This document provides information on various mathematical concepts:
1. It outlines basic formulae for numbers, conversions between speed units, and formulas for time and distance problems related to moving trains.
2. It also summarizes profit and loss calculations, fractions, BODMAS rules, ratios, surds, pipes and cisterns, probability, and playing cards.
3. The document is intended as a reference for students to review essential concepts and formulas across multiple math topics.
This document provides information on various mathematical concepts:
1. It outlines basic formulae for numbers, conversions between speed units, and formulas for time and distance problems related to moving trains.
2. It also summarizes profit and loss calculations, fractions, BODMAS rules, ratios, surds, pipes and cisterns, probability, and playing cards.
3. The document is intended as a reference for students to review essential concepts and formulas across multiple math topics.
This document provides information on various mathematical concepts:
1. It outlines basic formulae for numbers, conversions between speed units, and formulas for time and distance problems related to moving trains.
2. It also summarizes profit and loss calculations, fractions, BODMAS rules, ratios, surds, pipes and cisterns, probability, and playing cards.
3. The document is intended as a reference for students to review essential concepts and formulas across multiple math topics.
i. (a + b)(a - b) = (a 2 - b 2 ) ii. (a + b) 2 = (a 2 + b 2 + 2ab) iii. (a - b) 2 = (a 2 + b 2 - 2ab) iv. (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) v. (a 3 + b 3 ) = (a + b)(a 2 - ab + b 2 ) vi. (a 3 - b 3 ) = (a - b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) vii. (a 3 + b 3 + c 3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ac) viii. When a + b + c = 0, then a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc. PROBLEMS ON TRAINS 1. km/hr to m/s conversion: a km/hr =
a x 5 m/s. 18 2. m/s to km/hr conversion: a m/s =
a x 18 km/hr. 5 3. Formulas or in!in" S#ee!$ %ime an! &istance 4. Time taken b a train !" #en$th l metres t! %ass a %!#e !r stan&in$ man !r a si$na# %!st is e'(a# t! the time taken b the train t! )!ver l metres. 5. Time taken b a train !" #en$th l metres t! %ass a stati!ner !b*e)t !" #en$th bmetres is the time taken b the train t! )!ver (l + b) metres. +. ,(%%!se t-! trains !r t-! !b*e)ts b!&ies are m!vin$ in the same &ire)ti!n at um/s an& v m/s, -here u . v, then their re#ative s%ee& is = (u - v) m/s. /. ,(%%!se t-! trains !r t-! !b*e)ts b!&ies are m!vin$ in !%%!site &ire)ti!ns at um/s an& v m/s, then their re#ative s%ee& is = (u + v) m/s. 8. 0" t-! trains !" #en$th a metres an& b metres are m!vin$ in !%%!site &ire)ti!ns atu m/s an& v m/s, then1 The time taken b the trains t! )r!ss ea)h !ther = (a + b) se). (u + v) 2. 0" t-! trains !" #en$th a metres an& b metres are m!vin$ in the same &ire)ti!n atu m/s an& v m/s, then1 The time taken b the "aster train t! )r!ss the s#!-er train = (a + b) se). (u - v) 10. 0" t-! trains (!r b!&ies) start at the same time "r!m %!ints 3 an& 4 t!-ar&s ea)h !ther an& a"ter )r!ssin$ the take a an& b se) in rea)hin$ 4 an& 3 res%e)tive#, then1 (35s s%ee&) 1 (45s s%ee&) = (b 1 a) S'EE& FORMULA: ,(%%!se a man )!vers a )ertain &istan)e at x km/hr an& an e'(a# &istan)e at ykm/hr. Then, the avera$e s%ee& &(rin$ the -h!#e *!(rne is 2xy km/hr. x + y 3
8 The #ast three &i$its are &ivisib#e b 8 102()* (81+68=102) +es 21+,-. (30268=3/ 3 /4) No 2 The s(m !" the &i$its is &ivisib#e b 2
(7!te1 !( )an a%%# this r(#e t! that ans-er a$ain i" !( -ant) 1+22 (1+++2+2=18, an& a$ain, 1+8=2)+es 2013 (2+0+1+3=+) No 10 The n(mber en&s in 0 22- is 22) is n!t 11 0" !( s(m ever se)!n& &i$it an& then s(btra)t a## !ther &i$its an& the ans-er is1 -, !r !ivisi/le /0 )) 1,+1 ((3+4) - (1++) = -) +es 3223 ((/+2) - (3+2) = ))) +es 2412+ ((5+/) - (2+1++) = ,) No 12 The n(mber is &ivisib#e b b!th 3 and 4 +48 (++4+8=18 an& 1863=+, a#s! 4864=12) +es 21+ (2+1++=1+, 1+63= 5 1 /3) No PROFIT AND LOSS 1. 8ain = (,.9.) - (:.9.) 2. ;!ss = (:.9.) - (,.9.) 3. ;!ss !r $ain is a#-as re)k!ne& !n :.9. 4. 8ain 9er)enta$e1 (8ain <) 8ain < =
8ain x 100 :.9. 5. ;!ss 9er)enta$e1 (;!ss <) ;!ss < = ;!ss x 100 :.9. +. ,e##in$ 9ri)e1 (,.9.) ,9 = (100 + 8ain <) x :.9 100 5
3. 5orkin" an! Slee#in" 'artners: 3 %artner -h! mana$es the the b(siness is kn!-n as a 6orkin" #artner an& the !ne -h! sim%# invests the m!ne is a slee#in" #artner. FRAC%IONS =ixe& >ra)ti!ns (Also called "Mixed Numbers")
A Mixed Fraction is a whole number and a proper fraction combined.
,ee h!- ea)h exam%#e is ma&e (% !" a -h!#e n(mber an! a %r!%er "ra)ti!n t!$ether? That is -h it is )a##e& a @mixe&@ "ra)ti!n (!r mixe& n(mber). Names We )an $ive names t! ever %art !" a mixe& "ra)ti!n1
Three Types of Fractions There are three t%es !" "ra)ti!n1 7
Converting Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions T! )!nvert an im%r!%er "ra)ti!n t! a mixe& "ra)ti!n, "!##!- these ste%s1
Aivi&e the n(merat!r b the &en!minat!r. Write &!-n the -h!#e n(mber ans-er Then -rite &!-n an remain&er ab!ve the &en!minat!r. Bxam%#e1 :!nvert 11/4 t! a mixe& "ra)ti!n. Aivi&e1 11 6 4 = 2 -ith a remain&er !" 3 Write &!-n the 2 an& then -rite &!-n the remain&er (3) ab!ve the &en!minat!r (4), #ike this1 2 3 4 When to Use Improper Fractions or Mixed Fractions >!r ever0!a0 use, %e!%#e (n&erstan& mixe& "ra)ti!ns better1 Bxam%#e1 0t is easier t! sa @0 ate 2 1 /4 sa(sa$es@, than @0 ate 2 /4 sa(sa$es@ 4(t "!r mathematics im%r!%er "ra)ti!ns are a)t(a## /etter than mixe& "ra)ti!ns. 4e)a(se mixe& "ra)ti!ns )an be )!n"(sin$ -hen !( -rite them &!-n in a "!rm(#a (are the t-! %arts s(%%!se& t! be a&&e& !r m(#ti%#e&?)1 Mixed Fraction: What is: 1 + 2 1 / 4 ? Is it: 1 + 2 + 1 / 4 = 3 1 / 4 ? Or is it: 1 + 2 1 / 4 = 1 1 / 2 ?
Improper Fraction: What is: 1 + 2 / 4 ? It is: 4 / 4 + 2 / 4 = 13 / 4
9
BODMAS RL!S 1. 7BO&MAS7 Rule: This r(#e &e%i)ts the )!rre)t se'(en)e in -hi)h the !%erati!ns are t! be exe)(te&, s! as t! "in& !(t the va#(e !" $iven ex%ressi!n. Cere 4 - 4ra)ket, D - !", A - Aivisi!n, = - =(#ti%#i)ati!n, 3 - 3&&iti!n an& , - ,(btra)ti!n Th(s, in sim%#i"in$ an ex%ressi!n, "irst !" a## the bra)kets m(st be rem!ve&, stri)t# in the !r&er (), EF an& GG. 3"ter rem!vin$ the bra)kets, -e m(st (se the "!##!-in$ !%erati!ns stri)t# in the !r&er1 (i) !" (ii) Aivisi!n (iii) =(#ti%#i)ati!n (iv) 3&&iti!n (v) ,(btra)ti!n. 2. Mo!ulus o a Real Num/er: =!&(#(s !" a rea# n(mber a is &e"ine& as GaG = a, i" a . 0 -a, i" a H 0 Th(s, G5G = 5 an& G-5G = -(-5) = 5. 3. 8irnaculum 9or Bar:: When an ex%ressi!n )!ntains Iirna)(#(m, be"!re a%%#in$ the 54DA=3,5 r(#e, -e sim%#i" the ex%ressi!n (n&er the Iirna)(#(m.
RATIO AND PROPORTION 1. Ratio: The rati! !" t-! '(antities a an& b in the same (nits, is the "ra)ti!n an& -e -rite it as a 1 b. 0n the rati! a 1 b, -e )a## a as the "irst term !r antece!ent an& b, the se)!n& term !r conse;uent. B$. The rati! 5 1 2 re%resents 5 -ith ante)e&ent = 5, )!nse'(ent = 2. 2 Rule: The m(#ti%#i)ati!n !r &ivisi!n !" ea)h term !" a rati! b the same n!n-Jer! n(mber &!es n!t a""e)t the rati!. 11
-e -rite, x 1 . y
SURDS AND INDICES 1. La6s o In!ices: i. a m x a n = a m + n
ii. a m = a m - n
a n
iii. (a m ) n = a mn
iv. (ab) n = a n b n
v.
a n = a n
b b n
vi. a 0 = 1 2. Sur!s: ;et a be rati!na# n(mber an& n be a %!sitive inte$er s()h that a (1/n) = a Then, a is )a##e& a s(r& !" !r&er n. 3. La6s o Sur!s: i. a = a (1/n)
ii. ab = a x b iii.
= a b iv. (a) n = a v. vi. (a) m = a m
PIPES AND CISTERN 1. Inlet: 3 %i%e )!nne)te& -ith a tank !r a )istern !r a reserv!ir, that "i##s it, is kn!-n as an in#et. Outlet: 3 %i%e )!nne)te& -ith a tank !r )istern !r reserv!ir, em%tin$ it, is kn!-n as an !(t#et. 2. 0" a %i%e )an "i## a tank in x h!(rs, then1 13
i. K!##in$ an (nbiase& &i)e. ii. T!ssin$ a "air )!in. iii. Ara-in$ a )ar& "r!m a %a)k !" -e##-sh(""#e& )ar&s. iv. 9i)kin$ (% a ba## !" )ertain )!#!(r "r!m a ba$ )!ntainin$ ba##s !" &i""erent )!#!(rs. &etails: v. When -e thr!- a )!in, then either a Cea& (C) !r a Tai# (T) a%%ears. vi. 3 &i)e is a s!#i& )(be, havin$ + "a)es, marke& 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, + res%e)tive#. When -e thr!- a &ie, the !(t)!me is the n(mber that a%%ears !n its (%%er "a)e. vii. 3 %a)k !" )ar&s has 52 )ar&s. 0t has 13 )ar&s !" ea)h s(it, name S#a!es$ Clu/s$ <earts an! &iamon!s. :ar&s !" s%a&es an& )#(bs are /lack car!s. :ar&s !" hearts an& &iam!n&s are re! car!s. There are 4 h!n!(rs !" ea)h (nit. There are =in"s$ >ueens an! ?acks. These are a## )a##e& ace car!s. 3. Sam#le S#ace: When -e %er"!rm an ex%eriment, then the set , !" a## %!ssib#e !(t)!mes is )a##e& the sam#le s#ace. E@am#les: 1. 0n t!ssin$ a )!in, , = EC, TF 2. 0" t-! )!ins are t!sse&, the , = ECC, CT, TC, TTF. 3. 0n r!##in$ a &i)e, -e have, , = E1, 2, 3, 4, 5, +F. Event: 3n s(bset !" a sam%#e s%a)e is )a##e& an event. 'ro/a/ilit0 o Occurrence o an Event: ;et , be the sam%#e an& #et B be an event. Then, B ,. 9(B) = n(B) . n(,) Results on 'ro/a/ilit0: . 9(,) = 1 i. 0 9 (B) 1 ii. 9( ) = 0 iii. >!r an events 3 an& 4 -e have 1 9(3 4) = 9(3) + 9(4) - 9(3 4) iv. 0" 3 &en!tes (n!t-3), then 9(3) = 1 - 9(3).