ru**er
side down, "our slee!in$ *lanket on to!, and "ou will *e sur!rised how soft, s!rin$", and fra$rant a *ed "ou
have, u!on whih to rest "our @wear" frame@ and sin$ with the !oetG
@)hen the !ine *ou$hs roon me a lulla*",
And trikle the white moon*eams
)o m" fae on the *alsam where # lie
-hile the owl hoots at m" dreams.@
-. 3eorge 'rederick.
<1:J=
HotBStoe $ri7le
#f the ni$ht *ids fair to *e old, !lae a num*er of stones a*out si? or ei$ht inhes in diameter near the fire, so
that the" will $et hot. )hese an then *e !laed at the feet, *ak, et., as needed, and will *e found $ood @*ed
warmers.@ -hen a stone loses its heat, it is re!laed near the fire and a hot one taken. #f too hot, wra! the
stone in a shirt or sweater or wait for it to ool off.
Bo"s desire adventure. )his desire ma" *e $ratified *" the esta*lishment of ni$ht wathers in rela"s of two
*o"s eah, ever" two hours. )heir ima$inations will *e stirred *" the resistless attration of the am!+fire and
the sound of the reatures that ree! at ni$ht.
O1ser,atio +ractice
&an" *o"s have e?ellent e"es, *ut see not, and $ood ears *ut hear not, all *eause the" have not *een
trained to o*serve or to hear Auikl". A $ood method of teahin$ o*servation while on a hike or tram! is to
have eah *o" Dot down in a small note+*ook or diar" of the tri!, the different kinds of trees, *irds, animals,
traks, nature of roads, fenes, !euliar rok formation, smells of !lants, et., and thus *e a*le to tell what he
saw or heard to the *o"s u!on his return to the !ermanent am! or to his home.
Camera Sa% S"ots
/ne of the !art" should take a small foldin$ amera. 5hoto$ra!hs of the tri! are alwa"s of $reat !leasure and
memor" revivers. A !ratial and onvenient method of arr"in$ small foldin$ ameras re!resents an
ordinar" *elt to whih a stra! with a *ukle has *een attahed, whih is run throu$h the loo!s at the *ak of
the amera ase. )he amera ma" *e !ushed around the *elt to the !oint where it will *e least in the wa".
Cam% *am%
A ver" onvenient lam! to use on a hike is the Baldwin 0am! 1am! made *" John Simmons 0o., 13
Franklin Street, New York 0it". #t wei$hs onl" five ounes when fullB is har$ed with ar*ide and is *ut :+
3N: inhes hi$h. #t !roDets a stron$ li$ht 1;0 feet throu$h the woods. A stiff wind will not *low it out. #t an
*e worn omforta*l" in "our hat or *elt.
Ha#y Articles
A *o" of in$enuit" an make a num*er of onvenient thin$s. A $ood drinkin$ u! ma" *e made from a !iee
of *ark ut <1:7= in !arallelo$ram sha!e twisted into !"ramid form and fastened with a s!lit stik. A flat
!iee of *ark ma" serve as a !late. A !ot lifter ma" *e made from a $reen stik a*out 1J inhes lon$,
allowin$ a few inhes of a stout *ranh to remain. B" reversin$ the same kind of stik and drivin$ a small
nail near the other end or uttin$ a noth in it, it ma" *e used to sus!end a kettle over a fire. A novel
andlestik is made *" o!enin$ the *lade of a knife and Da**in$ it into a treeB u!on the other u!turned *lade
!ut a andle. A $reen stik havin$ a s!lit whih will hold a !iee of *read or meat makes an e?ellent *roiler.
(onCt !iere the *read or meat. (rivin$ a $ood+si>ed stake into the $round at an an$le of :; de$rees and
uttin$ a noth on whih ma" *e sus!ended a kettle over a fire will !rovide a wa" of *oilin$ water Auikl".
Buil#i& t"e Fire%lace
)ake two or three stones and *uild a fire!lae, a stik first shaved and then whittled for shavin$s, a li$hted
math, a little *la>e, some *ark and dr" twi$s added, a few small stiks, !lae the $riddle over the fire and
"ou are read" to ook the most a!!eti>in$ $riddle+akes. After the akes are ooked, fr" slies of *aon u!on
the $riddleB in the sur!lus fat fr" slies of *read, then some thinl" slied raw !otatoes done to a deliious
*rown. .ere is a *reakfast a!a*le of makin$ the mouth of a am!er water.
Another wa"G 5lae the $reen lo$s side *" side, loser to$ether at one end than the other. Build the fire
*etween. /n the lo$s over the fire "ou an rest a fr"in$+!an, kettle, et. )o start the fire have some li$ht, dr"
wood s!lit u! fine. -hen stiks *e$in to *la>e, add a few more of lar$er si>e and ontinue until "ou have a
$ood fire. )o !revent the re+kindlin$ of the fire after it is a!!arentl" out, !our water over it and soak the earth
for the s!ae of two or three feet around it. )his is ver" im!ortant, for man" forest fires have started throu$h
failure to o*serve this aution.
COOKIN! RECEI+TS
Coo7i& for Hi7es a# O,erBi&"t Cam%s
)he followin$ tested reei!ts are $iven for those who $o on hikes and over+ni$ht am!sG
!ri##leBca7es
Beat one e$$, ta*les!oonful of su$ar, one u! diluted ondensed milk or new milk. &i? enou$h self+raisin$
flour to <1;0= make a thik ream *atter. %rease the $riddle with rind or slies of *aon for eah *ath of
akes. Be sure to have the $riddle hot.
Baco
Slie *aon Auite thinB remove the rind, whih makes slies url u!. Fr" on $riddle or !ut on a shar! end of a
stik and hold over the hot oals, or *etter "et remove the $riddle, and !ut on a lean, flat rok in its !lae.
-hen hot la" the slies of *aon on the rok and *roil. 2ee! turnin$ so as to *rown on *oth sides.
Cae# Salmo o Toast
(i! slies of stale *read into smokin$ hot lard. )he" will *rown at one. (rain them. .eat a !int of salmon,
!iked into flakes, season with salt and !e!!er and turn in a ta*les!oonful of melted *utter. .eat in a !an.
Stir in one e$$, *eaten li$ht, with three ta*les!oonfuls eva!orated milk not thinned. 5our the mi?ture on the
fried *read.
Roast +otatoes
-ash and dr" !otatoes thorou$hl", *ur" them dee! in a $ood *ed of oals, over them with hot oals until
well done. #t will take a*out fort" minutes for them to *ake. )hen !ass a shar!ened hard+wood sliver throu$h
them from end to end, and let the steam esa!e and use immediatel" as a roast !otato soon *eomes so$$"
and *itter.
Ba7e# Fres" Fis"
0lean well. Small fish should *e fried whole with the *ak *one severed to !revent urlin$ u!B lar$e fish
should *e ut into !iees, and ri*s loosened from *ak *one so as to lie flat in !an. Ru* the !iees in orn
meal or !owdered rum*s, thinl" and evenl" Lthat *rowns themM, fr" in !lent" of hot fat to a $olden *rown,
s!rinklin$ li$htl" with salt Dust as the olor turns. #f fish has not *een wi!ed dr" it will a*sor* too muh
$rease. #f the fr"in$ fat is not ver" hot when fish are !ut in, the" will *e so$$" with it.
Fro&sA *e&s
First, after skinnin$, soak them an hour in old water to whih vine$ar has *een added, or !ut them for two
minutes into saldin$ water that has vine$ar in it. (rain, wi!e dr", and ook. <1;1= )o fr"G roll in flour,
season with salt and !e!!er, and fr" not too ra!idl", !refera*l" in *utter or oil. -ater+ress is a $ood relish
with them. )o $riddleG 5re!are three ta*les!oonsful melted *utter, one half ta*les!oonful salt, and a !inh or
two of !e!!er, into whih di! the fro$sC le$s, then roll in fresh *read rum*s and *roil for three minutes on
eah side.
E&&s
BoiledG .ave water to *oilin$ !oint. 5lae e$$s in arefull". Boil steadil" for three minutes if "ou wish them
soft. #f wanted hard *oiled, !ut them in old water, *rin$ to a *oil, and kee! it u! for twent" minutes. )he
"olk will then *e meal" and wholesome.
FriedG &elt some *utter or fat in fr"in$+!anB when it hisses dro! in e$$s arefull". Fr" them three minutes.
Sram*ledG First stir the e$$s u! and after !uttin$ some *utter in the fr"in$+!an, stir the e$$s in it after
addin$ a little ondensed milk.
5oahedG First !ut in the fr"in$+!an suffiient diluted ondensed milk whih has *een thinned with enou$h
water to float the e$$s in, and let them simmer three or four minutes. Serve the e$$s on slies of *uttered
toast, !ourin$ on enou$h of the milk to moisten the toast.
Coffee
For ever" u! of water allow a ta*les!oonful of $round offee, then add one e?tra. .ave water ome to
*oilin$ !oint first, add offee, hold it Dust *elow *oilin$ !oint for five minutes, and settle with one fourth of a
u! of old water. Serve. Some !refer to !ut the offee in a small muslin *a$ loosel" tied.
Cocoa
Allow a teas!oonful of ooa for ever" u! of *oilin$ water. &i? the !owdered ooa with water or *oiled
milk, with su$ar to taste. Boil two or three minutes.
)hese reei!ts have *een tried out. Bisuit and *read makin$ have *een !ur!osel" omitted. )ake *read and
rakers with "ou from am!. @Amateur@ *isuits are not onduive to $ood di$estion or ha!!iness. 5ak
*utter in small DarG ooa, su$ar, and offee in small ans or heav" !a!erB also salt and !e!!er. -ra! *read in
a moist loth to !revent dr"in$ u!B <1;3= *aon and dried or hi!!ed *eef in wa? !a!er. 5ikles an *e
!urhased !ut u! in small *ottles. 'se the em!t" *ottle as andle+stik.
Sam%le Meu for a O,erBi&"t Cam% a# a Day Hi7e or Tram%
Breakfast
%riddle+0akes, Fried Baon and 5otatoes, Bread, 0offee, 5reserves
(inner
0reamed Salmon on )oast, Baked 5otatoes, Bread, 5ikles, Fruit
Su!!er
Fried E$$s, 0reamed or 0hi!!ed Beef, 0heese, Bread, 0ooa
Ratio *ist for Si? Boys' T"ree Meals
3 !ounds *aon Lslied thinM
1 !ound *utter
1 do>en e$$s
1N3 !ound ooa
1N3 !ound offee
1 !ound su$ar
3 ans salmon
3: !otatoes
3 ans ondensed milk
1 small !aka$e of self+raisin$ flour
Salt and !e!!er
Utensils
Small $riddle
Small stew !an
Small offee+!ot
1ar$e s!oon
5late and u!
&athes and andle.
Dis" $as"i&
First fill the fr"in$+!an with water, !lae over the fire, and let it *oil. 5our out water and "ou will find the !an
has !ratiall" leaned itself. 0lean the $riddle with sand and water. %reas" knives and forks ma" *e leaned
*" Da**in$ <1;3= them into the $round. After all $rease is $otten rid of, wash in hot water and dr" with loth.
(onCt use the loth first and $et it $reas".
*ea#ers"i%
)he most im!ortant thin$ a*out a am!in$ !art" is that it should alwa"s have the *est of leadershi!. No
$rou! of *o"s should $o am!in$ *" themselves. )he first thin$ a !atrol of souts should do when it has
determined to am! is to insist u!on the sout master aom!an"in$ the mem*ers of the !atrol. )he reason
for this is that there is less likel" to *e aidents of the kind that will *reak u! "our am! and drive "ou home
to the town or it". -hen the sout master is one of the !art", all of the *o"s an $o in swimmin$ when the
!ro!er time omes for suh e?erise, and the sout master an sta" u!on the *ank or sit in the *oat for the
!ur!ose of !reventin$ aidents *" drownin$. )here are also a hundred and one thin$s whih will our in
am! when the need of a manCs hel! will show itself. A sout ou$ht to insist on his sout master $oin$ to
am!. )he sout master and !atrol leader should *e !resent, in order to settle the man" Auestions whih must
of neessit" arise, so that there ma" *e no need of differenes or Auarrels over dis!uted !oints, whih would
*e sure to s!oil the outin$.
Scout Cam% +ro&ram
#n a sout am! there will *e a re$ular dail" !ro$ram, somethin$ similar to the followin$G
KG30 A.&. )urn out, *athe, et.
IG00 A.&. Breakfast
JG00 A.&.
Air *eddin$ in sun, if !ossi*le, and lean am!
$round
7G00 A.&. Soutin$ $ames and !ratie
11G00 A.&. Swimmin$
13G00 5.&. (inner
1G00 5.&. )alk *" leader
3G00 5.&. -ater $ames, et.
KG00 5.&. Su!!er
IG30 5.&. Evenin$ ounil around am! fire.
%rder of Business
1. /!enin$ 0ounil
3. Roll+all
3. Reord of last ounil
:. Re!orts of souts
;. 1eft over *usiness
K. 0om!laints
I. .onors
J. New souts
7. New *usiness
10. 0hallen$es
11. Soial doin$s, son$s, danes, stories
13.
0losin$ 0ounil Ldevotional servies when desiredM JG:;
li$hts out
<1;:=
$ater Su%%ly
(r. 0harles E. A. -inslow, the noted *iolo$ist, is authorit" for the followin$ statementG @)he soure of
dan$er in water is alwa"s human or animal !ollution. /asionall" we find water whih is *ad to drink on
aount of !assa$e throu$h the $round or on aount of !assa$e throu$h lead !i!es, *ut the dan$er is never
from ordinar" deom!osin$ ve$eta*le matter. #f "ou have to hoose *etween a *ri$ht lear stream whih ma"
*e !olluted at some !oint a*ove and a !ond full of dead leaves and !eat" matter, *ut whih "ou an ins!et
all around and find free from ontamination, hoose the !ond. Even in the woods it is not eas" to find surfae
waters that are surel" !roteted and streams !artiularl" are dan$erous soures of water su!!l". -e have not
$ot rid of the idea that runnin$ water !urifies itself. #t is standin$ water whih !urifies itself, if an"thin$ does,
for in sta$nation there is muh more hane for the disease $erms to die out. Better than either a !ond or
stream, unless "ou an arr" out a rather areful e?!loration of their surroundin$s, is $round water from a
well or s!rin$B thou$h that a$ain is not neessaril" safe. #f the well is in $ood, sand" soil, with no raks or
fissures, even water that has *een !olluted ma" *e well !urified and safe to drink. #n a la"e" or rok"
re$ion, on the other hand, ontaminatin$ material ma" travel for a onsidera*le distane under the $round.
Even if the well is !roteted *elow, a ver" im!ortant !oint to look after is the !ollution from the surfae. #
*elieve more ases of t"!hoid fever from wells are due to surfae !ollution than to the harater of the water
itself. )here is dan$er whih an, of ourse, *e done awa" with *" !rotetion of the well from surfae
draina$e, *" seein$ that the surfae wash is not allowed to drain toward it, and that it is !roteted *" a ti$ht
overin$ from the entrane of its own waste water. #f $ood water annot *e seured in an" of these wa"s, it
must in some wa" *e !urified. ... Boilin$ will surel" destro" all disease $erms.@
)he #ndians had a wa" of !urif"in$ water from a !ond or swam! *" di$$in$ a hole a*out one foot aross and
down a*out si? inhes *elow the water level, a few feet from the !ond. After it was filled with water, the"
*ailed it out Auikl", re!eatin$ the *ailin$ !roess a*out three times. After the third *ailin$ the hole would
fill with filtered water. )r" it.
Saitatio
A most im!ortant matter when in am!, and awa" from modern onvenienes is that of sanitation. )his
inludes not onl" <1;;= are as to !ersonal leanliness, *ut also as to the water su!!l" and the !ro!er
dis!osal of all refuse throu$h *urial or *urnin$. 0arelessness in these matters has *een the ause of serious
illness to entire am!s and *rou$ht a*out man" deaths. #n man" instanes the loss of life in the armies has
*een $reater throu$h disease in the am! than on the *attlefields.
)"!hoid fever is one of the $reatest dan$ers in am!in$ and is aused *" unlean ha*its, !olluted water, and
ontaminated milk, and food. )he armies of the world have $iven this disease the most areful stud" with the
result that flies have *een found to *e its $reatest s!readers. Not onl" should all soures of water su!!l" *e
arefull" e?amined, an anal"sis o*tained if !ossi*le *efore use, *ut $reat are should also *e taken when in
the viinit" of suh a su!!l", not to !ollute it in an" wa". #n distrits where t"!hoid is at all !revalent it is
advisa*le for eah sout to *e immuni>ed *efore $oin$ to am!.
A soutCs honor will not !ermit him to diso*e" in the sli$htest !artiular the sanitar" rules of his am!. .e
will do his !art well. .e will do ever"thin$ in his !ower to make his am! lean, sanitar", and healthful from
ever" stand!oint.
!eeral Hits
)wo flannel shirts are *etter than two overoats.
(onCt wrin$ out flannels or woolens.
-ash in old water, ver" soa!", han$ them u! dri!!in$ wet, and the" will not shrink.
#f "ou kee! "our head from $ettin$ hot and "our feet dr" there will *e little dan$er of sikness.
#f "our head $ets too hot !ut $reen leaves inside of "our hat.
#f "our throat is !arhed, and "ou annot $et water, !ut a !e**le in "our mouth. )his will start the saliva and
Auenh the thirst.
$ater Hits
#f "ou work "our hands like !addles and kik "our feet, "ou an sta" a*ove water for some time even with
"our lothes on. #t reAuires a little oura$e and enou$h stren$th not to lose "our head.

Read" for the hike
<1;K=
&an" *o" swimmers make the mistake of $oin$ into the water too soon after eatin$. )he stomah and
di$estive or$ans are *us" !re!arin$ the food for the *lood and *od". Suddenl" the" are alled u!on to are
for the work of the swimmer. )he han$e is too Auik for the or$ans, the !roess of di$estion sto!s,
on$estion is a!t to follow, and then !aral">in$ ram!s.
I#ia Bat"i& +recautio
)he #ndians have a method of !rotetin$ themselves from ram!s. 0omin$ to a *athin$ !ool, an #ndian
swimmer, after stri!!in$ off, and *efore enterin$ the water, vi$orousl" ru*s the !it of the stomah with the
dr" !alm of his hands. )his ru**in$ !ro*a*l" takes a minute, then he dashes old water all over his stomah
and ontinues the ru**in$ for another minute, and after that he is read" for his !lun$e. #f the water in whih
"ou are $oin$ to swim is old, tr" this method *efore !lun$in$ into the water.
!oo# Bat"i& Rule
)he rule in most am!s re$ardin$ enterin$ the water is as followsG @No one of the !art" shall enter the water
for swimmin$ or *athin$ e?e!t at the time and !lae desi$nated, and in the !resene of a leader.@ 1a?it" in
the o*servane of this rule will result disastrousl".
Clou#s
Ever" loud is a weather si$nG 1ow louds, swiftl" movin$, indiate oolness and rainB hard+ed$ed louds,
windB rolled or Da$$ed louds, stron$ windB @makerel@ sk", twelve hours da".
1ook out for rain when
A slak ro!e ti$htens.
Smoke *eats downward.
Sun is red in the mornin$.
)here is a !ale "ellow or $reenish sunset.
Rais
Rain with east wind is len$th".
A sudden shower is soon over.
A slow rain lasts lon$.
Rain *efore seven, lear *efore eleven.
A irle round the moon means @storm.@
@)he evenin$ red, the mornin$ $ra"
Sets the traveler on his wa"B
)he evenin$ $ra", the mornin$ red
Brin$s down showers u!on his head.@
<1;I=
@-hen the $rass is dr" at ni$ht
1ook for rain *efore the li$ht.@
@-hen the $rass is dr" at mornin$ li$ht
1ook for rain *efore the ni$ht.@
Clear
@-hen the dew is on the $rass
Rain will never ome to !ass.@
A heav" mornin$ fo$ $enerall" indiates a lear da".
East wind *rin$s rain.
-est wind *rin$s lear, *ri$ht, and ool weather.
North wind *rin$s old.
South wind *rin$s heat.
Directio of t"e $i#
)he wa" to find whih wa" the wind is *lowin$ is to throw u! little *its of dr" $rass, or to hold u! a handful
of li$ht dust and let it fall, or to suk "our thum*, wet it all around and let the wind *low over it, and the old
side of it will then tell "ou whih wa" the wind is *lowin$.
$eat"er Fla&s
)he 'nited States -eather Bureau !u*lishes a @0lassifiation of 0louds@ in olors, whih ma" *e had for the
askin$. #f "ou are near one of the weather si$nal stations, dail" *ulletins will *e sent to am! u!on reAuestB
also the weather ma!.
A set of fla$ si$nals run u! eah da" will reate interest. )he fla$s are easil" made or ma" *e !urhased.
2ee! a dail" reord of tem!erature. A *o" in har$e of the @weather *ureau@ will find it to *e full of interest
as well as offerin$ an o!!ortunit" to render the am! a real servie. .e will make a weather vane, !ost a
dail" *ulletin, kee! a reord of tem!erature, measure veloit" of wind, and rainfall.
Ho. to !et Your Beari&s
#f "ou have lost "our *earin$s, and it is a loud" da", !ut the !oint of "our knife *lade on "our thum* nail,
and turn the *lade around until the full shadow of the *lade is on the nail. )his will tell "ou where the sun is,
and deide in whih diretion the am! is.
Fae the sun in the mornin$, s!read out "our arms strai$ht <1;J= from *od". Before "ou is the eastB *ehind
"ou is the westB to "our ri$ht is the southB the left hand is the north. %rass turns with the sun. Remem*er this
when findin$ "our wa" at ni$ht.
Buil#i& a Cam% Fire
)here are wa"s and wa"s of *uildin$ a am! fire. An old #ndian sa"in$ runs, @-hite man hea! fool, make
um *i$ fire++anCt $it nearS #nDun make um little fire++$it loseS '$hS $oodS@
&ake it a servie !rivile$e for a tent of *o"s to $ather wood and *uild the fire. )his should *e done durin$
the afternoon. )wo thin$s are essential in the *uildin$ of a fire++kindlin$ and air. A fire must *e *uilt
s"stematiall". First, $et dr", small, dead *ranhes, twi$s, fir *ranhes, and other inflamma*le material. 5lae
these on the $round. Be sure that air an draw under it and u!ward throu$h it. Ne?t !lae some heavier stiks
and so on until "ou have *uilt the am! fire the reAuired si>e. An interestin$ aount of @.ow to Build a Fire
*" Ru**in$ Stiks,@ *" Ernest )hom!son Seton, will *e found in 0ha!ter 11. #n man" am!s it is onsidered
an honor to li$ht the fire.
Never *uild a lar$e am! fire too near the tent or inflamma*le !ine trees. Better *uild it in the o!en.
Be sure and use ever" !reaution to !revent the s!readin$ of fire. )his ma" *e done *" *uildin$ a irle of
stones around the fire, or *" di$$in$ u! the earth, or *" wettin$ a s!ae around the fire. Alwa"s have the
*ukets of water near at hand. )o !revent the re+kindlin$ of the fire after it is a!!arentl" out, !our water over
it and soak the earth for a s!ae of two or three feet around it. )his is ver" im!ortant, for man" forest fires
have started throu$h failure to o*serve this aution.
)hin$s to remem*erG First, it is riminal to leave a *urnin$ fireB seond, alwa"s !ut out the fire with water or
earth.
@A fire is never out,@ sa"s 0hief Forester .. S. %raves, @until the last s!ark is e?tin$uished. /ften a lo$ or
sna$ will smolder unnotied after the flames have a!!arentl" *een onAuered onl" to *reak out afresh with a
risin$ wind.@
Be sure to $et a o!" of the laws of "our state re$ardin$ forest fires, and if a !ermit is neessar" to *uild a
fire, seure it, *efore *uildin$ the fire.
2e!hart, in his *ook on @0am!in$ and -oodraft@ L!. 3JM, sa"sG @-hen there is nothin$ dr" to strike it on,
Derk the head <1K0= of the math forward throu$h the teeth. /r, fae the wind. 0u! "our hands *ak toward
the wind, remove the ri$ht hand Dust lon$ enou$h to strike the math on somethin$ ver" lose *", then
instantl" resume former !osition. Flame of math will run u! stik instead of *lowin$ awa" from it.@
<1;7=
FOREST FIRES0
)he $reat annual destrution of forests *" fire is an inDur" to all !ersons and industries. )he welfare of ever"
ommunit" is de!endent u!on a hea! and !lentiful su!!l" of tim*er, and a forest over is the most effetive
means of !reventin$ floods and maintainin$ a re$ular flow of streams used for irri$ation and other useful
!ur!oses.
)o !revent forest fires 0on$ress !assed the law a!!roved &a" ;, 1700, whih++
For1i#s setti& fire to t"e .oo#s' a#
For1i#s lea,i& ay fires ue?ti&uis"e#(
)his law, for offenses a$ainst whih offiers of the F/RES) SER4#0E an arrest without warrant, !rovides
as ma?imum !unishment++
A fie of D9>>>' or im%risomet for t.o years' or 1ot"' if a fire is set maliciously' a#
A fie of D3>>>' or im%risomet for oe years' or 1ot"' if a fire is set carelessly'
#t also !rovides that the mone" from suh fines shall *e !aid to the shool fund of the ount" in whih the
offense is ommitted.
).E EEER0#SE /F 0ARE -#). S&A11 F#RES #S ).E BES) 5RE4EN)#4E /F 1AR%E /NES.
)herefore all !ersons are reAuested++
1. Not to dro! mathes or *urnin$ to*ao where there is inflamma*le material.
3. Not to *uild lar$er am! fires than are neessar".
3. Not to *uild fires in leaves, rotten wood, or other !laes where the" are likel" to s!read.
:. #n wind" weather and in dan$erous !laes, to di$ holes or lear the $round to onfine am! fires.
;. )o e?tin$uish all fires om!letel" *efore leavin$ them, even for a short a*sene.
K. Not to *uild fires a$ainst lar$e or hollow lo$s, where it is diffiult to e?tin$uish them.
I. Not to *uild fires to lear land without informin$ the nearest offier of the F/RES) SER4#0E, so that he
ma" assist in ontrollin$ them.
)his notie is !osted for "our *enefit and the $ood of ever" resident of the re$ion. You are reAuested to
oo!erate in !reventin$ the removal or defaement, whih ats are !unisha*le *" law.
CAMES $I*SON'
Secretary of A&riculture
The abo#e is a cop! of one of a series of notices posted in forests b! the U. S. 4epartment of *griculture,
directing attention to U. S. laws on this important sub5ect.
<1K0 ontinued=

Around the am! fire
T"e Cam% Fire
@# annot oneive of a am! that does not have a *i$ fire. /ur it" houses do not have it, not even a
fire!lae. )he fire!lae is one of the $reatest shools the ima$ination has ever had or an ever have. #t is
moral, and it alwa"s has a tremendous stimulus to the ima$ination, and that is wh" stories and fire $o
to$ether. You annot tell a $ood stor" unless "ou tell it *efore a fire. You annot have a om!lete fire unless
"ou have a $ood stor"+teller alon$S
@)here is an im!al!a*le, invisi*le, softl" ste!!in$ deli$ht in the am! fire whih esa!es anal"sis. Enumerate
all its harms and still there is somethin$ missin$ in "our atalo$ue.
@An"one who has witnessed a real am! fire and !artii!ated in its fun as well as seriousness will never
for$et it. )he hu$e fire shootin$ u! its ton$ue of flame into the darkness of the ni$ht, the !erfet shower of
$olden rain, the om!an" of ha!!" <1K1= *o"s, and the $reat dark *ak$round of !in" woods, the weird li$ht
over all, the sin$in$, the "ells, the stories, the fun, and then the serious word at the lose, is a ha!!"
e?!eriene lon$ to *e remem*ered.@
Cam%Bfire Stuts
)he am! fire is a $olden o!!ortunit" for the tellin$ of stories++$ood stories told well. #ndian le$ends, war
stories, $host stories, detetive stories, stories of heroism, the histor" of life, a talk a*out the stars. (onCt draw
out the tellin$ of a stor". &ake the stor" life+like.
0olle$e son$s alwa"s a!!eal to *o"s. 1et some leader start u! a son$ in a natural wa", and soon "ou will
have a horus of une?!eted melod" and harmon". As the fire dies down, let the son$s *e of a more Auiet
t"!e like @&" /ld 2entuk" .ome,@ and *allads of similar nature.
-hen the em*ers are $lowin$ is the time for toastin$ marshmallows. %et a lon$ stik shar!ened to a !oint,
fasten a marshmallow on the end, hold it over the em*ers, not in the *la>e, until the marsh+mallow e?!ands.
/h, the deliiousness of itS Ever tasted oneH Before roastin$ orn on the o*, tie the end of the husk firml"
with strin$ or ordB soak in water for a*out an hourB then !ut into the hot em*ers. )he water !revents the orn
from *urnin$ and the firml" tied husks ena*le the orn to *e steamed and the real orn flavor is thus retained.
#n a*out twent" minutes the orn ma" *e taken from the fire and eaten. .ave a *owl of melted *utter and salt
at hand. Also a !astr" *rush to s!read the melted *utter u!on the orn. )r" it.
Story Telli&
For an e?am!le of a $ood stor" to *e told around the am! fire this e?ellent tale *" 5rof. F. &. Burr is
!rinted *" !ermissionG
Ho. Me Fou# t"e !reat S%irit
#n the olden time, when the woods overed all the earth e?e!t the deserts and the river *ottoms, and men
lived on the fruits and *erries the" found and the wild animals whih the" ould shoot or snare, when the"
dressed in skins and lived in aves, there was little time for thou$ht. But as men $rew stron$er and more
unnin$ and learned how to live to$ether, the" had more time to think and more mind to think with.
&en had learned man" thin$s. )he" had learned that old weather followed hotB and s!rin$, winterB and that
the sun $ot u! in the mornin$ and went to *ed at ni$ht. )he" said that the $reat water was kindl" when the
sun shone, *ut when the sun hid its fae and the wind *lew u!on it, it $rew *lak and an$r" and u!set their
anoes. )he" found that knokin$ flints to$ether or ru**in$ dr" stiks would li$ht the dr" moss and that the
<1K3= flames whih would *rin$ *ak summer in the midst of winter and da" in the midst of ni$ht were
hun$r" and must *e fed, and when the" esa!ed devoured the woods and onl" the water ould sto! them.
)hese and man" other thin$s men learned, *ut no one knew wh" it all was or how it ame to *e. &an *e$an
to wonder, and that was the *e$innin$ of the !ath whih led to the %reat S!irit.
#n the a$es when men *e$an to wonder there was *orn a *o" whose name was -o, whih meant in the
lan$ua$e of his time, @-hene.@ As he la" in his motherCs arms she loved him and wonderedG @.is *od" is of
m" *od", *ut from whene omes the life++the s!irit whih is like mine and "et not like itH@ And his father
seein$ the wonder in the motherCs e"es, said, @-hene ame he fromH@ And there was no one to answer, and
so the" alled him -o to remind them that the" knew not from whene he ame.
As -o $rew u!, he was stron$er and swifter of foot than an" of his tri*e. .e *eame a mi$ht" hunter. .e
knew the wa"s of all the wild thin$s and ould read the si$ns of the seasons. As he $rew older the" made him
a hief and listened while he s!oke at the ounil *oard, *ut -o was not satisfied. .is name was a Auestion
and Auestionin$ filled his mind.
@-hene did he omeH -hither was he $oin$H -h" did the sun rise and setH -h" did life *urst into leaf and
flower with the omin$ of s!rin$H -h" did the hild *eome a man and the man $row old and dieH@
)he m"ster" $rew u!on him as he !ondered. #n the mornin$ he stood on a mountain to! and strethin$ out
his hands ried, @-heneH@ At ni$ht he ried to the moon @-hitherH@ .e listened to the sou$hin$ of the trees
and the son$ of the *rook and tried to learn their lan$ua$e. .e !eered ea$erl" into the e"es of little hildren
and tried to read the m"ster" of life. .e listened at the still li!s of the dead, waitin$ for them to tell him
whither the" had $one.
.e went out amon$ his fellows silent and a*sor*ed, alwa"s lookin$ for the unseen and listenin$ for the
uns!oken. .e sat so lon$ silent at the ounil *oard that the elders Auestioned him. )o their Auestionin$ he
re!lied like one awakenin$ from a dreamG
@/ur fathers sine the *e$innin$ have trailed the *easts of the woods. )here is none so unnin$ as the fo?,
*ut we an trail him to his lair. )hou$h we are weaker than the $reat *ear and *uffalo, "et *" our wisdom we
overome them. )he deer is more swift of foot, *ut *" raft we overtake him. -e annot fl" like a *ird, *ut
we snare the win$ed one with a hair. -e have made ourselves man" unnin$ inventions *" whih the *easts,
the trees, the wind, the water and the fire *eome our servants.
@)hen we s!eak $reat swellin$ wordsG C.ow $reat and wise we areS )here is none like us in the air, in the
wood, or in the waterSC
@But the words are false. /ur !ride is like that of a !artrid$e drummin$ on his lo$ in the wood *efore the fo?
lea!s u!on him. /ur si$ht is like that of the mole *urrowin$ under the $round. /ur wisdom is like a dro! of
dew u!on the $rass. /ur i$norane is like the $reat water whih no e"e an measure.
@/ur life is like a *ird omin$ out of the dark, flutterin$ for a heart+*eat in the te!ee and then $oin$ forth into
the dark a$ain. No one an tell whene it omes or whither it $oes. # have asked the wise men and the"
annot answer. # have listened to the voie of the trees and wind and water, *ut # do not know their ton$ueB #
have Auestioned the sun and the moon and the stars, *ut the" are silent.
@But to+da" in the silene *efore the darkness $ives !lae to li$ht, # seemed to hear a still small voie within
m" *reast, sa"in$ to me, C-o, the <1K3= Auestioner, rise u! like the sta$ from his lairB awa", alone, to the
mountain of the sun. )here thou shalt find that whih thou seekest.C # $o, *ut if # fail *" the trail another will
take it u!. #f # find the answer # will return.@
-aitin$ for none, -o left the ounil of his tri*e and went his wa" toward the mountain of the sun. For si?
da"s he made his wa" throu$h the trakless woods, $uided *" the sun *" da" and the stars *" ni$ht. /n the
seventh da" he ame to the $reat mountain++the mountain of the sun, on whose to!, aordin$ to the tradition
of his tri*e, the sun rested eah ni$ht. All da" lon$ he lim*ed sa"in$ to himself, @# will slee! toni$ht in the
tee!ee of the sun, and he will tell me whene # ome and whither # $o.@
But as he lim*ed the sun seemed to lim* hi$her and hi$herB and, as he neared the to!, a old loud settled
like a ni$ht *ird on the mountain. 0hilled and faint with hun$er and fati$ue, -o stru$$led on. Just at sunset
he reahed the to! of the mountain, *ut it was not the mountain of the sun, for man" da"sC Dourne" to the west
the sun was sinkin$ in the %reat -ater.
A *itter r" *roke from -oCs !arhed li!s. .is lon$ trail was useless. )here was no answer to his Auestions.
)he sun Dourne"ed farther and faster than men dreamed, and of wood and waste and water there was no end.
/verome with miser" and weakness he fell u!on a *ed of moss with his *ak toward the sunset and the
unknown.
And -o sle!t, althou$h it was unlike an" slee! he had ever known *efore, and as he sle!t he dreamed. .e
was alone u!on the mountain waitin$ for the answer. A loud overed the mountain *ut all was silent. A
mi$ht" wind rent the loud and rushed roarin$ throu$h the ra$s, *ut there was no voie in the wind. )hunder
!ealed, li$htnin$ flashed, *ut he whom -o sou$ht was not there.
#n the hush that followed u! the storm -o heard a voie, low and Auiet, *ut in it all the sounds of earth and
sk" seemed to min$le++the son$ of the *ird, the whis!erin$ of the trees, and the murmurin$ of the *rook.
@-o, # am he whom thou seekest, # am the %reat S!irit. # am the All Father. Ever sine # made man of the
dust of the earth, and so hild of the earth and *rother to all livin$, and *reathed into his nostrils the *reath of
life, thus makin$ him m" son, # have waited for a seeker who should find me. #n the fullness of time thou hast
ome, -o the Auestioner, to the answerer.
@)h" *od" is of the earth and to earth returnsB th" s!irit is mineB it is $iven thee for a s!ae to make aordin$
to th" willB then it returns to me *etter or worse for th" makin$.
@)hou hast found me *eause th" heart was !ure, and th" searh for me tireless. %o *ak to th" tri*e and *e
to them the voie of the %reat S!irit. From heneforth # will s!eak to thee, and the seekers that ome after
thee in a thousand voies and a!!ear in a thousand sha!es. # will s!eak in the voies of the woods and
streams and of those "ou love. # will a!!ear to "ou in the sun *" da" and the stars *" ni$ht. -hen th" !eo!le
and mine are in need and wish for the will of the %reat S!irit, then shall m" s!irit *rood over thine and the
words that thou shalt s!eak shall *e m" words.@
And -o awoke, fain$ the east and the risin$ sun. .is *od" was warmed *" its ra"s. A $reat $ladness filled
his soul. .e had sou$ht and found and !ra"er ame to him like the son$ to the *ird.
@/ %reat S!irit, father of m" s!irit, the sun is th" messen$er, *ut thou art *ri$hter than the sun. (rive thou
the darkness *efore me. Be thou the li$ht of m" s!irit.@ As -o went down the mountain and took the Dourne"
*ak to the home of his !eo!le, his fae shone, and the li$ht never seemed to leave it, so that men alled him
@.e of the shinin$ fae.@
<1K:=
-hen -o ame *ak to his tri*e, all who saw his fae knew that he had found the answer, and the" $athered
a$ain a*out the ounil fire to hear. As -o stood u! and looked into the ea$er faes in the irle of the fire,
he remem*ered that the %reat S!irit had $iven him no messa$e and for a moment he was dum*. )hen the
words of the %reat S!irit ame to him a$ain. @-hen th" !eo!le and mine shall need to know m" will, m"
s!irit shall *rood over thine and the words that thou shalt s!eak shall *e m" words.@ 1ookin$ into the ea$er
faes of lon$in$ and Auestionin$, his S!irit moved within him and he s!okeG
@# went, # sou$ht, # found the %reat S!irit who dwells in the earth as "our s!irits dwell in "our *odies. #t is
from .im the s!irit omes. -e are .is hildren. .e ares for us more than a mother for the hild on her
*reast, or the father for the son that is his !ride. .is love is like the air we *reatheG it is a*out usB it is within
us.
@)he sun is the si$n of .is *ri$htness, the sk" of .is $reatness and mother+love and father+love, and the love
of man and woman are the si$ns of .is love. -e are *ut .is hildrenB we annot enter into the ounil of the
%reat 0hief until we have *een !roved, *ut this is .is will, that we love one another as .e loves usB that we
*ur" forever the hathet of hate, that no man shall take what is not his own and the stron$ shall hel! the
weak.@
)he hiefs did not wholl" understand the words of -o, *ut the" took a hathet and *uried it *" the fire
sa"in$, @)hus *ur" we hate *etween man and his *rother,@ and the" took an aorn and !ut it in the earth
sa"in$, @)hus !lant we the love of the stron$ for the weak.@ And it *eame the ustom of the tri*e that the
$reat ounil in the s!rin$ should *ur" the hathet and !lant the aorn. Ever" mornin$ the tri*e $athered to
$reet the risin$ sun, and with ri$ht hand raised and left u!on their hearts !ra"edG @%reat S!irit hear usB $uide
us to+da"B make our wills )h" will, our wa"s )h" wa".@
And the tri*e $rew stron$er and $reater and wiser than all the other tri*es++*ut that is another stor".
Tet Ma7i& Ma#e Easy
B! 0. -. 0olden
LRe!rinted from Rereation. A!r. 1, 1711. *" !ermission of the Editor.M
)he aom!an"in$ skethes show a few of the man" different tents whih ma" *e made from an" availa*le
!iee of loth or anvas. )he material need not *e ut, nor its usefulness for other !ur!oses im!aired, e?e!t
that rin$s or ta!es are attahed at various !oints as indiated. For eah tent the skethes show a front
elevation, with a $round !lan, or a side viewB also a view of the material laid flat, with dotted lines to indiate
where reases or folds will our. &odels ma" *e made from stiff !a!er and will !rove as interestin$ to the
kinder$artner in $eometr" as to the old am!ai$ner in am!in$. #n most of the tents a rin$ for sus!ension is
fastened at the entre of one side. )his ma" *e su!!orted *" a !ole or hun$ *" means <1K;= of a ro!e from
an" onvenient fastenin$B *oth methods are shown in the skethes. %u" ro!es are reAuired for a few of the
different models, *ut most of them are !e$$ed down to the $round.
After makin$ !a!er models, find a stak over, a tar!aulin, a tent fl", an awnin$, or *u" some wide otton
loth, sa" 70+inh. All the sha!es ma" *e re!eatedl" made from the same !iee of material, if the rin$s for
han$es are left attahed. #n Nos. 3, :, K, I, J, 7, 11, a !ortion of the anvas is not used and ma" *e turned
under to serve as sod+loth, or rolled u! out of the wa". #f "our material is a lar$e !iee, more !e$s and $u"
lines will *e reAuired than is indiated in the skethes. )he sus!ension rin$, 1+1N3 inhes or 3 inhes in
diameter, should *e well fastened, with suffiient reinforement to !revent tearin$ outB 1+inh rin$s fastened
with li*eral len$ths of ta!e are lar$e enou$h for the !e$s and $u" lines. Also reinfore alon$ the lines of the
strain from !e$ to !ole.
Fi$. 1.++A sAuare of material hun$ *" one orner, from an" onvenient su!!ort, in a manner to make a
omforta*le shelterB it will shed rain and reflet heat. )his sAuare makes a $ood fl" or a $ood $round loth
for an" of the tents.

Fi$. 1. )ent from a sAuare of anvas.
I ? I sheet is am!le for a one+man shelterB 7 ? 7 will house two.
Fi$. 3.++A retan$le eAual to two sAuares. A shelter room" and warm, with !art of one side o!en toward the
fire.

Fi$. 3. Retan$le tent
<1KK=
Fi$. 3.++.ere the retan$le is folded to make a @lean+to@ shelter, with the roof front sus!ended from a ro!e or
from a hori>ontal !ole *" means of ords. )he two orners not in use are folded under, makin$ a !artial
$round loth. A sAuare o!en front is !resented toward the am! fire.

Fi$. 3. Baker, or lean+to
Fi$. :.++Same in !lan as No.3, *ut has a trian$ular front and onl" one !oint of sus!ension.

Fi$. :. Same !lan as No.3
<1KI=
Fi$ ;.++'ses all the loth, has a trian$ular $round !lan, a sAuare front o!enin$, !lent" of head room at the
*ak and reAuires two or more $u" lines. )his shelter resem*les a @toAue.@

Fi$. ;. )he toAue tent
Fi$. K.++SAuare or @minerCs@ tent. )wo orners are turned under. )his tent is enlosed on all sides, with a door
in front.

Fi$. K. &inerCs tent
Fi$. I.++0onial tent or @wi$wam,@ entirel" enlosed, with door in front. )wo orners of the anvas are
turned under.

Fi$. I. 0onial tent, or wi$wam
Fi$. J.++.as a wall on one side and is alled a @anoe tent@ in some atalo$ues. #t reAuires two or more $u"
lines and is shown with a !ole su!!ort. )he front has a trian$ular o!enin$.

Fi$. J. So+alled anoe tent. ReAuires three $u" lines,
and an *e su!!orted *" a ro!e instead of a !ole
Fi$. 7.++A om*ination of No. J, with No. 1 in use as an awnin$ or fl". )his sketh shows *oth tent and fl"
sus!ended *" means of a ro!e. )he @awnin$@ ma" *e swun$ around to an" an$le.

Fi$. 7. 0anoe tent with fl"
<1KJ=
Fi$. 10.++0om*ination of Nos. 1 and 3B the" ma" *e fastened to$ether *" a oarse seam or tied with ta!es.
)he $round !lan is an eAual+sided trian$le, with a door o!enin$ on one side, as shown. )here is no waste
loth.

Fi$. 10. 0om*ination of Nos. 1 and 3
Fi$. 11.++No. 10 han$ed to a onial sha!e and sus!ended as a ano!". )he irular sha!e is seured *" the
use of small+si>e $as !i!e or lim*er !oles *ent into a lar$e hoo!. /f ourse $u" lines ma" *e used, *ut would
!ro*a*l" *e in the wa". Notie that a little more material for makin$ a wall would transform the ano!" into
a @Si*le"@ tent.

Fi$. 11. Si*le" awnin$
)here are other sha!es and om*inations, *ut !erha!s these skethes are enou$h in the line of su$$estion.
)he dia$ram Fi$. 13 shows a method for la"in$ out, on "our loth, the loation of all the rin$s to make the
tents and shelters. No dimensions are $iven and none is reAuired. )he dia$ram is $ood for an" si>e. &ost of
the fastenin$s are found on radial lines, whih are s!aed to divide a semi+irle into ei$ht eAual <1K7=
an$les, 33+1N3 de$rees eahB these interset other onstrution lines and loate the neessar" loo!s and rin$s.
Fi$ures are $iven at eah rin$ whih refer *ak to the sketh num*ers.

Fi$. 13. Showin$ how ten different tents an *e made with *ut one !iee of anvas
Su!!ose the material at hand is the widest un*leahed otton loth, 70 inhes wide, ; "ards lon$, or I+1N3
feet *" 1; feet. )he aom!an"in$ ta*le will $ive the dimensions for the various sha!es from Fi$. 1 to Fi$.
11.
#f in dou*t a*out the loation of rin$s on "our anvas, sus!end the tent *" the entre rin$ and fasten the loo!s
tem!oraril" *" means of safet" !ins, draw the tent into sha!e and shift the fastenin$s as reAuired. )he $u"
lines should have hooks or sna!s at one end for read" attahment and removalB the other end should *e
!rovided with the usual slides for @take u!.@ )he ed$e of the loth where the lar$e rin$ for sus!ension is
fastened should *e *ound with ta!e or have a dou*le hem, for it is the ed$e of the door in most of the tents
shown.
TAB*E OF DIMENSIONS' => IN( MATERIA*
Si>e Area, SA. Ft.
.ei$ht,
Ft.
Remarks
1
I+1N3 ft.
trian$le
3; K+1N: /ne side o!en
3 K+1N3 E 1; ft. K; K+1N: /ne side o!en
3 K ? I+1N3 ft. :; :+1N3 /ne side o!en
: I+1N3 ? J ft. K0 ;+1N3 /ne side o!en
; I+1N3 ft. 3; I+1N3 /ne side o!en
trian$le
K K+1N: ? K+1N: ft. 37 I Enlosed
I I+1N3 ft. diam. :: K+1N3 Enlosed
J ; ? I+1N3 ft. 3I+1N3 K+1N3 3+1N3 ft. wall
7 I+1N3 ? J ft. K0 K+1N3 No.J, with fl"
10 1; ft. trian$le 7I K+1N: Enlosed
11 11+1N: ft. irle 10J ; 0ano!", no sides
<1I0=
$ater%roofi& a Tet
(issolve half a !ound of alum in two Auarts of *oilin$ waterB then add two $allons of !ure old water. #n this
solution !lae the material and let it remain for a da". (issolve a Auarter of a !ound of su$ar of lead in two
Auarts *oilin$ water, then add two $allons of old water. )ake the material from the alum solution, wrin$ it
li$htl", !lae in the seond solution and leave for five or si? hoursB then wrin$ out a$ain li$htl" and allow it
to dr".
ETrascri1erAs ote2 Su&ar of *ea# F*ea# AcetateG is to?ic(H
#f "ou want to avoid trou*le with a leak" tent, the followin$ solution is a @sure ureB@ )ake a $allon or two
$allons of tur!entine and one or two akes of !araffin, dru$ store si>e. 0hi! the !araffin fairl" fineB dum! it
into the tur!entine. 5lae the tur!entine in a !ail and set same in a lar$er !ail or a tu* of hot water. )he hot
water will heat the tur!entine, and the tur!entine will melt the !araffin. Stir thorou$hl", and renew "our
su!!l" of hot water if neessar". )hen !ile "our tent into a tu* and !our in the tur!entine and !araffin
mi?ture. -ork the tent all over thorou$hl" with "our hands, so that ever" fi*er $ets well saturated. You must
work fast, however, as the !araffin *e$ins to thiken as it oolsB and work out of doors, in a *ree>e if
!ossi*le, as the fumes of the tur!entine will surel" make "ou sik if "ou tr" it indoors. -hen "ou have the
tent thorou$hl" saturated, han$ it u! to dr". #t is not neessar" to wrin$ the tent out when "ou han$ it u!. Just
let it dri!. #f "ou use too muh !araffin the tent ma" look a little dirt" after it dries, *ut it will *e all ri$ht after
"ou have used it one or twie.
A O%e Outi& Tet
B! Warren 0. /iller, +ditor <'ield and Stream.<
)o make an o!en outin$ tent, $et thirteen "ards of J o>. duk anvas, whih an *e *ou$ht at an" de!artment
store or dr" $oods store for seventeen or ei$hteen ents a "ard. )his makes "our total e?!ense O3.31 for "our
tent. 1a"out the stri! of anvas on the floor and ut one end sAuareB measure u! J inhes alon$ the ed$e and
draw a line to the other orner. <1I1= From this orner la"off I ft. J in. alon$ the ed$e and on the o!!osite
side, la"off ; ft. 7 in. *e$innin$ at the end of "our J+in. measurement. Now take a ruler and draw another
dia$onal aross the anvas at the ends of these measurements and "ou have the first $ore of "our tent. 0ut it
aross, turn the $ore over, la" it down on the stri! so as to measure off another one e?atl" like it. )his is the
orres!ondin$ $ore for the other side of the tent. )o make the seond !air of $ores, la"off ; ft. 7 in. alon$ one
side of the remainin$ stri! of anvas *e$innin$ at the !ointed end, and 3 ft. 10 in. on the other side. Join these
!oints with a dia$onal and "ou have a seond $ore, a du!liate of whih is then ut *" usin$ it as a !attern,
reversin$ and la"in$ it down on the stri! of anvas. )o make the third $ore, la"off 3 ft. 10 in, on one ed$e of
"our stri! *e$innin$ at the !oint, and 1 ft. 11 in. on the other side. (raw a dia$onal aross and "ou have the
third $ore.

.ow to ut u! "our stri! of anvas

Forester tent !attern

Forester tent with hood
You have now used u! all *ut two "ards of "our anvas, !lus a little left+over !iee of a*out two feet lon$.
/ut of this little left+over !iee make a trian$le 1 ft. 11 in. on the side, whih will form the *ak trian$le of
"our tent. Now !in "our three $ores to$ether to make the side of "our tent, Dust as in the illustrations, and !in
the two sides to$ether alon$ the rid$e. )hen sew this tent u!. Sew in the little *ak trian$le and hem all
around the ed$es. 1eave a hole at the !eak of the little trian$le throu$h whih the rid$e !ole must $o.
<1I3=
)o set it u!, ut three small sa!lin$s, one of whih should *e twelve feet lon$ and the other two, ten feet
lon$. )ie these two to$ether at the ends makin$ what the sailors all a @shears.@ )ake the twelve+foot !ole
and run it down the rid$e inside the tent, and out throu$h the hole in the *ak. Now raise the rid$e !ole with
one end stuk in the $round and the front end restin$ on the two shear !oles and tie all three of them to$ether.
At the end of eah seam alon$ the hem "ou must work in a little e"elet hole for a short !iee of twine to tie to
the tent !e$s. Streth out the *ak trian$le, !e$$in$ it down at the two orners on the $round, and then !e$
out eah hole alon$ the foot until the entire tent strethes out taut as in our illustrations. )hree feet from the
!eak alon$ the front ed$e "ou must have another e"elet hole with a little !iee of twine and "ou tie this out to
the shear !ole on eah side whih $ives the tent the !euliar $am*rel roof whih it has, and whih has the
advanta$e of $ivin$ "ou lots more room inside than the strai$ht tent would. You now have what is known as
the @o!en@ forester tent.

Forester tent with hood
#f a thunder storm omes u! with a drivin$ rain it will surel" rain in at the front unless "ou turn the tent
around *" movin$ the !oles one at a time. #f "ou donCt want to do this "ou an make a hood for the front out
of the two "ards of anvas "ou have left. Sim!l" draw a dia$onal from one orner to the other of this <1I3=
two+"ard !iee of duk and ut it down the dia$onal, makin$ two thin trian$les whih are sewed to the front
ed$es of the o!en forester tent, makin$ a hood of the sha!e shown in our !iture. )his !revents the rain
*eatin$ in the o!enin$ of "our tent *ut still lets the heat of "our fire strike in and at the same time it kee!s the
heat in the tent as it will not flow out alon$ the rid$e !ole as it does in the o!en t"!e.
)his tent wei$hs si? !ounds and !aks into a little !aka$e fourteen inhes lon$ *" seven inhes wide *" si?G
inhes thik, and an *e arried as a shoulder stra! or !ut in a *ak !ak or an" wa" "ou wish to take it. #t
will slee! three *o"s, or two men and a *o", ver" omforta*l" indeed. -hile it reall" does not need to *e
water+!roofed, as it immediatel" shrinks ti$ht after the first rain, "ou an water+!roof it if "ou wish *"
makin$ a solution of ten ounes of Auik lime with four ounes of alum in ten Auarts of water. Stir
oasionall" until the lime has slakened. 5ut the tent in another !ail and !our the solution over it, lettin$ it
stand twelve hours. )ake out and han$ it on the lothes+line to dr". #t will then *e entirel" water!roof.
)o make a $ood ni$ht fire in front of the tent, drive two stout stakes three feet lon$ in the $round a*out three
feet from the mouth of the tentB !ile four lo$s one on to! of the other a$ainst these stakes or take a lar$e flat
stone and rest it a$ainst it. &ake two lo$ andirons for eah side of the fire and *uild "our fire in the s!ae
*etween them. #t will $ive "ou a fine heerful fire and all the heat will *e refleted *" the *ak lo$s into the
tent, makin$ it warm and heerful. #nside "ou an !ut "our *rowse *a$s stuffed with *alsam *rowseB or !ile
u! a mountain of dr" leaves over whih "ou an streth "our *lankets. 5ile all the duffle wa" *ak in the
!eak a$ainst the little *ak trian$le where it will surel" kee! dr" and will form a sort of *ak for "our
!illows. You will find the forester tent li$hter and warmer than the ordinar" lean+to, as it reflets the heat
*etter. After a ou!le of weeks in it "ou will ome home with "our lun$s so full of o>one that it will *e
im!ossi*le to slee! in an ordinar" room without feelin$ smothered.
Caoei&' Ro.i& a# Saili&
L5re!ared with the oo!eration of &r. Arthur A. 0are", Sout &aster, Bo" Sout shi! 5ioneerB &r. 0arleton
E. Sholl, 0a!tain 1akanoo Boat 0lu* 0rewB &r. Frederik 2. 4reeland, 0am!+Fire 0lu* of Ameria. and
&r. R. F. )ims, 4ie+0ommodore, Amerian 0anoe Assoiation.M
)he *irh+*ark anoe is the *oat of the North Amerian #ndians, and our modern anvas anoes are made,
with some <1I:= variations, on the #ndian model. -ith the !ossi*le e?e!tion of the 4enetian $ondola, the
motion of a anoe is more $raeful than that of an" other *oat !ro!elled *" handB it should *e ontinuous and
$lidin$, and so silent that it ma" *e *rou$ht u! in the ni$ht to an animal or enem", #ndian fashion, without
makin$ an" sound, and so take them *" sur!rise.

0anoein$ stroke LaM
&an" aidents ha!!en in anoes++not *eause the" are unsafe when !ro!erl" handled, *ut *eause the" are
unsafe when im!ro!erl" handled++and man" !eo!le do not take the trou*le even to find out the !ro!er wa" of
mana$in$ a anoe. &an" anoes have seats almost on a level with the $unwale, whereas, !ro!erl" s!eakin$,
the onl" !lae to sit in a anoe is on the *ottomB for a seat raises the *od" too hi$h a*ove the entre of $ravit"
and makes the anoe unstead" and likel" to u!set. #t is, however, diffiult to !addle while sittin$ in the
*ottom of a anoe, and the *est !osition for !addlin$ is that of kneelin$ and at the same time restin$ *ak
a$ainst one of the thwarts. )he si>e of the sin$le+*lade !addle should *e in !ro!ortion to the si>e of the *o"
who uses it++lon$ enou$h to reah from the $round to the ti! of his nose. )he *ow !addle ma" *e a little
shorter. )he anoeman should learn to !addle eAuall" well on either side of a anoe. -hen !addlin$ on the
<1I;= left side the to! of the !addle should *e held *" the ri$ht hand, and the left hand should *e !laed a
few inhes a*ove the *e$innin$ of the *lade. )he old #ndian stroke, whih is the most a!!roved modern
method for all+round anoein$, whether rain$ or ruisin$, is made with the arms almost strai$ht++*ut not
stiff++the arm at the to! of the !addle *endin$ onl" sli$htl" at the el*ow. )his stroke is reall" a swin$ from
the shoulder, in whih there is little or no !ush or !ull with the arm. -hen !addlin$ on the left side of the
anoe the ri$ht shoulder swin$s forward and the whole fore of the *od" is used to !ush the *lade of the
!addle throu$h the water, the left hand atin$ as a fulrum. -hile the ri$ht shoulder is swun$ forward, the
ri$ht hand is at the same time twisted at the wrist so that the thum* $oes downB this motion of the wrist has
the effet of turnin$ the !addle around in the left hand++the left wrist *ein$ allowed to *end freel"++so that, at
the end of the stroke, the *lade slides out of the water almost hori>ontall". #f "ou should twist the !addle in
the o!!osite diretion it would fore the head of the anoe around so that it would travel in a irle. At the
reover" of the stroke the ri$ht shoulder swin$s *ak and the !addle is *rou$ht forward in a hori>ontal
!osition, with the *lade almost !arallel to the water. #t is swun$ forward until the !addle is at ri$ht an$les
aross the anoe, then the *lade is di!!ed ed$ewise with a sliin$ motion and a new stroke *e$ins. #n
!addlin$ on the ri$ht side of the anoe the !osition of the two hands and the motion of the two shoulders are
reversed.

0anoein$ stroke L*M
Somethin$ should also *e said a*out dou*le !addles++that is, !addles with two *lades++one at eah end++as
their use is *eomin$ more $eneral ever" "ear. -ith the dou*le !addle a novie an handle a anoe, head on
to a stiff wind, a feat whih <1IK= reAuires skill and e?!eriene with a sin$le *lade. )he dou*les $ive $reater
safet" and more s!eed and the" develo! hest, arm and shoulder musles not *rou$ht into !la" with a sin$le
*lade. )he dou*le !addle is not to *e reommended to the e?lusion of the sin$le *lade, *ut there are man"
times when there is an advanta$e in its use.

0anoein$ stroke LM
#n $ettin$ in or out of a anoe it is es!eiall" neessar" to ste! in the ver" entre of the *oatB and *e areful
never to lean on an" o*Det++suh as the ed$e of a wharf++outside of the *oat, for this distur*s "our *alane
and ma" a!si>e the anoe. Es!eiall" in $ettin$ out, !ut down "our !addle first, and then, $ras!in$ the
$unwale firml" in eah hand, rise *" !uttin$ "our wei$ht eAuall" on *oth sides of the anoe. #f "our anoe
should drift awa" sidewa"s from the landin$+!lae, when "ou are tr"in$ to land, !lae the *lade of "our
!addle flat u!on the water in the diretion of the wharf and $entl" draw the anoe u! to the landin$+!lae
with a sli$ht sullin$ motion.
-hen it is neessar" to ross the waves in rou$h water, alwa"s tr" to ross them @Auarterin$,@ i. e. at an
o*liAue an$le, *ut not at ri$ht an$les. 0rossin$ *i$ waves at ri$ht an$les <1II= is diffiult and a!t to strain a
anoe, and $ettin$ len$thwise *etween the waves is dan$erous. Alwa"s have more wei$ht aft than in the
*owB *ut, when there is onl" one !erson in the anoe, it ma" *e onvenient to !lae a wei$ht forward as a
*alaneB *ut it should alwa"s *e li$hter than the wei$ht aft. A skillful anoeman will !addle a li$ht anoe
even in a stron$ wind *" kneelin$ at a !oint a*out one third of the len$th from the stern.
For the !ur!ose of sailin$ in a anoe the 1ateen ri$ is the safest, most easil" handled, and the *est all+round
sailin$ outfit. For a seventeen+foot anoe a sail havin$ fort" sAuare feet of surfae is to *e reommended,
and, in all e?e!t ver" hi$h winds, this an *e handled *" one man.

0anoe with sail
)he 1ateen sail is made in the form of an eAuilateral trian$le, and two sides are fastened to s!ars whih are
onneted at one end *" a hin$e or Daw. )he mast++whih should *e set well forward++should *e so lon$ that,
when the sail is s!read and the slantin$ u!!er s!ar is swun$ from the to! of the mast, the lower s!ar will
swin$ level a*out si? to ei$ht inhes a*ove the $unwale and han$ lear a*ove all !arts of the *oat in $oin$
a*out. )he sail is hoisted *" a hal"ard attahed at, or a little a*ove, the entre of the u!!er s!ar, then drawn
throu$h a *lok attahed to the *rae whih holds the mast in !osition, <1IJ= and thus to the leats++within
eas" reah of the sailor. )he sheet line is fastened to the lower s!ar, a*out two feet from the outer endB and,
when not held in the hand, ma" *e fastened to another leat. Both hal"ard and sheet should at all times *e
ke!t lear, so as to run easil", and with knots a*out the leats that an *e instantl" sli!!ed.
)he lee*oard is a neessar" attahment to the sailin$ outfit. #t is made with two *lades++a*out three feet lon$
and ten inhes wide would furnish a $ood+si>ed surfae in the water++one dro!!in$ on eah side of the anoe
and firml" su!!orted *" a *ar fastened to the $unwale. )he *lades should *e so ri$$ed that, when strikin$ an
o*Det in the water, the" will Auikl" release, ausin$ no strain on the anoe. )he lee*oard, like a entre
*oard, is of ourse intended to kee! the anoe from slidin$ off when tr"in$ to *eat u! into the wind. -hen
runnin$ free *efore the wind the *oard should *e raised. )he $eneral rules for sailin$ lar$er raft a!!l" to the
anoe.
)he !addle is used as a rudder and ma" *e held *" the sailor, *ut a *etter !lan is to have two !addles, one
over eah side, made fast to the $unwale or the *rae. )he sailor an then $ras! either one as he $oes a*out
and there is no dan$er of losin$ the !addles over*oard. #n sailin$, the sailor sits on the *ottom, on the
o!!osite side from the sail, e?e!t in a hi$h wind, when he sits on the $unwale where he an the *etter
*alane the sail with his wei$ht. )he om*ination of sail, lee*oards, and the *alanin$ wei$ht of the sailor,
will render the anoe stiff and safe, with !ro!er are, in an" wind less than a $ale. A rew ma" onsist of two
or three in a seventeen foot anoe.
)he s!ars and mast of a sailin$ outfit should *e of s!rue or some other li$ht *ut stron$ wood, while edar or
some non+s!littin$ wood is *est for the lee*oards. Youn$ anoeists will enDo" makin$ their own sailin$
outfitsB or a om!lete 1ateen ri$ as made *" various anoe manufaturers an *e !urhased either diretl"
from them or throu$h almost an" dealer.
#n ase of an u!set the $reatest mistake is to leave the *oat. A a!si>ed anoe will su!!ort at least four
!ersons as lon$ as the" have stren$th to lin$ to it. A sin$le man or *o", in ase of u!settin$ *e"ond
swimmin$ distane to land, should streth himself flat u!on the *ottom of the anoe, with arms and le$s
s!read down over the tum*lehome toward the su*mer$ed $unwales. .e an thus lie in safet" for hours till
hel! arrives. -hen two !ersons are u!set, the" should ran$e themselves one <1I7= on eah side of the
overturned *oatB and, with one hand $ras!in$ eah otherCs wrists aross the *oat, use the other hand to lin$
to the keel or the $unwale. #f the anoe should swam!, <1J0= fill with water, and *e$in to sink, it should *e
turned over in the water. #t is the air remainin$ under the inverted hull that $ives the raft suffiient *uo"an"
to su!!ort wei$ht.
Never overload a anoe. #n one of the ordinar" si>e++a*out seventeen feet in len$th++three !ersons should *e
the ma?imum num*er at an"time, and remem*er never to han$e seats in a anoe when out of "our de!th.
<1I7=
)his dia$ram illustrates some of the an$les formed *" the *oom and the keel line of the *oat in different
!ositionsG
Runnin$ free, or *efore the wind
-ind a*eam 5ort tak
-ind a*eam Star*oard tak
5ointin$ into the wind 5ort tak
5ointin$ into the wind Star*oard tak.

<1J0 ontinued=
Ro.B1oats
)here is a ertain aution in the use of *oats whih "ou will alwa"s find amon$ sailors and fishermen and all
!ersons who are usin$ them onstantl". Suh a !erson instintivel" ste!s into the middle of the *oat when
$ettin$ in, and alwa"s sits in the middle of the thwart or seat. )his is a matter of instint with seafarin$
!eo!le, and so is the ha*it of never foolin$ in a *oat. /nl" landlu**ers will tr" to stand u! in a small *oat
while in motionB and, as for the man who roks a *oat @for fun,@ he is like the man @who didnCt know the $un
was loaded.@
Ro.i&
Row+*oats are !ro!elled either *" rowin$ or *" sullin$B and rowin$ is either @!ullin$@ or @*akin$ water.@
)he usual wa" of rowin$ is to @!ull@ and to do so, "ou sit with "our *ak to the *ow and !ro!el the *oat *"
!ullin$ the handles toward "our *od" and so !ressin$ the *lades of the oars a$ainst the water toward the
stern, while !ushin$ with "our feet a$ainst a *rae. #n *akin$ water "ou reverse the ation of the oars,
!ushin$ the handles awa" from "our *od" and !ressin$ the *lades of the oars a$ainst the water toward the
*ow.
Turi&
)o turn "our *oat to the ri$ht, when !ullin$, "ou row onl" with the left oarB or, if "ou wish to make a shar!
turn @!ull@ with the left oar and @*ak water@ with the ri$ht. )o turn "our *oat to the left the ation of the oars
is reversed.
Feat"eri&
)o !revent the momentum of the *oat from *ein$ heked *" the wind *lowin$ on the *lades of the oars, the
*lades must *e turned into a hori>ontal !osition as the" leave the water. #n @!ullin$@ this is done *" turnin$
the hands *akward at <1J1= the wrist, and in *akin$ water it is done *" turnin$ the hands forward at the
wrist.
Sculli&
)o sull is to !ro!el a *oat *" a sin$le oar at the stern. )he *oat must *e !rovided with rowlok or a
semiirular soo! in the stern, and the *oat is !ro!elled *" workin$ the oar at the stem, o*liAuel" from side
to side. )his is a onvenient wa" of doin$ when "ou are workin$ amon$ *oats in the water, and have to $o
short distanes without the neessit" of s!eed.
Steeri&
-hen rowin$ a *oat without the use of a rudder, instead of onstantl" turnin$ the head around to see where
"ou are $oin$, it is onvenient to fi? u!on some o*Det in the landsa!e on an ima$inar" line with the middle
of the stern and the middle of the *owB "ou an then kee! "our *oat a!!ro?imatel" in the ri$ht !osition,
without the trou*le of turnin$ "our head, *" kee!in$ the o*Det seleted on a line with the middle of the stern
*oard.
Comi& Alo&si#e
-hen omin$ alon$side of a *oat or wharf alwa"s a!!roah on the leeward side or that o!!osite from whih
the wind is *lowin$, and ome u! so that the *oat will *e headed into the wind and waves. Sto! rowin$ at a
onvenient distane from the landin$+!lae and ome u! with $entle headwa"B then take in the oar nearest the
landin$, and, if neessar", *ak water with the other oar.
Kee%i& Stro7e
-hen two or more are rowin$ to$ether the len$th and s!eed of the stroke are set *" the man sittin$ nearest
the stern.
Rou&" $eat"er
Alwa"s tr" to row as nearl" as !ossi*le into the waves at ri$ht an$les. #n this wa" "ou are likel" to shi! less
water and to avoid a!si>in$.
!oi& As"ore
-hen $oin$ ashore alwa"s leave "our oars l"in$ flat on the thwarts on either side of "our *oat.
T"e Salute
)o salute a !assin$ vessel or *oat, hold the oars u! at ri$ht an$les with the water.
<1J3=
Ever" row+*oat should *e !rovided with a rou$h s!on$e and a tin di!!er to *e used in *ailin$ out the water.
Alwa"s *ail out the water after a rain and kee! "our *oat lean and tid".
Saili& i Small Boats
)he most onvenient kind of a *oat to learn to sail in is a at+*oat, whih is a *oat with a sin$le fore and aft
sail held in !lae *" a *oom at the *ottom and a $aff at the to!.
)o understand the !rini!le of sailin$ we must reali>e that a sail+*oat, without the use of a rudder, ats in the
water and wind ver" muh the wa" a weather vane ats in the air. )he *ow of the *oat naturall" turns toward
the wind, thus relievin$ the sail of all !ressure and kee!in$ it shakin$. But if *" kee!in$ the main sheet in
"our hand "ou hold the sail in a fi?ed !osition, and, at the same time, draw the tiller awa" from the sail, it
will $raduall" fill with air *e$innin$ at the hoist or mast end of the sail and im!el the *oat in the diretion in
whih "ou are steerin$. %iven a ertain diretion in whih "ou want to travel, the !ro*lem is, *" lettin$ out or
haulin$ in "our main+sheet, to kee! the sail as nearl" as !ossi*le at ri$ht an$les with the diretion of the
wind. -e must remem*er, also, that, while the sail must *e ke!t full, it should not *e ke!t more than fullB
that is, its !osition must *e suh that, *" the least !ush of the tiller toward the sail, the sail will *e$in to shake
at the hoist. #t is even desira*le in a stron$ wind, and es!eiall" for *e$inners, to alwa"s let the sail, lose to
the mast, shake a little without losin$ too muh !ressure. -hen "ou are sailin$ with the wind omin$ over
the *oat from its !ort side "ou are sailin$ on the !ort tak, and when "ou are sailin$ with the wind omin$
aross the *oat on its star*oard side "ou are sailin$ on the star*oard tak. )he !ort side of the *oat is the left
hand side as "ou fae the *ow while standin$ on *oard, and the star*oard side is the ri$ht hand side. An eas"
wa" of remem*erin$ this is *" reallin$ the sentene, @Jak left !ort.@
Directio of $i#
/f ourse, "ou will see that, if "ou should for$et whih wa" the wind is *lowin$, "ou ould not !ossi*l"
know the ri$ht !osition for "our sailB and this is one of the first reAuirements for a *e$inner. #t is Auite eas" to
*eome onfused with re$ard to the diretion of the wind, and therefore ever" *oat should *e !rovided with a
small fla$ or fl" at its mast+head and "ou should kee! wathin$ it at ever" turn of the *oat until the ha*it
<1J3= has *eome instintive. #t is onvenient to remem*er that the fl" should alwa"s !oint as nearl" as
!ossi*le to the end of the $aff, e?e!t when "ou are sailin$ free or *efore the wind.
Close to $i#
Sailin$ with the *oat !ointin$ as nearl" as !ossi*le a$ainst the wind is alled sailin$ lose to the windB when
"ou have turned "our *ow to the ri$ht or left so that the wind strikes *oth *oat and sail at ri$ht an$les "ou are
sailin$ with the wind a*eamB as "ou let out "our sheet so that the *oom makes a lar$er an$le with an
ima$inar" line runnin$ from the mast to the middle of the stern "ou are sailin$ off the windB and, when "our
sail stands at ri$ht an$les to this same line, "ou are sailin$ free or *efore the wind.
Before t"e $i#
Sailin$ free, or *efore the wind, is the e?treme o!!osite of sailin$ lose hauled or on the wind, and the wind
is *lowin$ *ehind "our *ak instead of a!!roahin$ the sail from the diretion of the mast. #f "ou are sailin$
free on the !ort tak, with the *oom at ri$ht an$les to the mast on the star*oard side, and "ou should steer
"our *oat suffiientl" to star*oard, the wind would strike the sail at its outer ed$e or leeh and throw the sail
and *oom violentl" over to the !ort side of the mast. )his is alled Di*in$ and is a ver" dan$erous thin$B it
should *e arefull" $uarded a$ainst whenever sailin$ *efore the wind.
Reefi&
#f "ou find that the wind is too stron$ for "our *oat, and that "ou are arr"in$ too muh sail, "ou an let her
ome u! into the wind and take in one or two reefs. )his is done *" lettin$ out *oth the throat and !eak
halliards enou$h to $ive suffiient slak of sail, then *" haulin$ the sail out toward the end of the *oom, and
afterward *" rollin$ the sail u! and t"in$ the !oints under and around it, *ut not around the *oom. Alwa"s
use a sAuare or reef knot in t"in$ "our reef !oints. #n ase of a sAuall or a stron$ !uff of wind, remem*er that
"ou an alwa"s ease the !ressure on "our sail *" turnin$ the *ow into the wind, and if for an" reason "ou
wish to shorten suddenl" "ou an dro! "our !eak *" loosenin$ the !eak halliards.
Rea#y A1out
Before @$oin$ a*out,@ or turnin$ "our *ow so that the wind will strike the other side of the sail at its mast
end, the man <1J:= at the helm should alwa"s $ive warnin$ *" sin$in$ out the words, @read" a*out.@ @%oin$
a*out@ is Dust the o!!osite of Di**in$.
Ri&"t of $ay
-hen two *oats a!!roah eah other in o!!osite diretions, lose hauled, the *oat on the star*oard tak has
the ri$ht of wa" and should ontinue her ourse. )he res!onsi*ilit" of avoidin$ a ollision rests with the *oat
sailin$ on the !ort tak. But a *oat runnin$ *efore the wind must alwa"s $ive wa" to a *oat lose hauled.
-hen sailin$ throu$h hi$h waves, alwa"s tr" as far as !ossi*le to head into them diretl" at ri$ht an$les.
Alwa"s steer as steadil" as !ossi*le. #f "ou are areful to kee! the *oat on her ourse and do not let "our
mind wander, onl" a sli$ht motion of the tiller from side to side will *e neessar".
Flyi& t"e Fla&
-hile the @fl"@ or @!ennant@ is arried at the to! of the mast, the fla$ is arried at the !eak or u!!er orner of
the sail at the end of the $aff. )he salute onsists of ti!!in$ or sli$htl" lowerin$ the fla$ and raisin$ it a$ain
into !osition.
<1J;=
Notes
<1JK=
Notes
<1JI=
CHA+TER I-
TRACKS' TRAI*IN! AND SI!NA*IN!
B! +rnest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout
@# wish # ould $o -est and Doin the #ndians so that # should have no lessons to learn,@ said an unha!!" small
*o" who ould disover no atom of sense or !ur!ose in an" one of the three RCs.
@You never made a $reater mistake,@ said the sri*e. @For the "oun$ #ndians have man" hard lessons from
their earliest da"++hard lessons and hard !unishments. -ith them the dread !enalt" of failure is C$o hun$r" till
"ou win,C and no harder task have the" than their readin$ lesson. Not twent"+si? haraters are to *e learned
in this e?erise, *ut one thousandB not lear strai$ht !rint are the", *ut dim, washed+out, rooked traesB not
in+doors on omforta*le hairs, with a !atient teaher alwa"s near, *ut out in the forest, often alone and in
ever" kind of weather, the" slowl" dei!her their letters and read sentenes of the oldest writin$ on earth++a
st"le so old that the hiero$l"!hs of E$"!t, the "linders of Ni!!ur, and the drawin$s of the ave men are as
thin$s of to+da" in om!arison++the one universal sri!t++the traks in the dust, mud, or snow.
@)hese are the insri!tions that ever" hunter must learn to read infalli*l", and *e the" stron$ or faint, strai$ht
or rooked, sim!le or overwritten with man" a !u>>lin$, diverse !hrase, he must dei!her and follow them
swiftl", unerrin$l" if there is to *e a suessful endin$ to the hunt whih !rovides his dail" food.
@)his is the readin$ lesson of the "oun$ #ndians, and it is a st"le that will never *eome out of date. )he
naturalist also must aAuire some measure of !rofiien" in the anient art. #ts usefulness is unendin$ to the
student of wild lifeB without it he would know little of the !eo!le of the wood.@
T"ere Are Still May $il# Aimals
#t is a remarka*le fat that there are alwa"s more wild animals a*out than an" *ut the e?!ert has an idea of.
For <1JJ= e?am!le, there are, within twent" miles of New York 0it", full" fift" different kinds++not ountin$
*irds, re!tiles, or fishes++one Auarter of whih at least are a*undant. /r more !artiularl" within the limits of
%reater New York there are at least a do>en s!eies of wild *easts, half of whih are Auite ommon.
@)hen how is it that we never see an"H@ is the first Auestion of the inredulous. )he answer isG 1on$ a$o the
*easts learned the dire lesson++man is our worst enem"B shun him at an" !rie. And the sim!lest wa" to do
this is to ome out onl" at ni$ht. &an is a da"time reatureB he is *lind in the soft half+li$ht that most *easts
!refer.
-hile man" animals have alwa"s limited their ativit" to the hours of twili$ht and $loom, there are not a few
that moved a*out in da"time, *ut have $iven u! that !ortion of their workin$ da" in order to avoid the arh
enem".
)hus the" an flourish under our noses and eat at our ta*les, without our knowled$e or onsent. )he" ome
and $o at will, and the world knows nothin$ of themB their !resene mi$ht lon$ $o unsus!eted *ut for one
thin$, well known to the hunter, the tra!!er, and the naturalistG wherever the wild four+foot $oes, it leaves
*ehind a reord of its visit, its name, the diretion whene it ame, the time, the thin$ it did or tried to do,
with the time and diretion of de!arture. )hese it !uts down in the anient sri!t. Eah of these dotted lines,
alled the trail, is a wonderful, unfinished reord of the reatureCs life durin$ the time it made the same, and it
needs onl" the !atient work of the naturalist to dei!her that reord and from it learn muh a*out the animal
that made it, without that animal ever havin$ *een seen.
Sava$es are more skilful at it than ivili>ed folk, *eause trakin$ is their serious life+lon$ !ursuit and the"
do not inDure their e"es with *ooks. #ntelli$ene is im!ortant here as elsewhere, "et it is a remarka*le fat that
the lowest rae of mankind, the Australian *laks, are re!uted to *e *" far the *est trakersB not onl" are their
e"es and attention develo!ed and disi!lined, *ut the" have retained muh of the sent !ower that ivili>ed
man has lost, and an follow a fresh trak, !artl" at least *" smell.
#t is hard to over+value the !owers of the lever traker. )o him the trail of eah animal is not a mere series of
similar foot!rintsB it is an aurate aount of the reatureCs life, ha*it, han$in$ whims, and emotions durin$
the !ortion of life whose reord is in view. )hese are indeed auto*io$ra!hial ha!ters, <170= and differ
from other auto*io$ra!hies in this++the" annot tell a lie. -e ma" $et wron$ information from them, *ut it is
our fault if we doB we misread the doument that annot falsif".
<1J7=

(eer, Shee!, &ink, 0ottontail, .awk, /wl, &eadow &ouse
<170 ontinued=
$"e to *ear Trac7i&
)he ideal time for trakin$, and almost the onl" time for most folk, is when the $round is white. After the
first snow the student walks forth and *e$ins at one to reali>e the wonders of the trail. A sore of reatures
of whose e?istene, ma"*e, he did not know, are now revealed a*out him, and the readin$ of their auto$ra!hs
*eomes eas".
#t is when the snow is on the $round, indeed, that we take our four+foot ensus of the woods. .ow often we
learn with sur!rise from the telltale white that a fo? was around our hen house last ni$ht, a mink is livin$
even now under the wood !ile, and a deer++"esS there is no mistakin$ its shar!+!ointed un+shee!+like
foot!rint++has wandered into our woods from the farther wilds.
Never lose the hane of the first snow if "ou wish to *eome a trailer. Nevertheless, remem*er that the first
mornin$ after a ni$htCs snow fall is not so $ood as the seond. &ost reatures @lie u!@ durin$ the stormB the
snow hides the traks of those that do $o forthB and some atuall" $o into a @old slee!@ for a da" or two after
a heav" downfall. But a alm, mild ni$ht followin$ a storm is sure to offer a*undant and ideal o!!ortunit" for
*e$innin$ the stud" of the trail.
Ho. to *ear
.ere are some of the im!ortant fats to kee! in view, when "ou set forth to master the rudimentsG
'irst.++No two animals leave the same trailB not onl" eah kind *ut eah individual, and eah individual at
eah sta$e of its life, leaves a trail as distintive as the reatureCs a!!earane, and it is o*vious that in that
the" differ amon$ themselves Dust as we do, *eause the "oun$ know their mothers, the mothers know their
"oun$, and the old ones know their mates, when sent is learl" out of the Auestion.
Another sim!le evidene of this is the well known fat that no two human *ein$s have the same thum* markB
all livin$ reatures have orres!ondin$ !euliarities, and all use these !arts in makin$ the trail
Second.++)he trail was *e$un at the *irth!lae of that reature and ends onl" at its death !laeB it ma" *e
reorded in visi*le trak or !ere!ti*le odor. #t ma" last *ut a few <171= hours, and ma" *e too faint even for
an e?!ert with !resent eAui!ment to follow, *ut evidentl" the trail is made, wherever the reature Dourne"s
afoot.
Third.++#t varies with ever" im!ortant han$e of im!ulse, ation, or emotion.
'ourth++-hen we find a trail we ma" rest assured that, if livin$, the reature that made it is at the other end.
And if one an follow, it is onl" a Auestion of time *efore omin$ u! with that animal. And *e sure of its
diretion *efore settin$ outB man" a novie has lost muh time *" $oin$ *akward on the trail.
'ifth.++#n stud"in$ trails one must alwa"s kee! !ro*a*ilities in mind. Sometimes one kind of trak looks
muh like anotherB then the Auestion is, @-hih is the likeliest in this !lae.@
#f # saw a Da$uar trak in #ndia, # should know it was made *" a leo!ard. #f # found a leo!ard in 0olorado, #
should *e sure # had found the mark of a ou$ar or mountain lion. A wolf trak on Broadwa" would
dou*tless *e the doin$ of a ver" lar$e do$, and a St. BernardCs footmark in the Rokies, twent" miles from
an"where, would most likel" turn out to *e the ha!!en+so im!rint of a $ra" wolfCs foot. )o *e sure of the
marks, then, one should know all the animals that *elon$ to the nei$h*orhood.
)hese fats are well known to ever" hunter. &ost sava$es are hunters, and one of the earl" lessons of the
#ndian *o" is to know the traks of the different *easts a*out him. )hese are the letters of the old, old writin$.
A First Try
1et us $o forth into the woods in one of the North+eastern states when there is a $ood trakin$ snow, and
learn a few of these letters of the wood al!ha*et.
)wo at least are sure to *e seen++the trak of the *larina and of the deer mouse. )he" are shown on the same
sale in Fi$s. 1 and 3, !a$e 17J.
#n Fi$. 3 is the trak of the meadow mouse. )his is not unlike that of the *larina, *eause it walks, *ein$ a
$round animal, while the deer mouse more often *ounds. )he deliate lae traeries of the masked shrew,
shown in Fi$. :, are almost invisi*le unless the sun *e lowB the" are diffiult to draw, and im!ossi*le to
!hoto$ra!h or ast satisfatoril" *ut the sketh $ives enou$h to reo$ni>e them *".
)he meadow mouse *elon$s to the rank $rass in the lowland <173= near the *rook, and !assin$ it toward the
o!en, runnin$, water we ma" see the urious trak of the muskratB its five+toed hind foot, its four+toed front
foot, and its lon$ keeled tail, are !lainl" on reord. -hen he $oes slowl" the tail mark is nearl" strai$htB
when he $oes fast it is wav" in !ro!ortion to his !ae. 5a$e 173.
)he muskrat is a valiant *eastB he never dies without fi$htin$ to the last, *ut he is in dread of another
*rookland reature whose trail is here++the mink. #ndividual traks of this animal are shown in No. 1, !a$e
1K1. .ere he was *oundin$B the forefeet are to$ether, the hindfeet trak ahead, and tail mark shows, and *ut
four toes in eah trak, thou$h the reature has five on eah foot. .e is a dreaded enem" of !oor &oll"
0ottontail, and more than one # have seen the reords of his relentless !ursuit. /ne of these fits in admira*l"
as an illustration of our !resent stud".
A Story of t"e Trail
#t was in the winter of 1700, # was standin$ with m" *rother, a *usiness man, on %oat #sland, Nia$ara, when
he remarked, @.ow is itH You and # have *een in the same !arts of Ameria for twent" "ears, "et # never see
an" of the urious sides of animal life that "ou are ontinuall" omin$ aross.@
@1ar$el" *eause "ou do not stud" traks,@ was the re!l". @1ook at "our feet now. )here is a whole histor" to
*e read.@
@# see some marks,@ he re!lied, @that mi$ht have *een made *" some animal.@ @)hat is the trak of a
ottontail,@ was the answer. @Now, let us read the ha!ter of his life. See, he went in a $eneral strai$ht ourse
as thou$h makin$ some well+known haunt, his eas" !ae, with ei$ht or ten inhes *etween eah set of traks,
shows unalarm. But see here, Doinin$ on, is somethin$ else.@
@So there is. Another ottontail.@
@Not at all, this new trak is smaller, the forefeet are more or less !aired, showin$ that the reature an lim*
a treeB there is a su$$estion of toe !ads and there is a mark tellin$ evidentl" of a lon$ tailB these thin$s
om*ined with the si>e and the !lae identif" it learl". )his is the trail of a mink. SeeS he has also found the
ra**it trak, and findin$ it fresh, he followed it. .is *ounds are len$thened now, *ut the ra**itCs are not,
showin$ that the latter was unonsious of the !ursuit.@
After one hundred "ards the dou*le trail led us to a $reat !ile of wood, and into this *oth went. .avin$
followed his <173= $ame into dense over, the trailerCs first *usiness was to make sure that it did not $o out
the other side. -e went arefull" around the !ileB there were no traks leadin$ out.
@Now,@ # said, @if "ou will take the trou*le to move that wood !ile "ou will find in it the remains of the ra**it
half devoured and the mink himself. At this moment he is no dou*t urled u! aslee!.@
As the !ile was lar$e and the onlusion more or less self+evident, m" *rother was ontent to ae!t m"
readin$ of the e!isode.
$"at A1out $iter Slee%ers
Althou$h so muh is to *e read in the wintr" white, we annot now make a full aount of all the woodland
four+foots, for there are some kinds that do not ome out on the snowB the" slee! more or less all winter.

(o$ traks, front and *ak L1N3 life+si>eM
0at traks, front and *ad L1N3 life+si>eM
'!!ermost, well+develo!ed human foot
&iddle, a foot alwa"s ram!ed *" *oots
Bottom, a *are foot, never in *oots
&uskrat traks, L1N3 life+si>eM
<17:=
)hus, one rarel" sees the trak of a hi!munk or woodhuk in trul" wintr" weatherB and never, so far as #
know, have the trails of Dum!in$ mouse or mud turtle *een seen in the snow. )hese we an trak onl" in the
mud or dust. Suh trails annot *e followed as far as those in the snow, sim!l" *eause the mud and dust do
not over the whole ountr", *ut the" are usuall" as lear and in some res!ets more eas" of reord.
Ho. to Ma7e +ictures of Trac7s
#t is a most fasinatin$ amusement to learn some reatureCs wa" of life *" followin$ its fresh trak for hours
in $ood snow. # never miss suh a hane. #f # annot find a fresh trak, # take a stale one, knowin$ that,
theoretiall", it is fresher at ever" ste!, and from !ratial e?!eriene that it alwa"s *rin$s one to some trak
that is fresh.
.ow often # have wished for a !erfet means of transferrin$ these wild life tales to !a!er or otherwise
makin$ a !ermanent olletion. &" earliest attem!ts were in free+hand drawin$, whih answers, *ut has this
$reat disadvanta$e++it is a translation, a reord disolored *" an intervenin$ !ersonalit", and the value of the
result is likel" to *e limited *" oneCs own knowled$e at the time.
0astin$ in !laster was another means attem!tedB *ut not one trak in ten thousand is fit to ast. Nearl" all are
*lemished and im!erfet in some wa", and the most a*undant++those in snow++annot *e ast at all.
)hen # tried s!readin$ !lasti wa? where the *easts would walk on it, in !athwa"s or *efore dens. .ow the"
did soffS )he sim!lest $round sAuirrel knew too muh to venture on m" wa?en snareB around Cit, or if
hemmed in, over it, with a mi$ht" *ound the" wentB *ut never a trak did # so seure.
5hoto$ra!h" naturall" su$$ested itself, *ut the diffiulties !roved as $reat as une?!eted, almost as $reat as
in astin$. Not one trak in one thousand is fit to !hoto$ra!hB the essential details are almost alwa"s left out.
You must have o!en sunli$ht, and even when the weather is !erfet there are !ratiall" *ut two times eah
da" when it is !ossi*le++in mid+mornin$ and mid+afternoon, when the sun is hi$h enou$h for lear
!hoto$ra!hs and low enou$h to ast a shadow in the faint trak.
T"e Coo t"at S"o.e# Me Ho.
)hen a new method was su$$ested in an une?!eted wa". A friend of mine had a !et oon whih he ke!t in a
a$e in his *ahelor Auarters u! town. /ne da", durin$ m" friendCs <17;= a*sene the oon $ot loose and set
a*out a series of lon$+deferred e?!lorin$ e?!editions, *e$innin$ with the *ahelorCs *edroom. )he first
!romisin$ o*Det was a writin$ desk. &ountin$ *" a hair the oon e?amined several uninterestin$ *ooks and
!a!ers, and then notied hi$her u! a lar$e stone *ottle. .e had several times found !leasura*le stuff in
*ottles, so he went for it. )he ork was li$htl" in and easil" dis!osed of, *ut the smell was far from invitin$,
for it was merel" a Auart of ink. (etermined to leave no stone unturned, however, the oon u!set the ink to
taste and tr". AlasS it tasted even worse than it smeltB it was an utter failure as a *evera$e.
And the oon, !ushin$ it ontem!tuousl" awa", turned to a !ile of fine hand+made, dekle+ed$e, heraldr"
note+!a!er++the !ride of m" friendCs heart++and when he raised his ink" little !aws there were left on the
!a!er some *eautiful *lak !rints. )his was a new ideaG the oon tried it a$ain and a$ain. But the ink held out
lon$er than the !a!er, so that the fur+lad !ainter worked over sundr" *ooks, and the adDoinin$ walls, while
the ink, dri**lin$ over ever"thin$, formed a $reat !ool *elow the desk. Somethin$ attrated the artistCs
attention, ausin$ him to Dum! down. .e landed in the !ool of ink, makin$ it s!lash in all diretionsB some of
the *lak s!lothes reahed the white ounter!ane of the *ahelorCs *ed. Another ha!!" ideaG the oon now
lea!ed on the *ed, rain$ around as lon$ as the ink on his feet $ave results. As he !aused to rest, or !erha!s
to see if an" !laes had *een ne$leted, the door o!ened, and in ame the landlad". )he sene whih
followed was too !ainful for desri!tionB no one !resent enDo"ed it. &" friend was sent for to ome and take
his oon out of there forever. .e ame and took him awa", # su!!ose @forever.@ .e had onl" one other !lae
for him++his offie and there it was # made the animalCs aAuaintane and heard of his e?!loit++an ink and
!a!er, if not a literar" affair.
)his $ave me the hint at the Foo # needed, a !lan to make an authenti reord of animal traks. Armed with
!rinterCs ink and !a!er rolls # set a*out $atherin$ a ditionar" olletion of im!rints.
After man" failures and muh e?!eriment, *etter methods were devised. A num*er of im!rovements were
made *" m" wifeB one was the su*stitution of *lak !aint for !rinterCs ink, as the latter dries too Auikl"B
another was the !addin$ of the !a!er, whih should *e li$ht and soft for ver" li$ht animals, and stron$er and
harder for the heav". 5rintin$ from a mouse, for e?am!le, is muh like !rintin$ a deliate <17K= ethin$B ink,
!a!er, dam!ness, et., must *e e?atl" ri$ht, and furthermore, "ou have this handia!++"ou annot re$ulate
the !ressure. )his is, of ourse, stritl" a Foo method. All attem!ts to seure *lak !rints from wild animals
have *een total failures. )he !a!er, the smell of !aint, et., are enou$h to kee! the wild thin$s awa".
#n the Foo we s!read the *lak !ad and the white !a!er in a narrow, tem!orar" lane, and one *" one drove, or
tried to drive, the a!tives over them, seurin$ a series of traks that are life+si>e, !ro!erl" s!aed, a*solutel"
authenti, and a!a*le of "ieldin$ more fats as the o*server learns more a*out the su*Det.
As related here, all this sounds Auite eas". But no one has an" idea how ross, rooked, and ontrar" a
reature an *e, until he wishes it to re!eat for him some ordinar" thin$s that it has hitherto done hourl".
Some of them *alked at the !aint, some at the !a!er, some made a lea! to lear all, and there*" wreked the
entire a!!aratus. Some would *e$in ver" well, *ut rush *ak when half+wa" over, so as to destro" the !rint
alread" made, and in most ases the almest, steadiest, tamest of *easts *eame utterl" wild, errati, and
unmana$ea*le when a!!roahed with traklo$ial intent.
Tryi& It o t"e Cat
Even domesti animals are diffiult. A tame at that was hi$hl" trained to do an"thin$ a at ould do, was
seleted as !romisin$ for a *lak trak stud", and her ownerCs two *o"s volunteered to $et all the at traks #
needed. )he" !ut down a lon$ roll of !a!er in a hall, !ainted !uss"Cs feet *lak, and !roeeded to hase her
u! and down. .er doilit" *anished under the strain. She raed madl" a*out, leavin$ lon$, useless s!lashes of
*lakB then, lea!in$ to a fanli$ht, she esa!ed u! stairs to take refu$e amon$ the snow" dra!eries. After
whih the *o"sC trou*les *e$an.
Dra.i& is Mostly Use#
)hese, however, are mere *"+aidents and illustrate the man" !ratial diffiulties. After these had *een
onAuered with !atiene and in$enuit", there ould *e no dou*t of the value of the !rints. )he" are the *est
of reords for si>e, s!ain$, and detail, *ut fail in $ivin$ inidents of wild life, or the landsa!e surroundin$s.
)he drawin$s, as alread" seen, are *est for a lon$ series and for faint featuresB in fat, the <17I= drawin$s
alone an $ive ever"thin$ "ou an !ereiveB *ut the" fail in authenti si>e and detail.
5hoto$ra!h" has this $reat advanta$e++it $ives the surroundin$s, the essential landsa!e and settin$, and,
therefore, the loal reason for an" han$es of ation on the !art of the animalB also the aestheti *eauties of
its reords are uniAue, and will hel! to kee! the method in a hi$h !lae.
)hus eah of the three means ma" *e suessful in a different wa", and the *est, most nearl" !erfet al!ha*et
of the woods, would inlude all three, and onsist of a drawin$, a !edosri!t and a !hoto$ra!h of eah trak,
and a trailB i.e., a sin$le foot!rint, and the lon$ series of eah animal.
&" !ratie has *een to use all whenever # ould, *ut still # find free+hand drawin$ is the one of the most
!ratial a!!liation. -hen # $et a !hoto$ra!h # treasure it as an adDunt to the sketh.
A Story of t"e Trail
)o illustrate the relative value as reords, of sketh and !hoto$ra!h, # $ive a trak that # drew from nature,
*ut whih ould not at an" !lae have *een !hoto$ra!hed. )his was made in Fe*ruar" 1;, 1JJ;, near
)oronto. #t is reall" a ondensation of the fats, as the trail is shortened where uninterestin$. 5a$e 1J7, No. 3.
At A, # found a round !lae a*out ; ? J inhes, where a ottontail had rouhed durin$ the li$ht snowfall. At
B he had lea!ed out and sat lookin$ aroundB the small !rints in front were made *" his forefeet, the two lon$
ones *" his hind feet, and farther *ak is a little dim!le made *" the tail, showin$ that he was sittin$ on it.
Somethin$ alarmed him, ausin$ him to dart out at full s!eed toward 0 and (, and now a remarka*le han$e
is to *e seenG the marks made *" the front feet are *ehind the lar$e marks made *" the hind feet, *eause the
ra**it overreahes eah timeB the hind feet trak ahead of the front feetB the faster he $oes, the farther ahead
those hind feet $etB and what would ha!!en if he multi!lied his s!eed *" ten # reall" annot ima$ine. )his
overreah of the hind feet takes !lae in most *oundin$ animals.
Now the ottontail *e$an a series of the most e?traordinar" lea!s and dod$in$s L(,E,F.M as thou$h tr"in$ to
esa!e from some enem". But what enem"H )here were no other traks. # *e$an to think the ra**it was
ra>"++was fl"in$ from an ima$inar" foe++that !ossi*l" # was on the trail of a &arh hare. But at % # found
for the first time some s!ots of *lood. <17J= )his told me that the ra**it was in real dan$er *ut $ave no due
to its soure. # wondered if a weasel were lin$in$ to its nek. A few "ards farther, at ., # found more *lood.
)went" "ards more, at #, for the first time on eah side of the ra**it trail, were the o*vious marks of a !air of
*road, stron$ win$s. /hoS now # knew the m"ster" of the ottontail runnin$ from a foe that left no trak. .e
was !ursued *" an ea$le, a hawk, or an owl. A few "ards farther and # found the remains LJM of the ottontail
!artl" devoured. )his !ut the ea$le out of the AuestionB an ea$le would have arried the ra**it off *oldl". A
hawk or an owl then was the assassin. # looked for somethin$ to deide whih, and lose *" the remains
found the !euliar two+!aired trak of an owl. A hawkCs trak would have *een as 2, while the owl nearl"
alwa"s sets its feet in the $round <177= with two toes forward and two toes *ak. But whih owlH )here were
at least three in the valle" that mi$ht *e *lamed. # looked for more !roof and $ot it on the near+*" sa!lin$++
one small feather, down", as are all owl feathers, and *earin$ three *road *ars, tellin$ me !lainl" that a
*arred owl had *een there latel", and that, therefore, he was almost ertainl" the sla"er of the ottontail. As #
*usied m"self makin$ notes, what should ome fl"in$ u! the valle" *ut the owl himself++*ak to the ver"
!lae of the rime, intent on om!letin$ his meal no dou*t. .e ali$hted on a *ranh ten feet a*ove m" head
and Dust over the ra**it remains, and sat there mutterin$ in his throat.
)he !roof in this ase was !urel" irumstantial, *ut # think that we an ome to onl" one onlusionB that the
evidene of the trak in the snow was om!lete and onvinin$.
<17J=

)RA02S
1. Blarina in snow
3. (eermouse
3. &eadow mouse
:. &asked shrew
<177 ontinued=
Mea#o. Mouse
)he meadow mouse auto$ra!h L!a$e 1J7M illustrates the *lak+trak method. At first these dots look
inonseAuent and fortuitous, *ut a areful e?amination shows that the reature had four toes with laws on
the forefeet, and five on the hind, whih is evidene, thou$h not onlusive, that it was a rodentB the a*sene
of tail marks shows that the tail was short or wantin$B the tu*erules on eah !alm show to what $rou! of
mie the reature *elon$s. )he alternation of the trak shows that it was a $round+animal, not a tree+lim*erB
the s!ain$ shows the shortness of the le$sB their si>e determines the si>e of the reature. )hus we ome near
to reonstrutin$ the animal from its traks, and see how *" the hel! of these studies, we an $et muh li$ht
on the *"+$one animals whose onl" monuments are traks in the sedimentar" roks a*out us++roks that,
when the" reeived these im!rints, were the mudd" mar$in of these lon$+$one reaturesC haunts.
$"at t"e Trail !i,esBBT"e Secrets of t"e $oo#s
)here is "et another feature of trail stud" that $ives it e?e!tional value++it is an aount of the reature
!ursuin$ its ordinar" life. #f "ou sueeded in $ettin$ a $lim!se of a fo? or a hare in the woods, the hanes
are a hundred to one that it was aware of "our !resene first. )he" are muh leverer than we are at this sort
of thin$, and if the" do not atuall" si$ht or sense "ou, the" o*serve, and are warned *" the ation of some
other reature that did sense us, and so ease their ou!ations to steal awa" or hide. But the snow stor" will
<301= tell of the life that the animal ordinaril" leads++its method of searhin$ for food, its kind of food, the
hel! it $ets from its friends, or sometimes from its rivals++and thus offers an insi$ht into its home wa"s that is
sarel" to *e attained in an" other wa". )he trailer has the ke" to a new storehouse of NatureCs serets,
another of the S"*illine *ooks is o!ened to his viewB his fair" $odmother has, indeed, onferred on him a
wonderful <303= $ift in o!enin$ his e"es to the foot+writin$ of the trail. #t is like $ivin$ si$ht to the *lind
man, like the rollin$ awa" of fo$s from a mountain view, and the trailer omes loser than others to the heart
of the woods.
(owered with a !reious !ower is he,
.e drinks where others si!!ed,
And wild thin$s write their lives for him
#n endless manusri!t.
<300=

-ild )urke"
)oad
0row
1. Jakra**it
3. 0ottontail
3. %ra" sAuirrel
:. 0oon
;. %round *ird, suh as Auail
K. )ree+*ird
I. A *ird livin$ !artl" in tree, !artl" on $round
<301=
HorsesA Trac7
1.B.The large tracks represent the hind feet.

-alkin$, )rottin$, 0anter, %allo!in$
1ame .orse -alkin$G -hih le$ is he lame inH
)hese are the traks of two *irds on the $round. /ne lives $enerall" on the $round, the other in *ushes and
trees. -hih trak *elon$s to whih *irdH
6'rom Sir Robert Baden $owell"s book7
<303 ontinued=
T"e America Morse Tele&ra%" Al%"a1et

Si$nals
:. Start me.
;. .ave "ou an"thin$ for meH
7. )rain order Lor im!ortant militar" messa$eM++$ive
awa".
13. (o "ou understandH <303=
3;. Bus".
30. 0iruit losed Lor losed stationM.
I3. Ae!t om!liments.
73. (eliver LedM.
A**reviations
Ahr++Another.
Ans++Answer.
0k++0hek.
0ol++0ollet.
( .++(ead head.
% A++%o ahead.
% E++%ood evenin$.
% &++%ood mornin$.
% N++%ood ni$ht.
% R++%overnment rate.
N &++No more.
&in++-ait a moment
/ B++/ffiial *usiness.
/ 2++All ri$ht
/!r++/!erator.
5d++5aid.
9k++9uik.
Si$++Si$nature.
Remem1era1le Morse or ReBMorse Al%"a1et

B" this method it is !ossi*le to learn the &orse al!ha*et in less than an hour.
<30:=

From A to B in *oth fi$ures, illustrates method of makin$ a dot.
A om!lete swin$ from A to 0 in *oth fi$ures indiates method of makin$ a dash.
$i&B$a& or Myer Co#e
Instructions for Using the S!stem
)he whole num*er o!!osite eah letter or numeral stands for that letter or numeral.
A 33
B 3113
0 131
( 333
E 13
F 3331
% 3311
. 133
# 1
J 1133
2 3131
1 331
& 1331
N 11
/ 31
5 1313
9 1311
R 311
S 313
) 3
' 113
4 1333
- 1131
E 3133
Y 111
F 3333
tion 1113
Numerals
1 1111
3 3333
3 1113
: 3331
; 1133
K 3311
I 1333
J 3111
7 1331
0 3113
Co,etioal Si&als
End of word 3
-ait a moment 1111 3
End of sentene 33
Re!eat after LwordM 131 131 3 33 3 LwordM
End of messa$e 333
? ? 3
numerals follow LorM numerals
end.
Re!eat last word 131 131 33
Re!eat last messa$e 131 131 131 333
si$ 3 si$nature follows.
Error 13 13 3
&ove a little to ri$ht 311 311 3
Aknowled$ment, or @#
understand@
33 33 3
&ove a little to left 331 331 3
0ease si$nalin$ 33 33 33 333
Si$nal faster 3313 3
<30;=
A11re,iatios
a after
* *efore
an
h have
n not
r are
t the
u "ou
ur "our
w word
wi with
" "es
Remem1era1le Myer Co#e
)he elements++a thik and a thin, i. e. 3 and 1

To Si&al .it" Fla& or Torc" $i&B$a&
)here is *ut one !osition and three motions.
)he first !osition is with the fla$ or other a!!liane held vertiall", the si$nalman fain$ sAuarel" toward the
station with whih it is desired to ommuniate.
<30K=
)he first motion L@one@ or @1@M is to the ri$ht of the sender and will em*rae an ar of 70 de$rees, startin$
with the vertial and returnin$ to it, and will *e made in a !lane at ri$ht an$le to the line onnetin$ the two
stations.
)he seond motion L@two@ or @3@M is a similar motion to the left of the sender.
)he third motion L@front,@ @three@ or @3@M is downward, diretl" in front of the sender, and instantl" returned
u!ward to the first !osition.
Num*ers whih our in the *od" of a messa$e must *e s!elled out in full. Numerals ma" *e used in
si$nalin$ *etween stations havin$ naval *ooks, usin$ the ode alls. )o *reak or sto! the si$nals from the
sendin$ station, make with the fla$ or other si$nal 13 13 13 ontinuousl".
To Se# a Messa&e
)o all a station si$nal its letter until aknowled$edB if the all letter *e not known, si$nal @E@ until
aknowled$ed. )o aknowled$e a all, si$nal @1 understand,@ followed *" the all letter of the
aknowled$in$ station.
&ake a sli$ht !ause after eah letter and also after @front.@ #f the sender disovers that he has made an error
he should make 3 followed *" 13 133, after whih he *e$ins the word in whih the error ourred.
T"e Sema%"ore Si&al Co#e
)he sout ma" learn the orret an$les at whih to hold the fla$s from the dia$ram. )he easiest method of
learnin$ the al!ha*et is *" $rou!in$ the various letters to$ether as followsG
For all letters from A to %, one arm onl" is used, makin$ a Auarter of a irle for eah letter in suession.
)he letters from . to N Le?e!t JM++the ri$ht arm stands at A while the left moves round the irle for the
other letters.
For / to S, the ri$ht arm stands at B++the left arm moves round as *efore.
For ), ', Y and the @annul,@ the ri$ht arm stands at 0, the left movin$ to the ne?t !oint of the irle
suessivel".
)he numerial si$n J Lor al!ha*etial si$nM and 4++the ri$ht arm stands at !osition for letter ( the left arm
onl" *ein$ moved.
<30I=
- and E++the left arm stands at !osition for letter E, the ri$ht in this ase movin$ down :; de$rees to show
letter E.
For the letter F, the left arm stands at the !osition %++the ri$ht arm rosses the *reast takin$ the !osition F.

<30J=
)he letters A to # also stand for the fi$ures 1 to 7 L2 standin$ for 0M, if "ou make the numerial si$n to show
that "ou are $oin$ to send num*ers followed *" the al!ha*etial si$n LJM when the fi$ures are finished. )he"
will *e heked *" *ein$ re!eated *ak *" the reeivin$ station. Should fi$ures *e wron$l" re!eated *" the
reeivin$ station the sendin$ station will send the @annul@ si$n Lwhih is answered *" the same si$nM and then
send the $rou! of fi$ures a$ain.
)he sender must alwa"s fae the station to whih he is sendin$. /n a word failin$ to make sense, the writer
down will sa", @no,@ when the reader will at one sto! the sendin$ station *" raisin$ *oth arms hori>ontall"
to their full e?tent Lletter RM. )his demand for re!etition the sendin$ station will aknowled$e *" makin$ J.
)he si$naller reeivin$ the messa$e will then send the last word he has read orretl", u!on whih the sender
will ontinue the messa$e from that word.
$"istle Si&s
1. /ne lon$ *last means @Silene,@ @Alert,@ @1ook out for m" ne?t si$nal.@ Also a!!roahin$ a station.
3. )wo short *lasts means @All ri$ht.@
3. A suession of lon$, slow *lasts means @%o out,@ @%et farther awa",@ or @Advane,@ @E?tend,@ @Satter.@
:. A suession of short, shar! *lasts means @Rall",@ @0lose in,@ @0ome to$ether,@ @Fall in,@ @(an$er,@
@Alarm.@
;. )hree short *lasts followed *" one lon$ one from sout master alls u! the !atrol leaders++i.e., @1eaders,
ome here.@
An" whistle si$nal must *e instantl" o*e"ed at the dou*le++as fast as "ou an run++no matter what other Do*
"ou ma" *e doin$ at the time.
Ha# or Fla& Si&als
.and si$nals, whih an also *e made *" !atrol leaders with their !atrol fla$s when neessar"G
.and waved several times aross the fae from side to side or fla$ waved hori>ontall", from side to side
o!!osite the fae, means @No,@ @Never mind,@ @As "ou were.@
.and or fla$ held hi$h, and waved as thou$h !ushin$ forward, at full e?tent of arm, or whistle a suession
of slow *lasts means @E?tend,@ @%o farther out,@ @Satter.@
.and or fla$ held hi$h, and waved ra!idl" from side to side, at full e?tent of arm, or a suession of short,
Auik *lasts on the whistle, means @0lose in,@ @Rall",@ @0ome here,@ @(an$er,@ @0attle on trak.@
<307=
.and or fla$ !ointin$ in an" diretion means @%o in that diretion.@
0lenhed hand or fla$ Dum!ed ra!idl" u! and down several times means, @.urr",@ @Run.@
)he movement, !ushin$ or *ekonin$, indiates whether @.urr" here@ or @.urr" there.@
.and Lor fla$M held strai$ht u! over head, !alm forward, means @Sto!,@ @.alt.@
-hen a leader is shoutin$ an order or messa$e to a sout who is some wa" off, the sout, if he hears what is
*ein$ said, should hold u! his hand level with his head all the time. #f he annot hear, he should stand still,
makin$ no si$n. )he leader will then re!eat louder, or *ekon to the sout to ome in nearer.
)he followin$ si$nals are made *" a sout with his staff when he is sent out to reonnoitre within si$ht of his
!atrol, and the" have the followin$ meanin$G
Staff held u! hori>ontall", that is, level, with *oth hands a*ove the head, means, @# have found.@
)he same, out with staff moved u! and down slowl", means, @# have found, *ut a lon$ wa" off.@
)he same, staff moved u! and down ra!idl", means, @# have found, and lose *".@
)he staff held strai$ht u! over the head means, @Nothin$ in si$ht.@
I#ia Si&s a# Bla/es
Shakin$ a *lanketG # want to talk to "ou.
.old u! a tree+*ranhG # want to make !eae.
.old u! a wea!on, means warG # am read" to fi$ht.
.old u! a !ole hori>ontall", with hands on itG # have found somethin$.

)his is $ood water.
%ood water not far in this diretion.
A lon$ wa" to $ood water, $o in diretion of arrow.
-e am!ed here *eause one of us was sik.
<310=

-ar or trou*le a*out.
5eae.
Road to *e followed.
1etter hidden three !aes from here in the diretion of arrow.
)his !ath not to *e followed.
@# have $one home.@
$IRE*ESS TE*E!RA+HY
The Bo! Scout Wireless Club
;. /. C. *., 1ewark, 1.-.
)he followin$ diretions are $iven for an u!+to+date wireless a!!aratus for stationar" use in the home or at
the meetin$ !lae of eah !atrol.
-e will onsider the reeivin$ a!!aratus firstG

)he first thin$ to do is to *uild an aerial. First find out how lon$ "our loation will allow "ou to *uild it, and
how hi$h. #t ou$ht to *e at least ;0 to K0 feet hi$h and a*out I0 to 100 feet lon$. )he main !oint in *uildin$
an aerial is to have it <311= well insulated from the $round, and all onnetions in wire !erfetl" solid. #t is
advisa*le to solder ever" onnetion and to make "our aerial stron$ as it has a $reat deal to do with the
workin$ Aualities of the station.
After this is om!leted, the inside work on instruments should *e$in.
1. A !air of wath+ase reeivers havin$ a resistane of 1,000 ohms eah, manufatured *" a relia*le firm.
3. A loose ou!ler tunin$ oil of a*out J00 meters.
3. /ne of &ordokCs metal detetors or one of similar desi$n.
:. A varia*le ondenser of a*out ;+10 !lates.
;. A fi?ed ondenser so arran$ed that its a!ait" an *e han$ed if desired.
-ith these instruments the reeivin$ set is om!lete, so we ne?t take u! the sendin$ a!!aratus.
1. A two+inh indution oil.
3. A heav" s!ark $a! L>in !refera*leM.
3. /ne wireless ke" with heav" ontats.
:. A !late ondenser whih an *e easil" made *" an" sout. %ood $lass is the main !oint.
;. A tri!le !ole, dou*le throw aerial swith. L0an *e made *" souts.M
Now "ou have ever"thin$ neessar" to $o ahead and assem*le "our station. )he ne?t thin$ is to onnet them
u!.
A*ove is a dia$ram whih will make a $ood station for a sout. )his station, if the aero is of the !ro!er
hei$ht, is a!a*le of sendin$ messa$es from J to 10 miles.
T"e Recei,i& Set
5erha!s the most fundamentall" im!ortant !art of a wireless tele$ra!h station is the aerial. #ts onstrution
varies with eah station, *ut a few $eneral su$$estions ma" *e of use.
)he *uilder should aim to $et as hi$h and as lon$ an aerial as !ossi*le, hei$ht *ein$ the more im!ortant
fator. #n a stationar" set the aerial ma" *e fastened to a tree or !ole or hi$h *uildin$ while in a field set a tree
or an easil" !orta*le !ole must *e used.
)he aerial itself should *e made of o!!er wire and should *e hun$ *etween s!readers as lon$ as onvenient
and insulated from them *" two leat insulators in series at eah end.
)he e?!erimenter should see that his leadin$+in wire is !laed onvenientl" and omes in ontat with the
walls, et., <313= as little as !ossi*le. All !oints of ontat must *e well insulated with $lass, !orelain, or
hard ru**er.
)he tunin$ oil is ver" sim!le in onstrution. A ard*oard tu*e, a*out three inhes in diameter, is mounted
*etween two sAuare heads. )his tu*e is wound with No. 3: insulated o!!er wire and ver" well shellaed to
avoid loosenin$ of the wire.
)wo !iees of one Auarter inh sAuare *rass rod, to *e fastened *etween the heads, are seured, and a slider,
as shown in drawin$, is made. )he rods are fastened on the heads and the insulation in the !ath of the slides
is then well sra!ed off. Bindin$ !osts are then fastened to rods and oil ends.

(etails of instruments for field use.
<313=
)he detetor, althou$h the most im!ortant of the instruments, is !erha!s the sim!lest. #t is onstruted of a
hardwood *ase with a small *rass !late fastened on *" means of a *indin$ !ost. /n the other end of the *ase
is fastened a dou*le *indin$ !ost whih holds a *rass s!rin$, as in the drawin$. /n the end of this s!rin$ is
fastened a o!!er !oint made *" windin$ a few inhes of No. 3K or :0 wire on it and allowin$ a*out three
si?teenths of an inh to !roDet. )his om!letes the detetor *ut, for use in this instrument, lead sul!hide or
%alena r"stals must *e seured.
)he ondenser is made of two !iees of tin+foil, four *" ten, and three !iees of wa?ed !a!er a little lar$er
than the foil. A !iee of wire is twisted into the end of eah !iee of foil, and then one sheet of foil is laid on
a sheet of !a!er. )his is then overed *" another sheet of !a!er u!on whih is laid the seond sheet of foil.
/n to! of this is laid the third sheet of !a!er and the whole is folded into a onvenient *undle. )he sheets of
foil must *e well insulated from eah other and the wires must !roDet from the ondenser.
)he $round onnetion is made *" solderin$ a wire to a old water !i!e. #n the ase of a !orta*le set the
$round ma" *e made *" drivin$ a metal rod into the $round or sinkin$ metal nettin$ into a *od" of water.
)he tele!hone reeivers annot well *e made and must therefore *e *ou$ht. )he t"!e of !hones used will
therefore de!end entirel" on the *uilderCs !urse.
T"e Se#i& Set
)he same aerial and $round are used for sendin$ as were used for reeivin$, and for the e?!erimenter, it will
*e far hea!er to *u" a s!ark oil for his sendin$ set than to attem!t to make one.
For a field set there will *e ver" little need of a sendin$ heli?, as lose tunin$ will *e hardl" !ossi*leB *ut for
the stationar" set this is ver" useful.
)he heli? is made *" *uildin$ a drum with sAuare heads fastened to$ether *" si? or ei$ht u!ri$hts, arran$ed
on the irumferene of a irle. /n this then are wound ten or twelve turns of No. 10 or 13, *rass or o!!er
wire. Bindin$ !osts are fastened to the ends of the wire and varia*le ontat made on the turns *" means of
metal s!rin$ li!s.
)he s!ark $a! is made of a hard+wood *ase with two u!ri$hts to whih are fastened stri!s of *rass. 'nder
these stri!s are <31:= !laed two !iees of *atter" >ins so as to make the $a! *etween their ends varia*le.
Bindin$ !osts are fastened to the stri!s for ontat.
)he sendin$ ondenser is the same as the reeivin$ in onstrution, *ut different in material. )he dieletri is
$lass while the ondutin$ surfaes are tin+foil, arran$ed in a !ile of alternate sheets of $lass and foil. )he
foil is sha!ed as in drawin$ and alternate sheets have their lu$s !roDetin$ on o!!osite sides, all lu$s on same
side *ein$ onneted to$ether. For a one+inh oil *ut a few of these !lates are needed, *ut for hi$her !ower
a $reater num*er are neessar".

-ireless )ele$ra!h Set
(esi$ned for Bo" Souts of Ameria
*" 1. .orle.
All that now remains is the settin$ u! of the instruments. )he" are arran$ed as in the drawin$, a dou*le+!oint,
<31;= dou*le+throw swith *ein$ used to swith from sendin$ to reeivin$.
After havin$ onneted u! the reeivin$ instruments, the reeiver is !laed at the ear and the !oint of the
detetor !laed on the various !arts of the mineral until the si$nals are heard learl". )hen the tunin$ oil is
adDusted until the si$nals are loudest.
)he sendin$ a!!aratus is set u!, the ke" and *atteries havin$ *een *ou$ht or made, and used to all some
other station. )he li! is !ut on various twins of the heli? until the other station si$nals that the si$nals are
loudest. )he station is then read" for atual o!eration.
N/)ES
<31K=
Notes
<31I=
Notes
<31J=
Notes
<317=
CHA+TER -
HEA*TH AND ENDURANCE
3eorge -. 'isher, /. 4.
Secretar!, $h!sical 4epartment International Committee
;oung /en"s Christian *ssociation
Fitess
)wo thin$s $reatl" affet the onditions under whih a *o" lives in these da"s. /ne is that he lives in+doors
for the $reater !art of the time, and the other is that he must attend shool, whih is !rett" lar$el" a matter of
sittin$ still. )wo thin$s therefore are needs of ever" *o"G out+door e?!eriene and !h"sial ativit".
)o seure endurane, !h"sial !ower, !h"sial oura$e, and skill, the first thin$ needful is to take stok of
oneCs !h"sial make+u!, !ut the *od" in the *est !ossi*le ondition for doin$ its work and then kee! it in
$ood order.
+ro%er Carria&e
.ead u!, hin in, hest out, and shoulders *ak is a $ood slo$an for a *o" sout who desires an eret fi$ure.
/ne an sarel" think of a round+shouldered sout. Yet there are suh amon$ the *o"s who desire to *e
souts.
)here is no !artiular e?erise that a *o" an take to ure round shoulders. )he thin$ to remem*er is that all
e?erise that is taken should *e done in the eret !osition, then the musles will hold the *od" there.
An eret *od" means a dee!er hest, room for the im!ortant or$ans to work and thus affords them the *est
hane to at.
A few settin$+u! e?erises eah da" in the eret !osition will hel! $reatl" to $et this result.
<330=

E?erise 1
5ositionG .eels to$ether, arms down and at sides, !alms in.
&ovementG Swin$ arms, sidewa"s, u!ward to vertial, and return.

E?erise 3
Same as E?erise #, e?e!t that arms are swun$ forward, u!ward to vertial.

E?erise 3
5ositionG Arms e?tended to side hori>ontal.
&ovementG Swin$ forward and return.
LEm!hasis u!on *akward movement.M

E?erise :
5ositionG Arms at side, hori>ontal, *ak sli$htl" arhed.
&ovementG 0irle arms *akward.
Settin$+u! E?erises
<331=

E?erise ;
5ositionG Forearms fle?ed at side of hest.
&ovementG )hrust arms forward and return.

E?erise K
5ositionG Arms at front, hori>ontal,
forearms fle?ed, fin$ers on shoulders.
&ovementG Swin$ *akward to side, hori>ontal in !osition.

E?erise I
5ositionG Same as E?erise K.
&ovementG Swin$ downward, forward, *rin$in$ arms *e"ond sides
of *od". Rise on toes with end of *akward swin$.

E?erise Ja
5ositionG Arms at vertial, thum*s loked, head fi?ed *etween arms.

E?erise J*
&ovementG Bend forward as far as !ossi*le,
without *endin$ knees, and return.
Settin$+u! E?erises
<333=

E?erise 7.
5ositionG Arms at vertial. Re!eat e?erise J*

E?erise 7*
&ovementG Arm irles, downward, inward, aross hest. Reverse the movement.

E?erise 10
5ositionG Arms on hi!s.
&ovementG Forward *end.

E?erise 11
5ositionG Same as E?erise 10.
&ovementG Bakward *end.

E?erise 13
5ositionG Same as E?erise 10.
&ovementG Sideward *end, ri$ht and left.
Settin$+u! E?erises
<333=

E?erise 13
5ositionG Same as E?erise 10.
&ovementG Rotate *od" of waist.

E?erise 1:
5ositionG Same as E?erise 10.
&ovementG Raise hi$h on toes. L.old shoulders *ak firml"M

E?erise 1;
5ositionG Same as E?erise 10.
&ovementG Full knee *end.
Settin$+u! E?erises
!ro.t"
)he hief *usiness of a *o" is to $row. .e ma" have other affairs, *ut this is his hief onern. .e should,
therefore, have a few sim!le rules for livin$ and make them a !art of his dail" life.
OutB#oor E?ercises
Eah da" should have its out+door e?erises. -alkin$ is a s!lendid form of e?erise. -alk to shool or
*usinessB donCt ride unless a*solutel" neessar" *eause of unusual distane. -alk with a $ood, swin$in$
stride with hest well u! and s!ine fairl" strai$ht. Slow runnin$ aross ountr" is $reatB it laks strain and "et
affords s!lendid stimulation to heart and lun$s. 0ross+ountr" runnin$ and hikin$ should *e favorite s!ort for
sout !atrols and troo!s. A *o" ou$ht to have at least two hours of s!ort dail" in some $ood, vi$orous $ame,
suh as *ase*all or tennis, and, if he an !ossi*l" afford it, at least two !eriods a week, of an hour eah, in a
$"mnasium, where he an reeive $uidane in *od" *uildin$. Bo"s under si?teen should avoid e?erise of
strain, suh as wei$ht liftin$, or s!rint runnin$ over one hundred "ards, or lon$ distane rain$. )he" should
have areful $uidane in all $"mnasti work. -ork on a!!aratus ma" !rove harmful unless of the ri$ht sort.
)he horse <33:= and !arallel *ars should *e used lar$el" to Dum! over rather than !erform u!on. E?erises
demandin$ a sustained su!!ort of the *od" with the arms are not hel!ful, *ut ma" *e harmful. )he hief
ativit" should *e of the le$s, to stren$then heart and lun$s. A *o" should *e areful not to overdo. #n his
e?itement to win in a ontest he is likel" to do this unless autioned. A *o" should never tr" to redue his
wei$ht. Now that there are wei$ht lasses in s!orts for *o"s there is a tem!tation to do this and it ma" !rove
ver" serious. Severe trainin$ for athletis should *e avoided. All trainin$ should *e in moderation.
Me#ical E?amiatios
Ever" *o" ou$ht to have, as he takes u! his *o"+sout work, a thorou$h medial e?amination. Some
!h"siian who is interested in *o"s will *e willin$ to at as e?aminer for a !atrol or troo!. A *o" should
know the ondition of his heart and lun$s *efore enterin$ an" ontest. #f he has an" defets in his *reathin$
a!!aratus++nose, throat, or lun$s, these should *e attended to or the" will seriousl" interfere with his
endurane tests.
Bat"s
Beside e?erises a *o" should have sim!le, worka*le rules for livin$. A *o" ou$ht to take a $ood soa! *ath at
least twie a week and alwa"s after he has !la"ed a hard $ame or !erformed work of a nature that has aused
him to !ers!ire freel".
Eah mornin$ a Auik s!on$e *ath should *e the first order of the da", in water as ool as he an stand it,
followed *" a $ood ru* with a oarse towel. #f there is a feelin$ of warmth after the *ath, it is hel!ful, if not,
the water should *e sli$htl" warm or onl" a !ortion of the *od" should *e *athed at a time.
+ai
/ne thin$ that should *e re$arded seriousl" is !ain in an" form in an" !art of the *od". #f there is a dull
headahe freAuentl", find out what auses it. 5ain in the knee, the arh of the foot, or at an" !oint, should *e
taken seriousl". 5ain means somethin$ wron$. #t ma" *e *rave to *ear it, *ut it <33;= is not wise. #t ma"
mean somethin$ serious. Remem*er that !ain felt in one !art of the *od" ma" *e the result of somethin$
wron$ in another !art. See a wise dotor a*out it.
Eati&
And now in referene to what one shall eat. )he avera$e *o" ou$ht to have and usuall" does have an a!!etite
like an ostrih. )hree !oints to remem*er areB donCt eat too muh, most health" *o"s doB donCt eat meat more
than one a da"B and, third, donCt eat an"thin$ that "ou alwa"s taste for several hours after "ou have eaten it,
even thou$h "ou like it.
Di&estio
)he fat that "ou taste it is an indiation that "our stomah is havin$ a wrestin$ math with the food. Some
!eo!le anCt di$est onions, others thrive u!on them. Some anCt eat uum*ers, others an do so readil". )he
one must $ive them u!B the other an ontinue to eat them. Eah !erson has some !euliarit" of diet and must
o*serve it to *e ha!!". &an" a rae has *een lost throu$h failure to o*e" this rule. A sim!le diet is *est. &ost
*o"s eat too muh of a mi?ed nature. )he" mi? !ikles, soda water, frankfurters, and hoolate without fear
or favor. No wonder there is so muh stomah ahe. #n *o"sC am!s the hief trou*le is indi$estion aused *"
this riot of eatin$. Suh *o"s are la"in$ u! for themselves for the future some *eautiful headahes and *ilious
attaks, whih, when the" *eome hroni later, will r" out a$ainst them and seriousl" im!air their value.
(onCt eat when ver" tiredB lie down a while and $et rested. (onCt eat heavil" *efore e?erisin$, or, *etter, !ut
it the other wa" around, donCt e?erise immediatel" after eatin$. Never eat when e?ited or an$r" and ver"
li$htl" when worried or when e?!etin$ to stud" hard. -e should learn to eat slowl" and hew the food
thorou$hl" remem*erin$ that all food *efore it an *e taken u! in the *lood must *e as thin as !ea sou!.
0hewin$ well will hel! the di$estive or$ans $reatl". Alwa"s wash the hands *efore eatin$. Be areful a*out
eatin$ food that has *een e?!osed to the dust unless it has *een washed. (rink freel" of lean water *etween
meals. Never use a !u*li drinkin$ u! without thorou$hl" rinsin$ it. (onCt touh "our li!s to the rim of the
u!.
Bo"s who ook their own meals when in am! should *e <33K= areful to have their food well done. .alf+
*aked and so$$" food !roves indi$esti*le.
Coffee a# Tea
Should a *o" drink offee or teaH )his is a Auestion often asked *" *o"s. 0offee and tea are the $reatest
stimulants known. But does a stron$ *o" need a stimulantH -hat is a stimulant and what does it doH A
stimulant is a whi!, makin$ the *od" do more at a $iven time than it ordinaril" would. #t doesnCt add an"
fi*re to the tissues, doesnCt add an" stren$th, isnCt a food, *ut merel" $ets more out of the tissues or nervous
s"stem than the" would ordinaril" "ield. /f ourse there is a reation, *eause the tissues have had nothin$ to
feed on. .er*ert Fisher sa"s that 5ear"Cs men, who drank lots of tea on their vo"a$e north, durin$ the most
tr"in$ time of their tri! showed it in their ha$$ard faes and loss of tissue. )heir own tissues had turned
anni*al and fed on their own material. Stimulants are not foods. )he" add no stren$th to the *od". )he"
e?at of the *od" what ou$ht not to *e e?ated of it. )here is alwa"s a reation and one is alwa"s worse off
as a result. %rowin$ *o"s es!eiall" should have nothin$ to do with tea, offee, or an" stimulant.
Alco"ol a# To1acco
Alohol is not a stimulant, *ut is reall" a naroti that is ver" de!ressin$. #t dulls rather than stimulates. )he
same is true of niotine in to*ao. No $rowin$ *o" should use either. )he first athletes to dro! out of a rae
are usuall" drinkers and all trainers know that smokin$ is *ad for the wind.
Costi%atio
)hose *o"s who find their di$estion slu$$ish and are trou*led with onsti!ation ma" find the followin$ !lan
hel!ful in overomin$ the onditionG
(rink a ool, o!ious drau$ht of water u!on arisin$. )hen take some *od"+*endin$ e?erises. Follow this
with the s!on$e *ath. )hen, if !ossi*le, take a walk around the *lok *efore *reakfast. After shool, !la"
some favorite $ame for at least an hour. #n the a*sene of this, take a $ood hike of three or four miles or a
lon$er *i"le ride. At least twie a week, if !ossi*le, enter a $"mnasium lass and make s!eial em!hasis of
*od"+*endin$ e?erises.
<33I=
.ave a re$ular time for $oin$ to stool. A $ood !lan is to $o Dust *efore retirin$ and immediatel" u!on arisin$.
%o even thou$h "ou feel no desire to do so. A re$ular ha*it ma" *e esta*lished *" this method. Alwa"s
res!ond Auikl" to an" all of nature. )oasted *read and $raham *read and the oarser foods and fruit will *e
found hel!ful.
T"e Teet"
0losel" related to the matter of eatin$ is the !ro!er are of the teeth.
5erha!s++without are++the mouth is the filthiest avit" of the *od". -e s!end a $reat deal of ener$" tr"in$ to
kee! food lean and water !ure, *ut what is the use if we !lae them in a dirt" avit" as the" enter the *od".
Full 70 !er ent. of the hildren e?amined in our shools have dea"ed and dirt" teeth. )hese dea"ed teeth
!rovide avities in whih food !artiles dea" and $erms $row, and throu$h whih !oisons are a*sor*ed.
)hese onditions need not e?ist. Now Dust a few su$$estions a*out the are of the teeth. Ever" *o" should
own his own tooth *rush. )he teeth should *e sru**ed at least twie a da". At ni$ht the" should reeive
most areful leansin$, usin$ a $ood tooth !aste or !owder. )hen a$ain in the mornin$ the" should *e rinsed
at whih time sim!l" lean water is suffiient. )ime should *e taken in the leansin$ of the teeth. )he $ums
should *e inluded in the sru**in$, as this ats as a $ood stimulant to the irulation of the *lood to the
teeth. Not onl" should the teeth *e *rushed with a *akward and forward stroke, as we ordinaril" do, *ut also
u!ward and downward the len$th of the teeth. #n addition to the sru**in$, !artiles of food whih are lod$ed
*etween the teeth should *e removed after meals, or at least after the last meal of the da". )his is most safel"
done *" the use of a thread of a fair de$ree of thikness. (entists and dru$$ists furnish this thread in s!ools.
.ard tooth!iks often ause *leedin$ and detah fillin$s. A dentist should *e visited one ever" si? months
so as to detet dea" immediatel". Never have a tooth !ulled unless a*solutel" neessar".
Care of t"e Eyes
&ost trou*les with the e"es ome from e"e strain. St"es and red lids are usuall" due to this ause. See how
foolish, therefore, it is to treat these onditions as auses, when reall" <33J= the" are onl" the result of
somethin$ else. /f ourse there are e?e!tions. Sometimes wild hairs and skin disease affet the e"es. E"e
strain should *e removed *" wearin$ well+fittin$ $lasses and then these other onditions will disa!!ear. #f
onstant headahe is e?!eriened or the e"es ith or *eome tired easil", there is !ossi*l" e"e strain.
/ne wa" to test the e"e is for vision. 5lae the followin$ letters fifteen feet from "ou. #f "ou annot read
them learl" with *oth e"es and with eah e"e se!aratel", onsult a first+lass oulist.
0 1 4 F / )
E A 0 F ( 1 / )
( 4 0 1 A E / ) F
Never *u" e"e+$lasses unless fitted *" an e?!ert. Suh $lasses should *e worn in !ro!er relation to the e"es.
)he" should not *e !ermitted to slide forward on the nose or tilt. )he" ma" need to *e han$ed often as the
e"es $row *etter.
For readin$, a $ood, stead" li$ht is needed. Never sit in front of a window fain$ it to read. Alwa"s have the
li$ht ome from the rear and over the left shoulder !refera*l". )he *ook should *e held on a level with the
fae and not too lose. Sit <337= eret. Readin$ when l"in$ down or from the li$ht of a fire!lae is unwise.
Care of t"e Ears
Affetions of the ears are e?eedin$l" serious and ma" lead to $rave results. An" trou*le with them should *e
$iven ver" !rom!t attention and a $ood s!eialist onsulted. 5ain in the ear, or rin$in$ or hissin$ sounds, and
!artiularl" an" dishar$e from the ear, should not *e ne$leted. An" si$n of deafness must *e heeded.
Sometimes deafness ours in referene to some !artiular sounds while hearin$ is normal to others. No
matter what the de$ree of deafness ma" *e do not ne$let to see a !h"siian a*out it. /rdinaril" the tik of a
wath an *e heard at a distane of thirt" inhes. #f "ou annot hear it at that distane and an hear it sa" at
fifteen inhes then "ou are Dust one half from the normal in "our hearin$. )he test should *e made with one
ear losed.
Ear trou*les are often aused *" stikin$ forei$n o*Dets in the ear, suh as hair !ins, !ins, mathes,
tooth!iks and lead !enils. Never !ik the ear with an"thin$. /ften the ear drum is !iered in this wa". )he
normal ear does not reAuire an"thin$ more than the usual leansin$ with the wash ra$ over the end of the
fin$er.
#f wa? to an" e?tent aumulates in the ear it should *e removed *" s"rin$in$, *ut ou$ht to *e done *" a
!h"siian.
#n am! an inset mi$ht rawl into the ear and if alive ause !ain. 5uttin$ oil or other fluids in the ear to
drown it is unwise. #f a forei$n *od" should $et in the ear it should not ause $reat alarm unless attended with
severe !ain. #f a !h"siian is not availa*le at one suh o*Dets ma" remain for a da" or two without serious
results. S"rin$in$ usuall" removes them, *ut it should *e remem*ered that some o*Dets like !eas or *eans
swell if made wet. #n swimmin$ water is a!t to $et into the ear and ause anno"ane. A ru**er ear sto! an
*e seured and !laed in the ear at the time of swimmin$, thus kee!in$ the water out. 0otton should not *e
stuffed into the ear to kee! water out, as it ma" $et inside.
/ne thin$ to kee! in mind is that atarrh of the nose and throat often e?tends into the ear !assa$es throu$h a
tu*e whih reahes from the throat to the ear and that s"rin$in$ of the nose and throat freAuentl" auses
trou*le in the ear.
Care of Nose a# T"roat
Alwa"s *reathe throu$h the nose. Air !assin$ throu$h the nose is warmed and moistened and leansedB thus
it $ets to <330= the lun$s in a *etter ondition. #f "ou annot *reathe learl" throu$h the nose, have it
e?amined. )here ma" *e a $rowth !resent whih needs to *e removed. )o *eome a $ood runner this is
im!ortant. Adenoids, whih are $rowths far *ak in the mouth, often interfere with nose *reathin$ and are
serious in other wa"s. (onCt stik an"thin$ in the noseB and nose !ikin$ is not leanl". #f rusts form in the
nose, use a little vaseline to soften them. (onCt *low the nose too vi$orousl". #t ma" ause trou*le.
FreAuent sore throat ma" *e due to enlar$ed tonsils whih either need treatment or removal. )o one who has
freAuent olds in the head, the out+of+door life and mornin$ s!on$e *ath and moderate eatin$ will *e of hel!.
Care of t"e Feet
)his is an im!ortant matter with souts, as the" will make freAuent hikes and tram!s. )he first thin$ to do is
to walk ri$ht. )he strai$ht foot is the normal foot. )he normal foot is *road at the *all with s!ae *etween the
toes. .ow different from the awful feet we see with toes twisted u!on eah other and rowded to$ether. -alk
with feet !ointin$ strai$ht forward. )he feet that turn outward are weak feet. Shoes therefore should *e
strai$ht on the inner *order, *road aross the *all, and have a low, *road heel. )he shoe ado!ted *" the sout
movement is a $ood desi$n.
-hen a foot is normal, the inner *order does not touh the floor. B" wettin$ the foot one an see readil"
whether he is flat+footed *" the im!rint made. )he followin$ e?erises are $ood to stren$then the arhes of
the foot if there is a tenden" to flat feetG L1M )urn toes in, raise the heels, and ome down slowl" on the outer
*orders of the feetB L3M -alk with heels raised and toes !ointin$ inward, or walk on the outer *orders of the
foot, inner *orders turned u!.
Shoes should fit the feet omforta*l". )i$ht shoes, or shoes that fit loosel", will ause allouses or orns. )he
wa" to $et rid of these is to remove the ause++namel", the *adl"+fittin$ shoes. Soft orns are due to !ressure
*etween the toes. )he toes in suh ases should *e ke!t a!art with otton. 5ointed shoes should *e avoided.
5atent+leather shoes are non+!orous and hot. #n$rown toe nails are e?eedin$l" !ainful. )he !ain omes from
the nail !ierin$ the soft !arts. Allowin$ the nail to $row lon$ and *e"ond the !oint of the tender s!ot will
hel!B <331= and on the side of the nail and under it otton should *e inserted to !rotet the soft !arts.
.ot foot *aths will $enerall" relieve tired feet. Bo"s should *e ver" areful in trimmin$ orns for fear of
*lood !oisonin$. Never *u" !lates at a store for flat feet. )he" ma" not *e ada!ted to "our needs. Alwa"s
onsult a foot s!eialist for treatment and *u" !lates if needed on his order. /nl" severe ases need !lates.
&an" *o"s are trou*led with !ers!irin$ feet and are freAuentl" anno"ed *" the odor resultin$. )hose who are
thus trou*led should wash the feet often and arefull", es!eiall", *etween the toes. B" dustin$ the feet with
*ori aid the odor will disa!!ear. At first it ma" *e neessar" to han$e the stokin$s dail". #n severe ases
two !airs of shoes should *e used, han$in$ alternatel".
Care of t"e Fi&er Nails
)he hief thin$ in the are of the fin$er nails is to kee! them lean. Eah *o" should !ossess and use a nail
*rush. Alwa"s wash the hands thorou$hl" *efore eatin$, and use the end of a nail file to remove the
aumulation still remainin$ under the nails. 2ee! the nails !ro!erl" trimmed. )he" should not *e too lon$
nor too short. #f lon$ the" are lia*le to *reak and if short to *e sensitive. Bitin$ the nails is a filth" !ratie
and mutilates the fin$ers dreadfull" and makes them unsi$htl". #t is a ver" hard ha*it to overome ofttimes
and will reAuire !ersistent effort in order to sueed. B" kee!in$ the nails smooth the tenden" to *ite them
will to some e?tent *e overome. A *itter a!!liation to the nails will often remind one of the ha*it, as often
the *itin$ is done unonsiousl". )he nails should never *e !ared with a knifeB a urved !air of sissors is
*etter as the uttin$ should *e done in a urved diretionB *ut the *est method is to use a file. )he skin
overhan$in$ the nails should *e !ressed *ak one a week to kee! them sha!el". Ru**in$ the nails with a
nail *uffer or loth will kee! them !olished.
Slee%
/ne thin$ a $rowin$ *o" wants to *e lon$ on is slee!, and "et he is most a!t to *e areless a*out it. #t is
durin$ slee! that a *o" $rows most and athes u!. (urin$ his wakin$ hours he tears down and *urns u!
more tissue than he *uilds. %ood, sound and suffiient slee! is essential to $rowth, stren$th, <333= and
endurane. A *o" sout should have at least nine or ten hours slee! out of ever" twent"+four. #f "ou lose out
on this amount on one da", make it u! the ne?t. -henever unusuall" tired, or when "ou feel out of trim, sta"
in *ed a few hours more if it is !ossi*le. A *o" should wake u! eah mornin$ feelin$ like a fi$htin$ ok.
-hen he doesnCt he ou$ht to $et to *ed earlier that ni$ht. Slee! is a wonderful restorative and toni. #t hel!s
to store u! ener$" and onserve stren$th.
Slee%i& Out of Doors
)he onditions under whih one slee!s are as im!ortant as the len$th of time one slee!s. &an" !eo!le are
findin$ it wonderfull" hel!ful and invi$oratin$ to slee! out of doors. /ften a *ak !orh an *e arran$ed, or,
in summer, a tent an *e !ithed in the "ard. But, *" all means, the slee!in$ room should *e well ventilated.
-indows should *e thrown wide o!en. Avoid drafts. #f the *ed is in suh relation to the windows as to ause
the wind to *low diretl" on it, a sreen an *e used to divert it or a sheet hun$ u! as !rotetion. %ood, fresh,
ool air is a s!lendid toni. #n winter o!en windows are a s!lendid !re!aration for am!in$ out in summer.
Coser,atio
#n this ha!ter muh has *een said of the ative measures whih a *o" should take in order to *eome stron$
and well. -e should *e eAuall" onerned in savin$ and storin$ u! natural fores we alread" have. #n the
*od" of ever" *o", who has reahed his teens, the 0reator of the universe has sown a ver" im!ortant fluid.
)his fluid is the most wonderful material in all the !h"sial world. Some !arts of it find their wa" into the
*lood, and throu$h the *lood $ive tone to the musles, !ower to the *rain, and stren$th to the nerves. )his
fluid is the se? fluid. -hen this fluid a!!ears in a *o"Cs *od", it works a wonderful han$e in him. .is hest
dee!ens, his shoulders *roaden, his voie han$es, his ideals are han$ed and enlar$ed. #t $ives him the
a!ait" for dee! feelin$, for rih emotion. 5it" the *o", therefore, who has wron$ ideas of this im!ortant
funtion, *eause the" will lower his ideals of life. )hese or$ans atuall" serete into the *lood material that
makes a *o" manl", stron$, and no*le. An" ha*it whih a *o" has that auses this fluid to *e dishar$ed from
the *od" tends to weaken his stren$th, to make him less a*le to resist disease, and often unfortunatel" fastens
u!on him ha*its whih later in life he <333= annot *reak. Even several "ears *efore this fluid a!!ears in the
*od" suh ha*its are harmful to a $rowin$ *o".
)o *eome stron$, therefore, one must *e !ure in thou$ht and lean in ha*it. )his !ower whih # have s!oken
of must *e onserved, *eause this se? funtion is so dee! and stron$ that there will ome times when
tem!tation to wron$ ha*its will *e ver" !owerful. But remem*er that to "ield means to sarifie stren$th and
!ower and manliness.
For *o"s who desire to know more of this su*Det we would su$$est a s!lendid *ook *" (r. -infield S. .all,
entitled, @From Youth into &anhood.@ Ever" *o" in his teens who wants to know the seret of stren$th,
!ower, and endurane should read this *ook.
N/)ES
<33:=
Notes
<33;=
Notes
<33K=
Notes
<33I=
CHA+TER -I
CHI-A*RY
B! -ohn &. *le.ander, Bo! Scouts of *merica
Aciet Ki&"t"oo#
A little over fifteen hundred "ears a$o the $reat order of kni$hthood and hivalr" was founded. )he reason
for this was the feelin$ on the !art of the *est men of that da" that it was the dut" of the stron$er to hel! the
weak. )hese were the da"s when mi$ht was ri$ht, and the man with the stron$est arm did as he !leased, often
o!!ressin$ the !oor and ridin$ rou$h shod without an" re$ard over the feelin$s and affetions of others. #n
revolt a$ainst this, there s!ran$ u! all over Euro!e a no*le and useful order of men who alled themselves
kni$hts. Amon$ these $reat+hearted men were Arthur, %areth, 1anelot, Bedivere, and Alfred the %reat. )he
desire of these men was @)o live !ure, s!eak true, ri$ht wron$, follow the kin$.@ /f ourse in these da"s
there also lived men who alled themselves kni$hts, *ut who had none of the desire for servie that ins!ired
Arthur and the others. )hese false kni$hts, who ared for no one *ut themselves and their own !leasure, often
*rou$ht $reat sorrow to the ommon !eo!le. 0hivalr" then was a revolt a$ainst their *rutal ats and
i$norane and a !rotest a$ainst the ontinuation of the idea that mi$ht was ri$ht.
Nowhere in all the stories that have ome down to us have the ats of hivalr" *een so well told as in the
tales of the Round )a*le. .ere it was that 2in$ Arthur $athered a*out him men like Sir Bors, Sir %awaine,
Sir 5ellias, Sir %eraint, Sir )ristram, Sir 1anelot, and Sir %alahad. )hese men moved *" the desire of $ivin$
themselves in servie, leared the forests of wild animals, su!!ressed the ro**er *arons, <33J= !unished the
outlaws, *ullies, and thieves of their da", and enfored wherever the" went a !ro!er res!et for women. #t
was for this $reat servie that the" trained themselves, !assin$ throu$h the de$rees of !a$e, esAuire, and
kni$ht with all the hard work that eah of these meant in order that the" mi$ht the *etter do their dut" to their
%od and ountr".

Anient kni$ht
Stru&&le for Free#om
/f ourse this stru$$le of ri$ht a$ainst wron$ was not onfined to the da"s in whih hivalr" was *orn. )he
foundin$ of the order of kni$hthood was merel" the *e$innin$ of the a$e+lon$ stru$$le to make ri$ht the
rulin$ thou$ht of life. 1on$ after kni$hthood had !assed awa", the stru$$le ontinued. #n the *irth of the
modern nations, En$land, %erman", Frane, and others, there was the distint feelin$ on the !art of the *est
men of these nations that mi$ht should and must $ive wa" to ri$ht, and that t"rann" must "ield to the s!irit of
freedom. )he $reat stru$$le of the En$lish *arons under 2in$ John and the wrestin$ from the kin$ of the
&a$na 0harta, whih *eame the *asis of En$lish li*ert", was merel" another develo!ment of the idea for
whih hivalr" stood. )he !rotest of the Frenh Revolution, and the terri*le doin$s of the ommon !eo!le in
these da"s, althou$h wiked and *rutal in method, were s"m!toms of the same revolt a$ainst o!!ression.

5il$rim father
T"e +il&rim Fat"ers
-hen the 5il$rim Fathers founded the Amerian olonies, the work of Arthur and Alfred and the other $reat
men of anient da"s was renewed and e?tended and fitted to the new onditions and times. -ith the En$lish
settlements of Ralei$h and 0a!tain John Smith we mi$ht almost sa" that a new rae of men was *orn and a
new kind of kni$ht was develo!ed. All over Ameria an idea made itself felt that in the e"es of the law ever"
man should *e onsidered Dust as $ood as ever" other man, and that ever" man ou$ht to have a fair and
sAuare hane <337=at all the $ood thin$s that were to *e had in a land of !lent". #t was this s!irit that
om!elled the olonists to seek their inde!endene and that found its wa" into our (elaration of
#nde!endene as followsG
-e hold these truths to *e self+evidentG that all men are reated eAualB that the" are endowed *" their
0reator with ertain inaliena*le ri$htsB that amon$ these are life, li*ert" and the !ursuit of ha!!iness.
)he fi$ht of the olonists was the old+time fi$ht of the kni$hts a$ainst the o!!ression and inDustie and the
mi$ht that dared to all itself ri$ht.

5ioneer
America +ioeers
No set of men, however, showed this s!irit of hivalr" more than our !ioneers *e"ond the Alle$hanies. #n
their work and servie the" !aralleled ver" losel" the kni$hts of the Round )a*le, *ut whereas ArthurCs
kni$hts were dressed in suits of armor, the Amerian !ioneers were dressed in *ukskin. )he" did, however,
the ver" same thin$s whih anient hivalr" had done, learin$ the forests of wild animals, su!!ressin$ the
outlaws and *ullies and thieves of their da" and enforin$ a !ro!er res!et for women. 1ike the old kni$hts
the" often were om!elled to do their work amid senes of $reat *loodshed, althou$h the" loved to live in
!eae. )hese Amerian kni$hts and !ioneers were $enerall" termed *akwoods men and souts, and were
men of distin$uished a!!earane, of athleti *uild, of hi$h moral harater and freAuentl" of firm reli$ious
onvitions. Suh men as @A!!le+seed Johnn",@ (aniel Boone, %eor$e Ro$ers 0lark, Simon 2enton and
John James Audu*on, are the t"!es of men these !ioneers were. )he" were noted for their staunh Aualities
of harater. )he" hated dishonest" and were truthful and *rave. )he" were !olite to women and old !eo!le,
ever read" to resue a om!anion when in dan$er, and eAuall" read" to risk their lives for a stran$er. )he"
were ver" hos!ita*le, dividin$ their last rust with one another, or with the stran$er whom the" ha!!ened to
meet. )he" were ever read" to do an at of kindness. <3:0= )he" were e?eedin$l" sim!le in their dress and
ha*its. )he" fou$ht the #ndians, not *eause the" wished to, *ut *eause it was neessar" to !rotet their
wives and hildren from the raids of the sava$es. )he" knew all the thin$s that souts ou$ht to know. )he"
were aAuainted with the woods and the fieldsB knew where the *est fish were to *e au$htB understood the
trees, the si$ns and *la>es, the haunts of animals and how to trak themB how to find their wa" *" the starsB
how to make themselves omforta*le in the heart of the !rimeval forestB and suh other thin$s as are lassed
under the $eneral term of woodraft. And, with all this, the" inherited the s!lendid ideas of hivalr" that had
*een develo!ed in the thousand "ears !reedin$ them, and fitted these ideas to the onditions of their own
da", standin$ solidl" a$ainst evil and falsehood whenever the" lifted their head amon$ them. )he" were not
!erfet, *ut the" did their *est to *e of servie to those who ame within their reah and worked
onsientiousl" for their ountr".

&odern kni$ht
Mo#er Ki&"t"oo#
A hundred "ears have !assed sine then, and the onditions of life whih e?isted west of the Alle$hanies are
no more. Just as the life of the !ioneers was different from that of the kni$hts of the Round )a*le, and as the"
eah !ratised hivalr" in kee!in$ with their own sur+roundin$s, so the life of to+da" is different from *oth,
*ut the need of hivalr" is ver" muh the same. &i$ht still tries to make ri$ht, and while there are now no
ro**er *arons or outlaws with swords and s!ears, their s!irit is not unknown in *usiness and ommerial life.
4ie and dishonest" lift their heads Dust as stron$l" to+da" as in the !ast and there is Dust as muh need of
res!et for women and $irls as there ever was. So to+da" there is a demand for a modern t"!e of hivalr". #t
is for this reason that the Bo" Souts of Ameria have ome into *ein$B for there is need of servie in these
da"s, and that is re!resented *" the $ood turn done to some*od" ever" da". (oin$ the $ood turn dail" will
hel! to form the ha*it of useful servie. A *o" sout, then, while livin$ in modern times, must onsider
himself the heir of anient hivalr" <3:1= and of the !ioneers, and he must for this reason $ive himself to
ever renewed efforts to *e true to the traditions whih have *een handed down to him *" these $reat and
$ood leaders of men. )he *o"+sout movement is a all to Amerian *o"s to+da" to *eome in s!irit
mem*ers of the order of hivalr", and a hallen$e to them to make their lives ount in the ommunities in
whih the" live++for lean lives, lean s!eeh, lean s!ort, lean ha*its, and lean relationshi!s with others. #t
is also a hallen$e for them to stand for the ri$ht a$ainst the wron$, for truth a$ainst falsehood, to hel! the
weak and o!!ressed, and to love and seek the *est thin$s of life.
A1ra"am *icol

5erha!s there is no *etter e?am!le of hivalr" than the life and e?!eriene of A*raham 1inoln, the $reatest
of all our Amerian men. Ever" *o" ou$ht to read the stor" of his life and ome to understand and a!!reiate
what it means. 1inoln was *orn in the *akwoods of 2entuk". .e was a tall, s!are man of awkward *uild,
and knew ver" little of the shool room as a *o". .e fou$ht for his eduation. .e *orrowed *ooks wherever
he ould. &an" lon$ ni$hts were s!ent *" him *efore the flikerin$ li$hts of the lo$ a*in, $leanin$ from his
*orrowed treasures the knowled$e he lon$ed to !ossess. .e !assed throu$h all the e?!erienes of life that
other souts and !ioneers have e?!eriened. .e s!lit rails for a livelihood, and fou$ht his wa" u!ward *"
hard work, finall" ahievin$ for himself an eduation in the law, *eomin$ an advoate in the ourts of
#llinois. -herever he went, he made a !rofound im!ression on the lives and minds of the !eo!le and won
over his !olitial o!!onents *" his stren$th, s"m!ath", <3:3= and *readth of mind. At the !eriod when
storms threatened to en$ulf our Shi! of State, he *eame 5resident of our ountr". Althou$h 1inoln was an
untried !ilot, he stood *" the helm like a veteran master. A man of earnest and intense onvition, he strove
to maintain the $lor" of our fla$ and to kee! the 'nion un+*roken. .undreds of stories are told of his $reat
heart and almost *oundless s"m!ath" for others. )he $enerals of the 0ivil -ar were dee!l" attahed to him,
and the rank and file of the sold+iers who fou$ht under these $enerals loved and revered him. .e was
familiarl" known as @.onest A*e.@ .e ould alwa"s *e relied u!on to $ive hel! and enoura$ement. .is
smile heered the defenders of the 'nion, and his wise ounsel $ave heart to the men who were hel!in$ him
to sha!e the destinies of the nation. At the lose of the war whih saw the 'nion more firml" esta*lished than
ever, he fell *" the hand of the assassin, mourned dee!l" *oth *" his own ountr" and *" the world at lar$e.
)he further we $et from the sene of his life and work the more firml" are we, his ountr"men, onvined of
his sinerit", stren$th, wisdom, and *i$ness of heart. )he two men who stand out !reeminentl" in histor"
amon$ $reat Amerians are -ashin$ton and 1inoln, the former as the founder of the 'nion and the latter as
the man who $ave it un*reaka*le ontinuit" and !reserved it, as we ho!e and *elieve, for all time.

'sin$ ever" o!!ortunit"
1inolnCs life and areer should *e the stud" and ins!iration of ever" *o" sout. .e *eame familiar with all
of the thin$s for whih the Bo" Souts of Ameria stand. .e was a lover of the wild thin$s in the woods, and
loved and lived the life of the out+of+doors. .e had a hi$h sense of honor and was intensel" hivalrous, as the
man" hundred stories told a*out <3:3= him testif". .e did man" times more than one $ood turn a da"B he
sinerel" loved his ountr"B he lived, fou$ht, and worked for itB and finall" he sealed his lo"alt" *" $ivin$ his
life. )he !ath that he travelled from the lo$ a*in to the -hite .ouse learl" shows that an Amerian *o"
who has well defined ideas of truth and ri$ht, and then dares to stand *" them, an *eome $reat in the
ounils of the nation. )he life, then, of A*raham 1inoln should *e a stead" ins!iration to ever" *o" who
wishes to all himself a sout.
C"alle&e of t"e +reset
)hus we see that hivalr" is not a virtue that had its *e$innin$ lon$ a$o and merel" lived a short time,
*eomin$ a mere stor". 0hivalr" *e$an in the far+distant !ast out of the desire to hel! others, and the kni$hts
of the olden da"s did this as *est the" ould. 1ater the new rae of men in Ameria took u! the *urden of
hivalr", and did the *est the" ould. Now the !rivile$e and res!onsi*ilit" omes to the *o"s of to+da", and
the voies of the kni$ht of the olden time and of the hard" !ioneers of our own ountr" are ur$in$ the *o"s of
to+da" to do the ri$ht thin$, in a $entlemanl" wa", for the sake of those a*out them. All of those men,
whether kni$hts or !ioneers, had an unwritten ode, somewhat like our sout law, and their motto was ver"
muh like the motto of the *o" souts, @Be 5re!ared.@

5oliteness
!oo# Maers
)he same thin$ that entered into the trainin$ of these men, kni$hts, !ioneers, and 1inoln, then, must enter
into the trainin$ of the *o" souts of to+da". Just as the" res!eted women and served them, so the tenderfoot
and the sout must *e !olite and kind to women, not merel" to well+dressed women, *ut to !oorl"+dressed
womenB not merel" to "oun$ women, *ut to old womenG to women wherever the" ma" *e found++ <3::=
wherever the" ma" *e. )o these a sout must alwa"s *e ourteous and hel!ful.
-hen a sout is walkin$ with a lad" or a hild, he should alwa"s walk on the outside of the sidewalk, so that
he an *etter !rotet them a$ainst the Dostlin$ rowds. )his rule is onl" altered when rossin$ the street, when
the sout should $et *etween the lad" and the traffi, so as to shield her from aident or mud. Also in
meetin$ a woman or hild, a sout, as a matter of ourse, should alwa"s make wa" for them even if he
himself has to ste! off the sidewalk into the mud. -hen ridin$ in a street ar or train a sout should never
allow a woman, an elderl" !erson, or a hild to stand, *ut will offer his seatB and when he does it he should
do it heerfull" and with a smile.
-hen on the street, *e ontinuall" on a Auest, on the lookout to hel! others, and alwa"s refuse an" reward for
the effort. )his kind of ourtes" and $ood manners is essential to suess. #t was this unselfish desire to
!rotet and hel! that made these men of olden time suh s!lendid fellows.
%ood manners attrat and !lease, and should *e ultivated *" ever" *o" who e?!ets to win suess and
make his life interestin$ to others. #n the home, on the street, in the shool, in the worksho! or the offie, or
wherever one ma" *e, his relationshi! to others should *e harateri>ed as $entle, ourteous, !olite,
onsiderate and thou$htful. )hese are virtues and $raes that make life easier and !leasanter for all.
C"eerfuless
As has *een said, whatever a sout does should *e done with heerfulness, and the dut" of alwa"s *ein$
heerful annot *e em!hasi>ed too muh.
-h" donCt "ou lau$h, and make us all lau$h too,
And kee! us mortals all from $ettin$ *lueH
A lau$h will alwa"s win.
#f "ou anCt lau$h++Dust $rin.
%o onS 1etCs all Doin inS
-h" donCt "ou lau$hH
BenDamin Franklin saidG @&one" never "et made a man ha!!", and there is nothin$ in its nature to !rodue
ha!!iness, /neCs !ersonal enDo"ment is a ver" small thin$, *ut oneCs !ersonal usefulness is a ver" im!ortant
thin$.@ )hose onl" are ha!!" who have their minds fi?ed u!on some o*Det other and hi$her than their own
ha!!iness. (otor Raffles one said, <3:;= @# have made it a rule never to *e with a !erson ten minutes
without tr"in$ to make him ha!!ier.@ A *o" one said to his mother, @# ouldnCt make little sister ha!!",
nohow # ould fi? it, *ut # made m"self ha!!" tr"in$ to make her ha!!".@
)here was one a kin$ who had a tall, handsome son whom he loved with his whole heart, so he $ave him
ever"thin$ that his heart desired++a !on" to ride, *eautiful rooms to live in, !iture *ooks, stories, and
ever"thin$ that mone" ould *u". And "et, in s!ite of this, the "oun$ !rine was unha!!" and wore a wr"
fae and a frown wherever he went, and was alwa"s wishin$ for somethin$ he did not have. B" and *", a
ma$iian ame to the ourt, and seein$ a frown on the !rineCs fae, said to the kin$, @# an make "our *o"
ha!!" and turn his frown into a smile, *ut "ou must !a" me a ver" lar$e !rie for the seret.@ @All ri$ht,@ said
the kin$, @whatever "ou ask, # will do.@ So the ma$iian took the *o" into a !rivate room, and with white
liAuid wrote somethin$ on a !iee of !a!erB then he $ave the *o" a andle and told him to warm the !a!er
and read what was written. )he !rine did as he was told. )he white letters turned into letters of *lue, and he
read these wordsB @(o a kindness to some one ever" da".@ So the !rine followed the ma$iianCs advie and
*eame the ha!!iest *o" in all the kin$Cs realm.
)o *e a $ood sout one must remain heerful under ever" irumstane, *earin$ *oth fortune and misfortune
with a smile.

0heer u!
C"aracter
#f a sout is heerful, follows the advie of the ma$iian to the kin$Cs son, and does a $ood turn to some one
ever" da", he will ome into !ossession of a stron$ harater suh as the kni$hts of the Round )a*le hadB for,
after all, harater is the thin$ that distin$uishes a $ood sout from a *ad one. 0harater is not what men sa"
a*out "ou. A $reat writer <3:K= one said, @# anCt hear what "ou sa" for what "ou are,@ and another one said,
@Your life s!eaks louder than "our words.@ #t was not the words of the kni$hts of old that told what the"
were. #t was their stron$ life and fine harater that $ave !ower to their words and the thrust to their s!ears.
#t is neessar" that a *o" should live ri$ht and !ossess suh a harater as will hel! him to do the hardest
thin$s of life. Ever" *o" should remem*er that he is in realit" Dust what he is when alone in the dark. )he
$reat Auests of the kni$hts were most often done sin$l" and alone.
$ill
Another thin$ that entered into the make+u! of a kni$ht was an iron will. .e had sta"in$ !owers *eause he
willed to stikB and the wa" he trained his will to do the hard thin$s was to kee! himself doin$ the small
thin$s. Not lon$ a$o, there was a lad whom the *o"s niknamed @Bloke"@ and @-ooden &an.@ -hen the"
!la"ed *all in the shool !la" $round, Bloke" never au$ht the *all. -hen the" worked to$ether in the
$"mnasium, Bloke" was alwa"s left out of the $ame *eause he ouldnCt do thin$s, and was slow and
unwield" in his motions. But one da", a $reat han$e ame over Bloke" and he *e$an to train his will. .e
worked hard in the $"mnasiumG he learned to ath the *all, and, *" stikin$ to it, was not onl" a*le to ath
the *all *ut *eame !rofiient. )hen there ame a time when the first one hosen u!on the team was Bloke"B
and it all ame a*out *eause he had trained his will so that when he made u! his mind to do a thin$, he did
it.
T"rift
Another thin$ whih entered into the trainin$ of a kni$ht was his readiness to sei>e his o!!ortunities. )he
motto of the sout is @Be 5re!ared.@ .e should *e !re!ared for whatever o!!ortunit" !resents itself. An
interestin$ stor" is told *" /rison Swett &arden. .e sa"s that a lad, who later *eame one of the millionaires
of one of our $reat -estern ities, *e$an his earnin$ areer *" takin$ advanta$e of an o!!ortunit" that ame
to him as he was !assin$ an aution sho!. .e saw several *o?es of a kind of soa! whih his mother was
austomed to *u" from the famil" $roer. .astenin$ to the $roer" store he asked the !rie of the soa!.
@)welve ents a !ound@ was the re!l". /n *ein$ !ressed for a lower fi$ure the sho!kee!er remarked in a
*anterin$ tone that he would *u" all that the *o" ould *rin$ to his store at <3:I=nine ents a !ound. )he *o"
hurried *ak to the aution and *ou$ht the soa! at si? ents a !ound. #t was in this wa" that he made his first
mone" in trade and laid the foundation of his fortune.
)he kni$ht never waited for o!!ortunit" to ome to him. .e went out lookin$ for it, and wore his armor in
order that he mi$ht *e read" for it when it ame. )here is a stor" of a %reek $od who had onl" one lok of
hair u!on his forehead. )he remainder of his head was shinin$ *ald. #n order to $et this anient $odCs
attention, it was neessar" to $ri! him *" his forelok, for when he had !assed, nothin$ ould hek his
s!eed. So it is with o!!ortunit", and the hour of o!!ortunit". A $ood sout is read" for *oth and alwa"s $ri!s
@time *" the forelok.@
I#i,i#uality
#f the fore$oin$ Aualities enter into a soutCs trainin$, an individualit" will *e develo!ed in him, whih will
make itself known and felt.
Ever" sout should read over the followin$ list of sout virtues, and should strive at all times to kee! them
*efore him in his trainin$, thus makin$ them a !art of his lifeG
'nselfishnessG )he art of thinkin$ of others first and oneCs self afterward.
Self SarifieG )he $ivin$ u! of oneCs omfort, desires, and !leasures for the *enefit of some one else.
2indnessG )he ha*it of thinkin$ well of others and doin$ $ood to them.
FriendlinessG
)he dis!osition to make ever"one "ou meet feel at ease, and to *e of servie to him if
!ossi*le.
.onest"G
)he desire to $ive to ever" one a sAuare deal and the same fair hane that "ou "ourself wish
to enDo". #t means also res!et for the !ro!ert" and ri$hts of others, the a*ilit" to fae the
truth, and to all "our own faults *" their ri$ht name.
Fair 5la"G
Sornin$ to take unfair advanta$e of a rival and readiness even to $ive u! an advanta$e to
him.
1o"alt"G
)he Aualit" of remainin$ true and faithful not onl" to "our !rini!les *ut also to "our !arents
and friends.
/*edieneG 0om!liane with the wishes of !arents or those in !laes of authorit".
(isi!lineG )hat self+restraint and self+ontrol that kee! a *o" stead", and hel! him in team work.
EnduraneG A manl" moderation whih kee!s a *o" fit and stron$ and in $ood ondition. <3:J=
Self
#m!rovementG
)he am*ition to $et on in life *" all fair means.
.umilit"G
)hat fine Aualit" whih kee!s a sout from *oastin$, and whih $enerall" reveals a *o" of
oura$e and ahievement.
.onorG
)hat $reat thin$ whih is more sared than an"thin$ else to souts and $entlemenB the disdain
of tellin$ or im!l"in$ an untruthB a*solute trustworthiness and faithfulness.
(ut" to %odG
)hat $reatest of all thin$s, whih kee!s a *o" faithful to his !rini!les and true to his friends
and omradesB that $ives him a *elief in thin$s that are hi$h and no*le, and whih makes him
!rove his *elief *" doin$ his $ood turn to some one ever" da".
)his list of virtues a sout must have, and if there are an" that standout more !rominentl" than the others,
the" are the followin$G

Sout !rotetin$ hild from mad do$
Coura&e
#t is horri*le to *e a oward. #t is weak to "ield to fear and heroi to fae dan$er without flinhin$. )he old
#ndian who had *een mortall" wounded faed death with a $rim smile on his li!s and san$ his own death
son$. )he soldier of the <3:7= Roman le$ions lau$hed in the fae of death, and died often with a @.ail,
#m!eratorS@ for the Roman 0aesar u!on his li!s.
/ne of the stories onneted with the *attle of A$inourt tells us that four fair ladies had sent their kni$htl"
lovers into *attle. /ne of these was killed. Another was made !risoner. )he third was lost in the *attle and
never heard of afterward. )he fourth was safe, *ut owed his safet" to shameful fli$ht. @AhS woe is me,@ said
the lad" of this *ase kni$ht, @for havin$ !laed m" affetions on a oward. .e would have *een dear to me
dead. But alive he is m" re!roah.@
A sout must *e as oura$eous as an" kni$ht of old or an" Roman soldier or an" d"in$ #ndian.
*oyalty
1o"alt" is another sout virtue whih must stand out !rominentl", *eause it is that whih makes him true to
his home, his !arents, and his ountr". 0harles 4###, at the Battle of Foronovo, !iked out nine of his *ravest
offiers and $ave to eah of them a om!lete suit of armor, whih was a ounter!art of his own. B" this
devie he outwitted a $rou! of his enemies who had lea$ued themselves to kill him durin$ the fi$ht. )he"
sou$ht him throu$h all the ranks, and ever" time the" met one of these offiers the" thou$ht the" had ome
fae to fae with the kin$. )he fat that these offiers hailed suh a dan$erous honor with deli$ht and
devotion is a strikin$ illustration of their lo"alt".
)he sout should *e no less lo"al to his !arents, home, and ountr".
Duty to !o#
No sout an ever ho!e to amount to muh until he has learned a reverene for reli$ion. )he sout should
*elieve in %od and %odCs word. #n the olden da"s, kni$hthood, when it was *estowed, was a reli$ious
eremon", and a kni$ht not onl" onsidered himself a servant of the kin$, *ut also a servant of %od. )he
entire ni$ht !reedin$ the da" u!on whih the "oun$ esAuire was made kni$ht was s!ent *" him on his knees
in !ra"er, in a fast and vi$il.
)here are man" kinds of reli$ion in the world. /ne im!ortant !oint, however, a*out them is that the" all
involve the worshi! of the same %od. )here is *ut one leader, althou$h man" wa"s of followin$ .im. #f a
sout meets one of another reli$ion, he should remem*er that he, too, is strivin$ for the *est. <3;0= A sout
should res!et the onvitions of others in matters of ustom and reli$ion.

Sout hel!in$ old lad" aross street
A Boy ScoutAs Reli&io
)he Bo" Souts of Ameria maintain that no *o" an $row into the *est kind of iti>enshi! without
reo$ni>in$ his o*li$ation to %od. )he first !art of the *o" soutCs oath or !led$e is thereforeG @# !romise on
m" honor to do m" *est to honor m" %od and m" ountr".@ )he reo$nition of %od as the rulin$ and leadin$
!ower in the universe, and the $rateful aknowled$ement of .is favors and *lessin$s is neessar" to the *est
t"!e of iti>enshi! and is a wholesome thin$ in the eduation of the $rowin$ *o". No matter what the *o"
ma" *e++0atholi, or 5rotestant, or Jew++this fundamental need of $ood iti>enshi! should *e ke!t *efore
him. )he Bo" Souts of Ameria therefore reo$ni>e the reli$ious element in the trainin$ of a *o", *ut it is
a*solutel" non+setarian in its attitude toward that reli$ious trainin$. #ts !oli" is that the or$ani>ation or
institution with whih the *o" sout is onneted shall $ive definite attention to his reli$ious life. #f he *e a
0atholi *o" sout, the 0atholi 0hurh of whih he is a mem*er is the *est hannel for his trainin$. #f he *e
a .e*rew *o", then the S"na$o$ue will train him in the faith of his fathers. #f he *e a 5rotestant, no matter to
what denomination of 5rotestantism he ma" *elon$, the hurh of whih he is an adherent or a mem*er
should *e the !ro!er or$ani>ation to $ive him an eduation in the thin$s that !ertain to his alle$iane to %od.
)he Bo" Souts of Ameria, then, while reo$ni>in$ the fat that the *o" should *e tau$ht the thin$s that
!ertain to reli$ion, insists u!on the *o"Cs reli$ious life *ein$ stimulated and fostered *" the institution with
whih he is onneted. /f ourse, it is a fundamental !rini!le of the Bo" Souts of Ameria to insist on
<3;1= lean, a!a*le leadershi! in its sout masters, and the influene of the leader on the *o" sout should
*e of a distintl" hel!ful harater.
$or7' Not *uc7
1ife, after all, is Dust thisG Some $o throu$h life trustin$ to luk. )he" are not worth" to *e souts. /thers $o
throu$h life trustin$ to hard work and lear thinkin$. )hese are the" who have leared the wilderness and
!lanted wheat where forests one $rew, who have driven *ak the sava$e, and have fostered ivili>ation in
the unultivated !laes of the earth. )he $ood sout is alwa"s at work++workin$ to im!rove himself and to
im!rove the dail" lot of others.
)he thin$ that is to *e notied in all of these men, those of the Round )a*le, and those of Amerian !ioneer
da"s, is the fat that the" were ever read" to do a $ood turn to some one. )he kni$hts of the Round )a*le did
theirs *" lash of arms, *" the Dousts and the tourne", and *" the fiere hand+to+hand fi$hts that were their
deli$ht in o!en *attle. )he old souts, our own !ioneers, ver" often had to use the rifle and the hathet and
the im!lements of war. .owever, those da"s have !assed, and we are livin$ in a non+militar" and !eae+
lovin$ a$eB and the $lor" of it is that, whereas these men took their lives in their hands and *" dint of rifle
and sword did their !art in hel!in$ others, our modern ivili>ation $ives the Bo" Souts of Ameria an
o!!ortunit" to $o out and do their $ood turn dail" for others in the thousand wa"s that will *enefit our
Amerian life the most. Sometimes the" will have to risk their lives, *ut it will *e in ase of fire or aident
or atastro!he. At other times the" will *e $iven the !rivile$e of showin$ sim!le deeds of hivalr" *" their
ourteous treatment of their elders, ri!!les, and hildren, *" $ivin$ u! their seats in street ars, or *"
arr"in$ the *undles of those who are not as !h"siall" stron$ as themselves. And in it all will ome the
satisf"in$ feelin$ that the" are doin$ Dust as muh and !erha!s a $reat deal more than the iron+lad men or
the *ukskin lothed souts in makin$ their ountr" a little safer and a little *etter !lae to live in. 0hivalr"
and ourtes" and *ein$ a $entleman mean Dust as muh now as the" ever did, and there is a $reater demand in
these da"s to live !ure, to s!eak true, and to hel! others *" a $ood turn dail" than ever *efore in the worldCs
histor".
<3;3=
Notes
<3;3=
Notes
<3;:=
Notes
<3;;=
CHA+TER -II
FIRST AID AND *IFE SA-IN!
/a5or Charles &!nch, /edical Corps, U. S. *.
*cting for the *merican Red Cross
+RE-ENTION OF ACCIDENTS
!eeral
0onsidera*l" over a million !ersons are seriousl" inDured in the 'nited States eah "ear. )he enormous loss
of life and the $reat sufferin$ involved ertainl" demand that ever" *o" sout do what he an to im!rove
onditions in this res!et. Some aidents ha!!en under all irumstanes, *ut, on the other hand a $reat
man" aidents are avoida*le and !ro*a*l" Auite one half of the inDuries whih our in the 'nited States
"earl" ould *e !revented if ommon are were e?erised.
+aics a# T"eir +re,etio
#n ase of a !ani, at an in+door assem*l", souts, if the" live u! to their motto, @Be 5re!ared,@ will *e a*le to
save hundreds of lives. )here is usuall" !lent" of time for !eo!le to $et out of a *uildin$ if the e?its are not
*loked *" too man" rowdin$ them at one. /ne should, if !ossi*le, tr" to arran$e to have the !erformane
$o on, and the others ould reassure the !eo!le and $et them to $o out Auietl" throu$h the e?its !rovided.
Almost all souts know how Auikl" and safel" our shool *uildin$s are leared *" means of the fire drill.
Fires
Fires onstitute a dan$er as $reat as !anis, and souts should *e eAuall" well informed what to do in ase of
fire. #t is the dut" of a sout to know how to !revent fires. &an" fires are aused *" arelessness. Never
throw awa" a li$hted math, for it ma" fall on inflamma*le material and start a fire. Readin$ in *ed *" the
li$ht of a lam! or andle is dan$erous, for if the reader $oes to slee! the *ed lothin$ is likel" to ath fire.
<3;K= A sout ma" often have to dr" his lothes *efore a fire and if so, the" should *e arefull" wathed. .ot
ashes in wooden *o?es, or in *arrels, are res!onsi*le for man" fires. #n am!, dr" $rass should *e ut awa"
from the loalit" of the am! fireB and not to !ut out a am! fire on leavin$ a am! is riminal. &an" of the
$reat fires in our forests have *een due to arelessness in this res!et. Fires also result freAuentl" from
e?!losions of $as or $un!owder. A room in whih the odor of $as is a!!arent should never *e entered with a
li$ht, and in handlin$ $un!owder a sout should have no mathes loose in his !okets.
Ho. To +ut Out Buri& Clot"i&
#f "our own lothin$ should ath fire do not run for hel! as this will fan the flames. 1ie down and roll u! as
ti$htl" as !ossi*le in an overoat, *lanket, or ru$. #f nothin$ an *e o*tained in whih to wra! u!, lie down
and roll over slowl" at the same time *eatin$ out the fire with the hands. #f another !ersonCs lothin$ athes
fire, throw him to the $round and smother the fire with a oat, *lanket, or ru$.
$"at To Do i Case of Fire
A fire an usuall" *e !ut out ver" easil" when it starts, and here is an oasion when a sout an show his
!resene of mind and oolness. At first a few *ukets of water or *lankets or woollen lothin$ thrown u!on a
fire will smother it. Sand, ashes, or dirt, or even flour, will have the same effet.
ETrascri1erAs ote2 Flour #ust sus%e#e# i air is e?%losi,e(H
#f a sout disovers a *uildin$ to *e on fire, he should sound the alarm for the fire de!artment at one. #f
!ossi*le he should send some one else, as the sout will !ro*a*l" know *etter what to do *efore the fire+
en$ine arrives. All doors should *e ke!t losed so as to !revent drau$hts. #f "ou enter the *urnin$ *uildin$,
lose the window or door after "ou, if !ossi*le, and leave some res!onsi*le !erson to $uard it so it will not *e
o!ened and ause a drau$ht. #n searhin$ for !eo!le, $o to the to! floor and walk down, e?aminin$ eah
room as arefull" as !ossi*le. #f neessar" to $et air while makin$ the searh, lose the door of the room,
o!en a window, and stik the head out until a few *reaths an *e o*tained. Afterward lose the window to
!revent a drau$ht. #f doors are found loked and "ou sus!et !eo!le are aslee! inside, knok and !ound on
doors to arouse them. #f this !rodues no results, "ou will have to tr" to *reak down the door. -hile
searhin$ throu$h a *urnin$ *uildin$ it will *e *est to tie a wet handkerhief or loth <3;I= over the nose
and mouth. You will $et a little air from the water.
Remem*er the air within si? inhes of the floor is free from smoke, so when "ou have diffiult" in *reathin$,
rawl alon$ the floor, with the head low, dra$$in$ an"one "ou have resued *ehind "ou.
#f "ou tie the hands of an insensi*le !erson to$ether with a handkerhief and !ut them over "our head, "ou
will find it fairl" eas" to rawl alon$ the floor dra$$in$ him with "ou.

1earnin$ *" doin$
Never Dum! from a window unless the flames are so lose to "ou that this is the onl" means of esa!e.
#f "ou are outside a *uildin$, !ut *eddin$ in a !ile to *reak the Dum!erCs fall, or $et a stron$ ar!et or ru$ to
ath him, and have it firml" held *" as man" men and *o"s as an seure hand holds.
#n ountr" distrits, souts should or$ani>e a *uket *ri$ade whih onsists of two lines from the nearest
water su!!l" to the fire. Souts in one line !ass *ukets, !ithers, or an"thin$ else that will hold water from
one to another till the last sout <3;J= throws the water on the fire. )he *ukets are returned *" the other
line.
Dro.i&
(rownin$ aidents are ver" ommon. Ever" sout should know how to swim and to swim well, *ut this is
not all that is neessar". .e should also know how to !revent aidents that ma" result in drownin$. #n
summer, *oatin$ and *athin$ aidents are ommon. Remem*er a li$ht *oat is not intended for heav" seasB
do not han$e seats e?e!t in a wide and stead" *oatB and a*ove all thin$s do not !ut "ourself in the lass of
idiots who rok a *oat.
At the sea+shore, unless "ou are a stron$ swimmer, do not $o outside the life line, and if the undertow is
stron$ *e areful not to walk out where the water is so dee! it will arr" "ou off "our feet. 4er" old water
and ver" lon$ swims are likel" to e?haust even a stron$ swimmer and are therefore ha>ardous unless a *oat
aom!anies the swimmer.
Rescue of t"e Dro.i&
6See pages =>? to =@A7
Ice Rescue
)o resue a !erson who has *roken throu$h the ie "ou should first tie a ro!e around "our *od" and have the
other end tied, or held, on shore. )hen seure a lon$ *oard or a ladder or lim* of a tree, rawl out on this, or
!ush it out, so that the !erson in the water ma" reah it. #f nothin$ an *e found on whih "ou an su!!ort
"our wei$ht do not attem!t to walk out toward the !erson to *e resued, *ut lie down flat on "our fae and
rawl out, as *" doin$ this muh less wei$ht *ears at an"one !oint on the ie than in walkin$. #f "ou "ourself
*reak throu$h the ie remem*er that if "ou tr" to rawl u! on the *roken ed$e it will ver" likel" *reak a$ain
with "ou. #f resuers are near, it would *e muh *etter to su!!ort "ourself on the ed$e of the ie and wait for
them to ome to "ou.
Restori& t"e Dro.i& a# Artificial Res%iratio
6See pages =@B to =@@7
Electric Acci#ets
For his own *enefit and that of his omrades, the sout should know how to avoid aidents from eletriit".
)he third rail is alwa"s dan$erous, so do not touh <3;7= it. Swin$in$ wires of an" kind ma" somewhere in
their ourse *e in ontat with live wires, so the" should not *e touhed.
A !erson in ontat with a wire or rail arr"in$ an eletri urrent will transfer the urrent to the resuer.
)herefore he must not touh the unfortunate vitim unless his own *od" is thorou$hl" insulated. )he resuer
must at ver" !rom!tl", for the dan$er to the !erson in ontat is muh inreased the lon$er the eletri
urrent is allowed to !ass throu$h his *od". #f !ossi*le, the resuer should insulate himself *" overin$ his
hands with a makintosh, ru**er sheetin$, several thiknesses of silk, or even dr" loth. #n addition he
should, if !ossi*le, om!lete his insulation *" standin$ on a dr" *oard, a thik !iee of !a!er, or even on a
dr" oat. Ru**er $loves and ru**er shoes or *oots are still safer, *ut the" annot usuall" *e !roured Auikl".
#f a live wire is under a !erson and the $round is dr", it will *e !erfetl" safe to stand on the $round and !ull
him off the wire with the *are hands, are *ein$ taken to touh onl" his lothin$, and this must not *e wet.
A live wire l"in$ on a !atient ma" *e fli!!ed off with safet" with a dr" *oard or stik. #n removin$ the live
wire from the !erson, or the !erson from the wire, do this, with one motion, as rokin$ him to and fro on the
wire will inrease shok and *urn.
A live wire ma" *e safel" ut *" an a?e or hathet with dr", wooden handle. )he eletri urrent ma" *e
short iruited *" dro!!in$ a row+*ar or !oker on the wire. )hese must *e dro!!ed on the side from whih
the urrent is omin$ and not on the farther side, as the latter will not short iruit the urrent *efore it is
!assed throu$h the *od" of the !erson in ontat. (ro! the metal *arB do not !lae it on the wire or "ou will
then *e made a !art of the short iruit and reeive the urrent of eletriit" throu$h "our *od".
$"at To Do for Electric S"oc7s
Alwa"s send for a dotor, *ut do not wait for him. )reatment should *e $iven even if the man a!!ears to *e
dead. 1oosen the lothin$ around nek and *od". 5roeed to restore *reathin$ *" artifiial res!iration as in
drownin$. LSee !a$es 3JK, 3JI.M
!as Acci#ets
)he ommonest $as enountered is the ordinar" illuminatin$ $as. )o !revent suh $as from esa!in$ in
dan$erous <3K0= Auantities, leaks in $as !i!es should *e !rom!tl" re!aired. Be areful in turnin$ off $as to
make sure that $as is atuall" shut off. #t is dan$erous to leave a $as Det *urnin$ faintl" when "ou $o to slee!G
as it ma" $o out if !ressure in the $as !i!e *eomes less, and if !ressure is afterward inreased $as ma"
esa!e into the room.
0oal $as will esa!e throu$h red+hot ast+iron, and ver" *i$ fires in suh stoves are dan$erous, es!eiall" in
slee!in$ rooms. 0haroal *urned in o!en vessels in ti$ht rooms is es!eiall" dan$erous. #n under$round
sewers and wells other dan$erous $ases are found. #f a li$hted andle or torh will not *urn in suh a !lae, it
is ver" ertain the air will *e deadl" for an" !erson who enters.
)o resue an unonsious !erson in a !lae filled with $as, move Auikl" and arr" him out without *reathin$
"ourself. )ake a few dee! *reaths *efore enterin$ and if !ossi*le hold *reath while in the !lae. FreAuentl"
less $as will *e found near the floor of a *uildin$, so one ma" *e a*le to rawl where it would *e dan$erous
to walk.
$"at To Do for !as +oisoi&
5roeed to restore *reathin$ *" artifiial res!iration as in drownin$.
LSee !a$es 3JK, 3JI.M
Rua.ay Horses
)he method for hekin$ a horse runnin$ awa" is not to run out and wave "our arm in front of him, as this
will onl" ause him to dod$e to one side and to run faster, *ut to tr" to run alon$side the vehile with one
hand on the shaft to !revent "ourself from fallin$, sei>in$ the reins with the other hand and dra$$in$ the
horseCs head toward "ou. #f when he has somewhat slowed down *" this method, "ou an turn him toward a
wall or a house he will !ro*a*l" sto!.
Ma# Do&
)he first thin$ to do is to kill the mad do$ at one. -ra! a handkerhief around the hand to !revent the do$Cs
teeth from enterin$ the flesh and $ras! a lu* of some kind. #f "ou an sto! the do$ with a stik "ou should
hit him hard over the head with it, or kik him under the Daw. A handkerhief held in front of "ou in "our
outstrethed hands will $enerall" ause the do$ to sto! to !aw it *efore he attem!ts to *ite "ou. )his will $ive
"ou an o!!ortunit" to kik him under the lower Daw.
Another wa" su$$ested is to wra! a oat around the left arm and let the do$ *ite itB then with the other hand
sei>e the do$Cs throat and hoke him.
<3K1=
FIRST AID FOR INCURIES
!eeral Directios
2ee! ool. )here is no ause for e?itement or hurr". #n not one ase in a thousand are the few moments
neessar" to find out what is the matter with an inDured man $oin$ to result in an" harm to him, and of ourse
in order to treat him intelli$entl" "ou must first know what is the matter. 0ommonsense will tell the sout
that he must waste no time, however, when there is severe *leedin$, or in ase of !oisonin$.
#f !ossi*le, alwa"s send for a dotor, unless the inDur" is a trivial one. (onCt wait until he arrives, however, to
do somethin$ for the inDured !erson. A rowd should alwa"s *e ke!t *ak and ti$ht lothin$ should *e
loosened. #f the !atientCs fae is !ale, !lae him on his *ak with his head low. #f his fae is flushed, fold "our
oat and !ut it under his head so as to raise it sli$htl".
#n ase of vomitin$, !lae the !atient on his side. (o not $ive an unonsious !erson a stimulant, as he
annot swallow, and it will run down his wind!i!e and hoke him.
#f the inDur" is overed *" lothin$, remove it *" uttin$ or tearin$, *ut never remove more lothin$ than
neessar", as one of the results of inDur" is for a !erson to feel old. Shoes and *oots should *e ut in severe
inDuries a*out the feet.
S"oc7
For e?am!le, a sout is ridin$ on a trolle"+ar. )he ar runs into a loaded wa$on. )he wa$on is overturned
and the driver thrown to the !avement. 5art of the load falls u!on his *od" and when "ou reah him he is
unonsious. So far as "ou an find out, nothin$ else is the matter with him. )his is alled shok. #t
aom!anies all serious inDuries and is itself serious, as a !erson ma" die without ever reoverin$ from shok.
/f ourse, there are different de$rees of shok. #n severe shok the !erson is om!letel" unonsious or he
ma" *e onl" sli$htl" onfused and feel weak and unertain of what has ha!!ened.
#n shok alwa"s send for a dotor when "ou an. Before he omes, warm and stimulate the !atient in ever"
!ossi*le wa". 5lae him on his *ak with his head low and over him with <3K3= "our oat or a *lanket. Ru*
his arms and le$s toward his *od" *ut do not unover him to do this. #f "ou have ammonia or smellin$ salts,
!lae them *efore the !atientCs nose so he ma" *reathe them.
)his is all "ou an do when unonsiousness is om!lete. -hen the !atient *e$ins to reover a little,
however, and as soon as he an swallow, $ive him hot tea or offee, or a half teas!oonful of aromati s!irits
of ammonia in a Auarter $lass of water.
-arnin$G Remem*er alwa"s that a !erson with shok ma" have some other serious inDuries. )hese "ou
should alwa"s look for and treat if neessar".
IIuries i $"ic" t"e S7i is Not Bro7eBBFractures
A frature is the same thin$ as a *roken *one. -hen the *one !ieres or *reaks throu$h the skin, it is alled a
om!ound frature, and when it does not, a sim!le frature.
S!lints for
*roken thi$h
A sout is in the ountr" with a omrade. )he latter mounts a stone wall to ross it. )he wall falls with him
and he alls out for hel!. -hen the other sout reahes him, he finds the inDured sout l"in$ flat on the
$round with *oth le$s strethed out. /ne of these does not look Auite natural, and the sout om!lains of a
$reat deal of !ain at the middle of the thi$h and thinks he felt somethin$ *reak when he fell. .e annot raise
the inDured le$. 0arefull" ri! the trousers and the underlothin$ at the seam to a*ove the !ainful !oint. -hen
"ou have done this the deformit" will indiate the loation of the frature. You must *e ver" $entle now or
"ou will do harm, *ut if one hand is !ut a*ove where "ou think the <3K3= *reak ourred and the other *elow
it and it is lifted $entl" "ou will find that there is movement at the *roken !oint.
S!lints for
*roken le$
Send for a dotor first, if "ou an, and, if "ou e?!et him to arrive ver" soon, let "our omrade lie where he
is, !uttin$ his inDured le$ in the same !osition as the sound one and holdin$ it there *" oats or other artiles
!iled around the le$. But if the dotor annot *e e?!eted for some time, draw the inDured lim* into !osition
like the sound one and hold it there *" s!lints. S!lints an *e made of an"thin$ that is stiff and ri$id.
Somethin$ flat like a *oard is *etter than a !ole or staffB lim*s *roken off a tree will do if nothin$ else an *e
found. Shin$les make e?ellent s!lints. #n a!!l"in$ s!lints remem*er that the" should e?tend *e"ond the ne?t
Doint a*ove and the ne?t Doint *elowB otherwise, movements of the Doint will ause movement at the *roken
!oint. -ith a frature of the thi$h, suh as that desri*ed, the outer s!lint should *e a ver" lon$ one,
e?tendin$ *elow the feet from the arm !it. A short one e?tendin$ Dust *elow the knee will do for the inner
s!lint. S!lints ma" *e tied on with handkerhiefs, !iees of loth torn from the lothin$, or the like. )ie
firml" *ut not ti$ht enou$h to ause severe !ain. #n a frature of the thi$h it will also *e well to *ind the
inDured le$ to the sound one *" two or three !iees of loth around *oth. )he lothin$ !ut *ak in !lae will
serve as !addin$ under the s!lint, *ut with thin summer lothin$ it is *etter to use straw, ha", or leaves in
addition. Fratures of the lower le$ and of the u!!er and lower arm are treated in the same wa" with a s!lint
on the inner and outer sides of the *roken *one. A slin$ will *e reAuired for a frature of the arm. )his ma"
*e made of the trian$ular *anda$e, or of a trian$ular !iee of loth, torn from "our shirt.
<3K:=
)he Red 0ross First Aid /utfit is ver" onvenient to use in fratures as well as in other inDuries. )he $au>e
*anda$e ma" *e used for the stri!s to tie on the s!lints and the trian$ular *anda$e for an arm slin$B or, if a
slin$ is not needed, for stri!s to fi? the s!lints firml" in !lae.
Com%ou# Fractures
)he ed$es of a *roken *one are ver" shar! and ma" ut throu$h the skin at the time of an inDur", *ut more
often afterward, if the inDured !erson moves a*out or if the s!lints are not well a!!lied so as to !revent
movement at the !oint where the *one is *roken. #f a om!ound frature has ourred, the wound !rodued
*" the shar! *one must alwa"s *e treated first. )he treatment is the same for an" other wound.
-arnin$G You will not alwa"s *e a*le to tell whether or not a frature has ourred. #n this ase do not !ull
and haul the lim* a*out to make sure, *ut treat as a frature. )here will alwa"s *e a onsidera*le amount of
shok with frature and this must also *e treated.

S!lints and slin$ for frature of u!!er arm
Bruises
Ever"*od" has suffered from a *ruise at some time in his life and knows Dust what it is. A sli$ht *ruise needs
no treatment. For a severe one, a!!l" ver" hot or ver" old water to !revent !ain and swellin$.
S%rais
A sout sli!s and twists his ankle and immediatel" suffers severe !ain, and in a little while the ankle *e$ins
to swell. <3K;= )he s!rained Doint should *e !ut in an elevated !osition and loths wrun$ out in ver" hot or
ver" old water should *e wra!!ed around it and han$ed ver" freAuentl". &ovement of an" s!rained Doint is
likel" to inrease the inDur", so this ou$ht not to *e !ermitted. -alkin$ with a s!rained ankle is not onl"
e?eedin$l" !ainful *ut it $enerall" inreases the hurt.

)rian$ular slin$ for arm
Dislocatio
A disloation is an inDur" where the head of a *one has sli!!ed out of its soket at a Doint. A sout is !la"in$
foot+*all. .e suddenl" feels as thou$h his shoulder has *een twisted out of !lae. 0om!arison with the other
side will show that the inDured shoulder does not look like the other one, *ein$ lon$er, or shorter, and
ontrar" to the ase with frature there will not *e inreased movement at the !oint of inDur" *ut a lessened
movement. (o not attem!t to $et a disloated Doint *ak in !lae. 0over the Doint with loths wrun$ out in
ver" hot or ver" old water, and $et the !atient into the hands of a dotor as soon as !ossi*le.
IIuries i $"ic" t"e S7i is Bro7e
Suh inDuries are alled wounds. )here is one ver" im!ortant fat whih must *e remem*ered in onnetion
with suh inDuries. An" inDur" in whih the skin is un*roken is muh less dan$erous, as the skin !revents
$erms from reahin$ the inDured !art. )he !rini!le to *e followed in treatin$ a wound is to a!!l" somethin$
to !revent $erms from reahin$ the inDur".
<3KK=
All wounds unless !roteted from $erms are ver" lia*le to *eome infeted with matter, or !us. Blood
!oisonin$ and even death ma" result from infetion. )o !revent infetion of wounds, the sout should over
them !rom!tl" with what is alled a sterili>ed dressin$. )his is a sur$ial dressin$ whih has *een so treated
that it is free from $erms. A num*er of dressin$s are on the market and an *e !roured in dru$ stores. #n
usin$ them, *e ver" areful not to touh the surfae of the dressin$ whih is to *e !laed in ontat with the
wound. )he Red 0ross First Aid (ressin$ is so made that this aident is almost im!ossi*le. #n takin$ are of
a wound, do not handle it or do an"thin$ else to it. Ever" oneCs hands, thou$h the" ma" a!!ear to *e !erfetl"
lean, are not so in the sense of *ein$ free from $ermsB nor is water, so a wound should never *e washed.

.ead *anda$e
#t will *e a $ood thin$ for a sout alwa"s to arr" a Red 0ross First Aid /utfit, or some similar outfit, for
with this he is read" to take are of almost an" inDur"B without it he will find it ver" diffiult to im!rovise
an"thin$ to over a wound with safet" to the inDured !erson. #f no !re!ared dressin$ is !roura*le, *oil a
towel if !ossi*le for fifteen minutes, sAuee>e the water out of it without touhin$ the inner surfae, and a!!l"
that to the wound. )he ne?t *est dressin$, if "ou annot !re!are this, will *e a towel or handkerhief whih
has *een reentl" washed and has not *een used. )hese should *e held in !lae on the wound with a *anda$e.
(o not *e afraid to leave a wound e?!osed to the airB $erms do not float around in the air and suh e?!osure
is muh safer than water or an" dressin$ whih is not free from $erms. /f ourse "ou an *ind u! a <3KI=
wound with a towel not *oiled or !iee of otton torn from "our shirt, *ut "ou annot do so without the
lia*ilit" of a $reat deal of harm to the inDured !erson.
Sa7e Bites
-hile snake *ites are wounds, the wounds aused *" venomous snakes are not im!ortant as suh *ut *eause
the venom is Auikl" a*sor*ed and *" its ation on the *rain ma" ause s!eed" death. )he rattlesnake and the
moasin are the most dan$erous snakes in the 'nited States.
#n order to !revent a*sor!tion of the !oison, immediatel" tie a strin$, handkerhief, or *anda$e a*ove the
*ite. )his an onl" *e done in the e?tremities, *ut nearl" all *ites are reeived on the arms or le$s. )hen soak
the wound in hot water and sAuee>e or suk it to e?trat the !oison. Sukin$ a wound is not dan$erous unless
one has uts or sra!es in the mouth. )hen *urn the wound with stron$ ammonia. )his is not aromati s!irits
of ammonia, *ut what is ommonl" known as stron$ ammonia in an" dru$ store. Aromati s!irits of
ammonia should also *e $iven as a stimulant.
#f "ou have nothin$ *ut a strin$ to tie off the wound, *e sure to do that and to $et out as muh !oison as "ou
an *" sAuee>in$ or sukin$ the wound. A dotor should of ourse alwa"s *e sent for when !ratia*le in
an" inDur" as severe as a snake *ite. 1eave "our strin$ or *anda$e in !lae for an hour. A lon$er !eriod is
unsafe, as uttin$ off the irulation ma" ause mortifiation. 1oosen the strin$ or *anda$e after an hourCs
time, so that a little !oison esa!es into the *od". #f the *itten !erson does not seem to *e muh affeted,
re!eat at the end of a few moments, and kee! this u! until the *and has *een entirel" removed. #f, however,
the *itten !erson seems to *e seriousl" affeted *" the !oison "ou have allowed to esa!e into his *od", "ou
must not loosen the *anda$e a$ain, *ut leave it in !lae and take the hane of mortifiation.
$ou#s $it"out Se,ere Blee#i&
)hese onstitute the maDorit" of all wounds. 'se the Red 0ross /utfit as desri*ed in the sli! ontained in the
outfit. )he !ressure of a *anda$e will sto! ordinar" *leedin$ if firml" *ound into !lae.
$ou#s $it" Se,ere Blee#i&
A sout must *e !re!ared to hek severe *leedin$ at one, and he should then dress the wound. Bleedin$
from an <3KJ= arter" is *" far the most dan$erous. Blood omin$ from a ut arter" is *ri$ht red in olor and
flows ra!idl" in s!urts or Dets. As the ourse of the *lood in an arter" is awa" from the heart, !ressure must
*e a!!lied on the heart side Dust as a ru**er !i!e whih is ut must *e om!ressed on the side from whih the
water is omin$ in order to !revent leaka$e at a ut *e"ond. )he sout must also know the ourse of the
lar$er arteries in order that he ma" know where to !ress on them. #n the arm the ourse of the lar$e arter" is
down the inner side of the *i$ musle in the u!!er arm a*out in line with the seam of the oat. )he arter" in
the le$ runs down from the entre of a line from the !oint of the hi! to the middle of the roth, and is a*out
in line with the inseam of the trousers. 5ressure should *e a!!lied a*out three inhes *elow the roth. #n
makin$ !ressure on either of these arteries, use the fin$ers and !ress *ak a$ainst the *one. You an often
feel the arter" *eat under "our fin$ers, and the *leedin$ *elow will sto! when "ou have "our !ressure
!ro!erl" made. /f ourse "ou annot kee! u! the !ressure with "our fin$ers indefinitel" in this wa" as the"
will soon *eome tired and ram!ed. )herefore, while "ou are doin$ this have some other sout !re!are a
tourniAuet. )he sim!lest form of tourniAuet is a handkerhief tied loosel" a*out the lim*. #n this handkerhief
a smooth stone or a ork should *e !laed Dust a*ove "our fin$ers on the arter". -hen this is in !lae !ut a
stik a*out a foot lon$ under the handkerhief at the outer side of the lim* and twist around till the stone
makes !ressure on the arter" in the same wa" that "our <3K7= fin$ers have. )ie the stik in !osition so it will
not untwist.

.ow to a!!l" first aid dressin$
Warning8 -hen usin$ a tourniAuet remem*er that uttin$ off the irulation for a lon$ time is dan$erous. #t is
muh safer not to kee! on a tourniAuet more than an hour. 1oosen it, *ut *e read" to ti$hten it a$ain Auikl"
if *leedin$ re+ommenes.
Another method to sto! *leedin$ from an arter" when the wound is *elow the knee or el*ow is to !lae a !ad
in the *end of the Doint and dou*le the lim* *ak over it holdin$ the !ad in ti$htl". )ie the arm or le$ in this
!osition. #f these means do not hek the *leedin$ !ut a !ad into the wound and !ress on it there. #f "ou have
no dressin$ and *lood is *ein$ lost ver" ra!idl", make !ressure in the wound with "our fin$ers. Remem*er,
however, that this should onl" *e resorted to in the ase of a*solute neessit" as it will infet the wound.
Blood from veins flows in a stead" stream *ak toward the heart and is dark in olor. From most veins a !ad
firml" *anda$ed on the *leedin$ !oint will sto! the *leedin$. #f a vein in the nek is wounded, *lood will *e
lost so ra!idl" that the inDured !erson is in dan$er of immediate death, so "ou must disre$ard the dan$er of
infetion and Dam "our hand ti$htl" a$ainst the *leedin$ !oint.
2ee! the !atent Auiet in all ases of severe *leedin$, for even if it is heked it ma" start u! a$ain. (o not
$ive an" stimulants until the *leedin$ has *een heked unless the !atient is ver" weak. )he *est stimulant is
aromati s!irits of ammonia, one teas!oonful in half a $lass of water.

.ow to a!!l" tourniAuet to u!!er arm
<3I0=
Ucosciousess a# +oisoi&
'nonsiousness, of ourse, means lak of onsiousness, or, in other wordsB one who is unonsious knows
nothin$ of his surroundin$s or of what is ha!!enin$. A !erson ma", however, *e !artiall", as well as wholl",
unonsious.
'nonsiousness ma" *e due to so man" auses that, in order to $ive the *est treatment, the sout should first
know the ause. Alwa"s tr" to find this out if "ou an. #f "ou annot do this, however, "ou should at least
determine whether unonsiousness is due to !oison, to *leedin$, to sunstroke, or to free>in$B for eah of
these demand immediate, s!eial treatment. #f it is not due to one of these auses, and the !atient is !ale and
weak, have him !laed with his head low, and warm and stimulate him in ever" !ossi*le wa". #f the fae is
red and the !ulse is *oundin$ and stron$, that !atient should have his head raised on a folded oat. No
stimulants should *e $iven him and old water should *e s!rinkled on his fae and hest.
)he ommon auses of unonsiousness are shok, eletri shok, faintin$, a!o!le?" and inDur" to the *rain,
sunstroke and heat e?haustion, free>in$, suffoation, and !oisonin$. )he first two have alread" *een
desri*ed and the treatment of an" form of suffoation in artifiial res!iration.
Faiti&
Faintin$ usuall" ours in overheated, rowded !laes. )he !atient is ver" !ale and !artiall" or om!letel"
unonsious. )he !u!ils of the e"e are natural, the !ulse is weak and ra!id. )he !atient should *e !laed in a
l"in$+down !osition with the head lower than the rest of the *od" so that the *rain will reeive more *lood.
1oosen the lothin$, es!eiall" a*out the nek. 2ee! the rowd *ak and o!en the windows if in+doors so
that the !atient ma" $et !lent" of fresh air. S!rinkle the fae and hest with old water. A!!l" smellin$ salts
or ammonia to the nose, ru* the lim*s toward the *od". A stimulant ma" *e $iven when the !atient is so far
reovered that he is a*le to swallow.
A%o%le?y a# IIury to t"e Brai
A!o!le?" and unonsiousness from inDur" to the *rain are due to the !ressure of *lood on the *rain so that
the" <3I1= ma" *e desri*ed to$ether. A!o!le?" is of ourse muh harder to distin$uish than inDur" to the
*rain as in the latter the sout an alwa"s see that the head has *een hurt. -ith *oth, unonsiousness will
usuall" *e om!lete. 5u!ils are lar$e and freAuentl" uneAual in si>e, *reathin$ is snorin$, and the !ulse is
usuall" full and slow. /ne side of the *od" will *e !aral">ed. )est this *" raisin$ arm or le$B if !aral">ed, it
will dro! a*solutel" hel!less. Send for a dotor at one. 2ee! !atient Auiet and in a dark room if !ossi*le. 5ut
in l"in$+down !osition with head raised *" !illows. A!!l" ie or old loths to head. No stimulants.
(runkenness is sometimes mistaken for a!o!le?". #f there is an" dou*t on this !oint alwa"s treat for
a!o!le?".
Sustro7e a# Heat E?"austio
An"one is lia*le to sunstroke or heat e?haustion if e?!osed to e?essive heat. A sout should remem*er not
to e?!ose himself too muh to the sun nor should he wear too heav" lothin$ in the summer. 1eaves in the
hat will do muh to !revent sunstroke. #f the sout *eomes di>>" and e?hausted throu$h e?!osure to the sun
he should find a ool !lae, lie down, and *athe the fae, hands, and hest in old water and drink freel" of
old water.
Sunstroke and heat e?haustion, thou$h due to the same ause, are Auite different and reAuire different
treatment. #n sunstroke unonsiousness is om!lete. )he fae is red, !u!ils lar$e, the skin is ver" hot and
dr" with no !ers!iration. )he !atient si$hs and the !ulse is full and slow. )he treatment for sunstroke onsists
in reduin$ the tem!erature of the *od". A dotor should *e summoned whenever !ossi*le. )he !atient
should *e removed to a ool !lae and his lothin$ loosened, or *etter the $reater !art of it removed. 0old
water, or ie, should *e ru**ed over the fae, nek, hest, and in arm !its. -hen onsiousness returns $ive
old water freel".
.eat e?haustion is sim!l" e?haustion or olla!se due to heat. )he !atient is $reatl" de!ressed and weak *ut
not usuall" unonsious. Fae is !ale and overed with lamm" sweat, *reathin$ and !ulse are weak and
ri$id. -hile this ondition is not nearl" as dan$erous as sunstroke, a dotor should *e summoned if !ossi*le.
Remove the !atient to a ool !lae and have him lie down with his lothin$ loosened. (onCt use an"thin$
old <3I3= e?ternall", *ut !ermit him to take small si!s of old water. Stimulants should *e $iven Dust as in
faintin$.
Free/i&
)he !atient should *e taken into a old room and the *od" should *e ru**ed with rou$h loths wet in old
water. )he tem!erature of the room should *e inreased if !ossi*le. )his should *e done $raduall" and the
loths should *e wet in warmer and warmer water. As soon as the !atient an swallow $ive him stimulants. #t
will *e dan$erous to !lae him *efore an o!en fire or in a hot *ath until he *e$ins to reover. You will know
this *" his skin *eomin$ warmer, *" his *etter olor, and *" his $enerall" im!roved a!!earane.
FrostBBite
Remem*er that "ou are in dan$er of frost+*ite if "ou do not wear suffiient lothin$ in old weather, and that
ru**in$ an" !art of the *od" whih *eomes ver" old hel!s to !revent frost*ite, *eause it *rin$s more
warm *lood to the surfae. )he dan$er is when, after *ein$ old, the !art suddenl" has no feelin$.
)he o*Det of the treatment is $raduall" to restore warmth to the fro>en !art. )o do this the !art should *e
ru**ed first with snow or old waterB the water should *e warmed $raduall". )he use of hot water at one
would *e likel" to ause mortifiation of the fro>en !art.
+oisoi&
For all !oisons $ive an emeti. Send for a dotor at one and if !ossi*le have the messen$er tell what !oison
has *een taken so that the dotor ma" *rin$ the !ro!er antidote. (o not wait for him to arrive, *ut $ive an
emeti to rid the stomah of the !oison. %ood emetis are mustard and water, salt water, or lukewarm water
alone in lar$e Auantities. Never mind the e?at dose and if vomitin$ is not !rofuse re!eat the dose.
Fits
A !erson in a fit first has onvulsive movements of the *od", then he usuall" *eomes unonsious. A sout
should have no diffiult" in makin$ out what is the matter with a !erson in a fit.
5ut the sufferer on the floor or the $round where he an not hurt himself *" strikin$ an"thin$. 1oosen ti$ht
lothin$ and do not tr" to restrain the onvulsive movements. A wad of <3I3= loth thrust in the mouth will
!revent *itin$ the ton$ue. -hen he *eomes Auiet do not distur* him.
INCURIES DUE TO HEAT AND CO*D
Burs a# Scal#s
For sli$ht *urns in order to relieve the !ain some dressin$ to e?lude the air is needed. 4er" $ood su*stanes
of this harater are !astes made with water and *akin$ soda, starh, or flour. 0ar*oli>ed vaseline, olive or
astor oil, and fresh lard or ream are all $ood. /ne of these su*stanes should *e smeared over a thin !iee
of loth and !laed on the *urned !art. A *anda$e should *e !ut on over this to hold the dressin$ in !lae and
for additional !rotetion.
Severe *urns and salds are ver" serious inDuries whih reAuire treatment from a !h"siian. 5endin$ his
arrival the sout should remem*er to treat the sufferer for shok as well as to dress the wound.
Burns from eletriit" should *e treated e?atl" like other *urns. (o not attem!t to remove lothin$ whih
stiks to a *urnB ut the loth around the !art whih stiks and leave it on the *urn.
FIRST AID FOR EMER!ENCIES
Besides the aidents whih have *een mentioned, ertain emer$enies ma" demand treatment *" a sout.
)he ommonest of these are desri*ed here.
Somet"i& i t"e Eye
No little thin$ auses more !ain and disomfort than somethin$ in the e"e. (o not ru* to remove a forei$n
*od" from the e"e, as this is likel" to inDure the deliate overin$ of the e"e*all. First, lose the e"e so the
tears will aumulate, these ma" wash the forei$n *od" into !lain view so that it ma" *e easil" removed. #f
this fails, !ull the u!!er lid over the lower two or three times, lose the nostril on the o!!osite side and have
the !atient *low his nose hard. #f the forei$n *od" still remains in the e"e, e?amine first under the lower and
then the u!!er lid. For the former have the !atient look u!, !ress lower lid down, and if the forei$n *od" is
seen lift it out $entl" with the orner of a lean handkerhief. #t is not so eas" <3I:= to see the u!!er lid. Seat
the !atient in a hair with his head *ent *akward. Stand *ehind him and !lae a math or thin !enil aross
the u!!er lid one half an inh from its ed$e, turn the u!!er lid *ak over the math, and lift the forei$n *od"
off as *efore. A dro! of astor oil in the e"e after removin$ the forei$n *od" will soothe it.

E"e *anda$e
Su1ur
)his is sim!l" an inflammation of the skin due to ation of the sun. #t ma" *e !revented *" hardenin$ the
skin $raduall". An" toilet !owder or *orai aid will !rotet the skin to a onsidera*le e?tent. )he treatment
onsists of soothin$ a!!liations suh as ordinar" or ar*oli>ed vaseline.
I,y +oisoi&
5oison iv" auses a ver" intense inflammation of the skin. Better avoid, even thou$h it has not harmed "ou
*efore. Bakin$ soda made in a thik !aste with water or ar*oli>ed vaseline are $ood remedies. #n severe
ases a dotor should *e onsulted.
Bites a# Sti&s
Ammonia should *e immediatel" a!!lied. -et salt and wet earth are also $ood a!!liations.
Nose1lee#
Sli$ht nose*leed does not reAuire treatment as no harm will result from it. -hen more severe the ollar
should *e <3I;= loosened. (o not *low the nose. A!!l" old to the *ak of the nek *" means of a ke" or
loth wrun$ out in old water.
A roll of !a!er under the u!!er li!, *etween it and the $um, will also hel!. -hen the *leedin$ still ontinues
shove a otton or $au>e !lu$ into the nostrils, leavin$ it there until the *leedin$ sto!s.

5osition of hands+++0hair arr"
Earac"e
)his is likel" to result seriousl" and a dotor should *e onsulted in order to !revent *ad results with !ossi*le
loss of hearin$. .ot loths, a *a$ of heated salt, or a hot *ottle a!!lied to the ear will often ure earahe. A
few dro!s of alohol on a hot loth so !laed that the alohol fumes enter the ear will often sueed. #f
neither is effetive, heat a few dro!s of sweet oil as hot as "ou an stand, !ut a few dro!s in the ear and !lu$
with otton. Be areful that it is not too hot.
Toot"ac"e
Remem*er that toothahe indiates somethin$ seriousl" wron$ with the teeth whih an onl" *e !ermanentl"
orreted <3IK= *" a dentist. #n toothahe if "ou an find a avit", lean it out with a small !iee of otton or
a tooth!ik. )hen !lu$ it with otton, on whih a dro! of oil of loves has *een !ut if "ou have it. #f no avit"
is found, soak a !iee of otton in am!hor and a!!l" it to the outside of the $um. .ot loths and hot *ottles
or *a$s will hel! in toothahe, Dust as the" do in earahe.
Iflammatio of t"e Eye
0over with a loth wrun$ out in old water and han$e loths from time to time when the" $et warm. See a
dotor in order to safe$uard "our si$ht.
Cram% or Stomac"ac"e
)his is usuall" due to the irritation !rodued *" undi$ested food. A hot *ottle a!!lied to the stomah or
ru**in$ will often $ive relief. A little !e!!ermint in hot water and $in$er tea are *oth e?ellent remedies. )he
undi$ested matter should *e $otten rid of *" vomitin$ or a atharti.
Remem*er this kind of !ain is sometimes due to somethin$ serious and if it is ver" severe or ontinues for
some time, it is muh safer to send for a dotor.
Hiccou&"
)his is due to indi$estion. .oldin$ the *reath will often ure, as will also drinkin$ a full $lass of water in
small si!s without takin$ a *reath. #f these fail vomitin$ is an almost ertain remed".

Arm arr"
<3II=
C"ills
#n order to sto! a hill drink hot milk or hot lemonade and $et into *ed. 5lent" of overs should *e used, and
hot water *ottles or hot milk or lemonade hel! to warm one Auikl".

#m!rovised strether
Carryi& IIure#
A severel" inDured !erson is alwa"s *est arried on a strether. )he easiest strether for a sout to im!rovise
is the oat strether. For this two oats and a !air of !oles are needed. )he sleeves of the oat are first turned
inside out. )he oats are then !laed on the $round with their lower sides touhin$ eah other. )he !oles are
!assed throu$h the sleeves on eah side, the oats are *uttoned u! with the *utton side down. A !iee of
ar!et, a *lanket, or sakin$ an *e used in muh the same wa" as the oat, rollin$ in a !ortion at eah side.
Shutters and doors make fair strethers. #n order not to Doune the !atient in arr"in$ him the *earers should
*reak ste!. )he *earer in front ste!s off with the left foot and the one in the rear with the ri$ht. A num*er of
different methods for arr"in$ a !atient *" two *earers are !ratied. )he four+handed <3IJ= seat is a ver"
$ood one. )o make this eah *earer $ras!s his left wrist in his ri$ht hand, and the other *earerCs ri$ht wrist in
his left hand with the *aks of the hands u!!ermost. )he <3I7= *earers then stoo! and !lae the hair under
the sittin$ !atient who steadies himself *" !lain$ his arms around their neks.

First !osition

FiremanCs lift
#t will sometimes *e neessar" for one sout to arr" an inDured omrade. )he sout should first turn the
!atient on his faeB he then ste!s astride his *od", fain$ toward the !atientCs head, and, with hands under his
arm+!its, lifts him to his kneesB then, las!in$ hands over the a*domen, lifts him to his feetB he then, with his
left hand, sei>es the !atient *" the left wrist and draws his left arm around his Lthe *earerCsM nek and holds it
a$ainst his left hest, the !atientCs left side restin$ a$ainst his *od", and su!!orts him with his ri$ht arm a*out
the waist. )he sout, with his left hand, sei>es the ri$ht wrist of the !atient and draws the arm over his head
and down u!on his shoulder, then, shiftin$ himself in front, stoo!s and las!s the ri$ht thi$h with his ri$ht
arm !assed *etween the le$s, his ri$ht hand sei>in$ the !atientCs ri$ht wristB lastl", the sout, with his left
hand, $ras!s the !atientCs left hand, and steadies it a$ainst his side when he arises.
$ATER ACCIDENTS
Wilbert +. &ongfellow,
United States 9olunteer &ife Sa#ing Corps
)he soutCs motto, @Be 5re!ared,@ is more than usuall" a!!lia*le to the work of arin$ for aidents whih
ha!!en in the water.
)o save lives, the sout must know first how to swim, to are for himself, and then to learn to arr" another
and to *reak the luth, the @death $ri!,@ whih we read so muh a*out in the news!a!er aounts of
drownin$ aidents. B" onstant trainin$, a *o", even thou$h not a $ood swimmer, an *e !erfetl" at home
in the water, full" dressed, undressed, or arr"in$ a *o" of his own si>e or lar$er. #n fat two *o"s of twelve
or fourteen "ears an save a man.
S.immi&
For !h"sial develo!ment the *reast stroke is useful, for it is one that is used in arr"in$ a tired swimmer and
is used to $o to the *ottom for lost artiles and to searh for a !erson who has sunk *efore hel! has reahed
him. #t is !ossi*le, "ou know, to $o to the *ottom and *rin$ a *od" to the surfae and swim with it to shore
*efore life is e?tint and to restore onsiousness *" well+direted efforts. )he *od" of an unonsious
!erson wei$hs little when wholl" or !artiall" su*mer$ed <3J0= and in salt water wei$hs less than in fresh
water, and is onseAuentl" more readil" arried. )rainin$ makes a small *o" the eAual or su!erior of an
untrained *o" muh lar$er and of $reater stren$th, and the wa" to learn to arr" a drownin$ !erson is to arr"
a *o" who is not drownin$ to $et used to handlin$ the wei$hts. A little stru$$le now and then lends realism to
the work and inreases the skill of the sout andidate for a life saverCs ratin$. S!eed swimmin$ for itself
alone is a ver" selfish s!ort so that the sout should develo! his a*ilit" to make it $enerall" useful to others.

Breast stroke for tired swimmer

'nder+arm arr"
Floati&
After the *reast stroke is learned, floatin$ on the *ak for rest and swimmin$ on the *ak, usin$ feet onl" for
!ro!ulsion, leavin$ the hands free to hold a drownin$ !erson, should *e learned. )his an *e readil" aAuired
with a little !ratie, arr"in$ the hands on the surfae of the water, arms half *ent, with the el*ows lose to
the sides at the waist line. )o arr" a man this wa" the hands are !laed at either side of the <3J1= drownin$
manCs head and he is towed floatin$ on his *ak, the resuer swimmin$ on his *ak, kee!in$ the other awa".
#t is well to remem*er to $o with the tide or urrent, and do not wear "our stren$th awa" o!!osin$ it. /ther
wa"s of arr"in$ are to !lae the hands *eneath the arms of the drownin$ man, or to $ras! him firml" *" the
*ie!s from *eneath, at the same time usin$ the knee in the middle of his *ak to $et him into a floatin$
!osition, the feet atin$ as !ro!ellers. &ethods whih ena*le the resuerCs use of one arm in addition to the
feet are known as the @%erman arm"@ and the @ross shoulder.@ #n the first, the swimmer a!!roahes the
drownin$ !erson from the *ak, !asses the left arm under the otherCs left arm, aross in front of the hest, and
firml" $ras!s the ri$ht arm, either *" the *ie!s or *elow the el*ow, $ivin$ him ontrol. )his leaves the ri$ht
arm to swim with. )he other <3J3= one+arm hold mentioned is one in whih the resuer !asses an arm over
the shoulder of the one to *e arried, a!!roahin$ from the *ak as *efore, and $ettin$ a hold under the
otherCs arm, whih makes the drownin$ man hel!less. )he *reast stroke arr" !reviousl" mentioned is used
onl" for hel!in$ a tired swimmer, and one in !ossession of his faulties who will not tr" to $ras! the resuer.
)he tired swimmer lies on the *ak and, e?tendin$ his arms full" in front, rests a hand on either shoulder of
the swimmer who rests fain$ him in the re$ular *reast !osition allowin$ the feet of the other to dro!
*etween his own. 9uite $ood s!eed an *e made in this wa", and all of these methods are !ratial as a trial
will show. A little !ratie will ena*le the *e$inner to see whih he an do most readil" and then he an
!erfet himself in it for instant use.
<3J1=

Swimmin$ on *ak without hands

.ead arr"+swim on *ak
<3J3 ontinue=
Brea7i& JDeat" !ri%sJ

Break for wrist hold +++ Breakin$ *ak stran$le hold
#f one uses are in a!!roahin$ a fri$htened or drownin$ !erson in the water, there will *e no use for the
release methodsB *ut the *est of swimmers $et areless at times and all swimmers need to know how to $et
lear when $ri!!ed.
$rist !ri%
/f these the sim!lest is the one where the wrists of the swimmer have *een $ras!ed *" the drownin$ man in
his <3J3= stru$$les. )he swimmer throws *oth hands a*ove his head whih fores *oth low in the water and
then turns the levera$e of his arms a$ainst the otherCs thum*s, *reakin$ the hold easil". #t should *e *orne in
mind that a drownin$ man $ras!s what he an see a*ove the surfae of the water, so he will not attem!t to
$ras! his resuer *elow the !oints of the shoulders. Remem*er also that a tall man and a short man would
have a*out the same amount of their *od" !roDetin$ a*ove the surfae of the water.

Break for front stran$le hold
Nec7 !ri%
For the $ri! around the swimmerCs nek from the front, for *oth arms around the shoulders, and for a $ri! in
whih the drownin$ man had the other over one shoulder and under the other arm, the *reak is muh the
same. As soon as the resuer feels the hold, he overs the otherCs mouth with the !alm of his hand, las!in$
the nostrils ti$htl" *etween his first two fin$ers, at the same time !ullin$ the drownin$ man to him with the
left hand in the small of the *ak, treadin$ water in the meantime. )hen, takin$ a full *reath, he a!!lies his
knee <3J:= in the otherCs stomah, forin$ him to e?!el the air in his lun$s and at the same time !reventin$
him from $ettin$ more *" !ressure on the nostrils and mouth. Should the !ressure of the $ri! around the *od"
*e too $reat to allow freedom of the arms, the !reliminar" move in that ase would *e to *rin$ *oth arms to
the level of the shoulder, thus slidin$ the otherCs arms to the nek, leavin$ the resuerCs arms to over the
nose.
Bac7 Stra&le
)he *ak stran$le hold is an awkward one to *reak and one whih must *e *roken without an instantCs dela",
or the would+*e resuer himself will *e in $reat need of hel!. #n !ratie it will *e found that, *" $ras!in$ the
enirlin$ arms at the wrists and !ushin$ *ak with the *uttoks a$ainst the otherCs a*domen, room to sli! out
an *e o*tained. #n a life and death stru$$le, shar!er measures are needed, and if the resuer throws his head
suddenl" *ak a$ainst the nose of the drownin$ man, he will seure his freedom ver" readil" and have him
under ontrol *" the time he has reovered from his da>ed ondition.
Rescue From S"ore or Boat
#t is not alwa"s neessar" to $o into the water to attem!t a resue, and in man" ases, when some one has
fallen off a *rid$e or dok, a line or *uo" or *oat an *e used to advanta$e without !lain$ more lives in
dan$er than the one in the water. (isretion in suh matters is worth" of reo$nition rather than too muh
reklessness in swimmin$ out. 'se a *oat when !ossi*le. 5ratie in throwin$ a life *uo" should *e indul$ed
in where !ossi*le, and a $ood sout should alwa"s leave the line oiled over !e$s and the *uo" han$in$ on
to! to *ind it in !lae for instant use in an emer$en".
Di,i& From t"e Surface
-hen a *ather or vitim from a *oatin$ aident sinks to the *ottom of a river or !ond of from seven to
twent" feet in de!th, !rom!t resue methods ma" *rin$ him to the surfae, and resusitation methods,
!rom!tl" a!!lied, will restore *reath. #f there is no urrent in the !ond or lake, *u**les from the *od" will
indiate its wherea*outs diretl" *eneath the !lae where it sank. Should there *e tide or urrents, the *u**les
are arried at an an$le with the streams and the searher must $o from the s!ot where the !erson disa!!eared
and look alon$ <3J;= the *ottom $oin$ with the urrent. -hen a drownin$ man $ives u! his stru$$le and
$oes down, his *od" sinks a little wa" and is *rou$ht u! a$ain *" the *uo"an" within it and the air is
e?!elled. #t sinks a$ain and ne?t rises less hi$h and air is a$ain e?!elled. )his ha!!ens several times until
enou$h water is taken into the stomah and air !assa$es to offset the floatin$ a!ait". )he floatin$ a!ait"
is *arel" overome, so the *od" wei$hs *ut little. #t is ver" sim!le, as almost an" "outhful swimmer knows,
to $o to the *ottom if one an dive from a float, !ier, or *oat, *ut to *e a*le to dive down ten feet from the
surfae reAuires !ratie. #n most ases to $o dee!er would reAuire a wei$ht after the manner of the Southern
s!on$e and !earl fishers. %ras! a ten or fifteen !ound stone and dive inB to ome u! the swimmer lets $o and
rises to the to!.

)hrowin$ feet for dive from surfae
Di,i& For *ost O1Iects
#n overin$ a onsidera*le area in searh for *odies or lost o*Dets, several ro!es an *e anhored with
$ra!nels or roks in sAuares and a s"stemati searh thus maintained *" divers. %oin$ down from the surfae
is not so sim!le and the knak is attained *" !ratie, es!eiall" *" athleti lads. )he seret is to swim to a
!oint where a soundin$ is to *e made, and to !lun$e the head and shoulders under, elevatin$ the hi!s a*ove
the surfae to drive the shoulders dee! and $ive hane for a few strokes++*reast stroke !referred++until the
whole *od" in a vertial !osition is headed for the *ottom. )he elevation of the feet and lower le$s in the air
$ives the *od" additional <3JK= im!etus downward, and when the o*Det is attained a !ush+off from the
*ottom with *oth feet sends the swimmer to the surfae in Auik order. )o arr" an" wei$ht ashore, it is
neessar" to arr" it low on the *od", hu$$ed lose to the waist line, allowin$ one hand and *oth feet for
swimmin$, or if on the *ak, hold *" *oth hands usin$ the feet as !ro!ellers.

Artifiial res!iration LaM

Artifiial res!iration L*M
Restori& Breat"i&
2nowled$e of resusitation of the a!!arentl" drowned is an im!ortant !art of the eAui!ment of a first+lass
sout, and a $reat man" lives ould have *een saved had it *een more $eneral. )o *e effetive no time must
*e lost in $ettin$ the a!!arentl" drowned !erson out of the water and $ettin$ the <3JI= water out of him. )he
Shaefer or !rone method reAuires *ut one o!erator at a time and no waste of time in !reliminaries.
-hen taken from the water the !atient is laid on the $round fae downward, arms e?tended a*ove the head,
fae a little to one side, so as not to !revent the free !assa$e of air. )he o!erator kneels astride or *eside the
!rone fi$ure and lets his hands fall into the s!aes *etween the short ri*s. B" lettin$ the wei$ht of the u!!er
*od" fall u!on his hands restin$ on the !rone man, the air is fored out of the lun$sB *" rela?in$ the !ressure,
the hest avit" enlar$es and air is drawn in to take the !lae of that fored out. B" effetin$ this han$e of
air++!ressin$ and rela?in$, twelve to fifteen times a minute Ltime it *" wath at first, and then ountM artifiial
*reathin$ is !erformed. Sometimes it is neessar" to work an hour or two *efore the fliker of an e"elid or a
$as! from the !atient rewards the life saverCs efforts, and then he must arefull" @!iee in@ the *reathin$ until
natural *reathin$ is resumed. -hen *reathin$ starts, then !romote irulation *" ru**in$ the le$s and *od"
toward the heart. (o not attem!t to stimulate *" the throat until the !atient an swallow. %ive a teas!oonful
of aromati s!irits of ammonia, in half a $lass of water.
Remember that b! la!ing the patient face downward fluids in the air passages will run or be forced out and
the tongue will drop forward, and re(uire no holding, alwa!s an awkward task.
Treatmet After Res%iratio Be&is
)he after treatment is im!ortant. 5ut the !atient to *ed, kee! Auiet and warm. Alwa"s $et the servies of a
!h"siian as soon as !ossi*le, *ut do not wait for him to ome. Start work instantl". )he !atient needs
o?"$en, so kee! s!etators awa". )he" are ro**in$ the man of the life+$ivin$ !ro!erties of the air. For this
reason, in all *ut the most severe weather, it is well to work on the !atient in the o!en.
*ife Buoys
#f one is to !lae a life *uo" for instant use in emer$enies it should *e hun$ u!on four !e$s driven into holes
in two !iees of wood nailed to$ether in the form of the diameter of a two+foot sAuare or three !e$s in stri!s
of wood arran$ed in the form of a ), a*out ei$hteen or twent" inhes hi$h, the two !e$s at either side of the
to! *ar of the ) and the other one on the u!ri$ht near the *ottom. &ost life *uo"s used on shore have fift" or
sevent"+five feet of li$ht line attahed to draw the <3JJ= resued !erson ashore or to reover the *uo" after a
fault" throw. 0ommenin$ at the free end of the line, where a small wooden float is often attahed, the ro!e
should first *e oiled on the !e$s, han$in$ the *uo" outside the oil to *ind it in !lae so wind or Dars will not
loosen it.

1ife *uo" and ie *all
)hen, when the *uo" is needed, the rin$ is $ras!ed *" the throwin$ hand whih las!s the *uo" itself, and the
oil is las!ed in the free hand, the end of the ro!e *ein$ seured ashore *" standin$ u!on it with one foot.
After eah use or !ratie the *uo" line should *e restored to its !e$s for instant use.
<3J7=
Notes
<370=
Notes
<371=
CHA+TER -III
!AMES AND ATH*ETIC STANDARDS THE !AMES
B! +rnest Thompson Seton, Chief Scout
Deer Huti&
)he deer hunt has !roved one of our most suessful $ames.
)he deer is a dumm", *est made with a wire frame, on whih soft ha" is wra!!ed till it is of !ro!er si>e and
sha!e, then all is overed with o!en *urla!. A few touhes of white and *lak make it ver" realisti.
#f time does not admit of a well+finished deer, one an *e made of a sak stuffed with ha", deorated at one
end with a smaller sak for head and nek, and set on four thin stiks.
)he side of the deer is marked with a lar$e oval, and over the heart is a smaller one.
Bows and arrows onl" are used to shoot this deer.

A !oketful of orn, !eas, or other lar$e $rain is now needed for sent. )he *o" who is the deer for the first
hunt takes the dumm" under his arm and runs off, $ettin$ ten minutesC start, or until he omes *ak and
shouts @read"S@ .e leaves a trail of orn, dro!!in$ two or three $rains for ever" "ard and makin$ the trail as
rooked as he likes, !la"in$ suh triks as a deer would do to *affle his !ursuers. )hen he hides the deer in
an" !lae he fanies, *ut not amon$ roks or on the to! of a rid$e, *eause in one ase man" arrows would
*e *roken, and in the other, lost.
)he hunters now hunt for this deer Dust as for a real deer, either followin$ the trail or wathin$ the woods
aheadB the <373= *est hunters om*ine the two. #f at an" time the trail is Auite lost the one in har$e shoutsG
@1ost )railS@ After that the one who finds the trail sores two. An"one $ivin$ a false alarm *" shoutin$
@(eer@ is fined five.

)hus the" $o till some one finds the deer. .e shoutsG @4eerC@ and sores ten for findin$ it. )he others shoutG
@Second,@ @Third,@ et., in order of seein$ it, *ut the" do not sore.
)he finder must shoot at the deer with his *ow and arrow from the ver" s!ot whene he saw it. #f he misses,
the seond hunter ma" ste! u! five !aes, and have his shot. #f he misses, the third one $oes five, and so on
till some one hits the deer, or until the ten+"ard limit is reahed. #f the finder is within ten "ards on si$htin$
the deer, and misses his shot, the other hunters $o *ak to the ten+"ard limit. /ne the deer is hit, all the
shootin$ must *e from the e?at s!ot whene the suessful shot was fired.
A shot in the *i$ oval is a *od" woundB that sores five. A shot outside that is a srathB that sores two. A
shot in the small oval or heart is a heart woundB it sores ten, and ends the hunt. Arrows whih do not stik do
not ount, unless it an *e !roved that the" !assed ri$ht throu$h, in whih ase the" take the hi$hest sore
that the" !iered.
#f all the arrows are used, and none in the heart, the deer esa!es, and the *o" who was deer sores twent"+
five.
)he one who found the dumm" is deer for the ne?t hunt. A lever deer an add $reatl" to the e?itement of
the $ame.
/ri$inall" we used !a!er for sent, *ut found it *ad. #t littered the woodsB "esterda"Cs trail was onfused with
that of <373= to+da", et. 0orn !roved *etter, *eause the *irds and the sAuirrels ke!t it leaned u! from da"
to da", and thus the $round was alwa"s read" for a fresh start. But the *est of all is the hoof mark for the
shoe. )hese iron hoof marks are fast to a !air of shoes, and leave a trail muh like a real deer. )his has
several advanta$es. #t $ives the hunter a hane to tell where the trail dou*led, and whih wa" the deer was
$oin$, #t is more realisti, and the *o" who an follow this skillfull" an follow a livin$ deer. #n atual
!ratie it is found well to use a little orn with this on the hard !laes, a !lan Auite onsistent with realism,
as ever" hunter will reall.

#t is stritl" for*idden to an" hunter to stand in front of the firin$ lineB all must *e *ak of the line on whih
the shooter stands.
)here is no limit to the situations and urious om*inations in this hunt. )he deer ma" *e left standin$ or
l"in$. )here is no law wh" it should not *e hidden *ehind a solid tree trunk. )he $ame develo!s as one
follows it. After it has *een !la"ed for some time with the iron hoof mark as a*ove, the *o"s $row so skilful
on the trail that we an dis!ense with even the orn. )he iron mark like a deer hoof leaves a ver" realisti
@slot@ or trak, whih the more skilful *o"s readil" follow throu$h the woods. A hunt is usuall" for three,
five, or more deer, aordin$ to a$reement and the result is rekoned *" !oints on the whole hase.
T"e Bear Hut
)his is !la"ed *" half a do>en or more *o"s. Eah has a lu* a*out the si>e and sha!e of a *ase*all lu*, *ut
made of straw <37:= tied around two or three swithes and ti$htl" sewn u! in *urla!.++/ne *i$ fellow is
seleted for the *ear. .e has a shool *a$ ti$htl" stra!!ed on his *ak, and in that a to" *alloon full" *lown
u!. )his is his heart. /n his nek is a *ear+law neklae of wooden *eads and laws. LSee ut.M

.e has three dens a*out one hundred "ards a!art in a trian$le. -hile in his den the *ear is safe. #f the den is a
tree or rok, he is safe while touhin$ it. .e is o*li$ed to ome out when the hief hunter ounts one
hundred, and must $o the rounds of the three till the hunt is settled.
)he o*Det of the hunters is to *reak the *alloon or heartB that is, to kill the *ear. .e must dro! dead when the
heart *ursts. )he hunter who kills him laims the neklae.
But the *ear also has a lu* for defene. Eah hunter must wear a hat, and one the *ear knoks a hunterCs hat
off, that one is dead and out of this hunt. .e must dro! where his hat falls.

)aklin$ of an" kind is for*idden.
)he *ear wins *" killin$ or !uttin$ to fli$ht all the hunters. #n this ase he kee!s the neklae.
)he sava$eness of these *i$ *ears is indesri*a*le. &an" lives are lost in eah hunt, and it has several times
ha!!ened that the whole !art" of hunters has *een e?terminated *" some monster of unusual feroit".
)his $ame has also *een develo!ed into a !la".
<37;=
S%eari& t"e !reat Stur&eo
)his water $ame is e?eedin$l" !o!ular and is es!eiall" $ood for !u*li e?hi*ition, *ein$ s!etaular and
full of amusement and e?itement.

)he outfit needed isG
L1M A stur$eon rou$hl" formed of soft woodB it should *e a*out three feet lon$ and nearl" a foot thik at the
head. #t ma" *e made realisti, or a small lo$ !ointed at *oth ends will serve.
L3M )wo s!ears with si?+inh steel heads and wooden handles La*out three feet lon$M. )he !oints should *e
shar!, *ut not the *ar*s. Sometimes the *ar*s are omitted alto$ether. Eah head should have an e"e to whih
is attahed twent" feet of one+Auarter inh ro!e. /n eah ro!e, si? feet from the s!earhead, is a fathom mark
made *" t"in$ on a ra$ or ord.
L3M )wo *oats with rews. Eah rew onsists of a s!earman, who is a!tain, and one or two oarsmen or
!addlers, of whom the after one is the !ilot. All should *e e?!ert swimmers or else wear life+*elts durin$ the
$ame.

)he %ame.++Eah *oat has a *ase or har*orB this is usuall" !art of the shore o!!osite that of the enem"B or it
o*viates all dan$er of ollision if the *oats start from the same side. )he stur$eon is left *" the refereeCs
anoe at a !oint midwa" *etween the *ases. At the word @%oS@ eah *oat leaves its *ase and, makin$ for the
stur$eon, tries to s!ear it, then dra$ it *" the line to his *ase. -hen *oth $et their s!ears into it the ontest
*eomes a tu$ of war until one of the s!ears !ulls out.
<37K=
)he stur$eon is landed when the !row of the *oat that has it in tow touhes its !ro!er *ase, even thou$h the
s!ear of the enem" is then in the fishG or it is landed when the fish itself touhes *ase. )he *oats han$e *ases
after eah heat.
&athes are usuall" for one, three, or five stur$eon. 5oints are ounted onl" for the landin$ of the fish, *ut
the referee ma" $ive the deision on a foul or a suession of fouls, or the delinAuent ma" *e set *ak one or
more *oat len$ths.
Sometimes the $ame is !la"ed in anoes or *oats, with one man as s!earman and rew.
Rules.++#t is not allowable to !ush the stur$eon into a new !osition with the s!ear or !addle *efore strikin$.
#t is allowable to !ull the stur$eon under the *oat or !ass it around *" usin$ the line after s!earin$.
#t is allowable to la" hands on the other *oat to !revent a ollision, *ut otherwise it is for*idden to touh the
other *oat or rew or !addle or s!ear or line, or to la" hands on the fish, or to touh it with the !addle or oar,
or touh "our own s!ear while it is in the fish, or to tie the line around the fish e?e!t so far as this ma" *e
aidentall" done in s!earin$.
#t is allowable to dislod$e the enem"Cs s!ear *" throwin$ "our own over it. )he !ur!ose of the *ar*s is to
assist in this.
#t is allowable to run on to the stur$eon with the *oat
It is absolutel! forbidden to throw the spear o#er the other boat or o#er the heads of !our crew.
#n towin$ the stur$eon the fathom mark must *e over the $unwale++at least si? feet of line should *e out
when the fish is in tow. #t is not a foul to have less, *ut the s!earman must at one let it out if the um!ire or
the other rew ries @fathomS@
)he s!earman is allowed to dro! the s!ear and use the !addle or oar at will, *ut not to resi$n his s!ear to
another of the rew. )he s!earman must *e in his *oat when the s!ear is thrown.
#f the *oat is u!set the refereeCs anoe hel!s them to ri$ht. Eah rew must ae!t the *akset of its aidents.
Tilti& I T"e $ater
For this we usuall" have two *oats or war anoes manned *" four men eah. )hese are a s!earman, who is
also a a!tain, a !ilot, and two oarsmen.
)he s!earman is armed with a li$ht !ole or *am*oo ei$ht or ten feet lon$, with a soft !ad on the end.
Sometimes this is <37I= further !rovided with a hook. )his is a forked *ranh with lim*s a foot lon$B one is
lashed to the *am*oo, the other !roDetin$ out a foot, and sli$htl" *akward. )he end of the s!ear and the
fork are now thorou$hl" !added with *urla! to the sha!e of a dukCs head and *ill. And it must *e ased in
water!roof, to kee! it from $ettin$ wet and heav". )he o*Det of the hook is to han$e suddenl" from
!ushin$, and to !ull the enem" *" hookin$ round his nek. Eah *oat should have a Auarter+dek or raised
!latform at one end, on whih the s!earman stands.

)iltin$ s!ear
)he *attle is fou$ht in rounds and *" !oints.
)o !ut "our o!!onent *ak into the anoe with one foot ounts "ou fiveB two feet, ten. #f he loses his s!ear
"ou ount five Le?e!tin$ when he is !ut over*oardM. #f "ou !ut him down on one knee on the fi$htin$ dek,
"ou ount fiveB two knees, ten. #f "ou !ut him over*oard it ounts twent"+five. /ne hundred !oints is a
round.
A *attle is for one or more rounds, as a$reed on. #t is for*idden to hook or strike *elow the *elt. )he um!ire
ma" dok for fouls.
Caoe Ta&
An" num*er of anoes or *oats ma" en$a$e in this. A ru**er ushion, a hot+water *a$ full of air, an" ru**er
foot*all, <37J= or a otton *a$ with a lot of orks in it is needed. )he $ame is to ta$ the other anoe *"
throwin$ this into it.
)he rules are as in ordinar" ross+ta$.
Scouti&
Souts are sent out in !airs or sin$l". A num*er of !oints are marked on the ma! at eAual distanes from
am!, and the souts draw straws to see where eah $oes. #f one !lae is o*viousl" hard, the sout is allowed
a fair num*er of !oints as handia!. All set out at same time, $o diret, and return as soon as !ossi*le.
5oints are thus allowedG
1ast *ak, >ero for travellin$.
)he others ount one for eah minute the" are ahead of the last.
5oints u! to one hundred are allowed for their stor" on return.
Sometimes we allow ten !oints for eah turtle the" have seenB ten for eah owl seen and !ro!erl" namedB five
for eah hawk, and one eah for other wild *irdsB also two for a at one for a do$.
No information is $iven the soutB he is told to $o to suh a !oint and do so and so, *ut is fined !oints if he
hesitates or asks how or wh", et.

9uiksi$ht %ame
T"e !ame of )uic7si&"t
&ake two *oards a*out a foot sAuare, divide eah into twent"+five sAuaresB $et ten nuts and ten !e**les. %ive
to one !la"er one *oard, five nuts, and five !e**les. .e !laes <377= these on the sAuares in an" !attern he
fanies, and when read" the other !la"er is allowed to see it for five seonds. )hen it is overed u!, and from
the memor" of what he saw the seond !la"er must re!rodue the !attern on his own *oard. .e ounts one
for eah that was ri$ht, and takes off one for eah that was wron$. )he" take turn and turn a*out.
)his $ame is a wonderful develo!er of the !ower to see and memori>e Auikl".

Farsi&"t' or S%ot t"e Ra11it
)ake two si?+inh sAuares of stiff white !aste*oard or whitened wood. /n eah of these draw an outline
ra**it, one an e?at du!liate of the other. &ake twent" round *lak wafers or s!ots, eah half an inh
aross. 1et one !la"er stik a few of these on one ra**it+*oard and set it u! in full li$ht. )he other, *e$innin$
at one hundred "ards, draws near till he an see the s!ots well enou$h to re!rodue the !attern on the other
whih he arries. #f he an do it at sevent"+five "ards he has wonderful e"es. (own even to sevent" Ldone
three times out of fiveM, he ounts hi$h honorB from sevent" to si?t" ounts honor. Below that does not ount
at all.
+oleBstar
Eah om!etitor is $iven a lon$ strai$ht stik in da"time, and told to la" it due north and south. #n doin$ this
he ma" $uide himself *" sun, moss, or an"thin$ he an find in nature++an"thin$, indeed, e?e!t a om!ass.
<300=
)he diretion is heked *" a $ood om!ass orreted for the loalit". )he one who omes nearest wins.
#t is o!tional with the Dud$es whether the use of a time!iee is to *e allowed.
Ra11it Hut
)he $ame of ra**it huntin$ is suited for two hunters in limited $rounds.
)hree little saks of *rown *urla!, eah a*out ei$ht inhes *" twelve, are stuffed with ha".
At an" $iven !lae in the woods the two hunters stand in a ten+foot irle with their *ows and arrows. /ne
*o" is *lindfoldedB the other, without leavin$ the irle, throws the ra**its into $ood hidin$ !laes on the
$round. )hen the seond hunter has to find the ra**its and shoot them without leavin$ the irle. )he lowest
num*er of !oints wins, as in $olf. #f the hunter has to leave the irle he $ets one !oint for ever" ste! he takes
outside. After he sees the ra**it he must kee! to that s!ot and shoot till it is hit one. /ne shot kills it, no
matter where struk. For ever" shot he misses he $ets five !oints.
After his first shot at eah ra**it the hider takes alternate shots with him.
#f it is the hider who kills the ra**it, the hunter adds ten !oints to his sore. #f the hunter hits it, he takes ten
off his sore.
#f the hunter fails to find all the ra**its, he sores twent"+five for eah one he $ives u!.
)he hider annot sore at all. .e an onl" hel! his friend into trou*le. Ne?t time the two han$e !laes.
A math is usuall" for two *rae of ra**its.
Hostile S%y
.an$in$ from the totem !ole is a red or "ellow horse+tail. )his is the $rand mediine sal! of the *and. )he
hostile s!" has to steal it. )he leader $oes around on the mornin$ of the da" and whis!ers to the various
*raves, @1ook out++thereCs a s!" in am!.@ At len$th he $ets seretl" near the one he has seleted for s!" and
whis!ers, @1ook out, thereCs a s!" in am!, and "ou are it.@ .e $ives him at the same time some *ri$ht+
oloured *ad$e, that he must wear as soon as he has seured the mediine sal!. .e must not hide the sal!
on his !erson, *ut kee! it in view. .e has all da" till sunset <301= to $et awa" with it. #f he $ets aross the
river or other limit, with warriors in lose !ursuit, the" $ive him ten arrow heads Ltwo and one half ents
eahM, or other ransom a$reed on. #f he $ets awa" safel" and hides it, he an ome *ak and laim fifteen
arrow heads from the ounil as ransom for the sal!. #f he is au$ht, he !a"s his a!tor ten arrow heads
ransom for his life.
T"e MaBHut
)his is !la"ed with a sout and ten or more hostiles, or hounds, aordin$ to the ountr", more when it is
rou$h or wooded.
)he sout is $iven a letter addressed to the @&ilitar" 0ommandant@ Lusuall" the lad" of the house that he $ets
toM of an" $iven !lae a mile or two awa". .e is told to take the letter to an"one of three $iven houses, and
$et it endorsed, with the hour when he arrived, then return to the startin$+!oint within a ertain time.
)he hostiles are sent to a !oint half+wa", and let $o *" a starter at the same time as the sout leaves the am!.
)he" are to intere!t him.
#f the" ath him *efore he delivers the letter he must ransom his life *" !a"in$ eah two arrow heads Lor
other forfeitM and his a!tor kee!s the letter as a tro!h". #f he $ets throu$h, *ut is au$ht on the road *ak, he
!a"s half as muh for his life. #f he $ets throu$h, *ut is over time, it is a draw. #f he $ets throu$h suessfull"
on time he laims three arrow heads from eah hostile and kee!s the letter as a tro!h".
)he" ma" not follow him into the house Lthat is, the fortM, *ut ma" surround it at one hundred "ards distane.
)he" do not know whih three houses he is free to enter, *ut the" do know that these are within ertain
limits.
)he sout should wear a ons!iuous *ad$e Lhat, shirt, oat, or featherM, and ma" ride a wheel or $o in a
wa$on, et., as lon$ as his *ad$e is learl" visi*le.
)o @ta$@ the sout is not to a!ture. @)he *lokade to *e *indin$ must *e effetual.@
Hut t"e Coo
)his is an in+door $ame, founded on the familiar @.unt the )him*le.@
-e use a little dumm" oonB either make it or turn a read"+made to" ra**it into one *" addin$ tail and *lak
mask, and ro!!in$ the ears.
<303=
All the !la"ers *ut one $o out of the room. )hat one !laes the oon an"where in si$ht, hi$h or low, *ut in
!lain viewB all ome in and seek. )he first to find it, sits down silentl", and sores one. Eah sits down, on
seein$ it, $ivin$ no lue to the others.
)he first to sore three oons is winner, usuall". Sometimes we !la" till ever"one *ut one has a oonB that
one is the *oo*". )he others are first, seond, et.
Sometimes eah is $iven his num*er in order of findin$ it.
)hen, after seven or ei$ht oons, these num*ers are added u!, and the lowest is winner. #f no oon is
availa*le use a thim*le.
S%ear Fi&"ts
)his is an in+door $ame with out+door wea!ons. )he soft+headed, ei$ht foot s!ears of the tiltin$+math are
used. )he ontestants stand on *arrels ei$ht feet a!art. Eah tries to !ut the other off his *arrel. #t is well to
have a ather *ehind eah !la"er to save him if he falls.
%ames are for seven, eleven, or thirteen !oints.
Na,aIo Feat"er Dace
An ea$le feather hun$ on a horse+hair, so as to stand u!ri$ht, is worked *" a hidden o!erator, so as to dane
and a!er. )he daner has to imitate all its motions. A marionette ma" *e used. #t is a $reat fun+maker.
Feat"er Foot1all or Feat"er Blo.
)his is an in+door, wet+weather $ame.
)he !la"ers hold a *lanket on the knees or on the ta*le. A soft feather is !ut in the middle. As man" ma" !la"
as an $et near. )he" ma" *e in sides, two or four or eah for himself. At the si$nal, @%oS@ eah tries to *low
the feather off the *lanket at the enem"Cs side, and so ount one for himself.
A $ame is usuall" *est out of seven, eleven, or thirteen.
Coc7BFi&"ti&
%et two stout stiks, eah two feet lon$ L*roomstiks will doM. 5ad eah of these on the end with a *all of ra$.
)hese are the s!urs. &ake an ei$ht+foot rin$. )he two rivals are on their hunkers, eah with a stik throu$h
*ehind his knees, his hands las!ed in front of the knees, and the arms under the ends of the s!urs.
<303=
Now the" loseB eah aimin$ to u!set the other, to make him lose his s!urs, or to !ut him out of the rin$, an"
of whih ends that round and sores one for the vitor. #f *oth fall, or lose a s!ur, or $o out to$ether, it is a
draw. Battle is for seven, eleven, or thirteen rounds.
Ha#B$restli&
)his is a DiuDitsu $ame, introdued *" (r. 1. .. %ulik. )he two ontestants stand ri$ht toe to ri$ht toe, eah
ri$ht hand las!ed, left feet *raed, left hand free. At the word, @%oS@ eah tries to un*alane the otherG that
is, make him lift or move one of his feet. A lift or a shift ends the round.
Battles are for *est out of five, seven, eleven, or thirteen rounds.
Ba#&erB+ulli&
)he two ontestants, on hands and knees, fae eah other.
A stron$ *elt or stra! is *ukled into one $reat loo! that !asses round the head of eahG that is, rosses his
na!e. .alf+wa" *etween them is a dead line. )he one who !ulls the other over this line is winner.
)he ontestant an at an" time end the *out *" lowerin$ his head so the stra! sli!s offB *ut this ounts one
a$ainst him.
%ame is *est out of five, seven, eleven, or thirteen !oints.
+oiso
)his is an anient $ame. A irle a*out three feet aross is drawn on the $round. )he !la"ers, holdin$ hands,
make a rin$ around this, and tr" to make one of the num*er ste! into the !oison irle. .e an evade it *"
side+ste!!in$, *" Dum!in$ over, or *" dra$$in$ another fellow into it.
First to make the misste! is @it@ for the time or for ne?t $ame.
HatBBall
-hen # was amon$ the 0he!ew"an #ndians of %reat Slave 1ake, in 170I, # made m"self !o!ular with the
"oun$ men, as well as *o"s, *" teahin$ them the old $ame of hat+*all.
)he !la"ers La*out a do>enM !ut their hats in a row near a house, fene, or lo$ Lhollows u!M. A dead line is
drawn ten feet from the hatsB all must stand outside of that. )he one who is @it@ *e$ins *" throwin$ a soft *all
into one of the hats. #f he misses the hat, a hi! is !ut into his own, and he tries over. As soon as he dro!s the
*all into a hat, the owner runs <30:= to $et the *allB all the rest run awa". )he owner must not follow *e"ond
the dead line, *ut must throw the *all at some one. #f he hits him, a hi! $oes into that !ersonCs hatB if not, a
hi! $oes into his own.
As soon as some one has five hi!s, he wins the *oo*" !ri>eG that is, he must hold his hand out stead" a$ainst
the wall, and eah !la"er has five shots at it with the *all, as he stands on the dead line.
Duc7BoBaBRoc7
)his is a $ood old $randfather $ame.
Eah !la"er has a lar$e, smooth, roundish stone, a*out five or si? inhes throu$h. )his is his duk. .e kee!s
it !ermanentl".
)oe rok is an" low *owlder, *lok, stum!, *um!, or hillok on level $round. A dead line is drawn throu$h
the rok, and another !arallel, fifteen feet awa", for a firin$ line.
)he fellow who is @it,@ or @kee!er,@ !erhes his duk on the rok. )he others stand at the firin$ line and throw
their duks at his. )he" must not !ik them u! or touh them with their hands when the" are *e"ond the dead
line. #f one does, then the kee!er an ta$ him Lunless he reahes the firin$ lineM, and send him to do dut" as
kee!er at the rok.
But the" an oa? their duks with their feet, u! to the dead line, not *e"ond, then wath for a hane to
dod$e *ak to the firin$ line, where the" are safe at all times.
#f the duk is knoked off *" an"one in fair firin$, the kee!er is !owerless till he has re!laed it. &eantime,
most of the !la"ers have seured their duks and $ot *ak safel" to the firin$ line.
Roa#Bsi#e Cri11a&e
)his is a $ame we often !la" in the train, to !ass the time !leasantl".
Sometimes one !art" takes the ri$ht side of the road, with the windows there, and the other the left.
Sometimes all !la"ers sit on the same side.
)he $ame is, whoever is first to see ertain thin$s a$reed on sores so man" !oints.
)husG
A row or a ow
ounts
1
A at 3
A hawk 3
An owl :
A shee! ;
A $oat K
A horse I
<30;=
)he winner is the one who first $ets twent"+five or fift" !oints, as a$reed.
-hen afoot, one naturall" takes other thin$s for !oints, as ertain trees, flowers, et.
*io Huti&
L)he $ames from 1ion .untin$ to .are and .ounds are from %eneral Baden+5owell.M
A lion is re!resented *" one sout, who $oes out with trakin$ irons on his feet, and a !oketful of orn or
!eas, and si? lawn+tennis *alls or ra$ *alls. .e is allowed half an hourCs start, and then the !atrol $o after
him, followin$ his s!oor, eah armed with one tennis *all with whih to shoot him when the" find him. )he
lion ma" hide or ree! a*out or run, Dust as he feels inlined, *ut whenever the $round is hard or ver" $reas"
he must dro! a few $rains of orn ever" few "ards to show the trail.
#f the hunters fail to ome u! to him neither wins the $ame.
-hen the" ome near to his lair the lion fires at them with his tennis *alls, and the moment a hunter is hit he
must fall out dead and annot throw his tennis *all. #f the lion $ets hit *" a hunterCs tennis *all he is wounded,
and if he $ets wounded three times he is killed.
)ennis *alls ma" onl" *e fired oneB the" annot *e !iked u! and fired a$ain in the same fi$ht.
Eah sout must ollet and hand in his tennis *alls after the $ame. #n winter, if there is snow, this $ame an
*e !la"ed without trakin$ irons, and usin$ snow*alls instead of tennis *alls.
+lat Race
Start off "our souts, either "lin$ or on foot, to $o in an" diretion the" like, to $et a s!eimen of an"
ordered !lant, sa" a s!ri$ of "ew, a shoot of ile?, a horseshoe mark from a hestnut tree, a *riar rose, or
somethin$ of that kind, whihever "ou ma" order, suh as will ta? their knowled$e of !lants and will test
their memor" as to where the" notied one of the kind reAuired and will also make them Auik in $ettin$
there and *ak.
T"ro.i& t"e Asse&ai
)ar$et, a thin sak, li$htl" stuffed with straw, or a sheet of ard+*oard, or anvas strethed on a frame.
Asse$ais to *e made of wands, with wei$hted ends shar!ened or with iron arrow heads on them.
<30K=
Fla& Rai#i&
)wo or more !atrols on eah side.
Eah side will form an out!ost within a $iven trat of ountr" to !rotet three fla$s Lor at ni$ht three lanterns
two feet a*ove $roundM, !lanted not less than two hundred "ards Lone hundred "ards at ni$htM from it. )he
!rotetin$ out!ost will *e !osted in onealment either all to$ether or s!read out in !airs. #t will then send
out souts to disover the enem"Cs !osition. -hen these have found out where the out!ost is, the" tr" to ree!
round out of si$ht till the" an $et to the fla$s and *rin$ them awa" to their own line. /ne sout ma" not take
awa" more than one fla$.
)his is the $eneral !osition of a !atrol on suh an out!ostG
5air of
Souts
5air of
Souts
5air of Souts
5atrol 1eader
5. 5. 5.
Fla$s
An" sout omin$ within fift" "ards of a stron$er !art" will *e !ut out of ation if seen *" the enem"B if he
an ree! *" without *ein$ seen it is all ri$ht.
Souts !osted to wath as out!osts annot move from their $round, *ut their stren$th ounts as dou*le, and
the" ma" send sin$le messa$es to their nei$h*ors or to their own soutin$ !art".
An um!ire should *e with eah out!ost and with eah soutin$ !atrol.
At a $iven hour o!erations will ease, and all will assem*le at the $iven s!ot to hand in their re!orts. )he
followin$ !oints mi$ht *e awardedG
For eah fla$ or lam! a!tured and *rou$ht in++;
For eah re!ort or sketh of the !osition of the enem"Cs out!osts u! to five++;
For eah re!ort of movement of enem"Cs soutin$ !atrols++3
)he side whih makes the *i$$est total wins.
)he same $ame ma" *e !la"ed to test the souts in ste!!in$ li$htl"++the um!ire *ein$ *lindfolded. )he
!ratie should !refera*l" *e arried out where there are dr" twi$s l"in$ a*out, and $ravel, et. )he sout
ma" start to stalk the *lind enem" at one hundred "ardsC distane, and he must do it fairl" fast++sa", in one
minute and a half++to touh the *lind man *efore he hears him.
<30I=
Stal7i& a# Re%orti&
)he um!ire !laes himself out in the o!en and sends eah sout or !air of souts awa" in different diretions
a*out half a mile off. -hen he waves a fla$, whih is the si$nal to *e$in, the" all hide, and then !roeed to
stalk him, ree!in$ u! and wathin$ all he does. -hen he waves the fla$ a$ain, the" rise, ome in, and re!ort
eah in turn all that he did, either *" handin$ in a written re!ort or ver*all", as ma" *e ordered. )he um!ire
meantime has ke!t a lookout in eah diretion, and, ever" time he sees a sout he takes two !oints off that
soutCs sore. .e, on his !art, !erforms small ations, suh as sittin$ down, kneelin$, lookin$ throu$h $lasses,
usin$ handkerhief, takin$ hat off for a *it, walkin$ round in a irle a few times, to $ive souts somethin$ to
note and re!ort a*out him. Souts are $iven three !oints for eah at re!orted orretl". #t saves time if the
um!ire makes out a sorin$ ard *eforehand, $ivin$ the name of eah sout, and a num*er of olumns
showin$ eah at of his, and what mark that sout wins, also a olumn of deduted marks for e?!osin$
themselves.
S%i#er a# Fly
A *it of ountr" or setion of the town a*out a mile sAuare is seleted as the we*, and its *oundaries
desri*ed, and an hour fi?ed at whih o!erations are to ease.
/ne !atrol Lor half+!atrolM is the @s!ider,@ whih $oes out and selets a !lae to hide itself.
)he other !atrol Lor half+!atrolM $o a Auarter of an hour later as the @fl"@ to look for the @s!ider.@ )he" an
s!read themselves a*out as the" like, *ut must tell their leader an"thin$ that the" disover.
An um!ire $oes with eah !art".
#f within the $iven time Lsa", a*out two hoursM the fl" has not disovered the s!ider, the s!ider wins. )he
s!iders write down the names of an" of the fl" !atrol that the" ma" see.
Stal7i&
#nstrutor ats as a deer++not hidin$, *ut standin$, movin$ a little now and then if he likes.
Souts $o out to find, and eah in his own wa" tries to $et u! to him unseen.
(iretl" the instrutor sees a sout, he direts him to stand u! as havin$ failed. After a ertain time the
instrutor alls <30J= @time,@ all stand u! at the s!ot whih the" have reahed, and the nearest wins.
4emonstrate the #alue of adapting color of clothes to background b! sending out one bo! about fi#e hundred
!ards to stand against different backgrounds in turn, till he gets one similar in color to his own clothes.
The rest of the patrol to watch and to notice how in#isible he becomes when he gets a suitable background.
+. g., a bo! in a gra! suit standing in front of dark bushes, etc., is (uite #isible but becomes less so if he
stands in front of a gra! rock or house) a bo! in a dark suit is #er! #isible in a green field, but not when lie
stands in an open doorwa! against dark interior shadow.
Scout Huti&
/ne sout is $iven time to $o out and hide himself, the remainder then start to find himB he wins if he is not
found, or if he an $et *ak to the startin$ !oint within a $iven time without *ein$ touhed.
Relay Race
/ne !atrol !itted a$ainst another to see who an $et a messa$e sent a lon$ distane in shortest time *" means
of rela"s of runners Lor "listsM. )he !atrol is ordered out to send in three suessive notes or tokens Lsuh as
s!ri$s of ertain !lantsM, from a !oint, sa", two miles distant or more. )he leader in takin$ his !atrol out to
the s!ot dro!s souts at onvenient distanes, who will then at as runners from one !ost to the ne?t and
*ak. #f rela"s are !osted in !airs, messa$es an *e !assed *oth wa"s.
Trac7 Memory
&ake a !atrol sit with their feet u!, so that other souts an stud" them. %ive the souts, sa", three minutes to
stud" the *oots. )hen leavin$ the souts in a room or out of si$ht, let one of the !atrol make some footmarks
in a $ood *it of $round. 0all u! the souts one *" one and let them see the trak and sa" who made it.
S%ot t"e T"ief
%et a stran$er to make a trak unseen *" the souts. )he souts stud" his trak so as to know it a$ain.
)hen !ut the stran$er amon$ ei$ht or ten others and let them all make their traks for the *o"s to see, $oin$
*" in rotation. Eah sout then in turn whis!ers to the um!ire whih man, <307= made the ori$inal trak++
desri*in$ him *" his num*er in filin$ !ast. )he sout who answers orretl" winsB if more than one answers
orretl", the one who then draws the *est dia$ram, from memor", of the foot!rint wins.
Smu&&lers O,er t"e Bor#er
)he @*order@ is a ertain line of ountr" a*out four hundred "ards lon$, !refera*l" a road or wide !ath or *it
of sand, on whih foot traks an easil" *e seen. /ne !atrol wathes the *order with sentries !osted alon$
this road, with a reserve !osted farther inland. )his latter a*out half+wa" *etween the @*order@ and the
@town@B the @town@ would *e a *ase marked *" a tree, *uildin$, or fla$s, et., a*out half a mile distant from
the *order. A hostile !atrol of smu$$lers assem*le a*out half a mile on the other side of the *order. )he" will
all ross the *order, in an" formation the" !lease, either sin$l" or to$ether or sattered, and make for the
town, either walkin$ or runnin$, or at soutsC !ae. /nl" one amon$ them is su!!osed to *e smu$$lin$, and
he wears trakin$ irons, so that the sentries walk u! and down their *eat Lthe" ma" not run till after the
@alarm@M, waitin$ for the traks of the smu$$ler. (iretl" a sentr" sees the trak, he $ives the alarm si$nal to
the reserve and starts himself to follow u! the trak as fast as he an. )he reserves thereu!on oo!erate with
him and tr" to ath the smu$$ler *efore he an reah the town. /ne within the *oundar" of the town he is
safe and wins the $ame.
S"o% $i#o. OutB#oors i To.
'm!ire takes a !atrol down a street !ast si? sho!s, $ives them half a minute at eah sho!, then, after movin$
them off to some distane, he $ives eah *o" a !enil and ard, and tells him to write from memor", or
himself takes down, what the" notied in, sa", the third and fifth sho!s. )he one who sets down most artiles
orretl" wins. #t is useful !ratie to math one *o" a$ainst another in heats++the loser om!etin$ a$ain, till
"ou arrive at the worst. )his $ives the worst souts the most !ratie.
Similar !ame IB#oors
Send eah sout in turn into a room for half a minuteB when he omes out take down a list of furniture and
artiles whih he noties. )he *o" who noties most wins.
<310=
)he sim!lest wa" of sorin$ is to make a list of the artiles in the room on "our sorin$ !a!er with a olumn
for marks for eah sout a$ainst them, whih an then easil" *e totalled u! at foot.
Follo. t"e Trail
Send out a @hare,@ either walkin$ or "lin$, with a !oketful of orn, nutshells, onfetti !a!er, or *uttons,
et., and dro! a few here and there to $ive a trail for the !atrol to follow.
/r $o out with a !iee of halk and draw the !atrol si$n on walls, $ate !osts, !avements, lam! !osts, trees,
et., ever" here and there, and let the !atrol hunt "ou *" these marks. 5atrols should wi!e out all these marks
as the" !ass them for tidiness, and so as not to mislead them for another da"Cs !ratie.
)he other road si$ns should also *e used, suh as losin$ u! ertain roads as not used, and hidin$ a letter at
some !oint, $ivin$ diretions as to the ne?t turn.
ScoutAs Nose IB#oors
5re!are a num*er of !a!er *a$s, all alike, and !ut in eah a different smellin$ artile, suh as ho!!ed onion
in one, tan in another, rose leaves, leather, anise+seed, violet !owder, oran$e !eel, et. 5ut these !akets in a
row a ou!le of feet a!art, and let eah om!etitor walk down the line and have five seonds sniff at eah. At
the end he has one minute in whih to write down or to state to the um!ire the names of the different o*Dets
smelled, from memor", in their orret order.
Scout Meets Scout i To. or Coutry
Sin$le souts, or om!lete !atrols or !airs of souts, to *e taken out a*out two miles a!art, and made to work
toward eah other, either alon$side a road, or *" $ivin$ eah side a landmark to work to, suh as a stee! hill
or *i$ tree, whih is diretl" *ehind the other !art", and will thus insure their omin$ to$ether. )he !atrol
whih first sees the other wins. )his is si$nified *" the !atrol leader holdin$ u! his !atrol fla$ for the um!ire
to see, and soundin$ his whistle. A !atrol need not kee! to$ether, *ut that !atrol wins whih first holds out its
fla$, so it is well for the souts to *e in touh with their !atrol leaders *" si$nal, voie, or messa$e.
Souts ma" em!lo" an" ruse the" like, suh as lim*in$ into trees, hidin$ in arts, et., *ut the" must not
dress u! in dis$uise.
)his ma" also *e !ratised at ni$ht.
<311=
S"oot Out
)wo !atrols om!ete. )ar$etsG *ottles or *riks set u! on end to re!resent the o!!osin$ !atrol. Both !atrols
are drawn u! in line at a*out twent" to twent"+five "ards from the tar$ets. At the word @fire,@ the" throw
stones at the tar$ets. (iretl" a tar$et falls, the um!ire direts the orres!ondin$ man of the other !atrol to sit
down++killed. )he $ame $oes on, if there are !lent" of stones, till the whole of one !atrol is killed. /r a
ertain num*er of stones an *e $iven to eah !atrol, or a ertain time limit, sa" one minute.
KimAs !ame
5lae a*out twent" or thirt" small artiles on a tra", or on the ta*le or floor, suh as two or three different
kinds of *uttons, !enils, orks, ra$s, nuts, stones, knives, strin$, !hotos++an"thin$ "ou an find++and over
them over with a loth or oat.
&ake a list of these, and make a olumn o!!osite the list for eah *o"Cs re!lies.
)hen unover the artiles for one minute *" "our wath, or while "ou ount si?t" at the rate of @Auik
marh.@ )hen over them over a$ain.
)ake eah *o" se!aratel" and let him whis!er to "ou eah of the artiles that he an remem*er, and mark it
off on "our sorin$ sheet.
)he *o" who remem*ers the $reatest num*er wins the $ame.
Mor&aAs !ame
Souts are ordered to run to a ertain *oardin$, where an um!ire is alread" !osted to time them. )he" are
eah allowed to look at this for one minute, and then to run *ak to headAuarters and re!ort to the instrutor
all that was on the *oardin$ in the wa" of advertisements.
So. Fort
)he snow fort ma" *e *uilt *" one !atrol aordin$ to their own ideas of fortifiation, with loo!holes, et.,
for lookin$ out. -hen finished, it will *e attaked *" hostile !atrols, usin$ snow*alls as ammunition. Ever"
sout struk *" a snow*all is ounted dead. )he attakers should, as a rule, num*er at least twie the stren$th
of the defenders.
<313=
Si1eria Ma Hut
/ne sout as fu$itive runs awa" aross the snow in an" diretion he ma" !lease until he finds a $ood hidin$
!lae, and there oneals himself. )he remainder, after $ivin$ him twent" minutesC start or more, !roeed to
follow him *" his traks. As the" a!!roah his hidin$ !lae, he shoots at them with snow*alls, and ever" one
that is struk must fall out dead. )he fu$itive must *e struk three times *efore he is ounted dead.
Hare a# Hou#s
)wo or more !ersons re!resentin$ the hares, and !rovided with a lar$e Auantit" of orn, are $iven a start of
several minutes and run a ertain len$th of time, then return *" another route to the startin$ !oint, all the time
satterin$ orn in their !ath. After the la!se of the num*er of minutesC handia! $iven the hares, those
re!resentin$ the hounds start in !ursuit, followin$ *" the orn and tr"in$ to ath the hares *efore the" reah
the startin$+!oint in returnin$.
)he handia! $iven the hares should *e small, de!endin$ on the runnin$ a*ilities of the hares and hounds.
)he fastest runners are usuall" !iked for the hounds.
C"al7 t"e Arro.
)his is usuall" !la"ed in the it" streets, one !la"er runnin$ and tr"in$ to kee! out of si$ht of the others who
follow. )he runner is $iven time to disa!!ear around the first orner *efore the others start after him, and at
ever" orner he turns he marks Lwith halkM an arrow !ointin$ in the diretion he takes. )hose !ursuin$
follow *" the arrow, the first one seein$ him *ein$ the runner for the ne?t time.
)his ma" also *e !la"ed *" havin$ an" num*er run and onl" one follow, the first *eomin$ @it@ for the ne?t
time.
Do#&e Ball
/f an" num*er of !la"ers, half of that num*er form a irle, while the other half stand inside of the rin$
LentreM fain$ outward. Now, the $ame for those in the entre is to dod$e the *all whih is thrown *" an" of
those formin$ the irle with the intention of strikin$ the entre ones <313= out. Ever" time a mem*er is
struk he is dead, and takes his !lae amon$ those of the irle. Now he has a hane to throw at those
remainin$ in the entre. )his arran$ement kee!s all takin$ !art *us". /nl" one is out at a time. )his *ein$
ke!t u! until finall" onl" one is left. .e is hailed the kin$. For ne?t round, !la"ers e?han$e !laes, i. e.,
those who were in the entre now form the irle.
NoteG #f the touh is !reeded *" a *ound of the *all it does not ount.
+risoerAs Base
%oals are marked off at *oth ends of the !la"$round, the !la"ers divided into two eAual divisions, ou!"in$
the two $oals. A*out ten !aes to the ri$ht of eah $oal is a !rison. A !la"er advanes toward the o!!osite
$oal, when one from that $oal starts out to ath him. .e retreats, and one from his side runs to his resue *"
tr"in$ to ath the !ursuer++who in turn is suored *" one from his side, and so on. Ever" !la"er ma" ath
an"one from the o!!osite side who has *een out of $oal lon$er than he has. An" !la"er au$ht is onduted
to the !rison *" his a!tor and must remain there until resued *" some one from his side, who touhes him
with the hand. )he one who does this is su*Det to *ein$ au$ht like an" other !la"er.
T"ro.i& t"e S%ear
)he $ame is an old %reek and 5ersian !astime. @)hrow the s!ear and s!eak the truth,@ was a national ma?im
of the 5ersians that we ma" o!" with advanta$e.
)he a!!aratus reAuired is some li$ht s!ears and an arher" tar$et. )he s!ears should var" from five to si?
feet in len$thB the !oint should *e shod with a steel ti!, havin$ a soket into whih the wooden handle is
fitted, and made fast *" small srews !assin$ throu$h holes in the sides of the metal, and then into the wood
itself. )he wood, for a*out a foot a*ove the *ar*, should *e a*out three Auarters of an inh in diameter, and
from thene $raduall" ta!er to a*out a Auarter of an inh in thikness until the end of the s!ear is reahed.
Some s!ears are fitted with feathers, like an arrow, *ut these are not neessar" to o*tain a $ood throw, and
soon $et dismantled in ontinuall" fallin$ u!on the $round. An" ordinar" tar$et will serve. #t ma" *e an
arher" tar$et, a sak full of straw, or a sod *ank.
<31:=
)he o*Det of the ontest is to hit the tar$et from a $iven mark, the firin$ line. -hoever throws nearest to the
entre of the tar$et the $reatest num*er of times out of si? shots is hailed the winner.
)he *est form for throwin$ is with the left foot forward, the le$ !erfetl" strai$ht, *od" well *ak, its wei$ht
restin$ on the ri$ht le$. Now e?tend the left arm forward, in a line with the shoulder, and over the left le$B
!oise the s!ear hori>ontall" in the ri$ht hand, holdin$ at the entre of $ravit" *" the forefin$er and thum*.
Brin$ the ri$ht arm *akward until the hand is *ehind the ri$ht shoulder.
Now, inlinin$ the !oint of the s!ear sli$htl" u!ward, make "our ast, *rin$in$ the ri$ht arm forward,
followed *" the ri$ht side of the *od", the ri$ht le$ forward and the left arm *akward. 0ount "ourself
fortunate if "ou even hit the tar$et in the first few attem!ts, *ut !ratie will make a wonderful differene.
)he distane should *e mutuall" a$reed u!on, *ut fift" feet for a *o" of fifteen and one hundred feet for an
adult will *e found a*out ri$ht.
)o @throw the Davelin@ is another !hase of this !astime. )he Davelin is four to five feet in len$th, three
Auarters of an inh in thikness, and fitted with a *ar*ed end, sli$htl" heavier than the s!ear end. )he @o*Det
of the $ame@ is to throw the Davelin as far as !ossi*le *ut not at a tar$etB instead, the Davelin must stik into
the $round.
#n throwin$ the Davelin, hold it in the ri$ht hand, the left le$ and hand *ein$ advanedB the *ar* and arm at
this !oint should *e at the rear. )hen, desri*in$ a semiirle with the arm over the ri$ht shoulder, and
leanin$ well to the rear, hurl the wea!on as far as !ossi*le forward.
Arctic E?%e#itio
Eah !atrol make a *o* slei$h with ro!es, harness, for two of their num*er to !ull or for do$s if the" have
them and an train them to do the work. )wo souts or so $o a mile or two ahead, the remainder with the
slei$h follow, findin$ the wa" *" means of the s!oor, and *" suh si$ns as the leadin$ souts ma" draw in the
snow. All other drawin$s seen on the wa" are to *e e?amined, noted, and their meanin$ read. )he slei$h
arries rations and ookin$ !ots, et.
Build snow huts. )hese must *e made narrow, aordin$ to the len$th of the stiks availa*le for formin$ the
roof, whih an *e made with *rushwood and overed with snow.
<31;=
Dra&&i& Race
A line of !atients from one !atrol is laid out fift" feet distant from the start. Another !atrol, eah arr"in$ a
ro!e, run out, tie ro!es to the !atients, and dra$ them in. )ime taken of last in. 5atrols han$e !laes. )he one
whih om!letes in the shortest time wins. 2nots must *e arefull" tied, and !atientsC oats laid out under
their heads.
Far a# Near
'm!ire $oes alon$ a $iven road or line of ountr" with a !atrol in !atrol formation. .e arries a sorin$ ard
with the name of eah sout on it.
Eah sout looks out for the details reAuired, and diretl" he noties one he runs to the um!ire and informs
him or hands in the artile, if it is an artile he finds. )he um!ire enters a mark aordin$l" a$ainst his name.
)he sout who $ains the most marks in the walk wins.
(etails like the followin$ should *e hosen to develo! the soutCs o*servation and to enoura$e him to look
far and near, u! and down, et.
)he details should *e varied ever" time the $ame is !la"edB and a*out ei$ht or ten should *e $iven at a time.
Ever" math found 1 !oint
Ever" *utton found 1 !oint
Bird traks 3 !oints
5ath notied on stran$erCs lothin$ or
*oots
3 !oints
%ra" horse seen 3 !oints
5i$eon fl"in$ 3 !oints
S!arrow sittin$ 3 !oints
Ash tree 3 !oints
Broken himne"+!ot 3 !oints
Broken window 1 !oint
FireBli&"ti& Race
)o ollet material, *uild, and li$ht a fire till the lo$ $iven *" um!ire is ali$ht.
Follo. My *ea#er
-ith a lar$e num*er of *o"s this an *e made a ver" effetive dis!la", and is eas" to do at a Do$ trot, and
oasional @knee+u!@ with musial aom!animent. #t also an *e done at ni$ht, <31K= eah *o" arr"in$ a
0hinese lantern on to! of his staff. #f in a *uildin$ all li$hts, of ourse, would *e turned down. A usual fault
is that the e?erise is ke!t on too lon$, till it wearies *oth audiene and !erformers.
!ames i +at"Bfi#i&
#nstrutor takes a !atrol in !atrollin$ formation into a stran$e town or into an intriate !iee of stran$e
ountr", with a "lin$ ma!. .e then $ives instrutions as to where he wants to $o, makes eah sout in turn
lead the !atrol, sa", for seven minutes if "lin$, fifteen minutes if walkin$. )his sout is to find the wa"
entirel" *" the ma!, and !oints are $iven for a*ilit" in readin$.
Moutai Scouti&
)his has *een !la"ed *" touristsC lu*s in the lake distrit, and is ver" similar to the @S!ider and Fl"@ $ame.
)hree hares are sent out at da"*reak to hide themselves a*out in the mountainsG after *reakfast a !art" of
hounds $o out to find them *efore a ertain hour, sa" : oClok 5.&. #f the" find them even with field+$lasses,
it ounts, !rovided that the finder an sa" definitel" who it was he s!otted. 0ertain limits of $round must *e
$iven, *e"ond whih an"one would *e out of *ounds, and therefore disAualified.
Ki&"t Erratry
Souts $o out sin$l", or in !airs, or as a !atrol. #f in a town, to find women or hildren in want of hel!, and to
return and re!ort, on their honor, what the" have done. #f in the ountr", all at an" farms or otta$es and ask
to do odd Do*s++for nothin$. )he same an *e made into a rae alled a @%ood )urn@ rae.
U%re%are# +lays
%ive the !lot of a short, sim!le, !la" and assi$n to eah !la"er his !art, with an outline of what he has to do
and sa", and then let them at it, makin$ u! the reAuired onversation as the" $o alon$.
)his develo!s the !ower of ima$ination and e?!ression on !oints ke!t in the mind, and is a valua*le means
of eduation.
#t is well *efore startin$ to at a !la" in this wa" to *e a little less am*itious, and to make two or three !la"ers
merel" <31I= arr" out a onversation on $iven to!is leadin$ u! to a $iven !oint, usin$ their own words and
ima$inations in doin$ so.
T"e Treasure Hut
)he treasure hunt needs o*servation and skill in trakin$, and !ratiall" an" num*er an take !art in it.
Several wa"s of !la"in$ the $ame are $iven *elow.
1. )he treasure is hidden and the souts know what the treasure isB the" are $iven the first lew, and from this
all the others an *e traed. Suh lews mi$ht *e LaM written on a $ate !ostG @%o west and e?amine third $ate
on north side of stream@B L*M on that $ate, soutCs si$n !ointin$ to notie *oard on whih is written, @Strike
south *" south+east tele$ra!h !ost, No. 3J,@ and so on. )he lews should *e so worded as to need some skill
to understand, and the various !oints should *e diffiult of aess from one another. )his method mi$ht *e
used as a !atrol om!etition, startin$ off !atrols at ten+minute intervals, and at one !artiular lew there
mi$ht *e different orders for eah !atrol, to !revent the !atrols *ehind from followin$ the first.
3. )he lews ma" *e *its of olored wood tied to $ates, hed$es, et., at a*out three+"ard intervals, leadin$ in
a ertain diretion, and when these lews ome to the end it should *e known that the treasure is hidden
within so man" feet. )o !revent this de$eneratin$ into a mere $ame of follow m" leader, several traks mi$ht
*e laid workin$ u! to the same !oint, and false traks ould *e laid, whih onl" lead *ak a$ain to the
ori$inal.
3. Eah om!etitor or !atrol mi$ht *e $iven a desri!tion of the wa"++eah !erha!s of a sli$htl" different
wa"B the desri!tion should make it neessar" to $o to eah s!ot in turnB and !revent an" @uttin$@ in the
followin$ wa"G @%o to the tallest tree in a ertain field, from there $o one hundred "ards north, and then walk
strai$ht toward a hurh tower whih will *e on "our left,@ et. All the desri!tions should lead *" an eAual
Dourne" to a ertain s!ot where the treasure is hidden. )he first to arrive at that s!ot should not let the others
know it is the s!ot, *ut should searh for the treasure in as asual a manner as !ossi*le.
$illBoABt"eB$is%
)his $ame should take !lae aross ountr" at ni$ht. )wo souts set off in a $iven diretion with a li$hted
*ullCs+e"e <31J= lantern. After two minutes have !assed the !atrol or troo! starts in !ursuit.
)he lantern *earer must show his li$ht at least ever" minute onealin$ it for the rest of the time. )he two
souts take turns in arr"in$ the li$ht, and so ma" relieve eah other in diffiulties, *ut either ma" *e
a!tured. )he sout without the li$ht an often min$le with the !ursuers without *ein$ reo$ni>ed and relieve
his friend when he is *ein$ hard !ressed. )he" should arran$e ertain alls or si$nals *etween themselves.
Treasure Isla#
A treasure is known to *e hidden u!on a ertain island or *it of shore marked off, and the man who hid it
leaves a ma! with lews for findin$ it Lom!ass, diretions, tide marks, et.M. )his ma! is hidden somewhere
near the landin$+!laeB the !atrols ome in turn to look for it++the" have to row from a ertain distane, land,
find the ma!, and finall" disover the treasure. )he" should *e areful to leave no foot traks, et., near the
treasure, *eause then the !atrols that follow them will easil" find it. )he ma! and treasure are to *e hidden
afresh for the ne?t !atrol when the" have *een found. )he !atrol wins whih returns to the startin$ !lae with
the treasure in the shortest time. L)his an *e !la"ed on the river, the !atrols havin$ to row aross the river to
find the treasure.M
Horse a# Ri#er Tourey
#n !la"in$ this $ame it is neessar" to have a soft, velvet" !iee of $rass, or if in doors, in the $"mnasium,
over the floor with re$ular $"mnasium mats. #t reAuires four *o"s to !la" the $ame, two *ein$ horses and
the other two riders. )he riders mount their horses and dash at eah other with $reat aution, strivin$ to $et a
$ood hold of eah other in suh a wa" as to om!el the o!!onent to dismount. )his an *e done either *"
dra$$in$ him from his mount or *" makin$ the horse and rider lose their *alane so as to throw them off their
feet. A $reat deal of s!ort an *e $otten out of this $ame, and *o"s *eome ver" skilful after a little !ratie.
Mum1ly +e&
LFrom (aniel 0arter Beard, National Sout 0ommissionerM
FirstG .old the ri$ht fist with the *ak to the $round and with the Dak+knife, with *lade !ointin$ to the ri$ht,
restin$ <317= on to! of the losed fin$ers. )he hand is swun$ to the ri$ht, u! and over, desri*in$ a
semiirle, so that the knife falls !oint downward and stiks, or should stik, u!ri$ht in the $round. #f there is
room to sli! two fin$ers, one a*ove the other, *eneath the handle of the knife, and if the !oint of the knife is
hidden in the $round, it ounts as a fair stik or throw.
SeondG )he ne?t motion is the same as the one Dust desri*ed, *ut is !erformed with the left.
)hirdG )ake the !oint of the *lade *etween the first and seond fin$ers of the ri$ht hand, and filli! it with a
Derk so that the knife turns one around in the air and strikes the !oint into the $round.
FourthG (o the same with the left hand.
FifthG .old the knife as in the third and fourth !ositions, and *rin$ the arm aross the hest so that the knife
handle touhes the left ear. )ake hold of the ri$ht ear with the left hand and filli! the knife so that it turns
one or twie in the air and strikes on its !oint in the earth.
Si?thG (o the same with the left hand.
SeventhG Still holdin$ the knife in the same manner, *rin$ the handle u! to the nose and filli! it over throu$h
the air, so that it will stik in the $round.
Ei$hthG (o the same with the handle at the ri$ht e"e.
NinthG Re!eat with the handle at the left e"e.
)enthG 5lae the !oint of the *lade on the to! of the head. .old it in !lae with the forefin$er, and with a
downward !ush send it whirlin$ down to earth, where it must stik with the !oint of *lade in the earth.
Eleventh to FifteenthG .old the left hand with the fin$ers !ointin$ u!ward and, *e$innin$ with the thum*,
!lae the !oint of the knife on eah fin$er as desri*ed a*ove, and the forefin$er of the ri$ht hand on the end
of the knife handle. B" a downward motion, throw the knife revolvin$ throu$h the air, so that it will ali$ht
with the !oint of the *lade in the sod.
Si?teenth to )wentiethG Re!eat, with the ri$ht hand u! and the forefin$er of the left hand on the knife handle.
)went"+first, twent"+seondG (o the same from eah knee.
)went"+thirdG .old the !oint of the *lade *etween the first and seond fin$ers, and, !lain$ the hand on the
forehead, filli! the knife *ak over the head, so that it will stik in the $round *ehind the !erson read" for the
ne?t motion.
)went"+fourthG After twent"+three the knife is left in the $round. )hen with the !alm of the hand strike the
knife handle a smart *low that will send it revolvin$ over the $round <330= for a "ard, more or less, and
ause it to stik in the $round where it sto!s. )his is alled @!lou$hin$ the field.@
-hen a miss is made the ne?t !la"er takes his turn, and when the first !la"erCs turn omes a$ain he must tr"
the feat over that he failed to !erform last. A $ood !la"er will sometimes $o throu$h almost all the twent"+
four motions without failin$ to make a @two fin$er,@ that is, a fair stik, eah timeB *ut it is ver" unusual for
an"one to run the $ame out in one innin$. )his is the $ame in twent"+four motionsB man" *o"s !la" it dou*le
that num*er.
Out#oor At"letic Sta#ar#s
)he athleti standards $iven *elow are those whih most *o"s ou$ht to *e a*le to attain. )he" are the result
of the e?!eriene of several !h"sial diretors who have made a s!eial stud" of athletis and !h"sial work
amon$ *o"s.
)he rules $overnin$ the events are found in the offiial hand*ook of the Athleti 1ea$ue of North Ameria.
)hese rules must *e stritl" adhered to.
E4EN)S
'N(ER
70 1BS.
'N(ER
110 1BS.
'N(ER
13; 1BS.
'N(ER
1:0 1BS.
/4ER
1:0 1BS.
L1M Runnin$ Broad Jum! 13C 13C 1:C 1;C 1KC
L3M Runnin$ .i$h Jum! 3C 11@ :C 1@ :C :@ :C I@ :C 10@
L3M Standin$ Broad Jum! KC K@ IC IC K@ JC JC K@
L:M Standin$ .i$h Jum! 3C 3@ 3C :@ 3C K 3C J@ 3C 10@
L;M 5ull+'! LtimesM ; I 7 11 13
LKM 30+Yard Swim 30 se. 1J se. 1K se. 1: se. 13 se.
LIM :0+Yard Swim :0 se. 37 se. 3J se. 3I se. 3K se.
LJM ;0+Yard (ash I.J se. I.: se. I se. K.K se. K.3 se.
L7M Ei$ht+5otato Rae :; se. :3 se. :1 se. 37 se. 3I se.
L10M J l*.+Shot 5ut T 3;C 30C 3;C :0C
L11M 5ush+'! from Floor T 11 13 1; 1I
L13M Ro!e 0lim* T 1: se. 13 se. 10 se. J se.
L13M 100+Yard (ash T T 13 se. 13.K se. 13.3 se.
T Should not attem!t this event
For merit *ad$e a *o" under ninet" !ounds must Aualif" in seven of the first nine eventsB a *o" under one
hundred and ten !ounds must Aualif" in ten of the first twelve eventsB all others must Aualif" in their !ro!er
lass in eleven of the thirteen events.
<331=
Notes
<333=
Notes
<333=
CHA+TER IK
+ATRIOTISM AND CITILENSHI+
B! Waldo 0. Sherman,
*uthor of <Ci#icsStudies in *merican Citi,enship<
OUR COUNTRY
Ameria is the home of soial, reli$ious, and !olitial li*ert"++@the land of the free and the home of the
*rave.@
As a nation, we have alwa"s *een rih in land, and for this reason millions of !eo!le have sou$ht our shores.
-e have ome into !ossession of our territor" throu$h treat", !urhase, and anne?ation. #n s!eakin$ of our
territorial area we usuall" s!eak of the @ori$inal territor"@ and @additions@ to same. -hen we s!eak of
@ori$inal territor"@ we mean that !art of the 'nited States whih was eded to us *" %reat Britain in the
!eae treat" of 1IJ3, at the lose of the -ar of the Revolution. )his territor", in *rief, is desri*ed as
followsG East to the Atlanti /ean, west to the &ississi!!i River, north to the %reat 1akes and 0anada, and
as far south as the northern line of Florida. -e sometimes hear it s!oken of as the territor" of the @)hirteen
/ri$inal States,@ meanin$ the states that formed the %overnment of the 0onstitution in 1IJ7. .owever if we
look at the ma! we shall see that the ori$inal territor" inludes not onl" the territor" of the thirteen ori$inal
states, *ut om!rises also land out of whih twelve other states have *een formed. 1ookin$ at this area to+
da", however, it seems a small !art of our ountr" om!ared with our !resent limits.
A##itios
&ouisiana $urchaseG -hat is known as the 1ouisiana 5urhase we *ou$ht from Frane in 1J03. #t onsisted
of JI;,03; sAuare miles, for whih we !aid O1;,000,000. #t is desri*ed as followsG west of the &ississi!!i
River to the Rok" &ountains, north to 0anada, and south to the %ulf of &e?io, e?lusive of )e?as. )his is
a territor" $reater than the !resent om*ined areas of S!ain, 5ortu$al, #tal", .un$ar", and the Balkan states.
<33:=
'lorida $urchase8 #n 1J17, we !urhased Florida from S!ain at a ost of over O;,000,000, and this sin$le
state is lar$er in territorial area than the om*ined territor" of (enmark, Netherlands, Bel$ium, and
Swit>erland.
Te.as8 #n 1J:;, )e?as ame to us *" anne?ation, *ut the outome of this anne?ation later on was our war
with &e?io. #n territorial area this is an em!ire in itself++lar$er than the whole %erman Em!ire.
%regon Territor!8 #n 1J:K, *" treat" with %reat Britain, we aAuired what is known as the /re$on )erritor".
)his inludes the states of /re$on, -ashin$ton, and #daho.
/e.ican Cession and $urchase from Te.as8 As an outome of the &e?ian -ar, we o*tained from &e?io,
in 1J:J, the territor" of 0alifornia, Nevada, 'tah, Ari>ona, and a !art of New &e?io at a ost of
O1;,000,000B and in 1J;0, we !urhased from )e?as the remainin$ !art of New &e?io and that !art of
0olorado not inluded in the 1ouisiana 5urhase, at a ost of O10,000,000.
3adsden $urchase8 #n 1J;3, we made what is known as the %adsden 5urhase, aAuirin$ thus from &e?io
a needed trat of land on the *oundar" *etween &e?io, Ari>ona, and New &e?io, !a"in$ for this trat
O10,000,000.
*laska8 #n 1JKI, we !aid Russia OI,000,000, and added Alaska to our !ossessions. )his !urhase is s!oken
of in histor" as @SewardCs Foll",@ *eause the transation, made while he was seretar" of state, was not
$enerall" onsidered a $ood *ar$ain. Nevertheless it has !roved one of our most valua*le !ossessions.
0awaii8 #n 1J7J, we reahed out into the 5aifi waters and anne?ed the *eautiful .awaiian or Sandwih
#slands.
$orto Rico, $ine Islands, 3uam, $hilippine Islands8 #n 1J7J, the island of 5orto Rio with an area of 3K00
sAuare miles ame into our !ossession as an outome of the S!anish+Amerian -arB likewise the 5ine
#slands with their JJ3 sAuare milesB %uam with 1I; sAuare milesB and the 5hili!!ine #slands with a territorial
area of 1:3,000 sAuare miles. But for these latter in settlement of a num*er of !rivate laims, and to $ain
!eaea*le !ossession of various !u*li lands, we !aid S!ain O30,000,000.
Samoan Islands8 #n 1J77, we aAuired the Samoan #slands, with an area of I3 sAuare milesB and, in 1701,
some additional islands in the 5hili!!ines.
<33;=
*a# Settlemets
)he first !ermanent En$lish settlements in Ameria were made at Jamestown, 4a., in 1K0I, and at 5l"mouth,
&ass., in 1K30B and from these two settlements we ma" trae in lar$e !art the $rowth, harater, and
develo!ment of our national life. )he stor" of the @5il$rim Fathers@ in &assahusetts has *een told for
$enerations in literature and in son$, and an never ease to *e of romanti and thrillin$ interest.
)he stor" of the settlement and dis!ersal of other nationalities in Ameria++the Swedes in (elaware, the
(uth in New York, the S!anish and Frenh in Florida and alon$ the *anks of the &ississi!!i and /hio
Rivers++all this is summed u! in what is known as @olonial histor".@
#n 1IK3, at the lose of the Frenh and #ndian wars, En$land had ome into !ossession of !ratiall" all the
territor" east of the &ississi!!i++that territor" whih was eded in 1IJ3 as the ori$inal territor" of the 'nited
States.
You will sometimes hear it said that thirteen is an unluk" num*er. #ndeed "ou ma" have known !eo!le so
su!erstitious that the" refuse to sit down at a ta*le when the num*er is thirteen. A$ain "ou ma" know it to *e
a fat that some hotels do not have a room num*ered thirteen, and that man" steam*oats likewise follow the
same ustom in state+room arran$ement. Stran$e su!erstition for AmeriansS #t took thirteen states to make
our 'nionB we have made thirteen additions to our territor"B when %eor$e -ashin$ton was inau$urated as
!resident, a salute of thirteen $uns was firedB and, finall", the foundation of the fla$ of our ountr" *ears
thirteen stri!es.
T"e America Re,olutio
)he stor" of the Amerian Revolution L1II;+1IJ3M++(elaration of #nde!endene L1IIKM, the ado!tion of the
Artiles of 0onfederation L1IJ1M, and, finall", the makin$ and ado!tion of the 0onstitution of the 'nited
States in 1IJ7++all is summed u! in a !eriod of fourteen "ears, and ma" *e told and written in the life of
%eor$e -ashin$ton, who was indeed the @Father of .is 0ountr".@
)he ause of the Amerian Revolution was En$landCs o!!ression of her Amerian olonistsB and the inDustie
of ta?ation without re!resentation, with other inDusties, finall" *rou$ht a*out re*ellion. )he war *e$an in
&assahusetts with the *attles of 1e?in$ton and 0onord, A!ril 17, 1II;, and ended at Yorktown, 4a.,
/to*er 17, 1IJ1. )he treat" of !eae was <33K= si$ned at 5aris, Frane, Se!tem*er 3, 1IJ3, and Novem*er
3; of that "ear, known in histor" as @Evauation (a",@ the British took their de!arture down the *a" of New
York har*or and Ameria was free.
Now do we find ourselves at the fireside of Amerian !atriotism. .ere is -ashin$ton. .e is a 4ir$inian, and
the Amerian !eo!le know him at this time as 0olonel -ashin$ton. #t is the 13th da" of June, 1II;, and the
seond 0ontinental 0on$ress is in session at 5hiladel!hia. John Adams of &assahusetts has the floor. .e is
to show himself at this time the master statesman. Justl" has he *een alled the @0olossus of the Revolution.@
/n his wa" to #nde!endene .all this mornin$ he meets his ousin, Samuel Adams, and tells him what he is
$oin$ to do. @-e must,@ he sa"sB @at on this matter at one. -e must make 0on$ress delare for or a$ainst
somethin$. #Cll tell "ou what # am $oin$ to do. # am determined this ver" mornin$ to make a diret motion
that 0on$ress shall ado!t the arm" *efore Boston, and a!!oint the 4ir$inian, 0olonel -ashin$ton,
ommander of it.@
Adams is now statin$ to the 0on$ress the $ravit" of the situationB he !oints out the neessit" of immediate
ation the olonies must *e united, the arm" must *e *rou$ht to$ether, disi!lined, and trained for servie,
and, under 0on$ress, a fittin$ ommander a!!ointed. @Suh a $entleman,@ he said, @# have in mind. # mention
no names, *ut ever" $entleman here knows him at one as a *rave soldier and a man of affairs. .e is a
$entleman from 4ir$inia, one of this *od", and well known to all of us. .e is a $entleman of skill and
e?ellent universal harater and would ommand the a!!ro*ation of all the olonies *etter than an" other
!erson in the 'nion.@
%eor$e -ashin$ton is in the hall. )he e"es of all 0on$ress have turned toward him. .e is sur!rised,
onfused, and em*arrassed, leaves his seat and hurries into the li*rar".
0on$ress s!ent two da"s onsiderin$ AdamsCs motion, for there were other men who had ho!ed for the
a!!ointmentB *ut finall", on the 1;th of June, 1II;, a *allot was taken, and -ashin$ton was unanimousl"
eleted ommander+in+hief of the 0ontinental Arm".
/n Jul" 3, 1II;, he took ommand of the arm" at 0am*rid$e, &ass., and &arh 1I, 1IIK, the British were
e?!elled from Boston.
<33I=
-e now ome to the (elaration of #nde!endene, Jul" :, 1IIK. #t was written *" )homas Jefferson, at that
time a "oun$ man of thirt"+three. )he ommittee of the %eneral 0on$ress a!!ointed to draft it, onsisted of
the followin$G )homas Jefferson, John Adams, BenDamin Franklin, Ro$er Sherman, and Ro*ert R.
1ivin$ston.
)he stron$ feelin$ of )homas Jefferson as he wrote the (elaration is indiated *" his statement that, @Rather
than su*mit to the ri$ht of le$islatin$ for us assumed *" the British 5arliament, # would lend m" hand to sink
the whole island in the oean.@ .ere also we $et a $lim!se of one of the most interestin$ and deli$htful
haraters in the histor" of this !eriod++BenDamin Franklin. .istor" reords that while )homas Jefferson
wrote the (elaration of #nde!endene, a few ver*al su$$estions were made *" (otor Franklin, as the
followin$ onversation re!orted to have taken !lae *etween them would indiateG @-ell, Brother Jefferson,@
said Franklin, @is the fair o!" madeH@ @All read", dotor,@ re!lied Jefferson. @-ill "ou hear it throu$h one
moreH@ @As man" times as "ou wish,@ res!onded the smilin$ dotor, with a merr" twinkle in his e"es. @/ne
anCt $et too muh of a $ood thin$, "ou know.@ Jefferson then read to Franklin the (elaration of
#nde!endene, whih has *een !ronouned one of the worldCs $reatest !a!ers. @)hatCs $ood, )homasS )hatCs
ri$ht to the !ointS )hat will make 2in$ %eor$e wine. # wish # had done it m"self.@ #t is said Franklin would
@have !ut a Doke into the (elaration of #nde!endene, if it had fallen to his lot to write that immortal
doument.@
)he (elaration of #nde!endene went forth to the world si$ned *" one man, John .anok++whih e?!lains
the e?!ression "ou sometimes hear, @5ut "our John .anok there.@ #t was, however, si$ned later *" all the
mem*ers of that 0on$ress++fift"+four in num*er. )his immortal doument has *een arefull" !reserved and
the ori$inal ma" *e seen at -ashin$ton.
)he (elaration was a notie to %reat Britain and to all the world that the Amerian olonists would no
lon$er *e su*Det to %reat BritainB that heneforth the" were to *e a free and inde!endent !eo!le, holdin$
%reat Britain as the" held the rest of mankind, @enemies in war++in !eae friends.@ )his (elaration marks
the *irth of our nation.
/ur $overnment fathers full" reali>ed the ste! the" were takin$. )he" knew it meant a final *reakin$ with the
home $overnment of En$land, *ut++@with a firm reliane on the !rotetion of (ivine 5rovidene,@ in su!!ort
of this <33J= (elaration, the" !led$ed to eah other @their lives, their fortunes and their sared honor.@
Followin$ the e?!ulsion of the British from Boston, the *attle field of the Revolution han$es to New York,
movin$ to .arlem .ei$hts and -hite 5lainsB then to New Jerse"B )renton, and 5rinetonB then to
5enns"lvaniaB Brand"wine, -esthester, %ermantown, 4alle" For$e, and on to &onmouth.
But here let us !ause. #t has *een a terri*le winter at 4alle" For$e. -hile the British at 5hiladel!hia, twent"
miles awa", have *een livin$ in lu?ur", our -ashin$ton and his men have suffered *itterl" with hun$er and
oldB and out of a list of eleven thousand men, three thousand at 4alle" For$e la" sik at one time. But at last
the s!rin$ has ome and -ashin$ton has now *een nearl" three "ears in servie. 1istenS )he order has $one
forthS At 10G30 oClok omes the si$nal, and the firin$ of a annon sees all men under armsS At 11G30
oClok the seond si$nal is $iven and the marh *e$ins. #t is &a" I, 1IIJ, and -ashin$ton is assem*lin$ his
men. %reat news has ome and it is fittin$ to return thanks to (ivine 5rovidene++so reads his !rolamation.
Now omes the third si$nal, the firin$ of thirteen annonS Another si$nalS and the whole arm" *reaks into a
loud hu>>a @1on$ live the 2in$ of FraneS@ followed *" a runnin$ fire of $uns.
/n this same da" in the afternoon, -ashin$ton $ives a *anAuet to his offiers, aides, and $uests, to whih
the" marh arm+in+arm, thirteen a*reast. -hat does it meanH #t means that BenDamin Franklin has *een heard
from, and that an alliane with Frane, En$landCs *itterest enem", has *een made. Some da" when "ou are in
-ashin$ton, "ou ma" see diretl" in front of the -hite .ouse, 1afa"ette 5ark, and, knowin$ the stor" of the
Revolution, "ou understand wh" it is there. You also understand wh" -ashin$tonCs arm" on that &a"
mornin$ shouted, @1on$ live the 2in$ of Frane.@
But it is not our !ur!ose here to tell the whole stor"G we an onl" touh the hi$h !oints. A$ain the arm"
moves to -hite 5lains and on to &iddle*rook and New -indsorB and -ashin$ton s!ends the winter L1IJ1M
at &orristown, N. J. )he end is a!!roahin$. .e Doins 1afa"ette at Yorktown, 4a., and on /to*er 17th,
0ornwallis, the British $eneral, surrenders to %eor$e -ashin$ton, ommander+in+hief of the Amerian
Arm". )hus the onflit *e$un in one En$lish settlement is ended in the other. &assahusetts marks the
*e$innin$ and 4ir$inia the endin$ of the -ar of the Revolution.
<337=
T"e $ar of 3<35B3<39
)he -ar of 1J13 was a naval war. #t was a *attle for ri$hts++the ri$hts of our sailors, the ri$hts of our
ommere. Amerian shi!s and ar$oes were *ein$ onfisated. Frane and En$land and the Bar*ar" !irates
were en$a$ed in a !rofita*le war on our ommere, and last *ut not least twent" thousand Amerian seamen
had *een !ressed into servie and were slaves on shi!s that were forei$n, En$land es!eiall" laimin$ the
ri$ht to searh Amerian shi!s and !ress into servie all men found on *oard who were En$lish *" *irth,
thou$h Amerian *" hoie and ado!tion.
@/ne a su*Det alwa"s a su*Det,@ said %reat Britain, *ut our answer in 1J13 was as it is nowG an" forei$ner
after five "earsC residene within our territor", who has om!lied with our naturali>ation laws and taken the
oath of alle$iane to our fla$, *eomes one of our iti>ens as om!letel" as if he were native *orn.
)his war is sometimes s!oken of as a @leaderless war,@ *ut $reat leaders ame out of it. )he names of .ull,
5err", and 1awrene are memora*le in its histor"B it was the war whih made Andrew Jakson, known as
@/ld .ikor",@ 5resident of the 'nited States in 1J3J. You will read the stor" of his $reat vitor" in the
Battle of New /rleans.
Some da" "ou will read the life stor" of (avid %las$ow Farra$ut of whom it is said that, with the e?e!tion
of Nelson, the $reat En$lish admiral, @he was as $reat an admiral as ever sailed the *road or narrow seas.@
Althou$h the $reat work of Farra$ut was in the 0ivil -ar, the stor" of his life *e$an in the -ar of 1J13
when he was *ut ten "ears old. Admiral Farra$ut is re!orted as $ivin$ this e?!lanation, in the late "ears of his
life, of his suess in the servie of his ountr"
@#t was all owin$ to a resolution that # formed when # was ten "ears old. &" father was sent to New /rleans
with the little nav" we had, to look after the treason of Burr. # aom!anied him as a*in+*o". # had some
Aualities that # thou$ht made a man of me. # ould swear like an old salt, ould drink as stiff a $lass of $ro$ as
if # had dou*led 0a!e .orn, and ould smoke like a loomotive. # was $reat at ards, and was fond of
$am*lin$ in ever" sha!e. At the lose of dinner one da", m" father turned ever"*od" out of the a*in, loked
the door, and said to meG
@(avid, what do "ou mean to *eH@
@C# mean to follow the sea,C # said.@
<330=
@CFollow the seaSC e?laimed m" fatherB C"es, *e a !oor, misera*le, drunken sailor *efore the mast, kiked and
uffed a*out the world, and die in some fever hos!ital in a forei$n limeHC
@CNo, father,C # re!lied, C# will tread the Auarter+dek, and ommand as "ou doSC
@CNo, (avidB no *o" ever trod the Auarter+dek with suh !rini!les as "ou have, and suh ha*its as "ou
e?hi*it. You will have to han$e "our whole ourse of life if "ou ever *eome a man.C
@&" father left me and went on dek. # was stunned *" the re*uke, and overwhelmed with mortifiation. CA
!oor, misera*le, drunken sailor *efore the mast, kiked and uffed a*out the world, and die in some fever
hos!italSC )hatCs m" fate is itH #Cll han$e m" life, and # will han$e it at one. # will never utter another oath,
never drink another dro! of into?iatin$ liAuor, never $am*le, and as %od is m" witness # have ke!t these
three vows to this hour.@
T"e Star S%a&le# Baer
)he sun is slowl" sinkin$ in the west. )he men of the arm" and nav" are drawn u! at attention. At ever" fort,
arm" !ost, and nav" "ard, and on ever" Amerian *attle+shi! at home or a*road, the fla$ of our ountr" is
fl"in$ at full mast. )he sunset $un will soon *e fired, and ni$ht will follow the da" as darkness follows the
li$ht. All is read", the si$nal is $iven, the men salute, and the fla$ to the *andCs aom!animent of @)he Star
S!an$led Banner@ slowl" desends for the ni$ht to *e folded and ke!t for the mornin$Cs hoistin$.
@And the Star S!an$led Banner in trium!h shall wave
-hile the land of the free is the home of the *rave.@
#n the emeter" of &t. /livet, near Frederik, &d., there is a s!ot where the fla$ of our ountr" is never
lowered. #t is kee!in$ wath *" ni$ht as *" da" over the $rave of Franis Sott 2e", author of @)he Star
S!an$led Banner.@ .e was *orn in Frederik 0ount", &d., Au$ust 1, 1II7, and died in Baltimore, Januar"
11, 1J:3.
)he 0on$ress of the 'nited States has never formall" ado!ted @)he Star S!an$led Banner@ as a national
anthem, *ut it has *eome suh throu$h the reo$nition <331= $iven to it *" the arm" and nav". #t is !la"ed
on all state oasions at home or a*road and is the res!onse of our *ands at all international $atherin$s. #n the
theatre, at a !u*li meetin$, or at a *anAuet++whenever it is !la"ed, the !eo!le rise and remain standin$ to the
end as a tri*ute to the fla$ of our ountr".
)he !oem itself is desri!tive of what the author saw and felt on the ni$ht of Se!tem*er 13, 1J1:, as he
wathed the *om*ardment of Fort &.enr" *" the British durin$ the -ar of 1J13. )he it" of -ashin$ton
had *een saked, *om*arded, and *urned *" the British, and now in their marh of destrution, the" were
*om*ardin$ the fort to $ain entrane to BaltimoreCs har*or, in whih it" the" had !ur!osed to s!end the
winter. -e an well ima$ine the Do" of 2e"Cs heart, the son of a Revolutionar" !atriot, held in ustod" on a
British *attle+shi!, to see in the mornin$ @that our fla$ was still there,@ and to know, therefore, that there was
still ho!e for our ountr".
@)hen onAuer we must, when our ause it is Dust,
And this *e our motto, C#n %od is our )rustC.@
T"e Birt" of Ne. States
)he histor" of the fift"+si? "ears *etween 1IJ7 and 1J:; is marked *" the develo!ment of new states formed
out of the territorial settlement of the wilderness. )he !eo!le of our ountr" have alwa"s *een !ioneerin$,
$oin$ ahead of ivili>ation, so to s!eak, *ut alwa"s takin$ it with them. Souts the" have *een in ever" sense
of the word. Followin$ the rivers, learin$ the forests, fordin$ the streams, *ravin$ the dan$ers, livin$ the
wild life++*rave men and womenS
)he first state to ome into the 'nion of the thirteen ori$inal states was 4ermont, the @%reen &ountain@ state
L1I71MB ne?t ame 2entuk" L1I73M, the @Blue %rass@ state, the home of (aniel Boone, the $reat hunter and
!ioneer. Four "ears later, L1I7KM ame )ennessee, the @4olunteer@ state, reeivin$ this name *eause of its
lar$e num*er of volunteer soldiers for the Seminole war and the -ar of 1J13B ne?t omes /hio L1J03M, the
@Buke"e,@ so alled *eause of the lar$e num*er of *uke"e trees, the nut of whih *ears some resem*lane
to a *ukCs e"e. )his is the first state to *e formed out of the !u*li domain, known at this time as the
@Northwest )erritor".@ )he land ordinane *ill of 1IJ; and the homestead at of 1JK3 <333= relate to the
develo!ment and settlement of the !u*li domain, the first *ein$ a !lan of surve" a!!lied to all !u*li lands
owned *" the 'nited States $overnmentB the other *ein$ a law *" whih the !ossession of these lands was
made !ossi*le to settlers.
Followin$ /hio into the 'nion ame 1ouisiana L1J13M, the @0reole@ state whose !eo!le were desendants of
the ori$inal Frenh and S!anish settlers. )his was the first state to *e formed west of the &ississi!!i, and
New /rleans, its hief it", known as the @0resent 0it",@ is one of the oldest in our ountr" and full of
histori interest.
After the -ar of 1J13 the new states *e$an to ome in ra!idl". )he admission of #ndiana L1J1KM, @)he
.oosier@B &ississi!!i L1J1IM, the @Ba"ou@B #llinois, the @5rairie@ L1J1JMB Ala*ama L1J17M, the @0otton,@ show
that the !ioneer settlements of our !eo!le had *een losin$ in alon$ the *anks of the /hio and the &ississi!!i
Rivers.
-e now $o *ak to the far East, for the state of &aine, our @5ine )ree@ state, has now *een develo!ed, and
its admission L1J30M om!letes the oast line of states as far south as %eor$ia. )he ne?t state admitted is
&issouri L1J31M, the @#ron,@ followed *" Arkansas, the @Bear@ L1J3KM, to *e followed in turn *" &ihi$an
L1J3KM, the @1ake@ or @-olverine@ state, the thirteenth state to *e admittedB and the stars in our fla$ are now
dou*led.
)he first ensus of the 'nited States was taken in 1I70, and the 0onstitution !rovided that it must *e taken
ever" ten "ears thereafter. #n that "ear, the order of states in rank of !o!ulation was as followsG 4ir$inia first,
5enns"lvania seond, North 0arolina third, &assahusetts fourth, and New York fifth.
)he ensus of 1J30 makes a deided han$e, we find, in the order of !o!ulation, and New York omes first,
4ir$inia seond, 5enns"lvania third, North 0arolina fourth, /hio fifth, 2entuk" si?th, and &assahusetts
seventh.
)he states of Florida and )e?as ame into the 'nion in the same "ear++the one &arh 3 and the other
(eem*er 37, 1J:;B and there*" han$s a tale. #t had *een laimed *" our $overnment that )e?as was
inluded in the 1ouisiana 5urhase of 1J03B *ut the &e?ians laimed it also, and, in 1J17, in order to lose
the deal for the !urhase of Florida, our $overnment was o*li$ed to relinAuish its laim to )e?as. At this time
the !ossession of Florida was more desira*le and neessar" to the !eae of our ountr" than the <333=
!ossession of )e?asB it was under S!anish rule, overrun with outlaws and a most undesira*le nei$h*or,
*esides *ein$ ver" neessar" to the roundin$ out of our oast territor".
T"e Me?ica $ar
)he anne?ation and admission of )e?as into the 'nion in 1J:; ame a*out throu$h the !ioneerin$ and
settlement of our !eo!le in her territor"B where at first welomed and enoura$ed *" the &e?ians, the" were
later delu$ed in *lood. )he s!irit of Amerianism $rew ram!ant under the *ar*ari and militar" des!otism of
the &e?ian $overnment, and in 1J3; there was an u!risin$ of the settlers led *" a !ioneer, an e?+$overnor
of )ennessee, %en. Samuel .ouston, the man for whom the it" of .ouston, )e?as, was named. At this time
there were a*out ten thousand Amerians in )e?as, and on &arh 3, 1J3K, throu$h their re!resentatives in
onvention assem*led, these Amerians in true Revolutionar" s!irit delared )e?as an inde!endent re!u*li.
)he &e?ian $overnment tried to !ut down this re*ellion, *ut met with a rushin$ defeat, and )e?as, the
@1one Star@ state, remained an inde!endent re!u*li u! to the time of her anne?ation and admission as a state
of the 'nion.
)he ause of the war with &e?io, then, was her resentment *eause )e?as *e$an to move for anne?ation to
the 'nited States. )he fat that )e?as had *een for man" "ears an inde!endent re!u*li and *een so
reo$ni>ed *" the 'nited States, %reat Britain, Frane, and some smaller ountries, $ave )e?as the ri$ht on
her !art to ask for anne?ation, and the 'nited States the ri$ht to anne? her. But in order to *rin$ )e?as into
the 'nion and save her !eo!le from the &e?ians, the 'nited States was o*li$ed to delare war a$ainst
&e?io. )his she did &a" 13, 1J:;, althou$h )e?as was not admitted as a state until (eem*er 37th of that
"ear. )he war lasted nearl" three "ears, !eae *ein$ delared Fe*ruar" 3, 1J:J. As an outome of the war the
!eaeful !ossession of )e?as was seured, and also !ossession of the territor" of 0alifornia, Nevada, 'tah,
Ari>ona, and a !art of 0olorado and New &e?io, for whih territor", however, our $overnment in final
settlement !aid &e?io, O1;,000,000.
Ne. StatesBB3<89B3<:3
(urin$ the &e?ian -ar, #owa L1J:KM, the @.awke"e@ state, ame into the 'nion, followed *" the state of
-isonsin L1J:JM, <33:=the @Bad$er.@ Ne?t omes the stor" of the @Fort"+niners,@ and 0alifornia L1J;0M, the
@%olden State,@ enters the 'nionB and then omes &innesota L1J;JM, the @North Star@ State, and the %reat
1akes are walled in, this state om!letin$ the iruit. /re$on, L1J;7M, the @Beaver@ follows, then the @%arden
of the -est,@ 2ansas L1JK1M, and the 0ivil -ar is u!on us. /f ourse, we do not mean to sa" that 2ansas was
the ause of the 0ivil -ar, althou$h it had muh to do with it.
T"e Ci,il $arBB3<:3B3<:9
)he 0ivil -ar was a war *etween states, in the $overnment of the 'nited States *etween states that were
slave and states that were free.
)he ri$hts of !ro!ert" ownershi! are involved in state ri$hts, and slaves held as !ro!ert" in slave+holdin$
states were not reo$ni>ed as suh in states that were free. )herefore, the !rini!le of slaver" *eame
involved not alone in the individual ownershi! of slaves, *ut also in the ri$hts of a state, and the relationshi!
of states to eah other in the $overnment of the 'nited States.
At the lose of the Revolutionar" -ar, one of the first thin$s to *e settled was the *oundaries as *etween
states of the land om!risin$ the thirteen ori$inal statesB and as an outome of this settlement, there ame into
!ossession of the 'nited States all of that territor" eded *" %reat Britain in 1IJ3, whih was not inluded in
the *oundaries of those states. )his territor", in *rief, ma" *e desri*ed as the territor" east of the
&ississi!!i, and north and south of the /hio RiverB and out of this territor" and that west of the &ississi!!i
added later L1J03M throu$h the 1ouisiana 5urhase, most of the new states were formed that ame into the
'nion *efore the 0ivil -ar. And this was the *e$innin$ of what is known as the @!u*li domain@++that is,
land owned *" the Federal %overnment.
#n 1IJ;, 0on$ress !assed a law whih has *eome $eneral in its a!!liation to all !u*li lands of the 'nited
States. #t is a law for the uniform surve" of !u*li lands into townshi!s si? miles sAuare, su*divided into
setions ontainin$ K:0 ares, and Auarter setions ontainin$ 1K0 ares. )he !ur!ose of the $overnment in
makin$ this surve" was to make !u*li lands in the territories of the $overnment eas" of settlement, and as
the townshi!s *eame settled, to develo! in them the loal townshi! form of $overnment.
<33;=
)he territor" north of the /hio River was desi$nated the @Northwest )erritor".@ As soon as the !u*li lands
in this territor" were thrown o!en to settlers, the" *e$an to !our in. #ndeed, in man" instanes, the" went
ahead of the surve".
)he ne?t ste! taken *" 0on$ress was to !ass a law, in 1IJI, for the $overnment and !rotetion of those
settlers in this Northwest )erritor", and in this law 0on$ress made !rovision that slaver" should *e
!rohi*ited. )herefore, states formed in this territor" had to ome into the 'nion as free states. )his was a
restrition of slaver", however, whih did not a!!l" to the territor" south of the /hio, nor west of the
&ississi!!iB so that when a new state ame into the 'nion, formed out of either one of these territories, it
*eame a $reat !olitial fator in our $overnment either for or a$ainst slaver".
#n the !assin$ of the "ears, man" han$es were takin$ !lae in our $overnment, *ut there ame a time when
the !eo!le *e$an to reali>e that slaver" was s!readin$ and that our $overnment was !olitiall" divided
*etween states that were slave and states that were free++or, in other words, that in the !rini!le of slaver" the
!eae and !reservation of the 'nion were involved.
And thus it ha!!ened that the slave+holdin$ states, not *ein$ a*le to live at !eae in the 'nion, deided to $o
out of it, and live *" themselves. )he ri$ht of a state to leave the 'nion was alled @the ri$ht of seession@++a
ri$ht whih the North held did not e?ist under the 0onstitution.
Nevertheless, one *" one, under the leadershi! of South 0arolina, (eem*er 30, 1JK0, the slave+holdin$
states announed their seession, either *" at of state le$islature or in onvention assem*ledB and on
Fe*ruar" :, 1JK1, there had *een formed in our $overnment a Southern onfedera". At this time the whole
num*er of states in the 'nion was thirt"+two, and of this num*er eleven entered the Southern onfedera".
)he first shot was fired *" the Southern onfedera" on A!ril 13, 1JK1, a$ainst Fort Sumter, a fortifiation of
the Federal %overnment over whih floated the stars and stri!es. )he war lasted four "ears, endin$ on A!ril
7, 1JK;, when Ro*ert E. 1ee, ommander+in+hief of the arm" of the Southern onfedera", surrendered to
'l"sses S. %rant, ommander+in+hief of the Federal arm".
A1ra"am *icol
)he entral fi$ure in the 0ivil -ar is A*raham 1inoln++in heart, *rain, and harater, not onl" one of our
$reatest Amerians, *ut one of the worldCs $reatest men.
<33K=
1inoln was *orn Fe*ruar" 13, 1J07, in .ardin 0ount", 2entuk". .is !arents had ome to this then !ioneer
state from 4ir$inia, and his $randfather, whose 0hristian name he *ore, moved there as earl" as 1IJ1, where,
a few "ears later, he was killed *" the #ndians while tr"in$ to make a home in the forest. -hen 1inoln was
ei$ht "ears old, his !eo!le moved to the new state of #ndiana a*out the time it ame into the 'nion, and there
he lived until he was twent"+one, when he went to #llinois, from whih state, eventuall", he was eleted
5resident.
#n 1J;7, when he was *e$innin$ to $ain some reo$nition as a national fi$ure, he was asked to write a little
sketh of his life, and in the letter enlosin$ it he saidG @)here is not muh of it, for the reason, # su!!ose,
there is not muh of me.@ #n this sketh, whih is indeed *rief, he tells us he was raised to farm work until he
was twent"+twoB that u! to that time he had had little eduationB and when he *eame of a$e he did not know
muh *e"ond readin$, writin$, and i!herin$ to the @rule of three.@ .e lerked for one "ear in a store and was
eleted and served as a!tain of the volunteers in the Blak .awk -arB later on he ran for the state
le$islature L1J33M and was defeated, thou$h suessful in the three sueedin$ eletions. -hile in the state
le$islature, he studied law and later went to S!rin$field to !ratise it. )he onl" other !u*li offie he makes
note of is his eletion to the lower house of 0on$ress for one term L1J:KM. .e returned to S!rin$field and
took u! more earnestl" the stud" and !ratie of lawB he entered with s!irit into the !olitial am!ai$ns, and
onstantl" was $rowin$ in !u*li esteem. .is !u*li de*ates with (ou$las L1J;JM made him a familiar fi$ure
throu$hout the state of #llinois, and his !rofound knowled$e and masterful handlin$ of Auestions de*ated, his
onvinin$ and unanswera*le ar$uments, his lear $ras! of the !olitial situation, *e$an to $ain the attention
of Eastern !olitiians, onvinin$ them and the ountr" at lar$e that the" had a mi$ht" fore to rekon with
in the !rairie state of #llinois.
Althou$h he lost the eletion to the 'nited States Senate, and (ou$las won, the am!ai$n had !ushed him to
the front as a national fi$ure, and !aved the wa" for his !residential nomination.
#n 1JK0, at the Re!u*lian onvention assem*led in 0hia$o, A*raham 1inoln was nominated for 5resident.
#n Novem*er he was eleted and &arh :, 1JK1, he was inau$urated. .is address at this time was an earnest
!lea for !eae and friendshi! <33I= *etween the North and the SouthG @-e are not enemies *ut friends. -e
must not *e enemies. )hou$h !assion ma" have strained, it must not *reak our *ond of affetion.@
But the war tide was risin$ and ould not *e stemmedB four "ears of *itter onflit ensued. 1inolnCs
emani!ation of the slaves was made onl" after he had onvined himself it ould not *e lon$er deferred and
!reserve the 'nion. @&" !aramount dut",@ he said, @is to save the 'nion, and not either to destro" or save
slaver". -hat # do a*out slaver" and the olored rae, # do *eause # *elieve it hel!s to save the 'nionB and
what # for*ear, # for*ear *eause # do not *elieve it would save the 'nion.@ .is Emani!ation 5rolamation,
offiiall" freein$ the slaves, was finall" issued in Se!tem*er, 1JK3, to take effet Jan, 1st of the followin$
"ear.
1inoln was eleted to the 5residen" for the seond term and inau$urated &arh :, 1JK;, while the war was
still on. .is seond inau$ural address loses with these words with whih ever" *o" should *e familiar,
voiin$ as the" do the e?alted s!irit of a $reat and $ood manG
-ith malie toward none, with harit" for all, with firmness in the ri$ht, as %od $ives us to see the
ri$ht, let us strive on to finish the work we are inB to *ind u! the nationCs woundsB to are for him who
shall have *orne the *attle, and for his widow and for his or!hanB to do all whih ma" ahieve and
herish a Dust and lastin$ !eae amon$ ourselves, and with all nations.
)he war ended on A!ril 7th of this same "ear, and on A!ril 1:th, the 5resident, wear" with the ares of state,
*ut with the *urden of the war louds lifted, had $one to FordCs )heatre in -ashin$ton for an evenin$Cs
entertainment and !leasure, aom!anied *" &rs. 1inoln. )he *o? whih the 5resident ou!ied had *een
most ela*oratel" deorated with the fla$ of the ountr". .is omin$ had *een heralded a*road and the
audiene that had assem*led in his honor was lar$e, *rilliant, and Do"ousl" ha!!" over the assured
!reservation of the 'nion. #n the midst of the !la", the assassin, J. -ilkes Booth, entered the *o? and fired
the fatal shot. )he *od" of the *leedin$ 5resident was taken to a house aross the street where the ne?t
mornin$ at IG30 oClok he died. )hus the emani!ator of the slave, the friend of the whole !eo!le and the
savior of our ountr" died, a mart"r to the ause of freedom.
-ashin$ton has *een alled @the aristorat,@ and 1inoln @the man of the !eo!le.@ )he one had ulture,
wealth, and soial !ositionB the other laked all of these in his earl" "ears. 1inolnCs earl" life was radled in
the woods, and all of life out of doors had *een his in the new and !ioneer states of the <33J= wilderness. .e
$rew u! not knowin$ man" !eo!le, *ut somehow in his u!+omin$ there was develo!ed in his life a $reat
heart full of tenderness and kindl" feelin$. (ou*tless it was the ver" hardshi!s of life that made him what he
was. At an" rate, he was one of the $reatest and no*lest fi$ures in all histor". .e was alled @.onest A*e@ *"
those who knew him *eause alwa"s, even in little thin$s, he wanted to see !erfet Dustie doneB and thus it
was, when he ame to thin$s of lar$e im!ortane, that the man was onl" a *o" $rown tall, not onl" in stature
*ut in the thin$s that make for ri$hteousness in a nation.
T"e S%ais"BAmerica $arBB3<<=
)he war with S!ain was not of this ountr"Cs seekin$. )he island of 0u*a, whose distress had aroused the
s"m!ath" of the whole world, was our near nei$h*or, and to sit idl" *" and witness the inhuman treatment
!ratised *" the S!anish soldier" u!on the hel!less islanders would hardl" *e a !art redita*le to an" !eo!le.
#t was not our intention at first to do other than to relieve the sufferin$ and distress of 0u*a, near at hand, and
this we tried to do !eaea*l" in the su!!l"in$ of food and other neessities of life.
As the ne?t ste!, the 'nited States sent a remonstrane to S!ain tellin$ her she should send a more humane
$overnor to the island. But as matters $rew worse instead of *etter, even under a han$e of $overnors, the
s"m!ath" of the 'nited States *eame dail" more dee!l" enlisted in the freedom of the 0u*ans.
)he *attleshi! &aine was sent to .avana .ar*or to !rotet, if need *e, the Amerians and Amerian interests
in 0u*a. /n the ni$ht of Fe*ruar" 1;th, 1J7J, an e?!losion ourred, sinkin$ the shi! almost immediatel".
-ith the destrution of the &aine++whether *" aident or intent++with the a!!allin$ loss of two hundred and
fift"+si? men, inludin$ two offiers, relations with S!ain *eame more and more strained, until war seemed
inevita*le. /n A!ril 11, 1J7J, 5resident &2inle" in a s!eial messa$e to 0on$ress, saidG @#n the name of
humanit" and ivili>ation, the war in 0u*a must sto!.@
-ar indeed was formall" delared A!ril 3;th, and in the *rief s!ae of one hundred and fourteen da"s histor"
had added to its annalsG the *lokadin$ of 0u*an !orts where*" the S!anish fleet was tra!!edB the invasion
and sie$e of the island *" 'nited States re$ulars, volunteers, and rou$h ridersB the <337= destrution of the
5aifi S!anish fleet in &anila Ba" *" Admiral (ewe"B and, finall", the destrution of the remainder of the
S!anish fleet under ommand of Admiral 0ervera, Sunda" mornin$, Jul" 3d. )he final outome of this war
was the freedom of 0u*a and the !ossession *" the 'nited States of 5orto Rio, %uam, and the 5hili!!ine
#slands.
+eace
)here is no ountr" in the world less warlike than ours, and no ountr" in the world that more !otentl" ar$ues
for universal !eae. -e have never de!arted from the s!irit of our (elaration of #nde!endene, @that all men
are reated eAualB that the" are endowed *" their 0reator with ertain inaliena*le ri$htsB that amon$ these are
life, li*ert", and the !ursuit of ha!!iness.@ -e !ut it into our 0onstitution when we said, @in order to form a
more !erfet union, esta*lish Dustie, insure domesti tranAuillit", !rovide for the ommon defene, !romote
the $eneral welfare, and seure the *lessin$s of li*ert" to ourselves and our !osterit"@ we @do ordain and
esta*lish this 0onstitution for the 'nited States of Ameria.@ Suh has *een, then, and alwa"s must *e, our
!ro$ramme++the hart and om!ass of all our wa"s.
T"e America Fla&
<* star for e#er! state and a state for e#er! star.<
)he fla$ of oneCs ountr" is its dearest !ossession++em*lem of home, and ountr", and native land. )his is
what one thinks and feels when he sees the fla$, and this is what it means. /ur fla$ is the em*lem of li*ert"++
the em*lem of ho!e++the em*lem of !eae and $ood+will toward men.
)here is a stor", Auite $enerall" *elieved, that the first fla$ was !lanned and made in 1IIK *" Bets" Ross,
who ke!t an u!holster" sho! on Arh Street, 5hiladel!hia, and that this, a "ear later, was ado!ted *"
0on$ress. )he s!eial ommittee a!!ointed to desi$n a national fla$ onsisted of %eor$e -ashin$ton, Ro*ert
&orris, and 0ol. %eor$e Ross, unle of the late hus*and of Bets" Ross. )he star that the ommittee deided
u!on had si? !oints, *ut &rs. Ross advised the five+!ointed star, whih has ever sine *een used in the
'nited States fla$. )he fla$ thus desi$ned was olored *" a loal artist, and from this olored o!" Bets"
Ross made the first Amerian fla$.
-hen -ashin$ton was in ommand at 0am*rid$e, in Januar", 1IIK, the fla$ used *" him onsisted of a
*anner of <3:0= thirteen red and white stri!es with the British 'nion Jak in the u!!er left+hand omer.
)he Bets" Ross house has *een !urhased *" the Amerian Fla$ .ouse and Bets" Ross &emorial
Assoiation, and is !ointed out as one of the interestin$ historial !laes in 5hiladel!hia.
)he offiial histor" of our fla$ *e$ins on June 1:, 1III, when the Amerian 0on$ress ado!ted the followin$
resolution !ro!osed *" John AdamsG
ResolvedG )hat the fla$ of the thirteen 'nited States *e thirteen
stri!es, alternate red and whiteG that the 'nion *e thirteen stars,
white on a *lue field, re!resentin$ a new onstellation.
@-e take,@ said -ashin$ton, @the star from .eaven, the red from our mother ountr", se!aratin$ it *" white
stri!es, thus showin$ that we have se!arated from her, and the white stri!es shall $o down to !osterit"
re!resentin$ li*ert".@
#n desi$nin$ the fla$ there was muh disussion as to the arran$ement of the stars in the field of *lue. #t was
thou$ht at one time that a new stri!e as well as a new star should *e added for eah new state admitted to the
'nion. #ndeed, in 1I7:, 0on$ress !assed an at to the effet that on and after &a" 1, 1I7;, @the fla$ of the
'nited States *e fifteen stri!es, alternate red and whiteB and that the union *e fifteen stars, white in a field of
*lue.@ )hese additional stars and stri!es were for the states of 4ermont and 2entuk".
)he im!ratia*ilit" of addin$ a stri!e for eah state was a!!arent as other states *e$an to *e admitted.
&oreover, the fla$ of fifteen stri!es, it was thou$ht, did not !ro!erl" re!resent the 'nionB therefore, on A!ril
1:, 1J1J, after a !eriod of twent"+one "ears in whih the fla$ of fifteen stri!es had *een used, 0on$ress
!assed an at whih finall" fi?ed the $eneral fla$ of our ountr", whih reads as followsG
A Act to Esta1lis" t"e Fla& of t"e Uite# States(
Se. 1. Be it enated, et.. )hat from and after the fourth da" of Jul" ne?t, the fla$ of the 'nited States *e
thirteen hori>ontal stri!es, alternate red and whiteB that the union have twent" stars, white in a *lue field.
Se. 3. Be it further enated, that, on the admission of ever" new state into the union, one star *e added to the
union of the fla$B and that suh addition shall take effet on the fourth da" of Jul" sueedin$ suh
admission.
Fla& Day
June 1:th, the anniversar" of the ado!tion of the fla$, is ele*rated as fla$ da" in man" of our states.
<3:1=
#n order to show !ro!er res!et for the fla$, the followin$ rules should *e o*servedG
#t should not *e hoisted *efore sunrise nor allowed to remain u! after sunset.
At @retreat,@ sunset, ivilian s!etators should stand at attention and $ive the militar" salute.
-hen the national olors are !assin$ on !arade or review, the s!etators should, if walkin$, halt, and if
sittin$, rise and stand at attention and unover.
-hen the fla$ is flown at half staff as a si$n of mournin$ it should *e hoisted to full staff at the onlusion of
the funeral. #n !lain$ the fla$ at half mast, it should first *e hoisted to the to! of the staff and then lowered
to !osition, and !reliminar" to lowerin$ from half staff it should first *e raised to to!.
/n &emorial (a", &a" 30th, the fla$ should fl" at half mast from sunrise until noon, and full staff from
noon to sunset.
L)aken from the @Sons of the Revolution,@ state of New York.M
T"e ScoutAs +le#&e to t"e Fla&
@# !led$e alle$iane to m" fla$
and to the re!u*li for whih it standsB
one nation indivisi*le,
with li*ert" and Dustie for all.@
Co&ress
)he 0on$ress of the 'nited States is its law+makin$ *od", and is om!osed of the Senate and .ouse of
Re!resentatives. Senators are eleted for si? "ears, two from eah stateB re!resentatives for two "ears, eah
state *ein$ re!resented in !ro!ortion to its !o!ulation. )he 4ie+!resident of the 'nited States is the
!resident of the Senate, and the !residin$ offier of the .ouse of Re!resentatives is hosen *" the mem*ers
from their num*erB he is alled the s!eaker. )he salar" of the senators and re!resentatives is OI,;00 a "ear
and 30 ents !er mile is allowed for travelin$ to and from -ashin$ton. )he s!eakerCs salar" is O13,000 a
"ear.
T"e +resi#et
)he 5resident is eleted for a term of four "ears. .e lives durin$ his term of offie at the -hite .ouse, where
!residential ree!tions and soial affairs of state are held. )he 5residentCs offies are onneted with the
-hite .ouse. .ere he reeives his allers and here the meetin$s of his 0a*inet are held. )he salar" of the
5resident is OI;,000, a "ear.
T"e Ca1iet
)he mem*ers of the 0a*inet are the offiers and heads of the several de!artments of the administrative
$overnment. <3:3= )he" are a!!ointed *" the 5resident with the advie and onsent of the Senate. )he
mem*ers of the 0a*inet are as followsG seretar" of state, seretar" of the treasur", seretar" of war, attorne"
$eneral, !ostmaster $eneral, seretar" of the nav", seretar" of the interior, seretar" of a$riulture, seretar"
of ommere and la*or. )he mem*ers of the 0a*inet are suh men as the 5resident *elieves are Aualified to
serve durin$ his administration of offie, and are usuall" mem*ers of the same !olitial !art" as the
5resident.
Uite# States Courts
)he Su!reme 0ourt of the 'nited States is at -ashin$ton, (. 0., *ut there are other ourts of the 'nited
States held in the several states, alled distrit ourts.
$as"i&to' D( C(
)he a!itol at -ashin$ton is the home of 0on$ress, and the Su!reme 0ourt. )he 1i*rar" of 0on$ress, the
)reasur", Arm" and Nav", 5ension, 5ost+offie, and man" other *uildin$s of !u*li harater are loated in
-ashin$ton. )hese durin$ ertain hours are o!en to visitors.
T"e Army
)he 5resident, in aordane with the 0onstitution, is ommander+in+hief of the arm" and nav" of the
'nited States and of the militia of the several states when alled to the atual servie of the 'nited States.
)he law !rovides that the total stren$th of the arm" shall not e?eed at an" one time 100,000. As now
or$ani>ed L1710M the total stren$th of the staff and line is IK,711 not inludin$ the !rovisional fore and the
hos!ital or!s. )hese fi$ures inlude the 5orto Rio Re$iment of #nfantr", the Servie Shool (etahments,
the &ilitar" Aadem" Loffiers, soldiers and adetsM, the #ndian Souts, ;3,000 native souts in the 5hili!!ine
#slands, 173 First 1ieutenants of the &edial Reserve 0or!s on ative dut", and 11,III reruits, et. )he" do
not inlude the veterinar" sur$eons, the offiers of the &edial Reserve 0or!s not on ative dut", nor the
retired offiers and enlisted men of the arm". )he a!!ro!riation for the maintenane of the arm" for the "ear
1707+10 was O100,330,1J1.
Militia
)he law of our ountr" states that in time of war ever" a*le+*odied male iti>en, *etween the a$es of
ei$hteen and fort"+five, <3:3= shall *e ounted a mem*er of the state militia. )he state militia is divided into
two lassesG one, the or$ani>ed, known as the national $uardB and the other the unor$ani>ed, known as the
reserve militia.
)he mem*ershi! of the national $uard is voluntar". /ne ma" Doin or not, as he hooses, e?e!t that in some
states the law reAuires that students at the state universit" shall reeive militar" trainin$ for at least a !art of
their universit" ourse, and durin$ that time the" are aounted a !art of the national $uard of the State. )he
$overnor of eah state holds the same relationshi! to the state militia as the 5resident to the arm" and nav"G
he is ommander+in+hief.
Military Aca#emy
)he 'nited States &ilitar" Aadem" is at -est 5oint, N. Y., on the .udson River. )he num*er of students is
limited to ;33, and a!!ointments to the aadem" are made in aordane with the rule whih !ermits eah
'nited States senator and eah on$ressman to have one re!resentative, and also $ives the 5resident the ri$ht
to make fort" a!!ointments at lar$e. 0andidates for a!!ointment must *e *etween the a$es of seventeen and
twent"+twoB must !ass the reAuired !h"sial e?aminationB also an e?amination in En$lish $rammar,
om!osition and literature, al$e*ra and $eometr", $eo$ra!h" and histor". )he ourse of instrution is four
"earsB the disi!line ver" strit. /nl" one leave of a*sene is $ranted durin$ the entire four "ears, and this
omes at the lose of the seond "ear. )he !a" is OI07.;0 !er "ear, and on $raduation a adet is
ommissioned a seond lieutenant. )o reeive an a!!ointment to -est 5oint, one must a!!l" to his 'nited
States senator or to a on$ressman in the state in whih he lives, or to the 5resident.
T"e Na,y
)he enlisted stren$th of the nav", as in the arm", is limited.
)he law allows :I,;00 men and a!!rentied seamen. )he num*er of offiers and enlisted men at the !resent
time is :K,J7J, and the annual e?!enditure for the su!!ort of the nav" at this date L1711M is a*out
O130,000,000.
Na,al Elistmet
)he enlistment of men in the 'nited States nav", as in the arm", is voluntar". )he term is four "ears. )o *e
eli$i*le for enlistment one must *e *etween the a$es of ei$hteen and <3::= twent"+two. .e must *e of $ood
moral harater, must !ass the !h"sial e?amination, must *e a*le to write En$lish, and take the oath of
alle$iane.
Na,al Militia
#n the (istrit of 0olum*ia and in twent" of the states we have what is known as the naval militia. )he
assistant seretar" of the nav" stands in a s!eial relation to the naval militia throu$h the $overnor and the
adDutant+$eneral of the several states. )he naval militia holds the same relationshi! to the nav" that the
national $uard does to the 'nited States arm".
Na,al Aca#emy
)he 'nited States Naval Aadem" is at Anna!olis, &d. )he students are alled midshi!men, and andidates
for a!!ointment must *e *etween the a$es of si?teen and twent". )he a!!ointment of andidates is made as
at -est 5oint++throu$h senators and on$ressmen and the 5resident, the onl" differene *ein$ in the num*er
of a!!ointments that ma" *e madeG eah senator and re!resentative ma" *e re!resented *" two midshi!men
at Anna!olis, while at -est 5oint he is re!resented *" *ut one adet. )he 5resident has the a!!ointment of
seven men to the Naval Aadem"++two from the (istrit of 0olum*ia and five from the 'nited States at
lar$e. .e ma" also a!!oint one from 5orto Rio, who must *e a native. )he midshi!menCs ourse is si?
"ears++four at Anna!olis, and two at sea. )he !a" is OK00 !er "ear.
Ci,il Ser,ice
#n the administration of the $overnment of the 'nited States, thousands of men and women are em!lo"ed in
the various offies at -ashin$ton, and are sometimes termed the $reat @!eae arm".@
#n one !eriod of our ountr"Cs histor", it was *elieved that eah 5resident, when he ame into offie, had the
ri$ht to turn out of offie ever" !erson em!lo"ed *" the $overnment in an" of its ivil de!artments, should it
!lease him to do so, and to !ut into offie his own friends or the friends of his !art". )his ri$ht was laimed
on the $round that @to the vitor *elon$ the s!oils@++a theor" of $overnment administration that has *een
severel" dealt with and reformed throu$h what is known as the @0ivil Servie At.@ )he 0ivil Servie At
was !assed <3:;= *" 0on$ress Januar" 1K, 1JJ3, and *" this at a ivil servie ommission was *rou$ht into
e?istene. )he three mem*ers of this ommission are a!!ointed *" the 5resident with onsent of the Senate,
not more than two of whom ma" *e mem*ers of the same !art". )hus, *" this ivil servie at, !ositions in
the $overnment servie are now o*tained for the most !art throu$h om!etitive e?aminations, and suh
!ositions are not affeted in an" wa" *" the inomin$ of a new 5resident or the a!!ointment of a new head of
a de!artment.
#n some states and in most of the lar$e ities ivil servie a!!ointments are now made throu$h om!etitive
e?aminations. An"one interested in learnin$ what !ositions ma" *e seured in the servie of the $overnment,
ma" a!!l" to the 0ivil Servie 0ommission at -ashin$ton, (. 0., or make inAuir" at the loal !ost+offie.
Forei& Ser,ice
)he forei$n servie of our $overnment is arried on throu$h the di!lomati or!s and the onsular servie. #n
the di!lomati or!s, we have am*assadors, envo"s, ministers, di!lomati a$ents, and seretariesB in the
onsular servie, onsuls $eneral, onsuls, and onsular a$ents.
/ur di!lomati re!resentatives a*road look after our interests as a nation in the famil" of nations. )he"
re!resent us soiall" as well as !olitiall" in the $reat forei$n a!itals of the world. )he" are reeived as our
re!resentatives of state, and it is their dut" to sustain and !romote $ood+will and friendl" feelin$ *etween us
and other nations. )he onsular servie is more diretl" res!onsi*le for our trade relationshi!s in the $reat
entres of the world. )hrou$h our forei$n servie, also, Amerians a*road, whether as tourists, or residents,
are !roteted in !erson and in !ro!ert" interests. A!!ointments to the forei$n servie are made *" the
5resident with the advie of the Senate.
As we send our re!resentatives a*road, so the ountries to whih our re!resentatives $o in turn send their
re!resentatives to us. #n the it" of -ashin$ton, one ma" see re!resentatives of all the !rini!al nations of the
earth livin$ there as am*assadors, for the !ur!ose of !romotin$ friendl" ommerial and !olitial
relationshi!s. )he seretar" of state is the re!resentative of our $overnment throu$h whose offie the $reat
work of the forei$n servie is diretl" arried on, and u!on him devolves therefore the $reat affairs of state
relationshi!s with other ountries. -hen our inde!endene as a nation was delared in 1IIK, it <3:K= was
im!ortant to $ain as Auikl" as !ossi*le from other nations a reo$nition of our inde!endene and of our
entrane into the famil" of nations. Frane was the first to $ive us reo$nition, and the first to enter into a
treat" relationshi!. Some of the most thrillin$ and interestin$ stories of our national life are to *e found in the
adventurous determination of our re!resentatives to $ain the reo$nition of our inde!endene as a nation
from the $reat !owers of the earth. )he name of BenDamin Franklin, sent to the ourt of Frane, stands at the
head of our di!lomati servieB and we ma" read with interest of the first a!!earane of our di!lomati
re!resentative, John Adams, at the ourt of %reat Britain. -hen we s!eak of ourt in this sense, we mean, of
ourse, the kin$Cs ourt++the !lae of meetin$++usuall" the throne room. #n our ountr", forei$n
re!resentatives are reeived *" the 5resident at the -hite .ouse, or *" the seretar" of state in his offie
a!artments. Some forei$n ountries have *uilt for their re!resentatives in -ashin$ton !alatial and *eautiful
residenes, over whih floats the fla$ of the ountr" to whih the !alae or residene *elon$s. /ur own
ountr" has alread" *e$un to make this residential !rovision for her re!resentatives a*road, and in time will
undou*tedl" own residenes in all of the !rini!al forei$n a!itals.
State !o,ermet
)he states of the 'nited States are not all alike either in onstitution or $overnment, althou$h there is a
likeness at man" !oints. For instane, eah state has a*out the same offiers, a $overnor, lieutenant+$overnor,
seretar" of state, treasurer, auditor, adDutant $eneral, su!erintendent of shools, et.
Eah state has its own state le$islatureG a senate to whih state senators are eleted, and a house of
re!resentatives sometimes alled the assem*l", to whih state re!resentatives or assem*l"men are eleted.
Eah state le$islature makes laws onl" for its own stateB therefore not all state laws are alike. #ndeed, there is
a $reat deal of individualit" to eah state, and ri$htl" so. As eah !erson has his own individualit", and as
eah famil" has its own harateristis, so eah state has an individualit" and harateristis !euliar to itself.
)he histor" of eah state reveals its harater, so also the limate, the hills, the valle"s, the mountains, the
!lains, the lakes, the rivers, the har*ors, the shools, the olle$es, the towns, the villa$es, and the ities within
its *orders, all hel! in formin$ the harater of a state.
<3:I=
To.s' -illa&es' a# Cities
)he $overnment of the town, or the villa$e, or the it" is alled loal $overnment. #t is $overnment lose at
hand++home $overnment. And out of the home $overnment of eah town, villa$e, and it" in a state must
ome, *" the votes of the !eo!le at the *allot+*o?, the men whom the" hoose as their re!resentatives, in the
$overnment of the state and the nation++for the !eo!le rule throu$h re!resentatives of their own hoosin$.
+olitics
#n ever" !residential eletion, the !eo!le, throu$h the rule of the maDorit", as determined *" the 0onstitution,
elet their hief ma$istrate, the 5resident, who *eomes the @first iti>en@ of the nation and is entitled @&r.
5resident.@ )he !eo!le of a state *" the same rule elet their hief ma$istrate and entitle him @.is E?ellen",
the %overnor@B he is the stateCs hief or leadin$ iti>en. )he !eo!le of the it" *" the same rule elet their
hief ma$istrate and entitle him @.is .onor, the &a"or,@ the it"Cs leadin$ iti>en. )he !eo!le of the town, in
the New En$land States, elet their hief offiers three to five men++and entitle them the @Seletmen@B
althou$h in towns of the middle and western states, the" are alled @Su!ervisors.@
So, likewise, the !eo!le in town, villa$e, and it" *" the same @rule of the maDorit"@ elet aldermen,
ounilmen, state senators, re!resentatives or assem*l"men, and on$ressmen.
And the state le$islatures in turn elet, aordin$ to the 0onstitution of the 'nited States, the stateCs 'nited
States senators, two in num*er. )hus, *" the rule of the maDorit", are all offiers of town, villa$e, and it",
ount" and state eleted, e?e!t suh few as are a!!ointed *" law to offies *" su!erior offiers, heads of
de!artments, *ureaus, or distrits of su!ervision or administration.
+ro%erty
)he ownershi! of !ro!ert", *oth real and !ersonal, and the !rotetion of that ownershi!, is made !ossi*le in
the or$ani>ation of soiet"++termed the $overnment++and in the !ower of that $overnment to make and
enfore its laws. Real !ro!ert" is the kind of !ro!ert" whih !ertains to land, the ownershi! of whih is
transferred from one !erson to another, either *" a deed reorded in the offie of the re$ister of deeds in the
ount" ourt house, or else transferred *" desent, or *" will throu$h the <3:J= administration of the ount"
ourt, usuall" alled the !ro*ate ourt. )his latter !roeedin$ is in the ase of the ownerCs death when his
!ro!ert" is divided *" the ourt and distri*uted to the heirs++the famil" or other relatives aordin$ to his
willB or in ase no will is left the law !rovides for the manner of its distri*ution.
T"e Re&ister of Dee#s2 Couty Court House
)he reord title, therefore, of all real !ro!ert" is to *e found in the offie of the re$ister of deeds in the
ount" ourt house. #t makes no differene what kind of real !ro!ert" it is, are !ro!ert" or it" !ro!ert",
here the title of ownershi! is alwa"s to *e found, the *ooks of reord *ein$ alwa"s o!en to the !u*li. )hus
when one *u"s a !iee of real !ro!ert", a home for instane, he should reeive from the owner a deed and an
a*strat of title, whih is a !a!er showin$ the title as it a!!ears on the reords, and this title when not
vouhed for as !erfet *" an a*strat title om!an", should *e !assed u!on *" a law"er in order that an" flaw
or defet therein ma" *e made ri$ht *efore the deed is !assed from one owner to another. #n some states,
however, the law does not reAuire the owner to furnish an a*strat. -hen the title is !roved or !ronouned
$ood, the deed should at one *e !laed on reord.
+ersoal +ro%erty
5ersonal !ro!ert" is that form of !ro!ert" whih in $eneral terms is stated as mova*le, suh as animals,
furniture, lothin$, tools, im!lements, mone", stoks, *onds, mort$a$es, et., the transfer of whih from one
owner to another is not as a rule a matter of !u*li reord, althou$h in the ase of a *ill of sale++sometimes
made of some forms of !ersonal !ro!ert"++the ount" reord ma" $ive evidene thereof. )herefore it is, that
in the matter of ta?ation, the ta? reord or assessment omes under two $eneral heads++a ta? on real !ro!ert"
and a ta? on !ersonal !ro!ert".
+ro%erty a# !o,ermet
#t is desira*le to *e a !ro!ert" owner so lon$ as the $overnment under whih one lives !rotets one in his
!ro!ert" ownershi!. )he $overnment must do two thin$sG it must !rotet the !erson and his !ersonal ri$hts as
a iti>en, and it must also !rotet !ro!ert" and the ri$hts of !ro!ert" ownershi! from enemies within, as from
without. #n order that this ma" <3:7= *e done and done in all fairness and Dustie, we elet some iti>ens to
make laws and term them le$islators. -e elet others to enfore or administer the laws, and term them
e?eutives++the 5resident, the $overnor, and the ma"or omin$ under this head. -e elet other iti>ens to
enfore and inter!ret the laws, and we term them Dud$es and offiers of the ourt. #n fat, it is a !rini!le in
our $overnment that no man or set of men shall have authorit" in all de!artments of $overnment, le$islative,
e?eutive, and Dudiial. You will see that the 0onstitution of the 'nited States is divided into these three
de!artments of $overnment, and the state onstitutions and it" harters are, as a rule, likewise divided.
You will understand that an" !ro!ert" "ou ma" o*tain will *e valua*le to "ou onl" in !ro!ortion as "ou are
!roteted in "our ri$hts of ownershi! *" the $overnment, and that the $overnment not onl" !rotets "our
!ro!ert", it also !rotets "our life and its interest as well as the life and interests of all other iti>ens.
)he *uildin$ and maintenane of shools and olle$es, li*raries, art and natural histor" museums, !arks,
!la"$rounds, hos!itals, et., are arried on at the e?!ense of the $overnment *" means of ta?ation, inasmuh
as these thin$s are in the interests of mankind and for its u!*uildin$. #n the it" the !rotetion of life and
!ro!ert" is found in one or the other of these different de!artmentsG !olie, fire, health, street leanin$, !arks,
water su!!l", et.B and ever" $ood iti>en should lend his hand to hel! in ever" wa" !ossi*le the enforement
of law in eah de!artment.
Citi/es"i%
#n an" form of $overnment, !ro*lems are ontinuall" arisin$ as to the ri$hts of !ro!ert" and the ri$hts of
!ersons, and it is well for us to remem*er this distintionG that the end of soiet" Land *" that term we mean
$overnmentM is not the !rotetion of !ro!ert", *ut rather the u!*uildin$ of mankind. #f we *ear this in mind
and at u!on it as a !rini!le in life, we shall find ourselves standin$ and votin$ on the ri$ht side of !u*li
Auestions. -e shall also *e a*le to mark the man in !rivate or !u*li life who shows *" his talk or his ations
that he thinks more of !ro!ert" ri$hts than he does of the ri$hts of individuals. An" *usiness that does not
*enefit soiet", *ut on the other hand de$rades it, whether run *" an individual or individuals in a firm,
om!an", or or!oration, is a *usiness that ou$ht *" the law to *e !ut out of e?istene. )his is wh" <3;0= the
*usiness of $am*lin$, for instane, is made unlawfulB also wh" the $overnment had the ri$ht to make lotteries
unlawfulB also wh" some states Lfor instane New YorkM have !assed laws makin$ *ook+makin$ at rae
traks unlawful. For all of these thin$s de$rade and do not u!*uild mankind. #t is for ever" one then, to a!!l"
this !rini!le to the town, villa$e or it" in whih he lives, and determine Dust what stand he will take as to
endorsin$ and !rotetin$ suh *usiness interests in his ommunit". /ne is likel" to find in an" ommunit"
men who seem to are nothin$ for an" interests other than their own. )he" stand for !ro!ert" ri$hts *eause
it is for their interest to do soB *ut for the ri$hts of mankind, the ri$hts of soiet", a!!arentl" the" are
nothin$. .ere is the distintion then *etween the $ood iti>en, and the *ad iti>en, the desira*le and @the
undesira*le@ iti>en.
+ractical Citi/es"i%
#n nearl" ever" town, villa$e, and it" of an" si>e or im!ortane, there is at least one individual, and usuall"
$rou!s of individuals, workin$ for the @*etterment of soiet".@ )he" are !eo!le who take an interest in the
!eo!le a*out them and do what the" an to im!rove the onditions of life in the ommunit". #f one were to
take a surve" of the whole ountr" and make a stud" of the soial workers++the men and the women who $ive
freel" of their time and of their mone" to make the world a *etter and ha!!ier !lae to live in++he would
ome to see that suh servie is a kind of servie that $rows out of the heart, and is the fruit of the kindl"
s!irit whih !rom!ts the @$ood turn dail".@
#n doin$ the @$ood turn dail",@ then, one has a*undant o!!ortunit" to do his !art toward the soial *etterment
of the ommunit" in whih he lives. )here are so man" wa"s that one hardl" knows what to write down as
the most im!ortant, *eause all are im!ortant. #t is not alone in *i$ thin$s, *ut in the little thin$s as well, that
the reall" $reat work is done.
)he ommunit"++the town, the villa$e, or the it" in whih one lives++has man" !ro*lems to solve. )he
streets in the ommunit" are alwa"s interestin$ and one an do muh in the streets to hel! kee! them lean,
attrative, and !leasin$, as well as safe for the !eo!le and horses !assin$ throu$h. #n a it" where there is a
lar$e !o!ulation the lives of the !eo!le are in $reater dan$er at all times than in the ountr", and that is the
reason wh" the it" has to *e so or$ani>ed in its $overnment that it an make s!eial laws, or ordinanes as
the" are <3;1= alled, for its own s!eial !rotetion a$ainst the dan$ers of it" life. )he !oliemen of a it",
wherever stationed in the da"time or in the ni$ht time, are there to !rotet the lives and !ro!ert" of
individuals, at street rossin$s, at !u*li *uildin$s, at theatres, in the !arks, and on !la"$roundsB and it is the
!rivile$e as well as the dut" of all iti>ens to hel! them in ever" wa" !ossi*le to do their work well. #n the
@$ood turn dail",@ one ma" *e a*le to hel! in more wa"s than one if he is on the lookout.
@A soutCs honor is to *e trusted@ to o*e" the laws and to see that the" are not diso*e"ed *" others. @A soutCs
dut" is to *e useful and to hel! others. .e must *e !re!ared at an" time to save life or to hel! inDured
!ersons.@ )here are often aidents in the streets++man" avoida*le ones++due sim!l" to arelessness. For
instane, some *o"s were areless and threw *roken $lass *ottles into the street, and a !assin$ automo*ile
ame to a standstill *eause of a !untured tire. )he man who owned the automo*ile and was drivin$ it $ot
out and alled one of the *o"s on the street to ome over to him. .e did not all this !artiular *o" *eause
he thou$ht he had thrown the $lass, *ut *eause he thou$ht he was a *o" who would a!!reiate what he
wanted to sa" to him. .e told the *o" that he had Dust had a new tire !ut on his mahine and a!!ealed to him
as to whether or not he thou$ht he had *een treated ri$ht throu$h the arelessness of the one who threw that
$lass into the street. )he *o" said no, he didnCt think he had *een, and, after a little more talk, added that he
would do all in his !ower in that nei$h*orhood to see that suh thin$s were ke!t out of the street in the future.
)hat *o" was in line for the makin$ of a first+lass sout, and the man to whom he had *een talkin$, *ein$ a
$ood sout ommissioner, had won the *o", *eause instead of *ein$ an$r", he had *een kind, ourteous, and
friendl"++all Aualifiations of a $ood sout.
@A sout is a friend to animals.@ @Yes,@ said a sta*le kee!er, @# have two $ood horses laid u!, eah inDured *"
ste!!in$ on a nail in a *oard in the street. You know !eo!le are awfull" areless a*out suh thin$s.@ )here
are some !eo!le who never $o out of their wa" to do hel!ful thin$s, Dust as some !eo!le never $o out of their
wa" to know !eo!le, and for that reason are often alone and lonesome. #t is the little thin$s that ount, Dust
suh little thin$s as !ikin$ u! from the street a *oard with a nail in it, and !uttin$ it aside++even that is a
$ood turn.
1inoln one said in s!eakin$ of a man whom he thou$ht lakin$ in s"m!ath"G @.e is so !ut u! *" nature
that a <3;3= lash u!on his *ak would hurt him, *ut a lash u!on an"*od"Cs else *ak does not hurt him.@
)here are man" !eo!le in the world who seem to *e like that man++not so man" who feel that wa" towards
mankind, !ossi*l", *ut man" who thou$htlessl" feel and at that wa" toward animals. )he lash on the *ak of
an animal++the horse, the ow, the do$++hurts, and the $ood sout alwa"s takes the animalCs !art. .e is kind to
animals.
#n the it", !eo!le often *eome areless as to the neessar" !reautions a$ainst fire and for this reason man"
lives are lost. #n all well+re$ulated shool s"stems, eah shool *uildin$ is !ro!erl" !rovided with fire
esa!es and the hildren re$ularl" disi!lined in fire drills. 5ro!er fire !reautions are not "et $enerall"
reAuired *" law as the" should *e in $reat *uildin$s, fatories, or worksho!s where men and women are
em!lo"ed in lar$e num*ers. #f a sout should *e em!lo"ed in suh a !lae, he mi$ht make himself ver"
serviea*le in ase of a fire, *eause havin$ thou$ht of it *eforehand, he would know what to do++his motto
*ein$, @Be 5re!ared.@
/ne ver" im!ortant thin$ in it" life is the !rotetion of oneCs healthG it is essential to have $ood food, !ure
water, !lent" of $ood, fresh air++thin$s not alwa"s easil" o*taina*le, *ut alwa"s most neessar". )he sout
learns throu$h the man" ativities of soutin$ somethin$ of the market !laes and soures of su!!l" for foodB
he has some idea as to the ost of livin$ in his own home, and should *eome a $ood marketer himself,
makin$ himself om!etent to Dud$e of the Aualit" and !ries of food. #f he is wide+awake and intelli$ent, he
knows the !roduts of his own ount" as well as those of the state. .e knows what food !roduts are shi!!ed
in and sometimes finds that it would *e hea!er, and more !rofita*le as well, to !rodue them in his own
ommunit". An industrious sout ma" often make his own !oket mone" in this wa" or !rovide funds
towards his own eduation.
#n the 0onstitution of the 'nited States is written this lawG @No title of no*ilit" shall *e $ranted *" the 'nited
States.@ )he !ur!ose of this law is to defeat an" attem!t to elevate one iti>en a*ove another in rank of soial
or !olitial !referment. /urs is a ountr" free from the entan$lements of soial distintion suh as mark one
man or famil" from another *" wa" of title or !atent of no*ilit"B and "et, in our ountr" of unrowned kin$s
and unkni$hted men, we would not for$et the real deeds of valor, the servies rendered, or the vitories won.
For it was the !ur!ose <3;3= in the mind and in the heart of our fathers who framed the 0onstitution that
eah sueedin$ $eneration should rise to the duties and res!onsi*ilities of the StateB that the virtues of the
State should not desend or *e lod$ed in one famil", or an" seleted num*er of families, *ut rather should *e
in the kee!in$ of all the families, in the are and kee!in$ of all the !eo!le.
)hus do we remem*er our -ashin$ton and our 1inoln. )he" served the $eneration to whih the" *elon$edB
the" lived and !assed out of their $eneration havin$ served the StateG and all the virtues, ares, and
res!onsi*ilities of the State++the $overnment that is++the" left to the $enerations that should ome after them.
And, therefore, eah $eneration as it omes and $oes must rise or fall in !ro!ortion as it raises or lowers the
iti>enshi! standard, for eah $eneration must !rove its own worth as must eah individual his own virtues.
+ractical Citi/es"i%
As set forth in a letter from 0olonel )heodore Roosevelt, .onorar" 4ie+!resident, Bo" Souts of AmeriaG
).E /')1//2
3JI Fourth Avenue,
New York
/ffie of
)heodore Roosevelt
Jul" 30th, 1711.
&Y (EAR S#RG
# Auite a$ree with Jud$e 1indse" that the Bo" Sout &ovement is of !euliar im!ortane to the whole
ountr". #t has alread" done muh $ood, and it will do far more, for it is in its essene a !ratial sheme
throu$h whih to im!art a !ro!er standard of ethial ondut, !ro!er standards of fair !la" and onsideration
for others, and oura$e and deen", to *o"s who have never *een reahed and never will *e reahed *" the
ordinar" t"!e of !reahin$, la" or lerial. # have *een !artiularl" interested in that e?trat of a letter from a
sout master in the 5hili!!ines, whih runs as followsG
@#t mi$ht interest "ou to know that at a reent fire in &anila whih devastated ares of $round and rendered
3,000 !eo!le homeless, that two !atrols of the &anila souts reahed the fire almost with the fire om!anies,
re!orted to the !ro!er authorities and worked for hours under ver" tr"in$ onditions <3;:= hel!in$
fri$htened natives into !laes of safet", removin$ valua*les and other artiles from houses that a!!arentl"
were in the !ath of the flames, and !erformin$ heerfull" and effiientl" all the tasks $iven to them *" the
firemen and sout master. )he" were om!limented in the !u*li !ress, and in a kind editorial a*out their
work.@
@(urin$ the reent 0arnival the servies of the *o"s were reAuested *" the 0arnival offiers, and for a !eriod
of ten da"s the" were on dut" !erformin$ all manner of servie in the 0arnival $rounds, diretin$ stran$ers to
hotels, and atin$ as $uides and hel!ers in a hundred wa"s.@
-hat these *o" souts of the 5hili!!ines have Dust done, # think our *o" souts in ever" town and ountr"
distrit should train themselves to *e a*le to do. )he movement is one for effiien" and !atriotism. #t does
not tr" to make soldiers of *o" souts, *ut to make *o"s who will turn out as men to *e fine iti>ens, and who
will, if their ountr" needs them, make *etter soldiers for havin$ *een souts. No one an *e a $ood
Amerian unless he is a $ood iti>en, and ever" *o" ou$ht to train himself so that as a man he will *e a*le to
do his full dut" to the ommunit". # want to see the *o" souts not merel" utter fine sentiments, *ut at on
themB not merel" sin$, @&" 0ountr" C)is of )hee,@ *ut at in a wa" that will $ive them a ountr" to *e !roud
of. No man is a $ood iti>en unless he so ats as to show that he atuall" uses the )en 0ommandments, and
translates the %olden Rule into his life ondut++and # donCt mean *" this in e?e!tional ases under
s!etaular irumstanes, *ut # mean a!!l"in$ the )en 0ommandments and the %olden Rule in the ordinar"
affairs of ever"+da" life. # ho!e the *o" souts will !ratise truth and sAuare dealin$, and oura$e and
honest", so that when as "oun$ men the" *e$in to take a !art not onl" in earnin$ their own livelihood, *ut in
$overnin$ the ommunit", the" ma" *e a*le to show in !ratial fashion their insistene u!on the $reat truth
that the ei$hth and ninth ommandments are diretl" related to ever"+da" life, not onl" *etween men as suh
in their !rivate relations, *ut *etween men and the $overnment of whih the" are !art. #ndeed the *o"s even
while onl" *o"s an have a ver" real effet u!on the ondut of the $rown u! mem*ers of the ommunit", for
deen" and sAuare dealin$ are Dust as onta$ious as vie and orru!tion.
Ever" health" *o" ou$ht to feel and will feel that in order to amount to an"thin$, it is neessar" to have a
onstrutive, <3;;= and not merel" a destrutive, natureB and if he an kee! this feelin$ as he $rows u! he
has taken his first ste! toward $ood iti>enshi!. )he man who tears down and ritiises and solds ma" *e a
$ood iti>en, *ut onl" in a ne$ative senseB and if he never does an"thin$ else he is a!t not to *e a $ood iti>en
at all. )he man who ounts, and the *o" who ounts, are the man and *o" who steadil" endeavor to *uild u!,
to im!rove, to *etter livin$ onditions ever"where and all a*out them.
But the *o" an do an immense amount ri$ht in the !resent, entirel" aside from trainin$ himself to *e a $ood
iti>en in the futureB and he an onl" do this if he assoiates himself with other *o"s. 1et the *o" souts see
to it that the *est use is made of the !arks and !la"$rounds in their villa$es and home towns. A $an$ of
tou$hs ma" make a !la"$round im!ossi*leB and if the *o" souts in the nei$h*orhood of that !artiular
!la"$round are fit for their work, the" will show that the" wonCt !ermit an" suh $an$ of tou$hs to have its
wa". &oreover, let the *o" souts take the lead in seein$ that the !arks and !la"$rounds are turned to a reall"
$ood aount. # ho!e, *" the wa", that one of the !rime teahin$s amon$ the *o" souts will *e the teahin$
a$ainst vandalism. 1et it *e a !oint of honor to !rotet *irds, trees and flowers, and so to make our ountr"
more *eautiful and not more u$l", *eause we have lived in it.
)he same Aualities that mean suess or failure to the nation as a whole, mean suess or failure in men and
*o"s individuall". )he *o" souts must war a$ainst the same foes and vies that most hurt the nationB and
the" must tr" to develo! the same virtues that the nation most needs. )o *e hel!less, self+indul$ent, or
wasteful, will turn the *o" into a mi$ht" !oor kind of a man, Dust as the indul$ene in suh vies *" the men
of a nation means the ruin of the nation. 1et the *o" stand stoutl" a$ainst his enemies *oth from without and
from within, let him show oura$e in onfrontin$ fearlessl" one set of enemies, and in ontrollin$ and
masterin$ the others. An" *o" is worth nothin$ if he has not $ot oura$e, oura$e to stand u! a$ainst the
fores of evil, and oura$e to stand u! in the ri$ht !ath. 1et him *e unselfish and $entle, as well as stron$ and
*rave. #t should *e a matter of !ride to him that he is not afraid of an"one, and that he sorns not to *e $entle
and onsiderate to ever"one, and es!eiall" to those who are weaker than he is. #f he doesnCt treat his mother
and sisters well, then he is a !oor reature no matter what else he doesB Dust as a man who <3;K= doesnCt treat
his wife well is a !oor kind of iti>en no matter what his other Aualities ma" *e. And, *" the wa", donCt ever
for$et to let the *o" know that ourtes", !oliteness, and $ood manners must not *e ne$leted. )he" are not
little thin$s, *eause the" are used at ever" turn in dail" life. 1et the *o" remem*er also that in addition to
oura$e, unselfishness, and fair dealin$, he must have effiien", he must have knowled$e, he must ultivate
a sound *od" and a $ood mind, and train himself so that he an at with Auik deision in an" risis that ma"
arise. &ind, e"e, musle, all must *e trained so that the *o" an master himself, and there*" learn to master
his fate. # heartil" wish all $ood luk to the movement.
4er" sinerel" "ours,
).E/(/RE R//SE4E1).
&r. James E. -est,
E?eutive Seretar"
Bo" Souts of Ameria,
New York 0it".
<3;I=
America
&Y ountr", Ctis of thee,
Sweet land of li*ert",
/f thee # sin$B
1and where m" fathers died,
1and of the 5il$rimsC !ride,
From ever" mountain side
1et freedom rin$.
&" native ountr", thee
1and of the no*le free,
)h" name # loveB
# love th" roks and rills,
)h" woods and tem!led hillsB
&" heart with ra!ture thrills
1ike that a*ove.
1et musi swell the *ree>e,
And rin$ from all the trees
Sweet freedomCs son$B
1et mortal ton$ues awake,
1et all that *reathe !artake,
1et roks their silene *reak,
)he sound !rolon$S
/ur fatherCs %od, to )hee,
Author of li*ert",
)o thee we sin$G
1on$ ma" our land *e *ri$ht
-ith freedomCs hol" li$htB
5rotet us *" )h" mi$ht,
%reat %od, our 2in$.
++Samuel F. Smith, 1J33.
<3;J=
T"e StarBS%a&le# Baer
/ Sa", an "ou see, *" the dawnCs earl" li$ht,
-hat so !roudl" we hailCd at the twili$htCs last $leamin$H
-hose *road stri!es and *ri$ht stars, throC the !erilous fi$ht,
/Cer the ram!arts we wathed were so $allantl" streamin$B
And the roketCs red $lare, the *om*s *urstin$ in air,
%ave !roof throC the ni$ht that our fla$ was still thereS
/ sa", does that star+s!an$led *anner "et wave
/Cer the land of the free and the home of the *raveH
/n the shore, diml" seen throC the mists of the dee!,
-here the foeCs hau$ht" host in dread silene re!oses.
-hat is that whih the *ree>e, oCer the towerin$ stee!,
As it fitfull" *lows, half oneals, half dislosesH
Now it athes the $leam of the mornin$Cs first *eam,
#n full $lor" refleted, now shines on the stream++
C)is the star+s!an$led *anner. / lon$ ma" it wave
/Cer the land of the free and the home of the *rave.
And where is that *and who so vauntin$l" swore,
C&id the havo of war and the *attleCs onfusion,
A home and a ountr" the"Cd leave us no moreH
)heir *lood has washed out their foul footste!sC !ollution.
No refu$e ould save the hirelin$ and slave
From the terror of fli$ht, or the $loom of the $rave++
And the star+s!an$led *anner in trium!h shall wave,
/Cer the land of the free and the home of the *rave.
/ thus *e it ever when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and foul warCs desolation,
Blest with vitCr" and !eae, ma" the heavCn+resued land
5raise the 5ower that hath made and !reserved us a nation.
)hen onAuer we must, when our ause it is Dust,
And this *e our motto, @#n %od is our trust@
And the star+s!an$led *anner in trium!h shall wave,
-hile the land of the free is the home of the *rave.
++Franis Sott 2e", 1J1:.
<3;7=
A++ENDIK
BOY SCOUT E)UI+MENT
As stated in the ha!ter on @Soutraft,@ for the onveniene of *o"s who wish to seure uniforms or other
eAui!ment, the National 0ounil has made arran$ements with ertain manufaturers to furnish suh !arts of
the eAui!ment as are most needed *" *o"s. A num*er of these manufaturers have taken advertisin$ s!ae in
this *ook and it is desired that in ase $oods are ordered as a result of their advertisement the" *e informed of
the fat. Some of them have made arran$ements for the distri*ution of material throu$h &r. Si$mund Eisner,
of Red Bank, New Jerse", who has the ontrat for makin$ the offiial uniforms.
#t should *e remem*ered at all times that the sole !ur!ose of the National 0ounil in enterin$ into an"
arran$ement whatever with manufaturers is to seure a low !rie on the ver" *est material !ossi*le. )he
manufaturers have a$reed to sell all the material listed in this *ook at a uniform !rie in all !arts of the
ountr". #n ase loal dealers or a$ents for the National /utfitter ask a !rie different from that $iven in the
!rie list herewith, National .eadAuarters should *e notified.
Ever" effort is made to have all !arts of the uniform and eAui!ment availa*le to souts throu$h loal dealers.
#f suh arran$ements have not *een made in "our ommunit", the National .eadAuarters will *e $lad to hel!
in makin$ suh an arran$ement. &an" sout masters !refer to order uniforms and other su!!lies diret from
National .eadAuarters. #n order to over the e?!ense involved in handlin$ these su!!lies, the manufaturers
in some ases have a$reed to allow National .eadAuarters the same trade disount allowed to loal dealers.
)rade throu$h National .eadAuarters, if suffiientl" lar$e, will hel! to meet a !art of the urrent e?!enses of
the National /r$ani>ation.
#n this su$$ested list of eAui!ment all artiles marked with a star LTM ma" *e seured either throu$h a loal
dealer or *" <3K0= orderin$ diret throu$h National .eadAuarters in New York 0it".
Directios for Or#eri&
Important8 -hen orderin$ su!!lies are should *e taken to see that the e?at amount of remittane is
inluded with the order. #f hek is used add New York E?han$e. &ake heks and mone" orders !a"a*le
to Bo" Souts of Ameria. All orders reeived without the !ro!er remittane will *e shi!!ed 0. /. (., or
held until remittane arrives.

D *.e8 An" loal hardware dealer an su$$est Auite a variet" of $ood a?es whih ma" *e used *" the sout,
*ut *eause of Aualit" and !rie, the Bo" Sout a?e is su$$ested. -ei$ht without handle, 13 o>. &ade of one
!iee of solid steel++s!eial tem!er, a?e !attern hikor" handle, missioni>ed hand for$ed++non+rustin$ finish.
5rie 3; ents. A?e sa**ard or shield, 3; ents e?tra.
Bandanna or 1eckerchief8 )hese are so ommon that ever" *o" will reo$ni>e at one what is mean *" a
*andanna. )he mem*ers of eah !atrol wear *andanas made in the olors of their !atrol. )hese an *e
!urhased at an" loal dr" $oods store at ten or fifteen ents eah.

D BeltsG An" $ood *elt will meet the soutCs needs. But for his onveniene the *elt illustrated herewith is
su$$ested. 5rie :0 ents.

D Breeches8 Standard material++*elt $uides++!okets++full !attern+le$s laed *elow the knee, the lain$ to *e
overed *" stokin$s or le$$in$s. /rder *" a$e aordin$ to followin$ ta*leG Bo"sC si>esG
5rie O1.00.
A$e+si>e -aist Seat #nseam 0alf Ankle
1J 33 3I 3K 13+1N3 7+1N3
1I 31 3K+1N3 3;+1N3 13+1N3 7
1K 30 3; 3; 13 7
1; 37 3: 3:+1N3 13+3N: J+3N:
1: 3J 33+1N3 3: 13+1N3 J+1N3
13 3I 31 33 13+1N3 J+1N:
13 3K+1N3 30+1N3 33 13 J+1N:
<3K1=
E?tra Si>esG Breehes a*ove ei$hteen+"ear si>e will *e made to order and will ost twent"+five ents more
!er $arment.
-aist Seat #nseam 0alf Ankle
1 33 3J 3I 13+1N3 7+1N3
3 33 37 3I 13+3N: 7+3N:
3 3: :0 3J 1: 7+3N:
: 3; :1 3I 1:+1N3 7+3N:
; 3K :3 3J 1; 10
K 3I :3 3I 1;+1N: 10+1N:
I 3J :: 3J 1;+1N3 10+1N3

Bugle8 #t is reommended that the standard *u$le used in an arm" or drum or!s *e used. Eah !atrol should
!urhase these from a loal musi store.

Camp 2ni#es, 'orks and Spoons8 /rdinar" ta*le+knives, forks and s!oons ma" *e used. An ine?!ensive
knife, fork and s!oon for use in am!s, like set illustrated herewith, ma" *e seured for a*out ei$ht ents !er
do>en throu$h almost an" loal hardware store.

Canteen8 A anteen of this desi$n ma" *e arried *" eah sout on hikes and lon$ tram!s. &an" arm" su!!l"
houses arr" these in stok, where the" ma" *e seured if desired.

D Coats8 Standard material++four *ellows !okets++standin$ ollar++ dull metal *uttons with Bo" Sout
em*lem. /rder *" a$e aordin$Nto followin$ ta*leG
Bo"sC si>esG 5rie O1.3;.
A$e Breast -aist 1en$th Sleeve 0ollar
1J 3: 33 3K 31 1K
1I 33 31 3; 30+1N3 1;+1N3
1K 33 30+1N3 3:+1N3 37+1N3 1;
1; 31 30 3: 3J+1N3 1:+1N3
1: 30 37 33+1N3 3I+1N3 1:
13 37 3J+1N3 33 3K 13+1N3
13 3J 3I+1N3 33 3; 13
<3K3=
E?tra Si>esG 0oats a*ove ei$hteen+"ear si>e will *e made as e?tra si>e and will ost twent"+five ents more
!er $arment than *o"sC si>es.
Breast -aist 1en$th
Sleeve
1en$th
0ollar Finish
1 3; 33 3I 33 1K+1N:
3 3K 33 3I+1N3 33 1K+1N3
3 3I 3: 3J 33+1N3 1K+3N:
: 3J 3; 3J+1N3 33+1N3 1I+1N:
; 37 3K 37 33 1I+1N:
K :0 3I 37+1N3 33 1J
I :3 3J 30 33+1N3 1J+1N3

D 1orfolk Coat for Scout /asters8 &ade of standard olive dra* otton loth, two !leats, *ak and front, with
*elt. 5rie, O3.00.
Compass8 Ever" sout should learn how to use his wath as a om!ass. .owever, should he desire to own a
om!ass, he will find no diffiult" in seurin$ one at an" loal DewelerCs.

D4rinking Cup8 A drinkin$ u! for individual use is reommended. )he foldin$ u! shown in the illustration
is made of *rass and is nikel !lated. 5rie 10 ents.
4rum8 )he seletion of this is left to eah loal troo! desirin$ this !iee of eAui!ment. 5lae "our order with
loal musi dealer.

'irst *id 2it8 )his kit for the use of the individual sout an *e seured throu$h this offie or the Red 0ross
Soiet" in -ashin$ton, New York and San Franiso. 5rie 3; ents.
D 0atsG Four hats are su$$ested as followsG
1. Bo! Scout 0at. /live dra* felt++standard Aualit"++detaha*le ties.
5rie O1.1;.

No. 1 No. 3 Nos. 3 and :
<3K3=
3. Bo! Scout Summer 0at. /live dra* drill, inside seams reinfored with leather, e"elets in rown for
ventilation, detaha*le ties. 5rie ;0 ents.
3. Bo! Scout 0at. E?tra fine, fur felt, made for hard servie. 5rie O3.00.
:. Scout /aster"s 0at. 9ualit" same as a*ove, *ut lar$er dimensions. 5rie O3.;0. Be sure to indiate si>e
desired when orderin$.

T 0a#ersack8 -ater!roof anvas, leather stra!s++*ukles and se!arate !okets++sout em*lem on fla!. 5rie
K0 ents.

0ospital Corps $ouch8 )his !ouh has *een made u! s!eiall" *" the Amerian Red 0ross Soiet" and
ontains the followin$G
1 Shears
1 )wee>ers
1 0ar*oli>ed 4aseline
1 5k$. Safet" 5ins
3 -ire %au>e S!lints
1 3+o>. Bottle Aromati S!irits of Ammonia
1 A.R.0. First Aid /utfit Lard*oardM
3 1+"d. !aka$es Sterili>ed %au>e.
3 1+inh Banda$es.
3 3+1N3 inh Banda$es
3 )rian$ular Banda$es LartonsM
1 '. S. A. )ourniAuet
Arran$e with the Amerian Red 0ross Soiet" for !urhase of these.
5rie O.1.00.

T 2nickerbockers8 Bo" Sout olive dra* drill, *elt $uides, !okets, knee *ukles, full !attern. 5rie I; ents.
A$e+Si>e -aist
17 33
1I 31
1K 30
1; 37
1: 3J
13 3I
13 3K+1N3

T 2ni#es8
No. 1, 5rie O1.00.
A Sta$ handle, *rass linin$, $erman silver *olsters and shield. 1ar$e !olished uttin$ *lade, srew driver,
an+o!ener and leather *orin$ tool L'. S. 5at. K+10+03.M

Num*er 3, 5rie ;0 ents.
%enuine e*on" handle, *rass linin$, $erman silver *olsters and shield. 1ar$e uttin$ *lade an *e o!ened
without usin$ the fin$ernail.
Shakle for han$in$ to *elt.
<3K:=

&an!ard8 )his !iee of eAui!ment is so sim!le in onstrution that ever" sout ou$ht to make his own
lan"ard. )hese are used for arr"in$ the sout whistle or knife.

T&eggingsG L5utteesM. )he st"le of le$$in$s is the same as 'nited States Arm" !uttee le$$in$. &ade of *est
water!roof arm" duk. 5rie ;; ents.
T /ess 2its8

Num*er 1. 5rie I; ents.
0offee or tea an, u!, stew or fr" !an, with over, one *roiler, two handles.

Num*er 3. 5rie ;0 ents.
0offee or tea an, u!, stew or fr" !an, one handle.

$atrol 'lags8 )he !atrol fla$s are made from a $ood Aualit" muslin or wool *untin$ in the olors of the loal
!atrol. Souts make their own !atrol fla$s. &aterial ma" *e !urhased at a loal dr" $oods store. )he si>e of
the fla$ is 11 in. *" 3I in. Em*lems an *e seured from National .eadAuarters.
T $onchos8 A $ood !onho is almost an a*solute neessit" for the sout when on a marh or in am!.
5onhos suita*le for sout !ur!oses an *e seured from loal dealers at !ries from O3.;0 u!ward.
Shelter Tents8 Souts should make their own tents. (iretions for makin$ tents are $iven in the te?t of this
*ook.

T Shirts8 Bo" Sout shirt, standard material++two *ellows !okets++
o!en front, oat st"le++standard *utton same as oat. /rder *" si>e. 5rie O1.00
Summer ShirtsGSame as a*ove, li$ht wei$ht. 5rie I; ents.
<3K;=

D Shorts8 Standard material++*elt $uides. Full runnin$ !ant !attern++
es!eiall" desira*le for summer use. /rder aordin$ to a$e and waist measurement. 5rie ;0 ents.

T ShoesG An" $ood shoe that is made u! for the !ur!ose of ease, and omfort in tram!in$ will serve the *o"
soutCs needs. )he Bo" Sout shoe is onvenient, ine?!ensive and es!eiall" desi$ned for soutin$.
5rie O3.;0.

Signal 'lags8 )hese an *e made from muslin or *untin$ whih ma" *e seured at loal stores. #t is
reommended that eah sout make his own fla$s. Re$ulation si>es of the sema!hore 1J in. *" 1J in. and the
&orse or &"er fla$ 3: in. *" 3: in. as shown in illustration.

Staff8 Ash or *am*oo, two metres, LK ft. K+1N3 in.M, in len$th and a*out one and one+half inhes in diameterB
marked off on one side in entimetres u! to one+half metre, and the *alane in metres. /n the other side it
should *e marked off in inhes u! to one foot and the *alane in feet. )he staff should have a *lunt end.
Souts should make their own staffs whenever it is !ossi*le for them to seure the lum*er. .oe or rake
handles make e?ellent staffs. )hese an *e !roured throu$h an" loal dealer at a nominal sum.
T"e Scout Staff a# Its Uses
&an" *o"s, u!on takin$ u! the Sout &ovement, are du*ious a*out the value of the sout staff and man"
friends of the movement ask @-h" does a *o" sout arr" a staffH@
E?!eriene has !roven it to *e one of the most hel!ful artiles of eAui!ment. #n order to show this we are
re!roduin$, throu$h the ourtes" of 1ieut+%en. Sir Ro*ert S. S. <3KK= Baden+5owell, illustrations from
!rinted matter used *" the En$lish *o" souts. )hese illustrations show a num*er of different wa"s in whih
the staff will !rove a hand" and valua*le artileB in fat, essential to the Sout outfit.

)he staff is ver" useful for *eatin$ out *rush fires and out*reaks whih our on o!en heaths.
-adin$ a stream. )wo or three Souts $ras! the Staff like this.
Both !atrol tents and te!ees an *e made with the aid of the Staff.
An im!rovised strether of oats and staves.
A line of Souts linked to$ether on a ni$ht marh.
-hen an"one falls throu$h some ie, throw him "our Staff so that he an $ras! it like this until "ou an $et a
ro!e and !ull him out.
-hen lim*in$ $ates "ou an $ive "ourself a !ush u! with "our Staff.
For eretin$ a fla$staff and formin$ a fene, the Staff is ver" useful.
A lear view an *e had *" lookin$ throu$h a small hole drilled in the Staff.
&easurin$ (istanes.
Self+defene.
&akin$ S!lints.
Jum!in$ (ithes.
&akin$ Rafts.
Brid$e Buildin$.
0lim*in$ a &ountain.++0arr" the Staff ross+wise, and if "ou sli!, lean inwards u!on it, a$ainst the side of
the mountain. )he wei$ht of "our *od" will then drive the end of the staff into the earth, and so anhor "ou.
1everin$ u! 1o$s and Stones.
Ro!e ladders,
Feelin$ the wa" over marsh" $round.
Reoverin$ /*Dets Floatin$ in the -ater++
First tie a line to the entre of the staff. )hen tie a !iee of strin$ to eah end of the staff, and the other ends
of these strin$s *ein$ tied to the entre. )hat will kee! the staff at ri$ht an$les to the line that is in "our hand.
B" swin$in$ the staff out over the water, *e"ond the floatin$ artile, "ou will *e a*le to draw the latter in
lose to shore.
TStockings8 )o math uniforms, made of heav" material and suita*le for soutin$. 5rie 30 ents in otton,
O1.3; in wool.
Sweaters8 An" loal lothin$ store will *e a*le to seure for the sout the kind and Aualit" of sweater needed.
T Telegraph Instruments8 Be$innersC tele$ra!h <3KI= instruments, to *e used in learnin$ the &orse ode,
ma" *e seured throu$h an" eletrial su!!l" house. )he instrument illustrated, five ohms, !rie, O1.30.
Tracking Irons8 E?ellent trakin$ irons an *e made of INJ+inh heav" *and iron, usin$ the desi$n !resented
here. An" loal *laksmith will $ladl" assist the *o"s in makin$ their irons.
T Troop Colors8 &ade of su!erior wool *untin$ u!!er half, redB lower half, white. Re!rodution of the
offiial *ad$e su!er+im!osed in $reen and $old. Suffiient s!ae left for troo! num*er and name of it". Si>e
of fla$, 33 in. *" 3K in. 1etters to *e attahed *" the loal troo!. 5rie without letters O1.00.
T Trousers8 Full len$th for sout mastersG &ade of Standard olive dra* otton loth, *elt loo!. 5rie O3.00. #f
*reehes are !referred, the" ma" *e had at same !rie. Better Aualit" of *o" sout suits++made of '. S. Arm"
standard olive dra* loth. 0oat O3.;0, *reehes O3.00.
Watch8 Ever" sout should !ossess a $ood wath. No !artiular make of wath is reommended. )he hoie
of this artile is left entirel" with the *o" and ma" *e *ou$ht throu$h a loal Deweler.
Water Bottle8 #n some ases where the individual sout is not furnished with a anteen, the !atrol ma" desire
to arr" a su!!l" of water on the marh. For this !ur!ose water *ottles a!a*le of arr"in$ a lar$e Auantit" of
water ma" *e seured. )hese should *e !urhased throu$h some arm" su!!l" house.
TWhistles8 Sout standard whistle, for use in si$nalin$ *" whistle. &ade of *rass, $un metal finish, rin$ at
end to attah to lan"ard. 5rie 10 ents.
<3KJ=
Su&&estios for Measuri&
Name
Street
0it"
0oat &easure
1 + All around at *reast under oat
& + All around at waist under oat
Sleeve
0 to ( + From entre of ollar seam to shoulder seam
)hen
E + )o el*ow.
F + )o full len$th
Breehes
& + All around at waist under oat
1e$$in$s
% + Si>e of alf
. + Si>e of inste!

<3K7=
.at
Si>e of hat
Si>e of linen ollar worn
Answer followin$ Auestions !lainl"G
A$eH
.ei$htH
-ei$htH
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
)his list of referene *ooks has *een !re!ared for the use of souts, to su!!lement information $iven in the
hand*ook !re!ared for their use. #t has *een the aim to $ive as wide a seletion as !ossi*le, in order that the
*o" sout mi$ht not fail to find in the loal !u*li li*rar", some *ook on an" su*Det in whih he ma" have
!artiular interest. )he list inludes literature diretl" or indiretl" related to soutin$, as well as some
a!!ro!riate *ooks of fition.
For onveniene the *ooks have *een listed in aordane with the su*Det headin$s of the various ha!ters
of the .and*ook. Some of the most e?!eriened li*rarians of the ountr" have su*mitted material whih has
aided in the !re!aration of this list. For this kindl" oo!eration, sinere thanks is $iven.
&an" of the *ooks have *een arefull" reviewed *" someone onneted with the *o" souts, and in man"
ases throu$h the ourtes" of the !u*lishers o!ies of these *ooks are availa*le for referene !ur!oses at the
offie of the National .eadAuarters. Su$$estions for additions or im!rovements u!on this list will *e $ladl"
reeived at an" time. 0ommuniations should *e addressed to the E?eutive Seretar", 300 Fifth Avenue,
New York 0it".
Q)ransri*erCs noteG #n the followin$ list of *ooks the first line is the title, the seond the author, the third the
!u*lisher. )he author andNor !u*lisher ma" *e omitted.R
Scoutcraft
Notes on Soutin$ and Reonnaissane
Jas. F. &. 1ivin$ston
1ondon, 0lowes
5ioneerin$ and &a!makin$ for Bo" Souts
0. R. Enok
1ondon, 5earson
Soutin$ for Bo"s
1ieut.+%en. Ro*ert Baden+5owell
0. Arthur 5earson, 1td. .enrietta St., 1ondon
)hree Amateur Souts
Jad*erns
1i!!inott
)he Bo" Souts
0hi!man
Burt 0o.
Yarns for Bo" Souts
1ieut.+%en. Ro*ert Baden+5owell
0. Arthur 5earson, 1td.
.enrietta St., 1ondon
$oo#craft
ANIMA*S
Amerian Natural .istor"
.ornada"
Animal Artisans
0. J. 0ornish
1on$mans, %reen 6 0o.
Animals at .ome
1illian Bartlett
Amerian Book 0o.
<3I0=
Animal .eroes
Seton
0entur" 0o.
A -ilderness (o$
Bio$ra!h" of a %ri>>l"
Seton
Sri*ners
Bio$ra!h" of a Silver Fo?
Seton
Sri*ners
0laws and .oofs
James Johonnot
Amerian Book 0o.
(an BeardCs Animal Book and 0am!fire Stories
(. 0. Beard
Sri*ners
Familiar Animals and )heir -ild 2indred
John &onteith
Amerian Book 0o.
Four+footed Amerians and their 2in
&. 0. -ri$ht
%ood .untin$
)heodore Roosevelt
.ar!er Bros.
.a*its of Animals
E. #n$ersoll
.alf+hours with the 1ower Animals
0. %. .older
Amerian Book 0o.
.aunter of 5ine %loom
0. %. (. Ro*erts
.aunters of the Silenes
0. %. (. Ro*erts
%rosset 6 (unla!
.omes, .aunts and .a*its of -ild Animals
#. ). Johnson
.ouse in the -ater
0. %. (. Ro*erts
Jok of the Bushvold
Sir. 5. Fit>!atrik
1on$mans, %reen 6 0o.
Jun$le Book
2i!lin$
Seond Jun$le Book
2i!lin$
2indred of the -ild
0. %. (. Ro*erts
2in$ of the &amo>ekel
0. %. (. Ro*erts
2ra$ and John" Bear
Seton
Sri*ners
1ife .istories of North Ameria
Seton
Sri*ners
1ittle Beasts of Field and -ood
0ram
1ittle Brother to the Bear
-. J. 1on$
%inn 6 0o.
1ives of the Fur Folk
&.(..aviland
1on$mans %reen 6 0o.
1ivin$ Animals of the -orld, 4ol. #,
##, ###
)he 'niversit" Soiet"
1o*o, Ra$ and 4i?en
Seton
Sri*ners
1ives of the .unted
Seton
Sri*ners
&ooswa
-. A. Fraser
&" (o$s in the Northland
E. R. Youn$
Revell 0o.
&onarh, the Bi$ Bear of )alla
Seton
Sri*ners
Red Fo?
0. %. (. Ro*erts
Sha$$"oat
0. .awkes
Shovelhorns, Bio$ra!h" of a &oose
0. .awkes
Some 0urious Fl"ers, 0ree!ers and Swimmers
J. Johonnot
Amerian Book 0o.
Some 'seful Animals and -hat )he" (o for 's
J. 0. &onteith
Amerian Book 0o.
<3I1=
SAuirrel and /ther Fur Bearers
John Burrou$hs
Stories of Animal 1ife
0. F. .older
Amerian Book 0o.
Stories of .um*le Friends
2atharine 5"le
Amerian Book 0o.
Stor" of the )ra!!er
A. 0. 1aut
)he Romane of Animal Arts and 0rafts
.. 0ou!in and John 1ea
1i!!inott
)he Romane of the Animal -orld
Edmund Selous
Seele" 6 0o.
)he -olf 5atrol
John Finnemore
)ra!!er Jim
Edwin Sand"s
-a"s of -ood Folk
-. J. 1on$
-ild Animals at 5la"
Seton
(ou*leda" 5a$e 6 0o.
-ild Animals # .ave 2nown
Seton
Sri*ners
-ilderness -a"s
-. J. 1on$
-ild 1ife in the Rokies
Enos A. &ills
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
-ild 1ife of /rhard and Field
#n$ersoll
-olf, the Storm 1eader
Frank 0aldwell
(odd, &ead 6 0o.
-ood Folk at Shool
-. J. 1on$
%inn 6 0o.
ASTRONOMY
A Field Book of the Stars
-. F. /lutt
5utnam
Astronom"
Julia &Nair -ri$ht
5enn 5u*. 0o.
Astronom" *" /*servation
Eli>a A. Bowen
Amerian Book 0o.
Astronom" for Ever"*od"
Simon Newom*
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
Astronom" with an /!era %lass
%. 5. Serviss
A Stud" of the Sk"
.. A. .owe
Sri*ners
Astronom" with the Naked E"e
5. Serviss
% .ar!er Bros.
0hildrenCs Book of the Stars
&ilton
&amillan 0o.
Earth and Sk" Ever" 0hild Should 2now
J. E. Ro$ers
.ow to #dentif" the Stars
-. J. &ilham
.ow to 1oate the Stars
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
5o!ular Astronom"
%. Flammarion
Round the Year with the Stars
%. 5. Serviss
Starland
Ball
%inn 6 0o.
SteeleCs 5o!ular Astronom"
J. (. Steele
Amerian Book 0o.
)he Friendl" Stars
&. E. &artin
)he Romane of &odern Astronom"
&5herson
1i!!inott
<3I3=
BIRDS
Bird %uide++5art 1 -ater Birds
0hester A. Reed
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
Bird %uide++5art 3 1and Birds
NeltDe Blanhan
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
Bird .omes
A. E. (u$more
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
Birds in their Relation to &en
-eed 6 Beer*orn
1i!!inott
Bird 1ife
Frank 0ha!man
A!!leton
Bird Nei$h*ours
NeltDe Blanhan
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
Bird Nei$h*ors
John Burrou$hs
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
Birds of Eastern North Ameria
0ha!man
A!!leton
Birds that Ever" 0hild Should 2now
NeltDe Blanhan
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
Birds that .unt and Are .unted
NeltDe Blanhan
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
Birds )hrou$h the Year
A. F. %ilmore
Amerian Book 0o.
0iti>en Bird
&. /. -ri$ht
Elo the Ea$le and /ther Stories
Flo"d Brallian
5aifi 5u*. 0o.
Ever"da" Birds
Bradford )orre"
Field Book of -ild Birds and )heir &usi
F. S. &athews
5utnamCs Sons
First Book of Birds
.. &. &iller
Seond Book of Birds
.. &. &iller
Flamin$o Feather
&unroe
.ow to Attrat the Birds
NeltDe Blanhan
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
.ow to Attrat the Birds
)rafton
.ow to 2now the Birds
.. 6 E. 5arkhurst
Sri*ners
.ow to 2now the -ild Birds of /hio
(ietrih 1an$e
.ow to Stud" Birds #n Birdland
1eander S. 2"ser
&0lur$ 0o.
1and Birds East of the Rokies
0. A. Reed
1ord of the Air
0. %. (. Ro*erts
Nestlin$s of Forest and &arsh
#rene %. -heelok
&0lur$ 0o.
/ur Birds and .ew to 2now )hem
J. B. %rant
Sri*ners
/ur /wn Birds
-m. 1. Bail"
1i!!inott
)enants of the )rees
0. .awkes
)he Blue %oose 0hase
.. 2. Jo*
)he Romane of Bird 1ife
John 1ea
1i!!inott
Short Stories of our Sh" Nei$h*ors
&rs. &. A. B. 2eel"
Amerian Book 0o.
)he S!ort of Bird Stud"
Jo*
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
-ild Birds of 0it" 5arks
<3I3=
FISH AND FISHIN!
Book of AAuaria
Bateman 6 Bennett
1. '!ott %ill
Bo"Cs /wn %uide to Fishin$
J. .. 2eene
(eni>ens of the (ee!
Frank ). Bullen
Revell 0o.
Familiar Fish
Eu$ene &0arth"
Favorite Fish and Fishin$
J. A. .enshall
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
Fine Art of Fishin$
S. %. 0am!
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
Fishin$ and Shootin$ Skethes
%rover 0leveland
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
Fishin$ 2its and EAui!ment
%. S. 0am!
N. Y. /utin$ 0o.
Fish Stories
.older and Jordan
.alf .ours with Fishes Re!tiles, and Birds
.older
Amerian Book 0o.
.ome AAuarium and .ow to 0are for #t
Eu$ene Smith
(utton
)he An$lerCs %uide
-ainwri$ht Randall
)he Book of Fish and Fishin$
1ouis Rhead
Sri*ners
)he 1ittle -ater Folks
.awkes
0rowell 0o.
)riks and 2naks of Fishin$
L.orton &f$. 0o.M
-ater -onders Ever" 0hild Should 2now
J. &. )hom!son
F*O$ERS' FERNS AND !RASSES
Botan"
Julia &Nair -ri$ht
5enn 5u*. 0o.
Botan" for 0hildren
.arriet 0. 0oo!er
0rowell 0o.
0ommon 5lants
%eor$e /. %oodall
(. 0. .eath 6 0o.
Elementar" Botan" with S!rin$ Flora
-. A. 2ellerman
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
Field Book of Amerian -ild Flowers
5. Shu"ler &athews
Flora of the Southern 'nited States
A. -. 0ha!man
Flower %uide
0. A. 6 0. 2. Reed
%ardenin$ for 5rofit.
5. .enderson
%rasses, Sed$es and Rushes of the North 'nited States
Edward 2no*le
.ow to 0ollet and 5reserve 5lants and Sea+weeds
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
.ow to 2now the Ferns
Franes )heodora 5arsons
.ow to know the -ild Flowers
5arsons
#llustrated Flora of the 'nited States and 0anada
N. 1. Britton and Addison Brown
<3I:=
1essons with 5lants
Baile"
&anual of %ardenin$
1. .. Baile"
NatureCs %arden
NeltDe Blanhan
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
New En$land Ferns and )heir 0ommon Allies
.elen Eastman
New &anual of Botan"
Asa %ra"
New &anual of Botan" of the 0entral Rok" &ountains
John &. 0oulter, revised *" Aven Nelson
/ur %arden Flowers
.arriet 1ouise 2eeler
5lants and )heir 0hildren
-m. Starr (ana
Amerian Book 0o.
Rok" &ountain -ild Flower Studies
Burton /. 1on$"ear
Southern -ild Flowers and )rees
Alie 1ouns*er"
)he Fern 0olletorCs %uide
-illard Nelson 0lute
)he %arden Yard
B. .all
Youn$ FolkCs Nature Field Book
J. Alden 1orin$
(ana Estes 0o.
FUN!I
Edi*le Fun$i of New York
0harles .. 5ek
N. Y. State &useum
Flowerless 5lantsG Ferns, &ushrooms, &osses, 1ihens and Sea weeds.
E. .. .ale
&ushrooms
Atkinson
.olt 6 0o.
/ne )housand Amerian Fun$i
&#llvain 6 &aadam
Bo**s, &errill 6 0o.
Studies of Amerian Fun$i
Atkinson
)he &ushroom
&. E. .ard
/hio 1i*rar" 0o.
)he &ushroom Book
Nina 1. &arshall
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
HANDICRAFT
0la" &odellin$
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
("namos and Eletri &otors
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
Eletri Bells
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
Eletro+5latin$
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
%lass -ritin$, Em*ossin$ and Faia -ork
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
.ow to &ake Baskets.
&ar" -hite
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
1eather -orkin$
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
5hoto$ra!h"
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
5hoto$ra!hi 0ameras
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
5hoto$ra!hi 0hemistr"
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
5hoto$ra!hi Studies
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
'!holster"
5aul N. .asluk
(avid &2a"
<3I;=
INSECTS AND BUTTERF*IES
Ants, their Struture, (evelo!ment and Behavior
-. &. -heeler
0olum*ia 'niv. 5ress
Beehives and A!!lianes
5aul .asluk
(avid &2a"
(iretions for 0olletin$ and 5reservin$ #nsets
Nathan Banks
'. S. National &useum Bulletin
Ever"da" Butterflies
.ow to 2ee! Bees
Anna B. 0omstok
(ou*leda", 5a$e 0o.
.ow to 2now the Butterflies
J. .. and &rs. 0omstok
(. A!!leton 6 0o.
#nset 1ife
0omstok
1ittle Bus" Bodies
&arks &ood"
.ar!er Bros.
&anual for the Stud" of #nsets
J. .. and A. B. 0omstok
&oths and Butterflies
Julia 5. Ballard
5utnamCs Sons
/ur #nset Friends and Enemies
J. B. Smith
1i!!inott
/ur #nset Friends and Foes
B. S. 0ra$in
5utnamCs Sons
)he Butterfl" Book
-. J. .olland
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
)he .ouse+Fl"++(isease 0arrier
1. /. .oward
Stokes 0o.
)he &oth Book
-. J. .olland
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
)he Romane of #nset 1ife
Edmund Selous
Seele" 6 0o.
)he -a" of the Si?+Footed
ROCKS AND +EBB*ES
A*out 5e**les
Al!heus ."att
(. 0. .eath 6 0o.
Bo" &ineral 0olletors
J. %. 2elle"
0ommon &inerals and Roks
-m. /. 0ros*"
(. 0. .eath 6 0o.
Stories of Roks and &inerals
.. -. Fair*anks
)he Bo" %eolo$ist at Shool and in 0am!
E. %. .ouston
)he Earth and #ts Stor"
A. .eil!rin
rn )he Romane of &odern %eolo$"
%rew
1i!!inott
RE+TI*ES
5oisonous Snakes of North Ameria
1eonard SteDne$er
%ov. 5rintin$ /ffie
)he Re!tile Book
(itmar
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
<3IK=
SHE**S AND SHE**FISH
Amerian &arine Shells. Bulletin No. 3I
'. S. National &useum, -ashin$ton
&ollusks of the 0hia$o Area
F. 0. Baker
0hia$o Aadem"
)he 1ittle -ater Folk
0. .awkes
0rowell 0o.
)he 1"mnaedae of North Ameria
F. 0. Baker
0hia$o Aadem" of Sienes
)he Shell Book
Julia E. Ro$ers
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
-est 0oast Shells
Josiah 2ee!
-orms and 0rustaea
."att
(. 0. .eath 6 0o.
TREES AND SHRUBS
A %uide to the )rees
Alie 1ouns*er"
Familiar )rees and )heir 1eaves
&athews
Field and Forest .and" Book
(an 0. Beard
First Book of Forestr"
Roth
Forest )rees and Forest Sener"
Shwart>
%rafton 5ress
.and*ook of )rees of New En$land
(ame and Brooks
%inn 6 0o.
.and*ook of the )rees of the Northern 'nited States and 0anada
.ou$h
.ow to )ell the )rees
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
.ow to 2now -ild Fruits
&aude 0. 5eterson
&anual of the )rees of North Ameria
0harles S!ra$ue Sar$ent
North Amerian )rees
Britton
North Amerian Forests and Forestr"
Brunken
5utnam
/ur Native )rees
2eeler
Sri*ners
/ur Northern Shru*s
.arriet 1. 2eeler
/ur Shru*s of the 'nited States
A!$ar
5ratial Forestr" for Be$inners in Forestr"
J. 0. %ifford
Shool of the -oods
-. J. 1on$
Studies of )rees in -inter
.untin$ton
Sar$ent
)en 0ommon )rees
Susan Stokes
Amerian Book 0o.
)he Forest
S. E. -hite
)he ForesterCs &anual or Forest )rees that Ever" Sout Should 2now
Seton
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
)he &a$i Forest
-hite
%rosset 6 (unla!
)he )ree Book
Julia E. Ro$ers
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
)he -a" of the -oods.
Brek
5utnamCs Sons
)rees of the Northern 'nited States
Austin 0. A!$ar
<3II=
)he )rees of 0alifornia
Je!son
)he -oodsmanCs .and*ook
'nited States (e!artment of A$riulture Bulletin No. 3K
)rees )hat Ever" 0hild Should 2now
J. E. Ro$ers
MISCE**ANEOUSBB$OODCRAFT
Adventures in the %reat Forests
.. -. ."rst
1i!!inott
Adventures of Buffalo Bill
0od"
Adventures of Four+footed Folk
Belle &. Brain
Flemin$ .. Revell
A Journe" to Nature
J. 5. &ow*ra"
%rosset 6 (unla!
Amerian Bo"sC .and" Book
Beard
Amateur )a?idermist
Sorso
A -ather in the -oods
(. 1. Shar!
0entur" 0o.
Bent #ron -ork
.asluk
(avid &2a"
Birh Bark Roll
Seton
Boots and Saddles
0uster
Bo" 0raftsman
A. -. .all
Bo" 5ioneers
(an Beard
Sri*ners
Bo"Cs Book of Airshi!s
.. (elaom*
Bo"Cs -orksho!
0rai$in
Bo" with the 'nited States
Foresters
Ro*ert -heeler
Bo? Furniture
1ouise Bri$ham
0entur" 0o.
(iomed
Sar$ent
%rosset 6 (unla!
0hats on 5hoto$ra!h"
-allin$ton
1i!!inott
Eletriit"
Fowler
5enn 5u*. 0o.
Eletri #nstrument &akin$ for Amateurs
Bottome
Eletriit" for Bo"s
Adams
Eletriit" for Ever"*od"
Atkinson
Eletriit" for Youn$ 5eo!le
Jenks
Eletriit" &ade Eas"
E. J. .ouston and A. E. 2ennell"
E?ursions
)horeau
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
Famous #ndian 0hiefs
Johnston
Field and Forest .and" Book
Beard
Sri*ners
Four Afoot
Bar*our
Frank, the Youn$ Naturalist
0astleman
.urst 0o.
FrontiersmanCs 5oket*ook
5ook
.ar!erCs .ow to 'nderstand Eletriit"
/nken and Baker
<3IJ=
.ar!erCs #ndoor Book for Bo"s
Adams
.ar!er Bros.
.ar!erCs /utdoor Book for Bo"s
Adams
.ome &ehanis for Amateurs
%. &. .o!kins
.ow )wo Bo"s &ade )heir /wn Eletrial A!!aratus
). &. St. John
#n Amerian Fields and Forests
.. (. )horeau, et al.
#ndoor and /utdoor .andiraft
Beard
Sri*ners
Jak of All )rades
(an Beard
Sri*ners
1akerim Athleti 0lu*
.u$hes
1ast of the &ohians
0oo!er
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
1o$ 0a*ins and 0otta$es
-iks
Forest 6 Stream
1on$ )rail
%arland
&akin$ -ireless /utfits
.arrison
Nature Stud"
F. 1. .olt>
Sri*ners
/n .orse*ak in 4ir$inia
0. (. -arner
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
/ur National 5arks
John &uir
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
/utdoor .and" Book
(an Beard
Sri*ners
/utdoors, #ndoors and u! the 0himne"
0. &#llvain
Sunda" Shool )imes
/ut+of+(oors
&. Ellsworth /lson
5aifi 5u*. 0o.
Romane of &odern 5hoto$ra!h"
%i*son
1i!!inott
SholarCs AB0 of Eletriit"
&eadowraft
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
Sientifi Amerian Bo" Lwww.$uten*er$.or$Nete?tN1;J31M
Bond
&unn 6 0o.
Sientifi Amerian Bo" at Shool
Bond
Sientifi Amerian Referene Book
Bond
&unn 6 0o.
Seret of the -oods
-m. J. 1on$
%inn 6 0o
S!ortsman Joe
Sand"s
)a?iderm"
.asluk
&2a"
)he Bo" Eletriian
.uston
1i!!inott
)he Bo"Cs Book of 0onservation
Small
&a"nard 6 0o.
)he Bo"Cs Book of #nventions
Baon
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
)he Bo"Cs Seond Book of #nventions
Baker
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
)he Bo"Cs Book of &odel Aero!lanes
0ollins
0entur" 0o.
)he Bo"Cs Book of Steamshi!s
.owden
)he 0am! at -illow Q0lum!R #sland Lwww.$uten*er$.or$Nete?tN1;J31M
Bond
)he Fro$ Book
(ikerman
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
<3I7=
)he 0om!lete 5hoto$ra!her
Baile"
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
)he &ountains
S. E. -hite
)he /!en -indow
%rosset 6 (unla!
)he Youn$ Eletriian
.. .all
&amillan 0o.
)he Youn$ &ehani
5utnamCs Sons
)hin$s a Bo" Should 2now a*out Eletriit"
). &. St. John
)hin$s a Bo" Should 2now a*out -ireless
St. John
)ra!!er Jim
Sand"s
)wo 1ittle Sava$es
Seton
4ehiles of the Air
1on$heed
Reill" 6 Britton 0o.
-alden, or 1ife in the -oods
)horeau
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
-a"s of Nature
Burrou$hs
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
-ilderness .omes
2em!
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
-ild Nei$h*ors
#n$ersoll
-ireless )ele$ra!h"
A. F. 0ollins
-oodraft
Sears
0entur" 0o.
-oodm"th and Fa*le
Seton
0entur" 0o.
-onders of &an and Nature
R. -hitin$
-oodraft
Nessmuk
Forest 6 Strean
-oodworkin$ for Be$inners
-heeler
Youn$ FolkCs Nature Field Book
J. A. 1orin$
(ana Estes 0o.
CAM+CRAFT
Around the 0am!fire
0. %. (. Ro*erts
An /ld Fashioned Su$ar 0am!
5. %. .uston
Revell 0o.
At .ome in the -ater
0orson
Assoiation 5ress
Bill" in 0am!
0arr
&0lur$ 0o.
Boat Buildin$ and Boatin$ for Be$inners.
(an Beard
Sri*ners
Boat Sailin$
2ensal"
/utin$ 0o.
Buildin$ &odel Boats
.asluk
(avid &2a"
0am! and )rail.
#sa*el .orna*rook
0am! and )rail
S. E. -hite
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
0am! and )rail &ethods
2e!hart
0am! 0ooker"
.orae 2e!hart
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
0am! Fire and -i$wam
Ellis
-inston 0o.
0am! Fire &usin$s
-. 0. %ra"
Revell
0am!in$ and 0am! 0ookin$
Bates
0am!in$ and 0am! /utfits
%. /. Shields
0am!in$ for Bo"s
%i*son
Assoiation 5ress
0am!in$ /ut
Ste!hens
.urst 6 0o.
0am! 2its and 0am! 1ife
.anks
Sri*ners
<3J0=
0am! 1ife in the -oods
%i*son
0am!mates
0. 2. &unroe
0anoemates
2irk &unroe
0anoe and Boat Buildin$
Ste!hens
Forest and Stream
0anoe and 0am! 0ooker"
Senea
Forest and Stream
0anoe Bo"s and 0am! Fires
%ra"don
%rosset and (unla!
0a!tain )homas A. Sott, &aster (iver
F. .. Smith
0omrades in 0am!
4itor
0hatterton 0o.
Eonomial 0ook Book
&rs. Sarah 5aul
John 0. -inston 6 0o.
Ever" Bo" .is /wn 0ook
Atkinson Rie
%uns, Ammunition and )akle
&one", et al.
.ar!erCs 0am!in$ and Soutin$
%rinnell 6 Swan
.ow to Swim
(alton
2nottin$ and S!liin$ Ro!es and 0orda$e
.asluk
5lates Aom!an"in$ 0anoe and Boat Buildin$ for Amateurs
Forest 6 Stream 5u*. 0o.
5ratial Rowin$, with Sull and Swee!
Stevens
Ro!esG )heir 2nots and S!lies
2unardt
Swimmin$
Brewster
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
Swimmin$
Sinlair
)he Art of Swimmin$
Nelli$an
)he Boat SailorCs &anual
9ualtrou$h
Sri*ners
)he Book of 0am!in$ and -oodraft
2e!hart
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
)he 2idna!!ed 0am!ers
0anfield
-athers of the 0am! Fires
0. %. (. Ro*erts
TRACKS' TRAI*IN!' AND SI!NA*IN!
Alon$ Four Footed )rails
Ruth A. 0ook
James 5ott 6 0o.
Blak Bear
-ri$ht
0omrades of the )rails
Ro*erts
First to 0ross the 0ontinent
Brooks
Foot!rints in the Forest
Ellis
-inston 0o.
%ra!holo$"
.oward
5enn 5u*. 0o.
%ri>>l" Bear
-ri$ht
#nternational 0ode of Si$nals
'. S. %overnment 5rintin$ /ffie
<3J1=
Northern )rails LBooks 1 and 3M
-m. J. 1on$
%inn 6 0o.
/ur 0ountr"Cs Fla$ .
E. S. .olden
5hrenolo$"
/lin
5enn. 5u*. 0o.
5h"sio$nom"
1omla?
5enn. 5u*. 0o.
Return to the )rails
0. %. (. Ro*erts
Si$n 1an$ua$e
Seton
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
)he )rail of the Bad$er
.am!
)he )rail to the -oods.
.awkes
Amerian Book 0o.
)raks and )rakin$
Brunner
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
)rail of the Sand .ill Sta$
Seton
-athers of the )rails
0. %. (. Ro*erts
Youn$ )railers
Altsheler
HEA*TH AND ENDURANCE
Bod" and its (efenes
Jewett
0onfidential )alks with Youn$ &en
S!err"
Revell
0ontrol of Bod" and &ind
Jewett
%inn 6 0o.
(ail" )rainin$
Benson 6 &iles
From Youth into &anhood
.all
%ood .ealth
Jewett
%inn 6 0o.
.ealth
-alter 0. -ood
5enn 5u*. 0o.
.ealth, Stren$th and 5ower
Sar$ent
.ome )reatment and 0are of the Sik
1overin$
/tis 0la!! 6 Son
.ow to 2ee! -ell
-ilson
0rowell
Ja!anese 5h"sial )rainin$
.anok
&" S"stem
&uller
Rural ."$iene
Brewer
1i!!inott
CHI-A*RY
Ada!ta*ilit"
Ellen E. 2en"on -arner
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
Adventure Amon$ Red #ndians
."rst
1i!!inott
A$e of 0hivalr"
Bullfinh
An #ron -ill
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell
A Skilled -orkman
-. A. Bodell
Revell 0o.
As!iration and Ahievement
Frederik A. Atkins
Revell 0o.
As!irations and #nfluene
.. 0la" )rum*ull
Sunda" Shool )imes
Book of Famous 4erse
A$nes Re!!lier
Bo"Cs 2in$ Arthur
1anier
Bo"Cs 1ife of 0a!tain John Smith
Johnson
0areers of (an$er and (arin$
0leveland &ofett
<3J3=
0harater Sha!in$ and 0harater -orkin$
.. 0la" )rum*ull
Sunda" Shool )imes
0harater the %randest )hin$
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
0heerfulness as a 1ife 5ower
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
(aniel Boone, Bakwoodsman
For*es 1indsa"
1i!!inott
(ut"
Ellen E. 2en"on -arner
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
(ut" 2nowin$ and (ut" (oin$
.. 0la" )rum*ull
Sunda" Shool )imes
Eonom"
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
Ever" &an a 2in$
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
Famous Souts
Johnston
Fidelit"
Ellen E. 2en"on -arner
.inds No*le 6 0o.
First Battles
Frederik A. Atkins
Revell 0o.
Four Amerian 5ioneers
5err" and Bee*e
%ettin$ /neCs Bearin$s
Ale?ander &2en>ie
Revell 0o.
%ood &anners and Suess
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
.e 0an -ho )hinks .e 0an
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
.eroes Ever" 0hild Should 2now
.. -. &a*ie
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
.eroes of 0hivalr"
1ouise &aitland
.eroes of 5ioneerin$
Sanderson
1i!!inott
.eroes of the Storm
/C0onnor
.ou$hton
.ero &"ths and 1e$ends of the British Rae
&. /. Er*utt
0rowell 0o.
John James Audu*on
Audu*on
5utnam
John Smith, %entleman and Adventurer.
1indsa"
1i!!inott
2ni$ht Errant
(avidson
1i!!inott
2ni$hthood in %erm and Flower
0o?
1ast of the %reat Souts
-etmore
1essons on &anners
Julia &. (ewe"
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
1evels of 1ivin$
.enr" F. 0o!e
Revell
1ife of 2it 0arson
Ellis
%rosset 6 (unla!
1ittle Jarvis
Seawell
1o"alt"
&0lure
Revell 0o.
&akin$ the &ost of /urselves
0alvin (ill -ilson
&0lur$ 0o.
&en of #ron
5"le
&oral &usle
Frederik A. Atkins
Revell 0o.
&" Youn$ &an
1ouis Al*ert Banks
Funk 6 -a$nalls 0o.
/urselves and /thers
.. 0la" )rum*ull
Sunda" Shool )imes
5a$e, EsAuire and 2ni$ht.
1ansin$
5eae, 5ower and 5lent"
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
5ossi*ilities
&0lure
Revell 0o.
Risin$ in the -orld or Arhitets
.. 0la" )rum*ull
Sunda" Shool )imes
5ratial 5arado?es
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
Ro"al &anhood
James #. 4ane
Revell 0o.
<3J3=
Rushin$ to the Front
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
Seein$ and Bein$
.. 0la" )rum*ull
Sunda" Shool )imes
Self 0ontrol and #ts 2in$shi! and &aDest"
-m. 0oe Jordan
Revell 0o.
Self Reliane
Ellen E. 2en"on -arner
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
Stories of 0harlema$ne
0hurh
Stories of 2in$ Arthur
-aldo 0utler
0rowell 0o.
Stories of 2in$ Arthur and .is 2ni$hts
5"le
Stories of 2in$ Arthur and the Round )a*le
Beatrie 0la"
Stories of the %reat -est
Roosevelt
Stor" of the 0ow*o"
.ou$h
Suessful &en of )o+da"
-il*ur F. 0rafts
Funk 6 -a$nalls
Suess in 1ife
Emil Reih
(uffield 0o.
Suessward
Edward Bok
Revell 0o.
)alks with %reat -orkers
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
)enden"
James #. 4ane
Revell 0o.
)he Book of 2in$ Arthur and .is No*le 2ni$hts
&ar" &a1eod
FredCk A. Stokes
)he Bo"s %u$hulain
Eleanor .ull
0rowell 0o.
)he 0hristian %entleman
1ouis Al*ert Banks
Funk 6 -a$nalls
)he 0rown of #ndividualit"
-m. %eor$e Jordan
Revell 0o.
)he .our of /!!ortunit"
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
)he 2in$shi! of Self 0ontrol
-m. %eor$e Jordan
Revell 0o.
)he &aDest" of 0almness
-m. %eor$e Jordan
Revell 0o.
)he &akin$ of a &an
Ro*ert Elliot S!eer
Revell 0o.
)he &arks of a &an
Ro*ert Elliot S!eer
Revell 0o.
)he /!timisti 1ife
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
)he /re$on )rail
5arkman
1i!!inott
)he 5ower of 5ersonalit"
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
)he Romane of Earl" E?!loration
-illiams
1i!!inott
)he Seret of Ahievement
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
)he Stor" of .ereward
(ou$las 0. Stedman
0rowell 0o.
)he 4ision of Sir 1aunfal
James Russell 1owell
Barse 6 .o!kins
)he Youn$ &an Enterin$ Business
/rison Swett &arden
0rowell 0o.
)horou$hness
(avidson
Revell 0o.
)rue &anhood
James, 0ardinal %i**ons
&0lur$ 0o.
)wentieth 0entur" 2ni$hthood
Banks
Funk 6 -a$nalls
-hat Shall our Bo"s (o For a 1ivin$
0harles F. -in$ate
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
<3J:=
-innin$ )heir -a"
Faris
-ith S!urs of %old
F. -. %reen and (. 4. 2irk
Youn$ &en -ho /verame
Ro*ert E. S!eer
Revell 0o.
FIRST AID TO THE INCURED
Amerian Red 0ross A*rid$ed )e?t+*ook and First Aid
&aDor 0has. 1"nh
Bakwoods Sur$er" and &ediine
&ood"
Bo"s 0oastwise
Ridein$
Emer$enies
0. 4. %ulik
E?erise in Eduation and &ediine
R. ). &2en>ie
Fi$htin$ a Fire
0. ). .ill
First Aid in #llness and #nDur"
5ilher
First Aid to the #nDured
F. J. -arwik
5enn 5u*. 0o.
.ealth, Stren$th and 5ower
(. A. Sar$ent
.eroes of the 1ife+*oat and Roket
Ballant"ne
.eroes of the Storm
(ou$las
1ife Boat and #ts -ork
1ewis
Nursin$
S. 4ir$inia 1eves
5enn 5u*. 0o.
/ur Seaoast .eroes
(aunt
Stories of the 1ife+*oat.
&undell
)he Beah 5atrol
(r"sdale
)he 1ife+*oat
Ballant"ne
!AMES
Book of Athleti and /ut+door S!orts
Bin$ham
Book of 0olle$e S!orts
-alter 0am!
Bo"Cs Book of S!orts
Fannie )hom!son
0entur" 0o.
Bo"sC (rill Re$ulations
%ames for Ever"*od"
&a" 0. .ofman
(od$e 5u*. 0o.
%ames for All /asions
&ar" E. Blain
Barse 6 .o!kins
%ames and Son$s of Amerian 0hildren
Newell
.ar!er Bros.
Eduation *" 5la" and %ames
%. E. Johnson
%inn 6 0o.
&one" &akin$ Entertainments
Rook 6 %oodfellow
5enn 5u*. 0o.
5la"
Emmett (. An$ell
1ittle, Brown 6 0o.
5ratial )rak and Field Athletis
%raham and 0lark
(uffield 0o.
Soial Ativities for &en and Bo"s
A. &. 0hesle"
Assoiation 5ress
/utdoor %ames for All Seasons
Beard
Sri*ners
<3J;=
+ATRIOTISM AND CITILENSHI+
A*raham 1inoln
Baldwin
Amerian Book 0o.
A*raham 1inoln++Bo" and &an
&or$an
Amerian .ero Stories
Eva &. )a!!an
.ou$hton
Amerian 1eaders and .eroes
-. F. %ord"
Sri*ners
A &essa$e to %aria
.u**ard
An Amerian Book of %olden (eeds
James Baldwin
Amerian Book 0o.
Battles for the 'nion
5resott .olmes
.enr" Altemus 0o.
Battle of the -ar for #nde!endene
5resott .olmes
.enr" Altemus 0o.
Bo"Cs 1ife of A*raham 1inoln
Niola"
0entur" 0o.
Bo"Cs 1ife of 'l"sses S. %rant.
Niola"
0entur" 0o.
0ivis++Studies in Amerian 0iti>enshi!.
Sherman
&amillan 0o.
(isover" of the /ld Northwest
J. Baldwin
Essentials in 0ivil %overnment
S. E. Form"n
Amerian Book 0o
Famous Amerian Statesmen
Sarah 2. Bolton
0rowell 0o.
Famous 4o"a$es and E?!lorers
Sarah 2. Bolton
0rowell 0o.
Four Amerian E?!lorers
2in$sle"
Amerian Book 0o.
Four Amerian #ndians
Edson 1. -hitne" and Franes &. 5err"
Amerian Book 0o.
Four %reat Amerians
James Baldwin
Amerian Book 0o.
%ood 0iti>enshi!
Julia Rihman
%ood 0iti>enshi!
%rover 0leveland
.enr" Altemus 0o.
%reat -ords from %reat Amerians
%. 5. 5utnamCs Son
%uide to 'nited States .istor"
.enr" -. Elson
Baker, )a"lor 0o.
.eroes of the Arm" in Ameria
0harles &orris
1i!!inott
.eroes of (isover" in Ameria
0harles &orris
1i!!inott
.eroes of the Nav" in Ameria
0harles &orris
1i!!inott
.eroes of 5ro$ress in Ameria
0harles &orris
1i!!inott
.eroes of the 'nited States Nav"
.artwell Jones
.enr" Altemus 0o.
.ero )ales from Amerian .istor"
1od$e and Roosevelt
.istor" of New York 0it"
0has. E. )odd
Amerian Book 0o.
.istori Amerians
E. S. Brooks
0rowell 0o.
<3JK=
.ome 1ife in 0olonial (a"s
Alie &orse Earle
%rosset 6 (unla!
.ow the 5eo!le Rule
.o?ie
1essons for Junior 0iti>ens
&a*el .ill
1ewis and 0lark
1i$hton
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
1ife at -est 5oint
.anok
5utnam
1ife of 1inoln for Bo"s
S!arhawk
0rowell 6 0o.
1"ra .eroia
-m. Ernest .enle"
Sri*ners
&akers and (efenders of Ameria
Anna E. Foote 6 A. -. Skinner
Amerian Book 0o.
&an -ithout a 0ountr"
E. E. .ale
0rowell 6 0o.
New 0entur" .istor" of the 'nited States.
Edward E$$leston
Amerian Book 0o.
North Ameria
Frank %. 0ar!enter
Amerian Book 0o.
/ur 0ountr"Cs Fla$ and the Fla$s of Forei$n 0ountries
.olden
/ur 0ountr"Cs Stor"
Eva &. )a!!an
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
5athfinders of the -est
1aut
%rosset 6 (unla!
5atrioti 0iti>enshi!
5oor Bo"s -ho Beame Famous
Sarah 2. Bolton
0rowell
5oems of Amerian 0iti>enshi!
Brander &atthews
Sri*ners
5olitis for Youn$ Amerians
0harles Nordhoff
Amerian Book 0o.
5oor RihardCs Almana.
BenDamin Franklin
(uffield 0o.
5o!ular 5atrioti 5oems E?!lained
&ur!h"
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
5otterCs Advaned %eo$ra!h"
Eli>a .. .orton
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
Stories of .eroi (eeds
James Johonnot
Amerian Book 0o.
Stories of /ur 0ountr"
James Johonnot
Amerian Book 0o.
Stor" of the Amerian &erhant &arine
J. R. S!ears
&amillan 0o.
Stor" of the %reat Re!u*li
.. A. %uer*er
Amerian Book 0o.
)en Bo"s From .istor"
Sweetser, (uffield 0o.
)en %reat Events in .istor"
James Johonnot
Amerian Book 0o.
)he )rue 0iti>en and .ow to Beome /ne
-. F. &arwik 6 -. A. Smith
Amerian Book 0o.
)he 0entur" Book for Youn$ Amerians
Brooks
)he 0iti>en
Shaler
)he 0ommunit" and the 0iti>en
Arthur (unn
(. 0. .eath 6 0o.
)he %ood Nei$h*or in the &odern 0it"
&ar" Rihmond
1i!!inott
)he Shi! of State
YouthCs 0om!anion
%inn 6 0o.
)he 5il$rims
F. S. No*le
5il$rim 5ress
<3JI=
)he Stor" of our Nav" for Youn$ Amerians
A**ott
(odd, &ead 6 0o.
)he Stor" of our %reat 1akes
E. 0hannin$ 6 &. F. 1ansin$
&amillan 0o.
)he Stor" of the )hirteen 0olonies
%uer*er
Amerian Book 0o.
)he Youn$ Alaskans
.ou$h
)he Youn$ 0iti>en
(ole
.eath
)rainin$ for 0iti>enshi!
Smith
1on$mans, %reen 0o.
'nle SamCs Business
&arriott
'. S
)ownsend
1othro!
-ashin$ton and .is %enerals
.eadle"
.urst 6 0o.
-ashin$tonCs Farewell Address
(uffield 0o.
-hen Ameria Beame a Nation
Jenks
0rowell 0o.
-hen Ameria was New
)udor Jenks
0rowell 0o.
-hen Ameria -on 1i*ert"
)udor Jenks
0rowell 0o.
Youn$ Amerians
Judson
Youn$ 0ontinentals at Bunker .ill
&#nt"re
5enn 5u*. 0o.
Youn$ 0ontinentals at 1e?in$ton
&#nt"re
5enn 5u*. 0o.
Youn$ 5eo!leCs .istor" of the -ar with S!ain
5resott .olmes
.enr" Altemus 0o.
MISCE**ANEOUS
A %uide to Bio$ra!h"
Burton E. Stevenson
Baker, )a"lor 0o.
Amerian #ndians
Yon$e
A 4a$a*ond Journe" Around the -orld
Frank
0entur" 0o.
Book of %olden (eeds
0atlin
Bo"Cs 1ife of 0a!tain John Smith
Eleanor Johnson
0rowell 0o.
@Bo" -anted@
-. -aterman
0hildhood of Jishi*, the /Di*wa
Jenks
0hoosin$ a 1ife -ork
1. R. Fiske
Eaton 6 &ains 0o.
0hoosin$ a 4oation
5arsons
0hristo!her 0arson, known as 2it 0arson
J. S. 0. A**ott
0oura$e
0harles -a$ner
(avid 0rokettG .is 1ife and Adventures
J. S. 0. A**ott
(ashin$ 5aul Jones
Frank Sheridan
(avid &2a"
(avid 0rokett, Sout
Allen
Famous #ndian 0hiefs
/. -. .oward
0entur" 0o.
First Aross the 0ontinent
N. Brooks
.and" 5arliamentar" Rules
0rai$
.inds, No*le 6 0o.
<3JJ=
.eroes of the 5olar Seas
J. 2. &alean
1i!!inott
.ow %eor$e Ro$ers 0lark won the Northwest
R. %. )hwaites
#nentives for 1ife
J. -. 1udlow
Revell 0o.
#ndian Bo"hood
Eastman
#ndian Fi$hts and Fi$hters
Brad"
#ndian Stor" and Son$
Flether
1etters to Amerian Bo"s
0arruth
1ife of (avid 0rokett
E. S. Ellis
1ife of John %uten*er$
Emil" 0. 5earson
.urst 6 0o.
1ife 9uestions of .i$h Shool Bo"s
Jenks
Assoiation 5ress
1ivin$ Raes of &ankind, 4ol #4 and 4
)he 'niversit" Soiet".
1o"alt"
J. %. R. &0leeve
Revell 0o.
1ure of the 1a*rador -ild
-allae
Northland .eroes
Florene .ol*rook
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
/ld Santa Fe )rail
.. #nman
5on" )raks
F. Remin$ton
5unishment of the Stin$"
%rinnell
5ushin$ to the Front
&arden
Romane of Earl" E?!loration
-illiams
Seele" 0o.
Self+.el!
Smiles
Some &err" Adventures of Ro*in .ood.
5"le
Sri*ners
Stor" of a Sout
Finnemore
Startin$ in 1ife
Fowler
Stor" of the #ndian
%rinnell
Suess
/. S. &arden
Suessful 0areers
)ha"e
0rowell 0o.
)he Amerian Shot$un
Askins
/utin$ 5u*. 0o.
)he 0hildrenCs 1ife of 1inoln
&. 1ouise 5utnam
&0lur$ 0o.
)he Bla>ed )rail
-hite
)he Bo" %eneral
&rs. E. B. 0uster
)he Bo" on a Farm at -ork and at 5la"
Jao* A**ott
Amerian Book 0o.
)he .eart of the Anient -ood
0. %. (. Ro*erts
-essels 0o.
)he Romane of 5olar E?!loration
%. F. Sott
Seele" 6 0o.
)he Seven A$es of -ashin$ton
/wen -ister
%rosset 6 (unla!
)he -a" of an #ndian
F. Remin$ton
STORIES FOR SCOUTS
Adrift on an #e!an
-. ). %renfell
Amerian 1ife and Adventure
E$$leston
Amerian Book 0o.
<3J7=
Ari>ona Ni$hts
S. E. -hite
Around the -orld with the Battleshi!s
&iller
&0lur$ 0o.
Bakwoodsmen
(. Ro*erts
Blak Rok
%ordon LRal!h 0onnor, !seudM
Bo* Burton
.oratio Al$er, Jr
-inston 0o.
Bar B. Bo"s or the Youn$ 0ow 5unhers.
Edwin S. Sa*in
0rowell 0o.
Battlin$ for Atlanta
B"ron A. (unn
&0lur$ 0o.
Bo"s of /ther 0ountries
)a"lor
5utnamCs Sons
Bo" )ra!!ers
.arr" 0astleman
.urst 6 0o.
0am!in$ on the St. 1awrene
E. ). )omlinson
0attle Brands
A. Adams
0attle Ranh to 0olle$e
Russell
(ou*leda"
0hilhowee Bo"s
&orrison
0rowell 0o.
0hilhowee Bo"s in .arness
Sarah E. &orrison
0rowell 0o.
0hilhowee Bo"s in -ar )imes
Sarah E. &orrison
0rowell 0o.
0ast u! *" the Sea
Sir Samuel -. Baker
.urst 6 0o.
0ruise of the 0anoe 0lu*
-. 1. Alden
0ruise of the %host
-. 1. Alden
(ale and Fraser, Shee!+men
S. F. .am!
(ashin$ 5aul Jones
Sheridan
(avid &2a"
(are Bo"s of 1IIK
Ste!hen An$us 0o
A. 1. 0hatterton 0o.
(or"mates
0. R. &onroe
Forest Runners
Altsheler
For FreedomCs 0ause
). 0. .ar*auh
(avid &2a"
Fo? .untin$
0. A. Ste!hens
.urst 6 0o.
Frank in the -oods
0astleman
.urst 6 0o.
Frekles
5orter
%rosset 6 (unla!
From Atlanta to the Sea
B"ron A. (unn
A. 0. &0lur$ 0o.
Frontier Bo"s on the /verland )rail.
-"n. Roosevelt
0hatterton 0o.
%eneral NelsonCs Sout
B"ron A. (unn
A. 0. &0lur$
.ukle*err" Finn
)wain
.ans Brinker of the Silver Skates
&ar" &a!es (od$e
%rosset 6 (unla!
#n the 0louds for 'nle Sam
Ashton 1amar
Reill" 6 Britton
#vanhoe
Sott
Jak Amon$ the #ndians.
%G B. %rinnell
2im
2i!lin$
2idna!!ed
Stevenson
2ni$hts -ho Fou$ht the (ra$on
Edwin 1eslie
Sunda" Shool )imes 0o.
1arr" (eeterCs %reat Searh
.oward R. %aris
%rosset 6 (unla!
1ittle &etaomet
.e>ekiah Butterworth
0rowell 0o.
<370=
1ittle Smoke
-. /. Stoddard
1o$ of a 0ow*o"
A. Adams
1uke -alton
.oratio Al$er, Jr
-inston 0o.
&arhin$ A$ainst the #roAuois
Everett ). )omlinson
&arion and .is &en
John (e &or$an
(avid &2a"
&aster of the Stron$ .earts
E. S. Brooks
/ff the Roks
%renfell
S. S. )irnes
/n the #ndian )rail
E$erton R. Youn$
Revell 0o.
/n the /ld 2earsar$e
0"rus )ownsend Brad"
Sri*ners
/n %eneral )homasCs Staff
B"ron A. (unn
&0lur$
5aul Revere
John (e &or$an
(avid &2a"
5e$$" /wen
1u" Foster &adison
5enn 5u*. 0o.
Raidin$ with &or$an
B"ron A. (unn
&0lur$
Ran$e and )rail or the Bar BCs %reat (rive
Edwin 1. Sa*in
). Y. 0rowell 0o.
Ri! 4an -inkle
-ashin$ton #rvin$
Burse 6 .o!kins
Ro*inson 0rusoe
(efoe
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o.
Silent 5laes
S. E. -hite
Stories of the %ood %reen -ood
0. .awkes
0rowell 0o.
Stor" of Sonn" Sahi*
S. J. (unan
SheridanCs )roo!ers on the Borders
(e B. Randol!h 2eirn
(avid &2a"
Sir Raul
James &. 1udlow
Revell 0o.
Stories from 1ife
/rison Swett &arden
Amerian Book 0o.
Stru$$lin$ '!ward
Al$er, Jr
-insted 0o.
Swiss Famil" Ro*inson
J. (. -"ss
)alkin$ 1eaves
-. /. Stoddard
)an and Frekles
0. 1. Br"son
Revell 0o.
)en Years Before the &ast.
(ana, Jr
.ou$hton &ifflin 0o
)he Air Shi! Bo"s
Sa"ler
Reill" 6 Britton
)he Bo" Aviators in Niara$ua
-il*ur 1awton
.urst 6 0o.
)he Bo" Aviators in Afria
-il*ur 1awton
.urst 6 0o.
)he Bo" AviatorsC 5olar (ash
-il*ur 1awton
.urst 6 0o.
)he Bo" Aviators in Reord Fli$ht
-il*ur 1awton
.urst 6 0o.
)he Bo" Aviators in Seret Servie
-il*ur 1awton
.urst 6 0o.
)he Bo" AviatorsC )reasure 9uest
-il*ur 1awton
.urst 6 0o.
)he Bo" Fortune .unters in Alaska
F. Akes
Reill" 6 Britton
)he Bo" Fortune .unters in 5anama
F. Akes
Reill" 6 Britton
)he .ill
.orae A. 4ahell
(odd, &ead 6 0o.
)he 5ilot
0oo!er
)he 5ioneers
0oo!er
)he S!"
0oo!er
<371=
-ashin$tonCs Youn$ S!"
). 0. .ar*auh
(avid &2a"
-aste Not -ant Not Stories
0lifton Johnson
Amerian Book 0o.
-ith Fi$htin$ Jak Berr"
John ). &#nt"re
1i!!inott
-ith Flintlok and Fife
Everett ). )omlinson
%rosset 6 (unla!
-ith Sull" #nto the Siou? 1and
Jose!h &ills .ansen
&0lur$
-olf .unters
Jose!h /liver 0urwood
Bo**s, &errill 0o.
-ork and -in
Edward S. Ellis
A. 1. Burt 0o.
<373=
<373=
<37:=
#N(EE
<37;=
#N(EE
A 5A%E
Aidents, !revention of 3;;
Additions to )erritor" of the 'nited
States
333
A First )r" in )rakin$ 171
Aim of the Sout &ovement 3
Alaska 5urhase L1JKIM 33:
Alohol 33K
Am*assadors 3:;
Ameria L."mnM 3;I
Amerian &orse )ele$ra!h Al!ha*et 303
Amerian &orse )ele$ra!h
A**reviations
303
Amerian &orse )ele$ra!h Numerals 303
Amerian &orse )ele$ra!h
5untuations
303
Amerian &orse )ele$ra!h Si$nal 303
Amerian Revolution. )he L1II;+1IJ3M 33;+33J
An$lin$ 107
Animals, Native, -ild 133
Antelo!e
13;
Bad$er
1:0
Bear, Blak
1:3
Beaver
13K
0ottontail
13;
0ou$ar or 5anther
13I
0o"ote
137
(eer, &ule
13:
(eer, -hite )ailed
13:
Elk or -a!iti
133
Fo?
13J
%oat, &ountain
13;
&ink
1:0
&oose
13;
&uskrat
13K
/!ossum
1:1
/tter
137
5anther or 0ou$ar
13I
Ra**it, 0ottontail
13I
Ra**it, Jak or Blak )ailed
13I
Raoon
1:1
SAuirrel, %ra"
1:1
Skunk
1:0
-easel
137
-ild 0at or Bo* 0at
13J
-olf. %ra"
13J
-oodhuk
13K
Anna!olis, &d., Naval Aadem" 3::
A!o!le?" and #nDur" to Brain 3I0
AAuarium, .ome 107
AAuarium Fish Food 111
AAuarium Fish Nets 110
AAuarium, Startin$ the 110
Arher" 3;;
Arm 0arr" 3:0, 3IK
Arm" of the 'nited States 3:3
Artiles of 0onfederation L1IJ1M 33;
A Stor" of the )rail 173+17I
Athleti Standards, /utdoor 330
A?es 3K0
B 5a$e
Bad$es of Rank ::
0hief Sout
:;
0hief Sout 0am!
&aster
:K
0hief Sout 0iti>en
:K
0hief Sout (iretor of
Athletis
:K
0hief Sout (iretor of
0hivalr"
:K
0hief Sout (iretor of
.ealth
:;
0hief Sout Stalker
:;
0hief Sout Sur$eon
:;
0hief Sout Surve"or
:;
0hief Sout -oodsman
:;
Sout &aster
:;
Servie Stri!es
:;
Bak Stran$le 3J:
Bandanna 3K0
Bathin$ Rules 1;K
Baths 33:
Battleshi! &aine L1J7JM 33J
Bed. )he 0am! 1:I
Beetles and -as!s 10;
Belts 3K0
Bird Bo? 73
Bird 0raft J;+7:
Bird Blind J7
Bird 1ists JI
Bird 1unh 0ounter 73
Bird 5atrol &an 7:
Birds, 0arin$ For 71
Birds, .ow to 5hoto$ra!h J7
Birds, 2nowin$ the J;+70
Birds, Nestin$ Season JJ
Birds, 5rotetin$ the 73
Birth of New States. )he 331
Bites and Stin$s 3I:
Books for Referene 3K7+371
Bo" Sout EAui!ment 3;7+3K7
Bo" Sout /r$ani>ation, )he 10
Breehes 3K0
Bruises 3K:
Bu$le 3K1
Buildin$ a 1ot 0a*in ;7
Burns and Salds 3I3
Butterflies 101
Butterfl" -eed 117
0 5A%E
0a*inet, 5residentCs 3:1
0am!raft 1:;+1JK
0amera Sna! Shots 1:J
0am! Fire, )he 1K0
0am! Fire Buildin$ 1;J
0am! Fire Fire!lae 1:7
0am! Fire Stor" )ellin$ 1K1
0am! Fire Stunts 1K1
0am! 1am! 1:J
0am! Site 1:I
<37K=
0anoein$, Rowin$ and Sailin$ 1I3+1J:
0lear -eather Si$ns 1;I
0louds as -eather Si$ns 1;K
0ookin$ Reei!ts 1:7+1;3
Baon
1;0
0ooa
1;1
0offee
1;1
E$$s + Boiled, fried, sram*led,
!oahed
1;1
Fish, *aked
1;0
Fro$ 1e$s
1;0
%riddle 0akes
1:7
5otatoes, Roast
1;0
Salmon on )oast
1;0
0am! 2nives 3K1
0arr"in$ #nDured 3II
0anteen 3K1
0ensus of 'nited States L1I70+1J30M
taken ever" ten "ears
333
0hair 0arr" 3I;
0hallen$e of the 5resent 3:3
0harater 3:;
0heerfulness 3::
0hief Sout and Staff 11
0hills 3II
0hivalr" 33I+3;:
0iti>enshi! 3:7
0ivil Servie, 'nited Stales. State and
0it"
3::
0ivil -ar, )he L1JK1+1JK;M 33:
0lothin$ on Fire + .ow to 5ut /ut 3;K
0oats 3K1
0offee 33K
0om!ass 3K3
0onfedera", Southern L1JK1M 33;
0on$ress 3:1
0onservation 333
0onsti!ation 33K
0onstitution of the 'nited States L1IJ7M 33;
0onsuls 3:;
0ount" 0ourt .ouse 3:J
0oura$e 3:J
0ourts of the 'nited States 3:3
0ram!s or Stomah Ahe 3IK
0u*a L1J7JM 33J
( 5a$e
@(eath %ri!s@++.ow to Break 3J3
(elaration of #nde!endene
L1IIKM
33I
(i$estion 33;
(iretions for /rderin$ 3K0
(ish -ashin$ 1;3
(isloation 3K;
(ivin$ for 1ost /*Dets 3J;
(ivin$ from the Surfae 3J:
(rawin$ )raks 17K
(rinkin$ 0u! 3K3
(rownin$ 3;J
(rum 3K3
(uth in New York 33;
(ut" to %od 3:7
E 5a$e
Ear Ahe 3I;
Ears, 0are of 337
Eatin$ 33;
Eletri Aidents 3;J
Eletri Shoks, -hat to do 3;7
Emani!ation 5rolamation
L1JK3M
33I
Emer$enies, First Aid For 3I3
En$lish Settlements L1K0IM
L1K30M
33;
EAui!ment 3;7+3K7
Evauation (a" L1IJ3M 33K
E?erise, Settin$+'! 1JJ+171
E?erises. /utdoor 333
E"e Banda$e 3I:
E"es++0are of 33K
E"e++#nflammation of 3IK
E"e++Somethin$ in the 3I3
F 5a$e
Faintin$ 3I0
Farra$ut, Admiral++1ife Stor" 337
Feet, 0are of 330
Ferns 11I
Findin$ "our latitude *" the Stars ;I
Fin$er Nails, 0are of 330
Fire *" Ru**in$ Stiks. .ow to
&ake
I0
Fire, Buildin$ the 1;J
FiremanCs 1ift 3IJ
Fires 3;;
Fires. .ow to 5ut /ut++-hat to (o 3;;
First Aid and 1ife Savin$ 3;;+370
First Aid 3;1
First Aid 2it 3K3
First 0lass Sout 1I
Fitness 317
Fits 3I3
Fishes 10;+107
0lasses of
10K
#dentifiation of S!eimens
10J
Bass, Blak++lar$e mouth
10I
0atfish, S!ekled
10K
.errin$, River or Alewife
10I
2illifish. )i! minnow
10J
5erh, Yellow
10I
5ikerel, 0ommon 5ike
10K
Salmon, 0hinook
10K
Stur$eon, )he Atlanti
10I
Suker, 0ommon -hite
10J
)rout, Brook or S!ekled
10K
-hitefish, 0ommon
10K
&arine
10I
&i$rator"
10K
Stud"in$
10I
Fla$ (a"++June 1:th 3:0
Fla$. )he .istor" of Amerian
L1IIIM
33I
Fla$ Rules /*served 3:1
Floatin$ 3J0
Florida and )e?as 333
Florida 5urhase L1J17M 33:
Forei$n Servie 3:;
Forest Fires 1;7
Forks 3K1
Fort Sumter L1JK1M 33;
Fratures, 0om!ound 3K:
Franklin. BenDamin 33I
Free>in$ 3I3
Frenh and #ndian -ars, L1IK3M 33;
Frost Bite 3I3
% 5a$e
%adsend 5urhase
L1J;3M
33:
%ames 371
Arti E?!edition 31:
Bad$er 5ullin$ 303
Bear .unt 373
0anoe )a$ 37I
0halk the Arrow 313
0ok Fi$htin$ 303
(eer .untin$ 371
(od$e Ball 313
(ra$$in$ Rae 3;1
<37I=
(uk+on+a+rok 30:
Far and Near 31;
Far Si$ht 377
Feather Foot*all or Feather Blow 303
Fire 1i$htin$ Rae 31;
Fla$ Raidin$ 30;
Follow &" 1eader 31;
Follow the )rail 310
.and -restlin$ 303
.are and .ound 313
.at Ball 303
.orse and Rider )ourne" 31J
.ostile S!" 300
.unt the 0oon 301
2imCs %ame 311
2ni$ht Errantr" 31K
1ion .untin$ 30;
&an+.unt, )he 301
&or$anCs %ame 311
&ountain Soutin$ 31K
&um*l" 5e$ 31J
NavaDo Feather (ane 303
5athfindin$, %ames in 31K
5lant Rae 30;
5oison 303
5ole+star 377
5risonerCs Base 313
9uik Si$ht, )he %ame of 37J
Ra**it .unt 300
Rela" Rae 30J
Roadside 0ri**a$e 30:
Soutin$ 37J
Sout .untin$ 30J
Sout &eets Sout 310
SoutCs Nose L#ndoorsM 310
Sho! -indow L#ndoors in )ownM 307
Sho! -indow L/utdoors in
)ownM
307
Shoot /ut 311
Si*erian &an .unt 313
Smu$$lers on the Border 307
Snow Fort 311
S!ear Fi$hts 303
S!earin$ the %reat Stur$eon 37;
S!ider and Fl" 30I
S!ot the Ra**it or Far Si$ht 377
S!ot the )hief 30J
Stalkin$ 30I
Stalkin$ and Re!ortin$ 30I
)hrowin$ the Asse$ai 30;
)hrowin$ the S!ear 313
)iltin$ in the -ater 37K
)rak &emor" 30J
)reasure .unt, )he 31I
)reasure #sland 31J
'n!re!ared 5la"s 31K
-ill+o+the+-is! 31I
5a$e
%as Aidents 3;7
%as 5oisonin$, -hat to
(o
3K0
%eneral .ints 1;;
%rant, 'l"sses S. 33;
%rasses 11I
%rowth 333
%uam AAuired L1J0JM 33:
. 5a$e
.anok, John 33I
.and or Fla$ Si$nals 307
.and" Artiles in 0am! 1:J
.ats 3K3
.aversak 3K3
.awaii Anne?ed L1J7JM 33:
.ead Banda$e 3KK
.ealth and Endurane 317+33K
.iou$h 3IK
.ikin$ and /ver Ni$ht 0am!s 1:;
.onor &edals ::
.os!ital 0or!s 5ouh 3K3
.ot Stone -rinkle 1:J
.ow the %reat S!irit was
Found
1K1
.ow to Beome a Bo" Sout 11
.ow to %et Your Bearin$s 1;I
.ow to &ake 5itures of
)raks
17:
# 5a$e
#e Resue 3;J
#ndian Bathin$ 5reaution 1;K
#ndian Si$ns and Bla>es 307
#ndividualit" 3:I
#nDuries (ue to .eat or 0old 3I3
#nDuries -hen Skin is Broken 3K;
#nDuries -hen Skin is Not
Broken
3K3
#nsets and Butterflies 101+10;
#nsets, /ther 10:
#v" 5oisonin$ 3:I
2 5a$e
2e". Franis Sott, Author 330
2niker*okers 3K3
2ni$hthood, Anient 33I
2ni$hthood, &odern 3:0
2nives 3K3
2nots Ever" Sout Should
2now
:J+;3
Beket .ith
;1
Blakwall .ith
;1
Bowline
;0
0arrik Bend
;3
0love .ith
;1
FishermanCs Bend
;1
FishermanCs 2not
;3
False Reef or %rann"
;0
Fi$ure of Ei$ht 2not
:7
.alter, Sli! or Runnin$
2not
;0
/verhand 2not. )he
:7
Sheet Bend or -eaverCs
2not
;0
SAuare or Reef 2not
;0
Shee!shank
;0
)im*er .ith
;1
)wo .alf .ithes
;1
-hi!!in$ a Ro!e
:7
1 5a$e
1and /rdinanes L1IJ;M L1IJIM 33:
1and Settlements 33;
1an"ard 3K:
1eadershi! 1;3
1ean+to, )he 1:K
1ee, Ro*ert E 33;
1e$$in$s 3K:
1etter from 0ol. )heodore
Roosevelt
3;3
1e?in$ton and 0onord L1II;M 33;
1ife Buo"s 3JI
1inoln, A*raham 3:1, 33;
1ouisiana 5urhase L1J03M 333
& 5a$e
&ad (o$ 3K0
&anners, %ood 3:3
&arinerCs 0om!ass, )he ;3
&eadow &ouse 177
&easurement, .and 3KJ
&easurin$ (istanes K:
&edial E?aminations 33:
&emorial (a"++&a" 30th 3:1
&enu for 0am! and .ike 1;3
&ess+2its 3K:
<37J=
&e?ian 0ession and 5urhase from )e?as
L1J:JM
33:
&ilitar" Aadem" -est 5oint 3:3
&ilitia, Naval 3::
&ilitia, State 30J
&olusa++Shells and Shellfish 7:+7I
&oon, )he J;
&oths 103
&ushrooms, Fun$i or )oadstools 133
&ushrooms, 0ommon 13;
&ushrooms, 0o!rinus 13;
&ushrooms, (eliious &orel 13K
&ushrooms, #nk" 0o!rinus 13;
&ushrooms, 5uff Balls 13K
&erit Bad$es 5a$e
A$riulture 3:
An$lin$ 3:
Arher" 3:
Arhiteture 3;
Art 3;
Astronom" 3;
Athletis 3K
Automo*ilin$ 3K
Aviation 3K
Bee Farmin$ 3I
Blaksmithin$ 3I
Bu$lin$ 3I
Business 3I
0am!in$ 3J
0ar!entr" 3J
0hemistr" 3J
0ivis 37
0onservation 30
0ookin$ 30
0raftsmanshi! 31
0"lin$ 31
(air"in$ 31
Ea$le Sout :3
Eletriit" 33
Firemanshi! 33
First Aid 33
First Aid to
Animals
33
Forestr" 33
%ardenin$ 3:
.andiraft 3:
.orsemanshi! 3:
#nter!retin$ 3;
#nvention 3;
1eather -orkin$ 3;
1ife Savin$ 3K
1ife Sout :3
&ahiner" 3K
&arksmanshi! 3K
&asonr" 3K
&inin$ 3I
&usi 3I
/rnitholo$" 3I
5aintin$ 3J
5athfindin$ 3J
5ersonal .ealth 37
5hoto$ra!h" 37
5ioneerin$ 37
5lum*in$ :0
5oultr" Farmin$ :0
5rintin$ :0
5u*li .ealth :0
Sholarshi! :1
Sul!ture :1
Seamanshi! :1
Si$nallin$ :3
Stalkin$ :3
Star Sout :3
Surve"in$ :3
Swimmin$ :3
)a?iderm" :3
N 5a$e
Naval Enlistment 3:3
Naval Aadem" 3::
Nav" of 'nited States 3:3
Nekerhief 3K0
Nek %ri! 3J3
New States L1J:;+1JK1M 333
Norfolk 0oat 3K3
@Northwest )erritor"@ 33;
Nose Bleed 3I:
Nose, 0are of 337
/ 5a$e
/*servation, 5ratie 1:J
/!en /utin$ )ent 1I0+1I3
/rder of Business++0am! 1;3
/re$on )erritor" AAuired
L1J:KM
33:
/ri$inal )erritor" L1IJ3M 333
/rion J3
5 5a$e
5ain 33:
5anis, 5revention of 3;;
5atriotism and 0iti>enshi! 333+3;K
5atrol Fla$s 3K:
5atrol Si$ns 17
5atrol -ork J3
5eae 337
5eae )reat" L1IJ3M 371+373
5hili!!ine #slands AAuired L1J7JM 33:
5il$rim Fathers 33J, 33;
5ine #sland AAuired L1J7JM 33:
5ioneers. Amerian 337
5lants, Ferns and %rasses 11I+133
5leiades J:
5oisonin$ 3I3
5oison #v" 117
5olitis 3:I
5onhos 3K:
5orto Rio AAuired L1J7JM 33:
5ratial 0iti>enshi! 3;3
5resident++)erm of /ffie, Salar",
et.
3:1
5ro$ram, Sout 0am! 1;3
5ro!er 0arria$e 317
5ro!ert"++ Real. 5ersonal++
Relationshi! to %overnment
3:J
5u*li (omain 333
5urhase from )e?as L1J;0M 33:
5uttees 3K:
R 5a$e
Rains, Si$ns of 1;K
Ration 1ist 1;3
Re$ister of (eeds 3:I
Reli$ion, Bo" Souts 3;0
Remem*era*le &orse or Re+&orse
Al!ha*et
303
Re!tiles 7I+101
Resue from Shore or Boat 3J:
Restorin$ Breathin$ 3JK
Roks and 5e**les 111+11I
Roks, Stratified
113
Roks, 9uart> vein
113
Fossill, Shells
11K
5uddin$+Stone
11K
Row Boats 1J0
0omin$ Alon$side
1J1
Featherin$
1J0
%oin$ Ashore
1J1
2ee!in$ Ashore
1J1
<377=
Rowin$
1J1
Sullin$
1J1
Steerin$
1J1
Salute, )he
1J1
)urnin$. )he
1J0
Runawa" .orse 3K0
S 5a$e
Sailin$ Small Boats 1J3
Sailin$ Before -ind 1J3
Sailin$ 0lose to -ind 1J3
Sailin$, (iretion of -ind 1J3
Sailin$++Fl"in$ the Fla$ 1J:
Sailin$++Reefin$ 1J3
Sailin$++Ri$ht of -a" 1J:
Samoan #slands AAuired L1J77M 33:
Sanitation 1;:
Sout Bad$e, )he 13
Sout 1aw, )he 1:
Sout &otto, )he 13
Sout /ath, )he 1:
Sout Salute, )he 1:
Sout Si$n, )he 1:
Sout 4irtues J
Sout &aster, )he 1;3
Souts 5led$ed to the Fla$ 3:1
Sout Staff and its 'ses 3K;
Seession of States 33;
Seond 0lass Sout 1I
Serets of the -oods 177
Sema!hore Si$nal 0ode 30K
Shells and Shell Fish 7:+7I
Shelter )ents 3K:
Shirts 3K:
Shok++-hat to do in 0ase of 3K1
Shoes 3K;
Si$nal Fla$s 3K;
Si$nallin$ *" Fla$ or )orh 30;
Slaver" 33;
Slee! 331
Slee!in$ out of doors 333
Snake Bites 33I
Snakes, -ater &oasin 101
Southern 0onfedera" formed
L1JK1M
33;
S!anish Amerian -ar, )he L1J7JM 33J
S!anish and Frenh 33;
S!eaker, .ouse of Re!resentatives 3:1
S!eial Servie *" Bo" Souts 107
S!lints and Slin$ for Arm 3K:
S!lints for Broken 1e$ 3K3
S!lints for Broken )hi$h 3K3
S!oons 3K1
S!orts 3K:
S!rains 3K:
Staff 3K;
Star S!an$led Banner, )he L1J1;M 330
Star S!an$led Banner, ."mn 3;J
Stars, )he J1
State %overnment 3:K
Stokin$s KK
Stomah Ahe 3IK
Strether #m!rovised 3II
Stru$$le for Freedom 33J
Sun*urn 3I:
Sun (ial or .unterCs 0lok ;3
Sun Stroke and .eat E?haustion 3I:
Sweaters 3K1
Swedes in (elaware 33;
) 5a$e
)a?es 3:7
)ea 33K
)eeth 33I
)ele$ra!h #nstruments 3KK
)enderfoot 1K
)ent &akin$ &ade Eas" 1K:+1I0
)e?as Anne?ed 33:
)hree 0lasses of Souts, )he 1K
)hrift 3:K
)hroat 337
)oadstools 133
)oadstools, (eadl" 0u! 133
)oadstools, (eadl" Amanita 133
)oadstools, (estro"in$ An$el 133
)oadstools, Fl" Amanita 13:
)oadstools, .ated Amanita 13:
)oadstools, 5oisonous 133
)oadstools, Sure (eath 133
)oadstools, -holesome 13;
)o*ao 33K
)oothahe 3I;
)orniAuet to '!!er Arm 3K7
)owns, 4illa$es and 0ities 3:I
)rakin$ #rons 3KI
)raks, )rakin$ and Si$nalin$ 1JI+31J
)he 0oon that Showed .ow
17:
)rakin$
1JJ
)rakin$, .ow to 1earn
170
)rakin$, -hen to 1earn
170
)r"in$ #t on the 0at
17K
)reatment After Res!iration Be$ins 3JI
)rees, 0ommon North Amerian 13I+133
Ash, -hite
133
Beeh
130
Birh, Blak. Sweet or &aho$an"
137
Birh, 0ommon or As!en 1eaved
137
Butternut or -hite -alnut
137
0edar, Red
13J
0hestnut
130
0ottonwood
13J
Elm, -hite or Swam!
131
.emlok
13J
.ikor", -hite 13J
1oust, Blak or Yellow
133
&a!le, Red, Sarlet. -ater or Swam!
133
/ak, Red
130
/ak, -hite
131
5ine, -hite
13I
Sha$*ark, or -hite .ikor"
13J
S"amore, 5lane )ree, Button*all or
Buttonwood
131
-alnut, Blak
137
-alnut, -hite or Butternut
137
)roo! 0olors 3KI
)rousers 3KI
)welve 5oints of the Sout 1aw, )he 10
' 5a$e
'nonsiousnes
s
3I0
4 5a$e
4alle" For$e 33J
4ie+5resident++5resident of
Senate
3:1
- 5a$e
-ar of 1J13 337
-ashin$ton, (. 0 3:3
-ashin$ton, %eor$e 33;
-as!s 10;
-ath 3KI
-ath for a 0om!ass ;I
-ater Aidents 3I7+3JJ
-ater Bottle 3KI
-ater .ints 1;;
<:00=
-ater!roofin$ a )ent 1I0
-ater Su!!l" 1;:
-aves 1I7
-eather Fla$s 1;I
-est 5oint &ilitar" Aadem" 3:3
-hat /ne Bo" (id 70
-hat Soutin$ &eans 3
-hat to do -hen 1ost in the
-oods
KI
-histles 3KI
-histle Si$ns 30J
-hite .ouse 3:1
-hite 5ine 117
-i$+-a$ or &"er 0ode 30:
-ill 3:K
-ind, .ow to )ell (iretion of 1;I
-ireless )ele$ra!h" 310
-ireless A**reviations 30;
-ireless Si$ns 30:
-ireless Num*ers 30:
-ireless Reeivin$ Set 311
-ireless Sendin$ Set 313
-oodraft ;I+1:;
-oodlore ;I+J;
-ork not 1uk 3;1
-ounds -ithout Severe Bleedin$ 3KI
-ounds -ith Severe Bleedin$ 3KI
-rist %ri! 3J3
Y 5a$e
Yorktown, 4a. L1IJ1M 33J
THE COUNTRY *IFE +RESS( !ARDEN CITY( N( Y(
Q)ransri*erCs NoteG )he followin$ !a$es are advertisements.R
<:01=
(o You 2now )his &anual From 0over )o 0overH
-ell, here is another rule for "ou to memori>eG
@-henever .un$r" Eat 5eterCs 0hoolate@
Al!ine lim*ers, hunters, am!ers, and woodsmen of all desri!tions onsider 5eterCs 0hoolate the
re$ulation food for am! or trail.
#t is a*solutel" the most sustainin$B has the most deliious taste that alwa"s makes "ou want more, and does
not reate thirst.
(onCt "ou $o am!in$ this summer without a li*eral su!!l". You an $et the nut hoolate or the !lain
hoolate as "ou !refer, *ut *e sure to ask for 5eterCs, the /ri$inal &ilk 0hoolate.
5eterCs omes in several varietiesG
5eterCs &ilk 0hoolate
5eterCs &ilk 0hoolate 0roAuettes
5eterCs Almond &ilk 0hoolate
5eterCs &ilk 0hoolate with Roasted .a>elnuts
5eterCs Bon+Bons
<:03=
-orld Famous @S0/')S@
Now on SaleS
NowCs "our hane to $et the @Bo" Sout@ Shoe, *o"s++that world famous shoe a*out whih "ou have read so
muh in the ma$a>ines. #tCs makin$ Dust as *i$ a hit in this town as it has made in the *i$ ities. Bo"s are
@wild@ a*out them++sa" the" never saw an"thin$ like them for *ase*all, runnin$, Dum!in$, and all outdoor
s!orts.
)he @Bo" Sout@ Shoe
)ou$hest, li$htest, most sensi*le, ever"da" shoe made. '!!ers are soft as $loves. Soles wear two to three
times as lon$ as ordinar" soles. No linin$s. 0oolest and most healthful *o"Cs shoe ever invented.
0/1/RS
/live, )an and Blak
)ell "our !a that @Bo" Souts@ outwear two to three !airs of ordinar" shoes.
%ood+1uk 0harm FREE
with eah !air of $enuine B/Y S0/') S./ES
-rite us diret if "our dealer does not
handle them and we will forward *ooklet
immediatel".
)he E?elsior Shoe 0o., 5ortsmouth, /hio
1ittle Bo"sC, si>e 10 to 13+1N3B O3.00
Bo"sC, si>e 1 to ;+1N3, O3.;0
Bi$ Bo"sC and &enCs, si>e K+10, O3.00

<:03=

#n onDuntion with the Bo" S0/')S /F A&ER#0A we have !u*lished a *ook alled @Bo" Souts.@ )he
te?t of the *ook is written *" &r. J. 1. Ale?ander and the illustrations are *" %ordon %rant. #t is the onl"
illustrated *ook of the Bo" Souts. -e have made arran$ements with the National .eadAuarters of the Bo"
Souts of Ameria to allow a ommission of two ents to an" !atrol on eah *ook sold for ten ents *" the
mem*ers of that !atrol. -e will send e?!ress ollet, to the Soutmaster an" num*er of these *ooks whih he
thinks an *e dis!osed of within thirt" da"s *" the *o"s under him. At the end of that time he is to send us
ei$ht ents for eah *ook sold and return the remainin$ *ooks.
#f a loal or$ani>ation is in need of funds to !urhase !itures, furniture, uniforms or an"thin$ else needful
for its rooms or ativities, this affords an e?ellent o!!ortunit" for the *o"s to earn !art or all of the neessar"
amount.
)his *ook, @B/Y Souts,@ will *e sent an"where for ten ents in stam!s or oin *"
&inute )a!ioa 0o., /ran$e, &ass.
<:0:=
)he Soft, Sure Silent Ste! of the #ndian, the tra!!er and the $uide is "ours in the it" as well as on the trail, if
"ou will sim!l" attah /CSullivanCs .eels of New 1ive Ru**er to "our ordinar" shoes.
As "ou arr" home with "ou the hi$h, wholesome ideas of the woods, so also retain the noiseless tread of the
true sout *" alwa"s wearin$ /CSullivan .eels.
)he *est known men toda" are wearin$ these heels. )he" $ive that Auiet, s!rin$" tread whih shows the
stron$, self+reliant man.
5ut /CSullivanCs on all "our shoes. ;0 ents !er !air attahed.
-e have a free *ooklet es!eiall" for "ou on the su*Det.
/CSullivan Ru**er 0om!an"
131 .udson Street
New York
<:0;=

S0/')CS AEE
)he /ffiial A?e of the Bo" Sout
Furnished with a Sheath of 0hrome )anned 1eather to arr"on the *elt.
&anufatured *" the makers of the famous 5lum* @Anhor Brand@ tools.
Solid steel of s!eial anal"sis, from head to uttin$ ed$e. (ou*le tem!ered, makin$ a $ood keen ed$e, hard++
"et tou$h.
.i$hest $rade .ikor" handles, with s!eial Forest finish, whih *lends with the olors of the woods.
)he *est a?e that mone" an *u" or skill !rodue.
For use in forest or am! it is the handiest tool in a woodsmanCs kit.
FAYE))E R. 51'&B, #N0.
5hiladel!hia '. S. A. St. 1ouis.
<:0K=
Sout &astersC &anual
A hand*ook es!eiall" !re!ared to aid the sout master in his work with *o"s.
#t is full of su$$estionsS
5ro$rams for Sout &eetin$sB indoors and out, summer and winterB lon$ term am!, Sout $ames, et.
5rie K0 ent. !ost!aid
National .eadAuarters
300 Fifth Avenue
New York, N. Y.
%ive a Flood of 1i$ht
)his 1:+andle+!ower lam! !roDets a *ri$ht, white li$ht 1;0 feet and fulfils ever" li$htin$ reAuirement for
the am!er, .unter and An$ler.
)he Baldwin 0am! 1i$ht is onl" 3+1N3 inhes hi$h and wei$hs *ut ; ounes. 3; ents worth of ar*ide $ives
fift" hoursC li$ht. 0an *e hun$ u! in the tent, fastened to *ow of *oat or worn on a! or *elt, leavin$ *oth
hands free.
Sold *" leadin$ .ardware and S!ortin$ %oods (ealers, or sent !re!aid u!on reei!t of re$ular !rie, O1.00
John Simmons 0om!an"
33 Franklin Street
New York
-rite for this interestin$ *ooklet, sent free if "ou mention "our dealerCs name and address

)he /ffiial Bo"s Sout -histle
1/'( )/NE .eav" &etal %un &etal Finish
Seure from "our dealer, or mailed on reei!t of !rie and 3 e?tra for !osta$e.
BE.REN( 6 R/).S0.#1(
5rie 10 ents
3;; Broadwa"
New York 0it"
Strauss Bros. 6 0o., Sole Sellin$ A$ents

<:0I=

Bo" Souts and Sout&asters
)he .ill 6 1o!er 0o., (an*ur", 0onn., are makin$ a s!eial hat for "ou++a hat thatCs *uilt for soutin$++one
that will hold its sha!e and olor and all the sna! and dash that are !ut into it, in s!ite of @wind and weather.@
#tCs made to su!!l" the inreasin$ demand for a *etter Bo" Sout .at. #tCs made from Fine Fur Felt++from the
same stok and *" the same skilled workmen that !rodue the .ill 6 1o!er 0o.Cs famous @.#+1/@ Felt .ats
whih are sold to the most !artiular trade all over the ountr". #tCs @Sout@ st"le, throu$h and throu$h, and
*uilt on the thorou$h, thorou$hl" honest !rini!les that "our $reat or$ani>ation stands for. #t is a!!roved *"
"our National 0ounil, and "ouCll a!!rove it as soon as "ou see it and tr" it on. You an $et one of these Bo"
Sout or Sout &aster .ats from "our loal dealer or from National .eadAuarters, Bo" Souts of Ameria.
Be sure to look for the Sout Seal, stam!ed on the Sweat 1eather. None $enuine without this seal. #f there is
no dealer in "our loalit" send "our si>e and the re$ular !rie++O3.00 for @Bo" Sout@ or O3.;0 for @Sout
&aster@ .at, diret to
National /utfitter
S#%&'N( E#SNER
Red Bank, New Jerse"
<:0J=
B/Y S0/') S./ES
Jose!h &. .erman 6 0o., of Boston, the world famous manufaturers of .ermanCs '. S. Arm" Shoes, the
kind the soldiers, sailors, marines and militia wear, have reated the moat omforta*le and *est wearin$ shoe
for *o"s that ever was known. #t is made on the sensi*le ortho!edi last desi$ned *" arm" sur$eons. )he
re$ular arm" stam! is on these shoes and so is the offiial Bo" Sout seal. 1ook for these marks when
*u"in$. )he $enuine
'. S. Arm"++Bo" Sout Shoe
is made of Shrews*ur" leather with dou*le sole of solid oak leather reinfored so that it annot *reak awa".
)he u!!er has a ool linin$ and is soft and !lia*le. )his is not onl" the *est shoe for wear that a *o" an !ut
on *ut is handsome and sna!!"++one that an" *o" will *e !roud to show to his friends. Be sure to mention
"our si>e when orderin$.
5rie O3.;0
/ffiial Seal
Bottom Stam!
.ermanCs 'S Arm" Shoe
For Bo" Souts of Ameria
). E. /C(onnell
#ns!etor

<:07=
Baile"Cs
Bo" Sout 'nderwear
0onsistin$ of 2nit Shirts
(rawers and 'nion Suits
&ade in !lain and o!en mesh effet loth, in olive dra* re$ulation olor, also in E$"!tian and white.
Shirts made athleti st"le as shown in ut.
(rawers finished with stron$ ri**ed uffs that reah Dust *elow the knee whih insures omfort to wearer.
'nion suits also made in athleti finish.
Si>es from 3: to 3:.
5R#0ES
Athleti Shirts O.3;
Athleti (rawers .3;
'nion Suits .;0
#f "ou annot $et these $oods from "our dealer, advise us and we will mail or e?!ress them to "ou !re!aid on
reei!t of !rie.
).E BA#1EY 2N#))#N% &#11S
F/R) 51A#N. N. Y.
N. B. Bo" Sout 'nderwear su$$ested *" &aster 0harles S. Baile" of )roo! 3, Bo" Souts of Ameria, Fort
5lain, N. Y.

Showin$ 'se of Shirt as a Jerse"
#deal for 'se in 0am!. 0olor, /live
(ra*, &athin$ 'niform
<:10=
/ffiial EAui!ments
C)a*loidC First+Aid
No. I07, for 5atrol 1eaders and Sout &asters O3.00
No. I10, for Souts O1.00
S!eial disount on orders for 1N3 do>. or more when ordered throu$h the loal or$ani>ation.
Burrou$hs, -ellome 6 0o. 3; -est 33d Street New York 0it"

No. I07. C)a*loidC First+Aid
/utfitters for E?!lorers, 0am!ers, 5ros!etors, .unters and Bo" Souts 1i$ht -ei$ht -ater and Rot 5roof
)ents. Ask A*out /ur %reen )ents
ABER0R/&B#ECS 0A&5
)RA(E &AR2
/utin$ 0lothes, 0am! /utfits, Footwear
0anoes, Fishin$ )akle, %uns and Ammunition
(A4#( ). ABER0R/&B#E 0/., 311 Broadwa", New York
Amerian A$ents.
NE-1AN(, )AR1)/N 6 0/., Safari /utfitters.
Nairo*i, B.E. Afria
Send for #llustrated 0atalo$ue. 5lease Note Name and Address
<:11=
2nives Reommended *" 0ommittee on EAui!ment of Bo" Souts of Ameria
Ask "our hardware dealer for these knives
&ade to ut and sta" shar!
)wo Blades, E*on" .andle, @Eas" /!ener,@
Brass 1ined, and %erman Silver Bolsters
5rie ;0 ents
&ade to ut and sta" shar!.
Sta$ .andle, 1ar$e Blade, Srewdriver,
1eather 5unh, 0an /!ener, Brass 1inin$,
%erman Silver Bolsters
5rie O1.00
New York 2nife 0o.
33K Fifth Ave., New York -orks
-alden, N. Y.

<:13=

@#tCs time "ou owned a -altham@
)he -ath for the Bo" Sout as well as for the veteran. )he *o" of toda" doesnCt want a lok wath *ou$ht
in a notion store at the !rie of a to". .e wants an aurate wath *ou$ht from a Deweler++one he an take
!ride in and one that teahes him to res!et time. An aurate time+!iee, like soutin$, ultivates ha*its of
!reision and !untualit".
$A*THAM
-athes are noted time+kee!ers in ever" $rade. )here are moderate !ried -altham wathes that kee!
!erfet time. Even low !ried -althams maintain wonderful reords for aura". )he !ride of ownin$ a
wath of the world+wide re!utation of -altham, adds immensel" to an" *o"Cs ha!!iness.
Send for (esri!tive Booklet of -altham &ovements or Ask Your Jeweler.
-A1).A& -A)0. 0/. + + -altham, &ass.
<:13=
Boy Scout Kit Uio Suits
A Ne. Ki# of U#er.ear
Sli! into the Suit, fasten it on the shoulders++and there "ou areS )hat is the whole idea in a nutshell. A sim!le,
sensi*le under$arment, eas" to $et into, omforta*le to wear, and ver" serviea*le.
)here is no @!ull@ or strain on an" !art, the suit fits smoothl" and omforta*l" and allows free ation of the
whole *od".
/nl" four *uttons on the whole $arment, and the" are so well sewn that not even the most strenuous *o" is
a!t to !ull them off.
Bo" Sout 'nion Suit
)his la*el on ever" $arment++None other $enuine.
&ade in si>es to fit ever" *o" and "outh
5A)EN) A551#E( F/R
5rie. ;0 !er Suit
Ask "our store+kee!er for them,
if he hasnCt, them, weCll su!!l" "ou diret.
.. 1 Nelke 6 0/.
&anufatures
Nelke Buildin$
5hiladel!hia

<:1:=

&A(E -#). A BR/-N#E 0A&ERA.
T"e Camera for Fiel# Ser,ice2
BRO$NIE
Eas" to arr" on the marhB sim!le to o!erate. 1oads in da"li$ht with 2odak Film 0artrid$es. #deal for the
eAui!ment of ever" detahment of Bo" Souts. Ne$atives an *e easil" develo!ed in the field++No dark+room
reAuired.
-rite for the Book of Brownies.
EAS)&AN 2/(A2 0/., Rohester, N. Y.
<:1;=
A))EN)#/N S0/')SS
(AN BEAR(
/ne of the National Sout 0ommissioner.
.as written a 1i*rar" of Sout Books++*ooks "ou must have for the" tell all a*out the life in fields and
forests and on rivers and streams++the thin$s "ou want to know in "our *usiness.
REA( ).#S 1#S)
)he Bo" 5ioneer Sons of (aniel Boone. #llustrated *" the author.
O3.00 net
@)he reader is told how to take !art in all the old 5ioneer $ames.@
++5hila. 5ress.
)he Field and Forest .and" Book. #llustrated *" the author. O3.00
@A *ook to *e oveted *" ever" ative+minded *o" a!a*le of handlin$ tools.@ ++0hia$o News,
)he Jak of All )rades. #llustrated *" the author. O3.00
@An" *o" who is hand" with tools of an" sort will enDo" this *ook.@
++YouthsC 0om!anion,
)he /ut (oor .and" Book. #llustrated *" the author. O3.00
@#t makes a man of a *o" and a *o" of a man.@ ++0harles (ana %i*son,
)he Amerian Bo"Cs .and" Book. #llustrated *" the author. O3.00
@#t tells how to make all kinds of thin$s++*oats, tra!s, to"s, fishin$ takle, *alloons, rear wild *irds, train
do$s, et.@++#ndiana!olis Journal.
0harles Sri*nerCs Sons
New York 0it"
).E NA)#/NA1 0/NSER4A)#/N ASS/0#A)#/N
/ffers to Bo" Souts an immediate o!!ortunit" to earn $ood returns from useful work in a $reat ause *"
atin$ as Su*sri!tion A$ents for
Amerian 0onservation
)he new illustrated monthl" ma$a>ine !u*lished *" the Assoiation.
.andsomel" !rinted, ma$nifientl" illustratedB ever" artile written *" a reo$ni>ed authorit"B full of interest,
eah month, for ever" thou$htful man and *o" in Ameria.
-rite for full details of our !lan for ena*lin$ *o"s to earn mone" *" hel!in$ to !ut into more Amerian
homes a ma$a>ine in whih ever" thinkin$ Amerian is interested at si$ht.
Amerian 0onservation
0olorado Buildin$
-ashin$ton, (. 0.
<:1K=
@Be 5re!ared@
-hen "ou $et "our am! su!!lies donCt for$et to *u" a *o? of
@S)EER/@ Bouillon 0u*es
Re$. '. S. 5at. /ff
&ade *" Amerian 2ithen 5roduts 0o., New York
Add them to the list of su!!lies on !a$e 1;3 of "our .and*ook. A *o? of 100 Steero 0u*es is the ri$ht si>e
for si? *o"s for a week.
Steero 0u*es will save a lot of ookin$ in am!. All "ou have to do is to !ut a Steero 0u*e in a u! and !our
*oilin$ water on it. You an make dand" sou! for dinner, su!!er, or an" time "ouCre hun$r". You anCt hel!
$ettin$ it Dust ri$ht ever" time, and there isnCt an" waste *eause
@A 0u*e &akes a 0u!@
Send for Free Sam!les and tr" them at home, so "ouCll know Dust what the" are.
#f the $roer, dru$$ist, or s!ortin$ $oods dealer doesnCt have Steero 0u*es, send 3; for a *o? of 13 0u*es,
!re!aid, enou$h to make 13 u!s. -e also !ut them u! in *o?es of ;0 and 100 0u*es++the" are hea!er this
wa".
(istri*uted and %uaranteed *"
Shleffelin 6 0o.
31; -illiam St.,
New York
'nder 5ure Food 1aw, Serial No. 1

<:1I=
S0/')SS
0hief Sout Ernest )hom!son Seton has written Books without whih no Sout 1i*rar" is first+rate.
.ere is a 1ist of )hemG
Animal .eroes++#llustrated *" the author++O3.00
@)he .istories of a do$, a at, a l"n?, a ra**it, two wolves and a reindeer T T T -ritten in a vein of fition.
Yet the $eneral ha*its and mode of livin$ of the animals are auratel" desri*ed.@++5hilia. 5ress
&onarh, the Bi$ Bear of )alla.
#llustrated *" the author.
O1.3;O net
@A fasinatin$ aount of a Bear Famil".@++5rovidene Journal.
1ives of the .unted.
#llustrated *" the author.
O3.00
@)here is nothin$ in 2i!lin$Cs @Jun$le Books@ more intensel" dramati and a*sor*in$ than )he Stor" of
2ra$, the 2ookne" Ram, Sott"Cs lon$ hunt and its endin$.@ ++Brookl"n Ea$le.
-ild Animals # .ave 2nown.
#llustrated *" the author.
)ells the histories of suh wild reatures as a wolf, a fo?, a moll" ottontail and others.
)he )rail of the Sand .ill Sta$.
#llustrated *" the author.
O1.;0
@/u$ht to make an" *o" ha!!" and will furnish him some deli$htful hours.@++(etroit Free 5ress.
2ra$ and Johnn" Bear.
#llustrated *" the author.
;0 ents net
)o*o Ra$ and 4i?en.
#llustrated *" the author.
;0 ents net
0harles Sri*nerCs Sons
New York 0it"
Amerian Red 0ross A*rid$ed )e?t+Book on F#RS) A#(
%ENERA1 E(#)#/N
B" &AJ/R 0.AR1ES 1YN0.
&edial 0or!s, 'nited States Arm"
)he attention of all Bo" Souts is invited to this small )EE)B//2 on F#RS) A#(. #t is now in use *" a
$reat num*er of Bo" Sout or$ani>ations throu$hout the ountr". #n no res!et an the Bo" Sout *etter fit
himself for hel!in$ others than *" learnin$ First Aid and this te?t+*ook will ena*le him to do so in a
thorou$hl" satisfator" manner and in the shortest s!ae of time. )he *ook ontains ever"thin$ on the su*Det
of First Aid whih the Bo" Sout ou$ht to know and is free from tehnial details whih serve no useful
!ur!ose and onl" result in onfusin$ the student.
-ith ;; #llustrations. ?ii U 1J3 5a$es. 5a!er 0over. 30 5ost!aid
0an *e !urhased throu$h an" *ookseller, Amerian Red 0ross Soiet". or National .eadAuarters, Bo"
Souts of Ameria
5. B1A2#S)/NCS S/N 6G 0/., 5'B1#S.ERS
1013 -A1N') S)REE), 5.#1A(E15.#A
<:1J=
0am!in$ for Bo"s
.. -. %i*son
#llustrated, 0loth, O1
A 2na!sak Full of /utdoor -isdom
)he author has !ut into this *ook his e?!eriene of twent"+two summers of atual am!in$ with *o"s. )he
twent"+three ha!ters are filled with information suh as thisG where to $oB what to takeB how to la"out a
am!, !ith tent, *uild a am! fireB what to ook and how to ook it, how to $et well if "ou eat too muh of
itB diretions for lon$ tri!s, short tri!s, an" tri! at allB somethin$ to do ever" hour of the da", from reveille to
ta!sB first aid, $ames, nature stud" and thatCs not half. 37: !a$es. 100 !itures.

At .ome in the -ater
Swimmin$, (ivin$. -ater S!orts, 1ife+Savin$.
%E/R%E .. 0/RSAN, Swimmin$ #nstrutor, 'niversit" of )oronto.
0loth, I; entsB !a!er, ;0 ents.
)he author has started thousands of men and *o"s on the wa" to master" of the various strokes++under arm,
over arm, rawl, et. /ver one hundred !ratial illustrations are shown. &ore value for less mone" than an
*e found in an" other *ook of the kind. @)he methods of illustratin$ are the *est that an *e devised, and the
!itures onve" an e?tremel" lear idea of what is meant. &r 0orsanCs *ook stands with the *est, of whih
there are few, as a most om!lete work.@++0.AR1ES &. (AN#E1S, 0ham!ion swimmer of the 'nited
States, in the 5la"$round.

From Yout" Ito Ma"oo#(
-#NF#E1( S. .A11. &. (., 5rofessor of 5h"siolo$". Northwestern 'niversit"
&edial Shool. 0loth. ;0 ents, !ost!aid. )he standard *ook on Se?ual ."$iene. @#t is the onl" *ook of this
order whih # should are to reommend. #t om!atl" !uts the !h"sial fats of male lifeB adds a ver"
valua*le ha!ter of !ratial advie on !ersonal h"$ieneB then sto!s, and lets the *o" do his own thinkin$.@
++5rofessor %. -A1)ER F#S2E, /*erlin.
*ife )uestios of Hi&" Sc"ool Boys
J. -. JEN2S. 0loth, :0 entsB !a!er, 3; ent. )he distin$uished 0ornell 5rofessor has $iven here *rief
disussions of .a*it, 0heatin$, Soieties, et., in a wa" that starts the *o" thinkin$ in the ri$ht diretion.
)he *o" has the *rain and the will, he doesnCt need an"*od" to think for him or to deide for him. .e needs
to *e $uided into ri$ht wa"s of thinkin$ and deidin$ for himself. )his *ook is suh a $uide. #t sim!l" sa"s,
.ere are two wa"s++whih do "ou think is ri$ht. 4er" well, do that.
Social Acti,ities for Me a# Boys
A. &. 0.ES1EY, Editor. #llustrated, loth, O1. A *ook of nearl" 300 !lans and !ro$rams for heerful
oasions, $athered from all availa*le soures. All the material has *een suessfull" used.
)he *ook tells how to arr" on ree!tions of different sortsB how to !la" interestin$ and ori$inal $ames,
indoors and outdoors, in the water, as well as on landB how to !romote an amateur irus or a dramati
entertainment as well as a summer am!ai$n or outin$. 0onsidera*le attention is $iven to the or$ani>ation of
lu*s of all kinds, ivi, eduational, and athleti.
0om!lete 0atalo$ Sent on ReAuest
ASS/0#A)#/N 5RESS
13: East 3Jth Street, New York
)he five *ooks *ound in loth, !ost!aid O3.00
<:17=
More +oies for Boys
)wo Blooded Shetlands, eah with 0art and .arness made es!eiall" to fit the !on", will *e $iven eah
month to *o"s who sell
T"e Satur#ay E,ei& +ost

COUNTRY AND CITY BOYS
No matter whether "our town is a lar$e one or a small one, "ou have as $ood a hane to earn a 5on" /utfit
as has a *o" in an" other town or it". )he wa"s of sorin$ eAuali>e the o!!ortunities of ountr" and it"
*o"s. )hus, .arr" Ro"ster, Ya>oo 0it", &ississi!!i, earned our last 5on" /utfit *" sellin$ onl" ;;; o!ies
within two months.
Start No. To Ear Your +oy(
Your !on", $uaranteed to *e well+*roken and safe for "ou to drive, will "et *e full of life and a $ood traveler.
)he om!lete outfit is worth O1;0.00. LYou an have ash if "ou !refer.M #f "ou want a !on", write at one
for details and for o!ies of the weekl". )hese "ou an sell at five ents eah. Full information will *e sent
"ou with the weekl". -rite toda". %old wathes and other !remiums for *o"s who do $ood work.
T"e Curtis +u1lis"i& Com%ay'
8>9 Arc" St(' +"ila#el%"ia' +a(
<:30=
T"e Ne. BoyAs *eat"erBStoc7i&
By Erest T"om%so Seto
Rolf i T"e $oo#s

0hief Sout Ernest )hom!son Seton
Bein$ the Adventure of a Bo" Sout with #ndian 9uona* and 1ittle (o$ Skookum in the -ar of 1J13.
-hen Rolf 2itterin$ rawled out of the window of his little atti room that ni$ht to esa!e his infuriated and
*rutal unle, there was no refu$e for him to seek e?e!t the am! of his hane friend, old 9uona* the
#ndian. )he stor" of his life outdoors, of the fi$ht with the monster sna!!in$ turtle, of the Dourne" to the $reat
North -oods, and how the *o" ame to know the intimate life of the wild reatures, will make an" *o"Cs, or
manCs, heart *eat faster with admirin$ env".
)he most e?itin$ !ortion of all is where Rolf omes to !ut his new knowled$e into !ratie as a darin$ sout
durin$ the -ar of 1J13.
5rofusel" illustrated and with mar$inal deorations *" the author.
Fi?ed !rie, O1.;0
By t"e Same Aut"or
T.o *ittle Sa,a&es(
Net O1.I; L!osta$e 1I.M
Foresters Maual(
0loth. Net, O1.00 L!osta$e 10.M 5a!er, net, ;0. L!osta$e ;.M
Maual of Si&s a# Si& *a&ua&e L#n 5re!aration.M
0loth, Net, O1.00 L!osta$e 10.M 5a!er. Net. ;0. L!osta$e ;.M
By STE$ART ED$ARD $HITE
T"e Rule of t"e !ame(
Fi?ed !rie, O1.:0 L!osta$e 1;.M
T"e Ca1i
T"e Forest(
#llustrated. Net, O1.;0 L!osta$e 1;.M
T"e Moutais(
#llustrated. Net, O1.;0 Lu!sta$e 1;.M
T"e +ass(
#llustrated. Net, O1.3; L!osta$e 13.M
Cam% a# Trail(
#llustrated. Net, O1.3; L!osta$e 13.M
%arden 0it"
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0o.
New York
<:31=
You CaAt Be a Scout
unless "ou learn how to use "our hands in useful workG 0ar!entr", eletrial work and so on.
You Nee# a !ui#e
to show "ou the wa", for all these mehanial matters are eas" when "ou know how, *ut terri*l" diffiult to
!u>>le out *" "ourself.
T"ereAs Oly Oe Set of Boo7s ever !u*lished whih reall" does this, so sim!l" and learl" that an"*od"
an understand it. #tCs alled
JT"e *i1rary of $or7 a# +layJ
and its ten volumes tell "ou all most !eo!le ever need to learn a*out
Car%etry
Mec"aics
Electricity
Out#oor $or7
Metal $or7
!ar#ei& a# Farmi&
Home Decoratio
!ames a# S%orts
House7ee%i&
Nee#lecraft
0ut off this ou!on to+da" and mail it to us and weCll send "ou full information of this most useful and
interestin$ set of *ooks.
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0/.
%arden 0it", N. Y.
(ou*leda", 5a$e 6 0/.
%arden 0it", N. Y.
Sent me the *ooklet desri!tive of the
1i*rar" of -ork and 5la", and
ontainin$ olored !lates, illustrations, et.
Name 88888888888888888888888888888
Address 88888888888888888888888888888
<:33=

T"e BoysA Ma&a/ie
is unAuestiona*l" the finest ma$a>ine in the world for *o"s. Eah issue is filled with fasinatin$ stories and
a*sor*in$ artiles all of intense interest to ever" live *o". Also eah issue ontains de!artments devoted to
Eletriit", &ehanis, 5hoto$ra!h", 0ar!entr", Stam!s and 0oins. A *i$ Athleti de!artment, edited *"
-alter 0am! is a re$ular feature. Ever" one knows that &r. 0am! is the hi$hest authorit" on this su*Det in
the ountr". )his de!artment is of $reat value to ever" *o" who wishes to e?el in Athleti s!orts.
#t will *e of interest to our Bo" Sout friends to know that we have reentl" inau$urated a s!eial de!artment
devoted entirel" to the B/Y S0/')S /F A&ER#0A. )he manusri!t and illustrations for this de!artment
are s!eiall" !re!ared for us and forwarded eah month diret from National .eadAuarters.
A Ne. Ha#some Co,er i Colors Eac" Mot"( Beautifully Illustrate#
T"rou&"out
A BI! BAR!AIN
F/R /N1Y F#F)Y 0EN)S we will send "ou ).E B/YSC &A%AF#NE for si? months AN( a o!" of the
leverest little *ook "ou ever read, entitled, @Fift" -a"s for Bo"s to &ake &one"@ AN( a @Reah@ Base
Ball FielderCs %love, L)his $love is made of fine *rown tan leather, felt !added and leather lined, !atent wide
hum!, we* thum* and dee! !oket.M

T"i7 of it0 All t"e A1o,e for Oly Fifty Cets
(onCt !ut this off *ut send in "our su*sri!tion to+da". -e will refund "our mone" !rom!tl" if "ou are not
more than !leased with "our investment. LReferenes as to our Res!onsi*ilit", .amlin Bank 6 )rust
0o., Smeth!ort. 5a., or (un or BradstreetCs &erantile A$enies.M
Address
)he Sott F. Redfield 0o. ;7; &ain Street Smeth!ort, 5a.
L).E B/YSC &A%AF#NE is on sale for 10 a o!" at !ratiall" ever" news stand in Ameria. Should "ou
!refer to !urhase o!ies eah month rather than su*sri*e, then "our newsdealer will *e $lad to $et our
ma$a>ine for "ou in ase, of ourse, he does not alread" handle it.M
<:33=
All Boy Scouts S"oul# Su1scri1e for t"is Best BoysA Ma&a/ie i t"e $orl#0
T"e America Boy
5A%ES are $iven to the Bo" Sout movement. #ts Editor is a mem*er of the National 0ounil. Ernest
)hom!son Seton, the 0hief Sout, ontri*utes a !a$e for eah issue.
And listen to thisS YouCre a *ri$ht, u!+to+date fellow, "ou know whatCs $ood, and "ou like the *est of
ever"thin$. But so far, "ouCve missed the *est readin$++the liveliest, truest, most fasinatin$ readin$ "ou ever
set e"es on. ;00,000 *o"s now read it.
YouCre !ro*a*l" used to readin$ the ordinar" ma$a>ines that ome to the house, or news!a!ers or *ooks.
)he" are all $ood, *ut wh" not have a ma$a>ine all "our own, that omes ever" month to "ou, addressed in
"our own name, and that is filled from over to over with stories and anedotes, and illustrated talks and
latest news on s!orts, and++oh, hundreds of thin$s "ou want to know a*out++all written *" the *i$$est *o"sC
authors in the ountr". And !ituresS Sa" there are hundreds of themS Beats sensational trash all hollowS
S'BS0R#BE )/(AYS
Su*sri!tion 5rie O1.00 a Year.
AddressG
).E S5RA%'E 5'B1#S.#N% 0/.
No.13J &aDesti Buildin$, (E)R/#), &#0..

<:3:=
For the Bo" Souts of Ameria
Remin$ton '&0 .33 Rifles
Re!eater, Sin$le Shot
9uikness /f E"e, Stead" Jud$ment, Self 0onfidene++these Are )he 0harateristis /f &en And Bo"s
-ho Shoot.
Bu" A Remin$ton+'&0 .33 Sin$le Shot /r Re!eater. #t #s As 2een A Rifle For #ts Si>e As )he &ost .i$hl"
(evelo!ed &ilitar" Arm.
Remin$ton+'&0++Sin$le Shot Rifles 1ist At O:.00 And '!, And )he Bo"sC Sout S!eial At O;.00++as
Shown #n )he #llustration. #t #s Es!eiall" Built For (rill 'se.
Remin$ton+'&0++re!eatin$ Rifles 1ist At O13.K; And '!.
)hese Rifles Are Built #n )he Same Fator" B" )he Same E?!erts As )he Famous Remin$ton+'.&.0. Bi$
%ame Rifles.
Send 10 in stam!s for a *eautifull" *ound and illustrated histor" of the develo!ment of fire arms and
ammunition from slin$ shot to !resent da" hi$h !ower re!eatin$ rifles. )his *ook ontains man" intensel"
interestin$ stories of adventure.
Address Bo" Sout (e!artment
RE&#N%)/N AR&S++'N#/N &E)A11#0 0AR)R#(%E 0/.
377 Broadwa", New York

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