DATA ANALYSIS (Using SPSS)

for Social Workers

M. MARIA ANTONY RAJ
PhD Scholar (UGC-Junior Research Fellow)
Department of Social Work
Pondicherry University
Email: antony.buddha@gmail.com
Mobile: 9003348980
Scientific method and Logic of reasoning
Induction
Deduction
Quantitative research and Qualitative research
Steps in Research
- Research Design
- Sampling Techniques
- Tool for data collection
Methodological terms
Population
Collection of all individuals or objects or items under study
and denoted by N
Sample - A part of a population and denoted by n
Variable - Characteristic of an individual or object.
- Independent and Dependent variables
- Qualitative and Quantitative variables
Parameter
Characteristic of the population
Statistic
Characteristic of the sample
Hypothesis
A tentative statement which can be put to test Karl Popper
Conditions:
1. Minimum two variables
2. Variables should be definable and measurable
3. Already existing relationship between variables
4. Relationship should be tested through empirically and statistically
Types of Hypothesis
1. Alternative Hypothesis a. One tail b. Two tail
2. Null Hypothesis
Steps in Testing a Hypothesis
1. State the Null hypothesis
2. Select an Appropriate Test Statistic
3. Fix the Level of Significance ()
4. Compute the Test statistic
5. Make Decision regarding Acceptance or Rejection of
Null Hypothesis and in turn Research Hypothesis
Rule of Acceptance or Rejection of Null Hypothesis
P value < 0.05, Reject Null Hypothesis
P value > 0.05, Accept Null Hypothesis
Level of measurement
The concepts are operationally defined to measure them.
1. Nominal - classified into different mutually exclusive categories
Ex: Sex, religion
2. Ordinal - lowerness or higherness than other response-Rank order
Ex: Education
3. Interval - values for the variable on an equally spaced continuum,
-difference between 8 and 9 is the same as the difference between 76 and 77.
Ex: IQ, level of awareness
4. Ratio - There is a rationale zero point for the scale, Ratios are equivalent,
Ex: the ratio of 2 to 1 is the same as the ratio of 8 to 4.
Permissible Arithmetic Operations
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Counting Greater
than or less
than
operations.
Addition
and
subtraction
of scale
values.
Multiplicati
on and
division of
scale values.
Exercise: Identify the level of measurement for the following variables?
1. Age in Completed Years - 35, 54, 25, 5, 17, etc.
2. Sex - Male , Female
3. Socio-Economic Status - Low, Medium, High
4. Age - Young, Adult, Old
5. Time in Seconds - 5, 43, 52, 14, etc.
6. Size of Village - 400, 500, 431, 651, etc.
7. Religion-Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Jains, Sikhs etc.
8. Marks Obtained by Students - 35% , 48%, 78%, 25%, etc.
9. Days of a Week - Sunday, Tuesday, Saturday, etc.
10 Place of Birth - Rural, Urban, Semi Rural
11. State of Birth-Maharashtra, Bihar,U.P.,Gujarat, etc.
12. Field of Expertise - Science, Commerce, Arts, Engineering, Medicine, etc.
13. Position Held in a Organization-Manager, Supervisor, Driver, Peon, etc.
13 Systolic Blood Pressure - 130, 160, 110, 120, etc.
14. Intelligence Quotients - 65, 75, 89, etc.
15. Education level-Illiterate, Primary, Middle, HSC, etc.
16. Occupation-Agriculture, Labour, Service, Housework, Student, Aged, etc.
Selecting appropriate statistical test
Independent Dependent Parametric test Non Parametric
Association
Nominal/Ordinal
Nominal/Ordinal Chi-square
Relationship
Interval/Ratio
Interval/Ratio Correlation
Karl Pearson r
Spearman's Rank
Correlation
Significance Diff
Nominal/Ordinal
(2 category)
Interval/Ratio Independent t test Mann-Whitney
U Test or
Wilcoxon Test
Nominal/Ordinal
(more than 2 cate)
Interval/Ratio One way ANOVA Kruskal - Wallis
Cause and Effect
Interval/Ratio
Interval/Ratio Regression
Conditions for using Parametric Test
1. At least one variable should be interval/Ratio
2. Dependent variable should be normally distributed- Normality
3. Probability sampling Independent samples selected randomly
Conditions for using Non Parametric Test
1. Samples compiled from different population
2. Nominal level of measurement
3. Very small samples (as small as 6 or 7)
Testing Normality of the data
Normality can be checked only for interval and ration scale
If the data i.e., interval or ration variable under test is normally distributed
then use Parametric tests
Descriptive methods
If the Mean and median are approximately same then the variable is
normally distributed
If Skewness and Kurtosis are approximately zero then the variable is
normally distributed
Diagram methods
Histogram (the normality curve will be in positioned horizontally)
Stem and leaf (the normality curve will be in positioned vertically)
Box plot
Test of Normality
Kolmogorov Smirnov Test
Note: steam & leaf and normal probability curve in diagram method and
Kolmogorov Smirnov test in test of normality is strongly recommended to
check the normality of variables.
Reject Ho (significant level < 0.05) Absence of Normality
Accept Ho (significant level > 0.05) Presence of Normality
Types of Analysis
1. Descriptive
2. Associational
3. Inferential
A. Summarisation of data
1. Frequency distribution
2. Graphical display
3. Measures of location (central tendency)
4. Measures of Dispersion
5. Measures of Skewness & Kurtosis
B. Associational statistics
1. Measures of Association
2. Measures of correlation
3. Measures of Partial and Multiple Correlation(s)
C. Tests of Hypothesis
t-test, ANOVA, Chi Square, Proportion test, Significance of
Correlation(s), Regression coefficients
D. Multivariate Analysis
Regression analysis, Logistic Regression,
Factor, Cluster, Discriminant analysis
Training on SPSS
1. Data Entry
2. Data Cleaning
3. Data Analysis
a. Univariate Analysis
b. Bivariate Analysis
c. Multivariate Analysis
References
1. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS by Andy Field
THANK YOU