Learn French

Language Course
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Contents
004 - Lessons
005 - Introductory lessons
039 - Level one lessons
08 - Level t!o lessons
"9 - Level three lessons
#0 - $r%mm%r
"09 - &ppendices
"44 - &bout this 'ikibooks
"45 - &uthors
"4( - $)* Free +ocument%tion License
Third Edition
Published:
May 05, 2006
,+F cre%ted by -%.ind%/
Logo de La Francophonie
The current version of this book can be found at
http011en2!ikibooks2or.1!iki1French
L3445)4
Vue de Paris depuis la terrasse de la Samaritaine
French Introductory Lessons
Bonjour! - Introductory French
Logo officiel du gouvernement franais
Welcome to the course dedicated to teaching you the best and
most beautiful language in the world*!
* The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily state or reflect those of Wii!oos as a whole or
any of its affiliates"
Introductory Level Contents
020 Le6on 0 0 L7introduction
007 Lesson 0 0 Introduction
-istory o8 the French L%n.u%.e
3xtent o8 the French L%n.u%.e
020" Le6on 0" 0 &pprendre le 8r%n6%is
009 Lesson 0" 0 Learning French
9e%sons :o Le%rn French, ;ook
5r.%ni/%tion
&dvice on 4tudyin. French
0203 Le6on 03 0 L7%lph%bet
0 Lesson 03 0 !he "l#habet
Letters
,unctu%tion
0204 Le6on 04 0 Les %ccents
0$ Lesson 04 0 "ccents
&cute &ccent, $r%ve &ccent
:onic &ccent, 4tress
0205 Le6on 05 0 Les s%lut%tions
07 Lesson 05 0 %reetings
$reetin.s
$ood-byes, )%mes
020( Le6on 0( 0 Le discours 8ormel
09 Lesson 0( 0 For&al '#eech
<ous vs2 tu, =ourtesy
:itles, &skin. For 5ne7s )%me
020# Le6on 0# 0 >% v%?
0( Lesson 0# 0 )o* are you+
&skin. -o! 5ne Is +oin.
0208 Le6on 08 0 Les num@ros
0(, Lesson 08 0 -u&bers
=%rdin%l )umbers
5rdin%l )umbers
0209 Le6on 09 0 Les d%tes
0(7 Lesson 09 0 .ates
)umbers 0-3, 4e%sons
+%ys o8 the !eek, Aonths o8 the Be%r
020 Le6on 0 0 L7heure
0(9 Lesson 0 0 !elling !i&e
)umbers 30-(0, :imes o8 +%y
&skin. 8or the time
#iguilles d$#rves% France
&ntroductory Lessons
Lesson 020 C Introduction
Introduction
See also' French language
French is % 9om%nce l%n.u%.e, descended 8rom L%tin %nd closely rel%ted to
,ortu.uese, 4p%nish, It%li%n, %nd 9om%ni%n2 It is the n%tive ton.ue o8 over 8#
million people %nd h%s %n %ddition%l (8 million non-n%tive spe%kers2
live version
discussion
exercises
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%sk % Duestion
)istory
Further information' (istory of the French language
In mediev%l times %nd until the 9th century, it !%s o8ten the l%n.u%.e used in diplom%cy, culture,
%dministr%tion, roy%l courts %cross 3urope %nd %lso in tr%de, thus %ppropri%tely becomin. the lingua
franca o8 its time2
French-spe%kin. people h%ve m%de incursions upon the ;ritish Isles m%ny times in the p%st, most
notice%bly in the )orm%n Inv%sion o8 0((2 For this re%son, %lthou.h 3n.lish is % $erm%nic l%n.u%.e,
%t le%st % third o8 the 3n.lish lexicon is derived 8rom French2
/0tent o1 the Language
French is spoen all around the world"
)ain article' La Francophonie
)ain article' French colonial empires
In modern terms, it is still si.ni8ic%ntly used %s % diplom%tic l%n.u%.e, bein. %n o88ici%l l%n.u%.e o8 the
*nited )%tions, the 5lympic $%mes, %nd the 3urope%n *nion2 It is the o88ici%l l%n.u%.e o8 "9
countries %nd is spoken in Fr%nce, ;el.ium, 4!it/erl%nd, Luxembur., :unisi%, Aorocco, 4ene.%l,
-%iti, the Ivory =o%st, A%d%.%sc%r, the =on.o, &l.eri%, )i.er, A%li, ;urkin% F%so, :o.o, $%bon, the
4eychelles, ;urundi, =h%d, 9!%nd%, +Eibouti, =%meroon, A%uritius, %nd =%n%d% Fmostly in the
province o8 Gu@bec, !here it is the prim%ry l%n.u%.e, but it is %lso used in other p%rts o8 the country -
not%bly )e! ;runs!ick, !hich is the only bilin.u%l province2 &ll consumer product p%ck%.es in
=%n%d% %re reDuired by l%! to h%ve both 3n.lish %nd French l%belsH2
&llons-yI ;onne ch%nceI
congratulations on completing
Lesson 020 C Introduction
live version C discussion C exercises C edit lesson C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion
Lesson 020" C Le%rnin. French
2easons !o Learn French
&s mentioned e%rlier, French is si.ni8ic%ntly used %s % diplom%tic l%n.u%.e2 Bou
%re bound to 8ind spe%kers %lmost every!here in the !orld2 In %ddition to societ%l
re%sons, there exist do/ens o8 8%mous French novels %nd non8iction !orks in %
v%riety o8 subEects2 ;ec%use much c%n be lost in tr%nsl%tion, the best !%y to .o
%bout re%din. these !orks is in the n%tive l%n.u%.e2
live version
discussion
exercises
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"dvice on 'tudying French
)ain article' (ow to learn a language
French tends to h%ve % b%d reput%tion %mon.st 3n.lish spe%kers %s h%rd to le%rn2 'hile it is true th%t it
poses cert%in di88iculties to n%tive 3n.lish-spe%kers, it m%y be noted th%t 3n.lish is %lso considered to
be 7di88icult7, %nd yet !e le%rnt it !ithout the bene8it o8 %lre%dy kno!in. % l%n.u%.e2 In 8%ct, the French
l%n.u%.e c%n be le%rned in only ten months2
Le%rnin. %ny ne! l%n.u%.e reDuires some commitment, .ener%lly lon.-term2 9emember th%t, like %ny
skill, it reDuires % cert%in %mount o8 e88ort2 &nd i8 you do not pr%ctice your French re.ul%rly, it is hi.hly
likely th%t you !ill be.in to 8or.et it2 :ry to m%ke it % p%rt o8 your scheduleJ even i8 it7s not d%ily, %t
le%st m%ke it re.ul%r2
9emember th%t you %re le%rnin. % ne! skill2 :ry to m%ster the simple stu88 be8ore movin. on to the
more complex2 'e %ll h%ve to %dd %nd subtr%ct be8ore !e c%n do c%lculus2
French is % complete l%n.u%.e2 'hile this course c%n te%ch you to re%d %nd !rite in French, this is only
h%l8 o8 the skills th%t m%ke up 8luency2 & !ritten document c%nnot te%ch much %bout listenin. to %nd
spe%kin. French2 Bou must tr%in %ll o8 these skills, %nd they !ill rein8orce one %nother2 For listenin.
%nd spe%kin., 8indin. % n%tive spe%ker to help you once you h%ve some skill !ill help you !ith these
skills2
:he very best !%y to le%rn French is to .et %mnesi% in Fr%nce or %nother French-spe%kin. country2 :his
%llo!s you to st%rt !ith % cle%n sl%te, %s b%bies do2 -o!ever, most o8 us %re un!illin. to t%ke th%t step2
:he next best thin. is immersion2 I8 you %re serious %bout le%rnin. French, % period o8 immersion
F!here you .o to live in % Fr%ncophone cultureH is % .ood ide% once you %re moder%tely studied2 Aost
countries %re in the rel%tive vicinity o8 % French-spe%kin. country2
I8 you c%n7t tr%vel to % French-spe%kin. country, then try listenin. to French-l%n.u%.e pro.r%ms on the
r%dio, :<, or the Internet2 9ent or buy French-l%n.u%.e movies2 ,%y %ttention to pronunci%tion2 $r%b %
French spe%ker you meet %nd t%lk to him or her in French2 Listen, spe%k, %nd pr%ctice2
9e%d French ne!sp%pers %nd m%.%/ines2 &.%in, %n excellent source is $oo.le7s ne!s p%.e, !hich links
to French-l%n.u%.e ne!s stories, !hich !ill enrich your voc%bul%ry2
Book 3rgani4ation
:his book is divided into one set o8 prelimin%ry lessons, the p%.e o8 !hich you %re re%din. no!, %nd
8our incre%sin.ly complex lesson levels2 :he introductory lessons !ill te%ch you pronunci%tion %nd
phr%ses2 In the 8irst level, you !ill le%rn b%sic .r%mm%r, includin. pronouns, the present indic%tive,
most common present tense, %nd sever%l irre.ul%rly-conEu.%ted verbs2 In the second level, the p%ss@
compos@, the most common p%st tense, is .iven, %lon. !ith m%ny other irre.ul%r verbs2 In the third
level, you !ill le%rn sever%l more tenses %nd complex .r%mm%r rules2 :he 8ourth level Fstill in
developmentH, !ill be conducted in French %nd !ill 8ocus on French liter%ture %nd prose !ritin.2 For
more on course structure, %nd in8orm%tion on ho! you c%n help improve this book, see the lessons
pl%nnin. p%.e2
Lesson 020" C Le%rnin. French
Lesson 0203 C &lph%bet
Introduction
French %ra&&ar 5 "l#habet 5 audio 6in1o 50 kb 5 hel#7
!he French "l#habet 5 L8al#habet 1ran9ais
Characters &% ;b =c +d 3e F8 $. -h Ii
:ronunciation %h b%y s%y d%y euh e88 Eh%y %sh ee
Characters KE Lk Ll Am )n 5o ,p GD 9r
:ronunciation /hee k%h el emm enn oh p%y ku %ir
Characters 4s :t *u <v '! Mx By N/
:ronunciation ess t%y oo v%y dubl-v%y eeks ee-.rehk /edh
live version
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%sk % Duestion
In %ddition, French uses sever%l %ccents !hich %re !orth underst%ndin.2 :hese %re0 O, P, Q, F.r%ve
%ccentsH %nd @ F%cute %ccentH !hich only %pplies to e2 & circum8lex %pplies to %ll vo!els %s !ell0 R, S, T,
U, V2 &nd %lso % tr@m% FFrench 8or di%er%sisH 8or vo!els0 W, X, Y, Z, [, \ %nd combined letters0 ] %nd ^2
Letters and /0a&#les
French %ra&&ar 5 "l#habet 5 audio 6in1o 50 kb 5 hel#7
letter #ronunciation
na&e in French
6in I:" transcri#tion7
"a like a in father 1%1
Bb like b in baby_ 1be1
Cc
be8ore e %nd i0 like c in center
be8ore a% o% or u0 like c in cat
1se1
.d like d in dog 1de1
/e %pprox2 like u in !urp__ 1`1
F1 like 1 in fog 1 81
%g
be8ore e %nd i0 like s in measure
be8ore a% o% or u0 like g in get
1 e1
)h
aspirated h0 see note belo!_
non*aspirated h0 not pronounced___
1% 1
Ii like ea in team 1i1
;j like s in measure 1 i1
<k like k in kite 1k%1
Ll like l in lemon 1 l1
=& like & in minute 1 m1
-n like n in note 1 n1
3o
closed0 %pprox2 like u in nut
open0 like o in nose
1o1
:# like # in pen_ 1pe1
>? like k in kite
1ky1 see $u$
for details
2r
8orce %ir throu.h the b%ck o8 your thro%t
Eust %s i8 you !ere .%r.lin.
1 1
's
like s in sister %t be.inin.
o8 !ord or !ith t!o s8s
or like 4 in amazing i8 only one s
1 s1
!t like t in top 1te1
@u
4%y the 3n.lish letter e,
but m%ke your lips s%y +oo+"
1y1
Av like v in violin 1ve1
W*
+ependin. on the deriv%tion o8 the
!ord,
like v %s in violin% or w in *%ter
1dubl`ve1
B0
either 1ks1 in socks,
or 1./1 in exit
1iks1
Cy like ea in lea 1i.r`k1
D4 like 4 in ze!ra 1/ d1
Final consonants and the liaison
In French, cert%in conson%nts %re silent !hen they %re the 8in%l letter o8 % !ord2 :he letters p F%s in
7coup7H, s F%s in 7h@ros7H, t F%s in 7ch%t7H, d F%s in 7m%rch%ndH, %nd x F%s in 7p%resseux7H, %re never
pronounced %t the end o8 % !ord2
b and p
*nlike 3n.lish, !hen you pronounce the letters 7b7 %nd 7p7 in French, little to no %ir should be expended
8rom your mouth2 In terms o8 phonetics, the di88erence in the French 7b7 %nd 7p7 %nd their 3n.lish
counterp%rts is one o8 %spir%tion Fthis is not rel%ted to the simil%rly n%med concept o8 7h7 %spir@ belo!,
but is % sli.ht extr% pu88 o8 %ir %ccomp%nies the stopH2 Fortun%tely, in 3n.lish both %spir%ted %nd
un%spir%ted v%ri%nts F%llophonesH %ctu%lly exist, but only in speci8ic environments2 I8 you7re % n%tive
spe%ker, s%y the !ord 7pit7 %nd then the !ord 7spit7 out loud2 +id you notice the extr% pu88 o8 %ir in the
8irst !ord th%t doesn7t come !ith the second? :he 7p7 in 7pit7 is %spir%ted apbcJ the 7p7 in 7spit7 is not Flike
the 7p7 in any position in FrenchH2
/0ercise
2 $et % loose piece o8 printer p%per or notebook p%per2
"2 -old the piece o8 p%per %bout one inch For % couple o8 centimetersH in 8ront o8 your 8%ce2
32 4%y the !ords !a!y, %nd puppy like you norm%lly !ould in 3n.lish2 )otice ho! the p%per
moved !hen you s%id the 7b7 %nd the 7p7 respectively2
42 )o!, !ithout m%kin. the piece o8 p%per move, s%y the !ords !elle Fthe 8eminine 8orm o8
be%uti8ul in French, pronounced like the 3n.lish 7bell27H, %nd papa, Fthe French eDuiv%lent o8
d+%ddH2
I8 the p%per moved, your pronunci%tion is sli.htly o882 =oncentr%te, %nd try it %.%in2
I8 the p%per didn7t move, con.r%tul%tionsI Bou pronounced the !ords correctlyI
"s#irated vsE non-as#irated h
In French, the letter h c%n be %spir%ted, ,h aspir-., or not %spir%ted, ,h non aspir-., dependin. on !hich
l%n.u%.e the !ord !%s borro!ed 8rom2 'h%t do these terms me%n?
Ex.: the !ord hFros, ,hero. h%s %n %spir%ted h, bec%use !hen the de8inite %rticle le is pl%ced
be8ore it, the result is le h-ros, %nd both !ords must be pronounced sep%r%tely2 -o!ever, the
8eminine 8orm o8 h-ros, hFroGne is % non-%spir%ted h2 :here8ore, !hen you put the de8inite
%rtcle in 8ront o8 it, it becomes l$h-ro/ne, %nd is pronounced %s one !ord2
:he only !%y to tell i8 the h %t the be.innin. o8 % !ord is %spir%ted is to look it up in the diction%ry2
4ome diction%ries !ill pl%ce %n %sterisk F_H in 8ront o8 the entry !ord in the French-3n.lish ( section i8
the h is %spir%ted2 5ther diction%ries !ill include it in the pronunci%tion .uide %8ter the key !ord by
pl%cin. % F7H be8ore the pronunci%tion2 In short, the !ords must be memori/ed2
-ere is % t%ble o8 some b%sic h !ords th%t %re %spir%ted %nd not %spir%ted0
as#irated non-as#irated
hFros, hero ,le h-ros. hFroGne, heroine ,l$h-ro/ne.
haGr, to h%te ,0e hais or
0$ha/s""".
habiter, to live ,0$ha!ite""".
huit, ei.ht ,le huit novem!re. har&onie, h%rmony ,l$harmonie.
/0ercise
2 $r%b %n 3n.lish-French-3n.lish diction%ry, %nd 8ind %t le%st ten %spir%ted h !ords, %nd ten non-
%spir%ted h !ords
"2 A%ke % column o8 the t!o c%te.ories o8 h-!ord2
32 Look %t it every d%y %nd memori/e the columns2
:unctuation
French Aocabulary 5 "l#habet 5 audio 6in1o 5H0I kb 5 hel#7
:unctuation 5 La #onctuation
J
esperluette, et
commerci%l
8 %postrophe
K %st@risDue
L M .uillemets
N
b%rre obliDue
inverse
O P crochets
Q deux points
R point vir.ule
S vir.ule
T @.%l
U doll%r
!
point
d7excl%m%tion
V sup@rieur O
W in8@rieur O
- moins, tiret
6 7 p%renthPses
X Y %ccol%des
Z pourcent
E point
[ plus
\ diPse
+
point
d7interro.%tion
] souli.nement
^ b%rre obliDue
_ tilde
`
%rob%se, %
commerci%l, %robe
Lesson 0203 C &lph%bet
Lesson 0204 C &ccents
Introduction
:here %re 8ive di88erent kinds o8 %ccent m%rks used in !ritten French2 :hey %re0
accent
letters
used
e0a&#les
acute accent
,accent aigu.
@ only FlFph%nt0 elephant
grave accent
,accent grave.
P, O, Q
8iavre0 fever, lb, there
oc0 where
circu&1le0
,accent circonflexe.
R, S, T,
U, V
.dte%u0 cae% etre0 to !e, fle0 island,
chgm%.e0 unemployment,
dh0 p%st p%rticiple o8 devoir
diaeresis
,tr-ma.
X, Y, [, \__
)oil0 1hristmas, m%Gs0 corn, %i.je0
acute,fem._
cedilla
,c-dille.
6 only 8r%n9%is0 French
live version
discussion
exercises
edit lesson
comment
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)ote 0 &s o8 the spellin. re8orm o8 990, the di%resis indic%tin. gu is not % di.r%ph on !ords 8inishin.
in gu2 is no! pl%ced on the u in st%nd%rd F&L& d%c%d@mie 8r%n6%ised FrenchH 0 %i.[e %nd not %i.uX,
ci.[e %nd not ci.uX, %mbi.[e %nd not %mbi.uX F%cuteF8emH, conium, %mbi.uousH2 4ince this re8orm is
rel%tively recent %nd not kno!n in vul.%r surroundin., both spellin.s c%n be used interch%n.e%bly Fyou
mi.ht even .et % point knocked o88 i8 you !rite d%i.[ed in % text, it h%ppened to meIH
)ote 0 :he letter \ is only used in very r%re !ords, most old to!n n%mes 0 L7-%\-Les-9oses F,%ris
surburbH2 ,ronounced like Y2
"cute "ccent - "ccent aigu
:he acute accent ,French% accent aigu. is the most common %ccent used in !ritten French2 It is only
used !ith the letter e %nd is %l!%ys pronounced 1%y12
5ne use o8 the accent aigu is to 8orm the p%st p%rticiple o8 re.ul%r *er verbs2
in1initive #ast #artici#le
%imer, to love %imF, loved
re.%rder, to watch re.%rdF, watched
&nother thin. to note is i8 you %re unsure o8 ho! to tr%nsl%te cert%in !ords into 3n.lish 8rom French,
%nd the !ord be.ins !ith -, repl%ce th%t !ith the letter s %nd you !ill occ%sion%lly .et the 3n.lish
!ord, or %n %pproxim%tion thereo80
/0EQ
Ft%ble --e sta!le F8or horsesH
Fcole --e scole --e school
il Ftudie --e il studie --e he studies
&nd to combine !h%t you %lre%dy kno! %bout the accent aigu, here is one l%st ex%mple0
Ftr%n.l@ ,from trangler. --e str%n.l@ --e strangled
-BQ :his !ill not !ork !ith every !ord th%t be.ins !ith -2
%rave "ccent - "ccent grave
b and c
In the c%se o8 the letters 3 %nd 4, the grave accent ,Fr" accent grave.% is used to .r%phic%lly distin.uish
one !ord 8rom %nother2
*ithout accent grave *ith accent grave
a F3rd pers2 sin. o8 avoir, to haveH b Fpreposition, to% at% et %l2H
la Fde8inite %rticle 8or 8eminine
nounsH
lb FthereH
ou FconEunction, orH oc FwhereH
a
*nlike 3 %nd 4, 5 is not used to distin.uish !ords 8rom one %nother2 :he 5 used 8or pronunci%tion2 In
c%re8ul speech, %n un%ccented e is pronounced 1euh1, %nd in r%pid speech is sometimes not pronounced
%t %ll2 :he 5 is pronounced like the letter e in pet2
'#eechQ !onic "ccent - Lkaccent toni?ue
In 3n.lish, you stress cert%in syll%bles more th%n others2 -o!ever in French, you pronounce e%ch
syll%ble evenly2
Lesson 0204 C &ccents
Lesson 0205 C $reetin.s
.Q %reetings
French .ialogue 5 %reetings
%reetings 5 Les salutations
;ac?ues et =arie
;ac?ues ;onsoir, A%rie2
=arie 3uh ? :u t7%ppelles comment ?
;ac?ues Aoi
ac
, Ee m7%ppelle K%cDues2
=arie &h, oui2 Guoi de neu8, K%cDues ?
;ac?ues ,%s .r%nd-chose2 &lors
a"c
, %u revoir, O dem%in, A%rie2
=arie f l% proch%ine, K%cDues2
3livier et Luc
3livier 4%lut2
Luc ;onEour2
3livier :u t7%ppelles comment ?
Luc Luc2 3t toi ?
a3c
3livier Ke suis 5livier2
Luc &h, oui2 &lors, O bientUt, 5livier2
3livier 4%lut, Luc I
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2 me 6" so% then 32 #nd you 7 Fin8orm%lH
AQ %reetings
French Aocabulary 5 %reetings 5 audio 6in1o 5(7H kb 5 hel#7
4%lut -i21;ye2 Fin8orm%lH
;onEour -ello
Fmore 8orm%l th%n s%lutH F%ll
d%yH
;onsoir $ood evenin.
;onne nuit $ood ni.ht !un nwee
Guoi de neu8 ?
'h%t7s up F%bout youH? Flit2 !h%t7s
ne!H

,%s .r%nd-chose2 )ot much2 Flit2 no bi.-thin.H
For&al Lesson - %reetings
'hen t%lkin. to one7s peers or to children, Salut8 is used %s % .reetin.2 It7s 3n.lish eDuiv%lents !ould
be hi %nd hey2 9on0our, liter%lly me%nin. good day, should be used 8or %nyone else2 9onsoir" is used to
s%y :ood evening" 9onne nuit" is used to s%y :ood night" be8ore .oin. to bed2
AQ %ood-bye
French Aocabulary 5 %reetings 5 audio 6in1o 5(0( kb 5 hel#7
%ood-bye 5 "u revoir
4%lut2 -i21;ye2 Fin8orm%lH
&u revoir2 $ood-bye2 ohrvwahr Fev not pronouncedH
f dem%in2 4ee you tomorro!2
ah duhman FLit0 :o1*ntil
:omorro!H
&u revoir, O
dem%in2
;ye, see you
tomorro!2

f tout O l7heure2 4ee you Fl%ter tod%yHI ah tootah luhr
f l% proch%ine2 4ee you Ftomorro!HI ah lah proh shayn
f bientUt2 4ee you soon2 ah !yantoe
=i%o ;ye2 chow FIt%li%nH
For&al Lesson - %ood-byes
In %ddition to bein. used %s %n in8orm%l .reetin., Salut" %lso me%ns !ye2 &.%in, it should only be used
%mon. 8riends2 &nother in8orm%l .reetin. is ciao, %n It%li%n !ord commonly used in Fr%nce2 #u revoir
is the only 8orm%l !%y to s%y :ood*!ye" I8 you !ill be meetin. someone %.%in soon, ; !ient<t" or ;
tout 3 l$heure" is used2 ; demain" is used i8 you !ill be seein. the person the 8ollo!in. d%y2
AQ -a&es
Tu t$appelles comment 7 is used to in8orm%lly %sk someone 8or his or her n%me2 Bou respond to this
!ith =e m$appelle >n%me?2 In the next lesson, you !ill le%rn more 8orm%l !%ys o8 %skin. someone 8or
their n%me2
Check 1or understanding
5ne o8 your .ood 8riends is introducin. you to his youn.er cousin !ho is visitin. on % trip 8rom Fr%nce, %nd
doesn7t spe%k % !ord o8 3n.lish2 Bou !%nt to introduce yoursel8 to him, tell him your n%me, %nd %sk d'h%t7s
up?d
Lesson 0205 C $reetin.s
Lesson 020( C Form%l speech
.Q " For&al Conversation
French .ialogue 5 For&al s#eech 5 audio 6in1o 5H$ kb 5 hel#7
" For&al Conversation 5 @ne conversation 1or&elle
:!o peoplegAonsieur ;ern%rd %nd Aonsieur L%mbertg%re meetin. 8or the 8irst
time0
Monsieur Bernard ;onEour2 =omment vous %ppele/-vous ?
Monsieur Lambert Ke m7%ppelle Ke%n-,%ul L%mbert2 3t vous ?
Monsieur Bernard Aoi, Ee
ac
suis A%rc ;ern%rd2 3nch%nt@2
Monsieur Lambert 3nch%nt@
a"c
2
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2 & F& is not c%pit%li/ed in French Funless, o8 course, be.innin. % sentenceHH
"2 @ice to meet you Flit2 enchantedH
%Q ous vsE tu
:his is %n import%nt di88erence bet!een French %nd 3n.lish2 3n.lish doesn7t h%ve % sin.ul%r %nd plur%l,
8orm%l version o8 dyoud F%lthou.h dthoud used to be the in8orm%l F%r.u%bly %rch%icH sin.ul%r version in
the d%ys o8 4h%kespe%reH2
In French, it is import%nt to kno! !hen to use dvousd %nd !hen to use dtud2
d<ousd is % plur%l 8orm o8 dyoud2 :his is some!h%t eDuiv%lent to dy7%lld, dyoused, dyou .uysd, d%ll o8
youd, except th%t it is much more 8orm%l th%n %ll but the l%st ex%mple2
d<ousd is %lso used to re8er to sin.le individu%ls to sho! respect, to be polite or to be neutr%l2 It is used
in occ%sions !hen t%lkin. to someone !ho is import%nt, someone !ho is older th%n you %re, or
someone you %re un8%mili%r !ith2 :his is kno!n %s !0<ouvoiement2 )ote the convers%tion bet!een A2
;ern%rd %nd A2 L%mbert %bove %s %n ex%mple o8 this use2
=onversely, dtud is the sin.ul%r %nd in8orm%l 8orm o8 dvousd FyouH in French2 It is commonly used
!hen re8errin. to % 8riend %nd % 8%mily member, %nd %lso used bet!een children or !hen %ddressin. %
child2 I8 it is used !hen spe%kin. to % str%n.er, it si.n%ls disrespect2 :his is kno!n %s !0:utoiement2
&s % rule o8 thumb, use dtud only !hen you !ould c%ll th%t person by his 8irst n%me, other!ise use
dvousd2 French people !ill m%ke it kno!n !hen they !ould like you to re8er to them by dtud2
AQ Courtesy
French Aocabulary 5 For&al s#eech 5 audio 6in1o 5,l, kb 5 hel#7
Courtesy 5 La #olitesse
,le%se
47il te pl%Tt2 FLit0 I8 you ple%se2H
47il vous pl%Tt2 F8orm%lH2
:h%nks F% lotH Aerci Fbe%ucoupH2
Bou7re !elcome2
+e rien2 FLit0 58 nothin.2H
,%s de Duoi2
FLit0 )ot o8 !h%t2H F)o
problem2H
Ke t7en prie2 shtahn pree Fin8orm%lH
Ke vous en prie 0Auh vooA ahn pree F8orm%lH
AQ !itles
French Aocabulary 5 For&al s#eech 5 audio 6in1o 5l($ kb 5 hel#7
!itles 5 Les titres
French "bbrE :ronunciation /nglishS @sage
'ingular
:lural
Aonsieur
Aessieurs2
A2
muhsyeu
mehsyeu
Ar2, 4ir2
$entlemen2
'ingular
:lural
A%d%me
Aesd%mes
A
me
mahdamn
maydahm
Ars2, A%7%m2
L%dies
'ingular
:lural
A%demoiselle
Aesdemoiselles
A
lle
mahdmwahAell
mehdmwahAell
Aiss, Boun. l%dy
Boun. l%dies
For&al Lesson - !itles
:he titles monsieur, madame, %nd mademoiselle %re %lmost %l!%ys used %lone, !ithout the l%st n%me o8
the person2 'hen be.innin. to spe%k to % pro8essor, employer, or .ener%lly someone older th%n you, it
is polite to s%y monsieur, madame, or mademoiselle2
AQ "sking For 3ne8s -a&e
French Aocabulary 5 For&al s#eech 5 audio 6in1o 5,0l kb 5 hel#7
"sking For 3ne8s -a&e 5 .e&ander le no& de ?uel?u8un
=omment vous %ppele/-
vous?
Guel est votre nom?
-o! do you c%ll yoursel8?
F8orm%lH
'h%t is your n%me?
:u t7%ppelles comment?
'h%t is your n%me? Fin8orm%lH
Flit0 Bou c%ll yoursel8 ho!?H
Ke m7%ppelle222 Ay n%me is222 Flit2 I c%ll mysel8222H
Ke suis222 I %m222
Lesson 020( C Form%l speech
Lesson 020# C -o! %re you?
.Q " 'i&#le Conversation
:!o .ood 8riendsgA%rie %nd Ke%ng%re meetin.0
)arie0 4%lut Ke%n2 >% v% ?
=ean0 >% v% bien, merci2 3t toi, 6% v% ?
)arie0 ,%s m%l2
=ean0 Guoi de neu8 ?
)arie0 ,%s .r%nd-chose2
)arie0 &u revoir Ke%n2
=ean0 &u revoir, O dem%in2
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AQ )o* are you+
French Aocabulary 5 )o* are you+ 5 audio 6in1o 5l kb 5 hel#7
)o* are you+ 5 ma va+
=omment %lle/-vous? F8orm%lH,
=omment v%s-tu? Fin8orm%lH,
=omment 6% v%?1>% v% ? Fin8orm%lH
-o! %re you?
>% v% FtrPsH bien
I7m doin. FveryH !ell
Flit2 It7s .oin. FveryH !ellH
5ui, 6% v%2 Bes, it .oes2
:rPs bien, merci2 <ery !ell, th%nks2
,%s m%l2 )ot ;%d
p%s si bien1p%s trPs bien not so !ell
FtrPsH m%l FveryH b%d
=omme ci, comme 6%2 4o-4o2
+@sol@FeH2 I7m sorry2
3t toi?
3t vous?
&nd you? Fin8orm%lH
&nd you? F8orm%lH
'rite do!n %s m%ny !%ys to respond to Ba va7 %s you c%n think o8 o88 the top o88 your he%d2 :hen .o b%ck to
the voc%bul%ry %nd le%rn other !%ys2
/Q E0 - Basic :hrases - .ialogue
French /0ercise 5 )o* are you+ 5 audio 6in1o 5(HH kb 5 hel#7
Basic :hrases 5 /0#ressions de base
/0ercise
:ut the 1ollo*ing conversation in orderQ
First 'econd !hird Fourth
E =ichel
Ke ne v%is p%s trPs
bien2
;onEour, K%cDues &u revoir =omment 6% v%?
(E ;ac?ues +@sol@2
>% v% trPs bienI 3t
vous?
&lle/-vous bien?
f dem%in2 4%lut, AichelI
'olutionQ
First 'econd !hird Fourth
E =ichel ;onEour, K%cDues2 =omment 6% v%?
Ke ne v%is p%s trPs
bien2
&u revoir2
(E ;ac?ues 4%lut, AichelI
>% v% trPs bienI 3t
vous?
&lle/-vous bien?
+@sol@2 f dem%in2
For&al Lesson - "sking )o* 3ne Is .oing
Ba va7 is used to %sk someone ho! they %re doin.2 :he phr%se liter%lly me%ns &t goes7, re8errin. to the
body %nd li8e2 & more 8orm%l !%y to s%y this is 1omment alleA*vous72 Bou c%n respond by usin. a va
%s % st%tementJ Ba va" rou.hly me%ns &$m fine" :he %dverb !ien is used to s%y well, %nd is o8ten s%id
both %lone %nd %s Ba va !ien" 9ien is preceded by cert%in %dverbs to speci8y the de.ree to !hich you
%re !ell2 =ommon phr%ses %re asseA !ien, me%nin. rather well, tr5s !ien, me%nin. very well, %nd
vraiment !ien, me%nin. really well2 :he %dverb mal is used to s%y !adly2 Pas is commonly %dded to
mal to 8orm Pas mal", me%nin. @ot !ad" 1omme*ci% comme*a", liter%lly tr%nsl%tin. to Lie this% lie
that", is used to s%y So% so" :o be polite, %dd merci, me%nin. than you to responses to Duestions2
,retend to h%ve For %ctu%lly h%veH % verb%l convers%tion !ith v%rious people th%t you kno!, such %s siblin.s,
8riends, children, te%chers, co!orkers, or he%ds o8 st%te2 &ddress them in di88erent !%ys, dependin. on their
rel%tion to you2 &sk them ho! they %re doin., %nd 8in%lly s%y .oodbye2
Lesson 020# C -o! %re you?
Lesson 0208 C )umbers
AQ Cardinal -u&bers
)ain article' FrenchC#ppendicesCDates% time% and num!ersELes num-ros
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French Aocabulary 5 -u&bers 5 audio 6in1o 5ll7 kb 5 hel#7
-u&bers 5 Les no&bres
un une unit@ F% unityH
deux "
trois 3
Du%tre 4
cinD 5
six (
sept #
huit 8
neu8 9
dix 0 une di/%ine Fone tenH
on/e
dou/e " une dou/%ine Fone do/enH
trei/e 3
Du%tor/e 4
Duin/e 5
sei/e (
dix-sept #
dix-huit 8
dix-neu8 9
vin.t "0
vin.t et un "
vin.t adeux - neu8c ""-"9
trente 30
trente et un 3
trente adeux - neu8c 3"-39
Du%r%nte 40
cinDu%nte 50
soix%nte (0
soix%nte-dix #0
soix%nte-et-on/e #
soix%nte-adou/e - dix-neu8c #"-#9
Du%tre-vin.ts 80
Du%tre-vin.t-un 8
Du%tre-vin.t-adeux - neu8c 8"-89
Du%tre-vin.t-dix 90
Du%tre-vin.t-aon/e - dix-
neu8c
9-99
cent 00 une cent%ine Fone hundredH
adeux - neu8c cents "00-900
deux cent un "0
neu8 cent un 90
mille 2000 un millier Fone thous%ndH
FunH million 20002000
FunH milli%rd 200020002000
!hings o1 note about nu&bersQ
For #0-#9, it builds upon dsoix%nted but p%st th%t it builds upon % combin%tion o8 terms 8or 80-
99
5nly the 8irst F",3,4,5,etcH h%ve det undJ but p%st this it is simply both !ords consecutively
Fvin.t-six, trente-trois, etcH
For 00-99, it looks much like this list %lre%dy s%ve th%t dcentd is %dded be8ore the rest o8 the
numberJ this continues up to 000 %nd on!%rd2
A%ny spe%kers o8 French outside o8 Fr%nce re8er to the numbers #0 to 99 in the s%me p%ttern %s
the other numbers2 For inst%nce, in 4!it/erl%nd %nd ;el.ium, seventy is dsept%nte,d # is
dsept%nte et un,d #" dsept%nte deux,d %nd so on2 )inety is dnon%nted2 In 4!it/erl%nd, 3i.hty is
dhuit%nted or doct%nted2
AQ =athe&atics
/0ercices
huit plus cinD @.%l 0 Ftrei/eH
cinD et un @.%l 0 FsixH
neu8 plus huit @.%l Fdix-septH
trente-deux plus Du%r%nte-neu8 @.%l FDu%tre-vin.t-unH
soix%nte plus vin.t @.%l FDu%tre-vin.tsH
cinDu%nte-trois plus dou/e @.%l Fsoix%nte-cinDH
dix-neu8 plus cinDu%nte @.%l Fsoix%nte-neu8H
Du%r%nte-sept plus vin.t-sept @.%l Fsoix%nte-Du%tor/eH
4oix%nte-trois plus trente-deux @.%l FDu%tre-vin.t-Duin/eH
soix%nte plus trente-deux @.%l FDu%tre-vin.t-dou/eH
.Q In 'chool
:oto est un personn%.e im%.in%ire Dui est c%ncre O l7@cole2 Il y % be%ucoup d7histoires drUles sur :oto,
un Eour Ee vous en r%conter%i une I
:oto is %n im%.in%ry person th%t is % dunce %t school2 :here %re % lot o8 8unny stories %bout :oto, one
d%y I !ill tell you one o8 themI
- L$instituteur 0 ;onEour, les en8%nts I &uEourd7hui c7est m%rdi, nous %llons r@viser l% t%ble d7%ddition2
=ombien 8ont huit plus six ?
- Toto ' :rei/e, monsieur I
- L$instituteur ' )on :oto tu t7es tromp@ I -uit plus six @.%l Du%tor/e2 3t combien 8ont cinD plus neu8 ?
- 1l-ment ' Gu%tor/e I
- L$instituteur ' :rPs bien =l@ment2
congratulations on finishing
Lesson 0208 C )umbers
Lesson 0209 C +%tes
AQ !he days o1 the *eekE
French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 5,(0 kb 5 hel#7
!he .ays o1 the WeekE 5 Les jours de la se&aineE
\ French :ronunciation /nglish 3rigin
lundi luhndee Aond%y Aoon
" m%rdi mahrdee :uesd%y A%rs
3 mercredi maircruhdee 'ednesd%y Aercury
4 Eeudi 0uhdee :hursd%y Kupiter
5 vendredi vahndruhdee Frid%y <enus
( s%medi sahmdee 4%turd%y 4%turn
# dim%nche deemahnsh 4und%y 4un
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)otes0
What day is it today7 is eDuiv%lent to Fuel 0our sommes*nous 72
Fuel 0our sommes*nous 7 c%n be %ns!ered !ith @ous sommes""", 1$est""" or Gn est""" Fl%st t!o
%re less 8orm%lH2
@ous sommes""" is not used !ith hier, au0ourdHhui, or demain2 1$-tait Fp%stH or 1$est
Fpresent18utureH must be used %ccordin.ly2
:he d%ys o8 the !eek %re not c%pit%li/ed in French2
French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 5l(0 kb 5 hel#7
"sking For !he .ay 5 .e&ander le jour
%
&uEourd7hui on est Duel
Eour ?
:od%y is !h%t d%y? o0Aoordwee on ay ell 0Aoor
b &uEourd7hui on est a0ourc2 :od%y is adayc2
"% +em%in c7est Duel Eour ?
:omorro! is !h%t
d%y?
Duhman on ay ell 0Aoor
"b +em%in c7est a0ourc2 :omorro! is adayc2
French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 5H, kb 5 hel#7
2elative .ays 5 Les jours relati1s
%v%nt hier the d%y be8ore yesterd%y
hier yesterd%y
%uEourd7hui tod%y
ce soir toni.ht
dem%in tomorro!
le lendem%in the d%y %8ter tomorro!
AQ !he =onths o1 the Cear
French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 5$H kb 5 hel#7
!he =onths o1 the Cear 5 Les &ois de l8annFe
\ French :ronE /nglish
0 E%nvier 0Aahnveeyay K%nu%ry
0" 8@vrier fayvreeyay Febru%ry
03 m%rs mahrse A%rch
04 %vril ahvrill &pril
05 m%i maye A%y
0( Euin 0Awan Kuin
0# Euillet 0Aooeeyay Kuly
08 %oVt ootCoo &u.ust
09 septembre septahm!ruh 4eptember
0 octobre otuh!ruh 5ctober
novembre novahm!ruh )ovember
" d@cembre daysahm!ruh +ecember
:he months o8 the ye%r %re not c%pit%li/ed in French2
For phr%ses rel%tin. to the months o8 the ye%r, see the phr%sebook
French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 599 kb 5 hel#7
"sking For !he .ate 5 .e&ander la date
Guelle est l% d%te
Fd7%uEourd7huiH ?
'h%t is the d%te
Ftod%yH?
ell ay lah daht
=7est le ahc amonthc2 It7s amonthc ahc2 say leuh"""
AQ 'easons
French Aocabulary 5 .ates 5 audio 6in1o 5,( kb 5 hel#7
'easons 5 Les 'aisons
l% s%ison se%son
le printemps 4prin.
l7@t@ FmH 4ummer
l7%utomne FmH &utumn
l7hiver FmH 'inter
Lesson 0209 C +%tes
Lesson 020 C :ime
AQ "sking 1or the ti&e
French Aocabulary 5 !i&e 5 audio 6in1o 5H( kb 5 hel#7
"sking For !he .ayS .ateS !i&e 5 .e&ander le jour^la date^le te&#s
"sking 1or the ti&eE
4% Guelle heure est-il ?
4b Guelle heure il est ?
'h%t hour1time is it?
ell er ayteel
ell er eel ay
5 Il est anombrec heureFsH2 It is anum!erc hours2 eelay >nom!re? er
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AQ !i&e
In French, iil estj is used to express the timeJ thou.h it !ould liter%lly tr%nsl%te %s ihe isj, it is %ctu%lly,
in this c%se, eDuiv%lent to iit isj Fimperson%l dildH2 *nlike in 3n.lish, it is %l!%ys import%nt to use
iheuresj FihoursjH !hen re8errin. to the time2 In 3n.lish, it is 5L to s%y, iItks nine,j but this !ouldnkt
m%ke sense in French2
French Aocabulary 5 !i&e 5 audio 6in1o 5,$ kb 5 hel#7
!i&e 5 Le te&#s
Guelle heure est-il ? 'h%t time is it?
Il est une heure2 It is one okclock2
Il est trois heures2 It is three okclock2
Il est dix heures2 It is ten okclock2
Il est midi2 It is noon2
Il est minuit2 It is midni.ht2
Il est Du%tre heures cinD2 It is 8ive p%st 8our2
Il est Du%tre heures et Du%rt2 It is % Du%rter p%st 8our2
Il est Du%tre heures moins le
Du%rt
It is % Du%rter till 42
Il est Du%tre heures Duin/e2 It is 8our 8i8teen2
Il est Du%tre heures et demie2 It is h%l8 p%st 8our2
Il est Du%tre heures trente2 It is 8our thirty2
Il est cinD heures moins vin.t2 It is t!enty to 8ive2
Il est Du%tre heures Du%r%nte2 It is 8our 8orty2
AQ !i&es o1 .ay
French Aocabulary 5 !i&e 5 audio 6in1o 5HI kb 5
hel#7
!i&es o1 .ay 5 L8heure relati1
le lever du Eour
d%ybre%k
lit0the rise o8 the d%y
le lever du soleil
sunrise
lit0 the rise o8 the sun
le soleil lev%nt risin. sun2
le m%tin mornin.
222du m%tin &2A2, lit0 o8 the mornn.
hier m%tin yesterd%y mornin.
le midi noon, midd%y
l7%prPs-midi FmH %8ternoon
le soir evenin., in the evenin.
222du soir ,2A2 lit0 o8 the evenin.
l% nuit ni.ht
Lesson 020 C :ime
Introductory Level C 9evie!
%Q !he French al#habet
French %ra&&ar 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 50 kb 5 hel#7
Characters &% ;b =c +d 3e F8 $. -h Ii KE Lk Ll Am
:ronunciation %h b%y s%y d%y euh e88 Eh%y %sh ee /hee k%h el em
Characters )n 5o ,p GD 9r 4s :t *u <v '! Mx By N/
:ronunciation enn oh p%y ku %ir ess t%y ue v%y
dubl-
v%y
eeks
ee-
.rehk
/edh
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In %ddition, French uses sever%l %ccents !hich %re !orth underst%ndin.2 :hese %re0 O, P, Q, F.r%ve
%ccentsH %nd @ F%cute %ccentH !hich only %pplies to e2 & circum8lex %pplies to %ll vo!els %s !ell0 R, S, T,
U, V2 &nd %lso % tr@m% FFrench 8or di%er%sisH 8or vo!els0 W, X, Y, Z, [, \ %nd combined letters0 ] %nd ^
AQ Basic :hrases
French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5l$l kb 5 hel#7
Basic :hrases 5 Les e0#ressions de base
bonEour, s%lut hello F8orm%lH, hi Fin8orm%lH
=omment 6% v%?1>% v% ?
Fin8orm%lH
-o! %re you?
6% v% FtrPsH bien I7m doin. FveryH !ell Flit2 It7s .oin. FveryH !ellH
merci th%nk you
et toi ? et vous ? %nd you? Fin8orm%lH %nd you? F8orm%lH
p%s m%l not b%d
bien !ell
comme ci, comme 6% so-so
+@sol@FeH I7m sorry2
Duoi de neu8 ? !h%t7s up F%bout youH? Flit2 !h%t7s ne!H
p%s .r%nd-chose not much Flit2 no bi.-thin.H
%u revoir
bye Flit2 !ith reseein., %kin to $erm%n %u8
'iedersehenH
O dem%in see you tomorro! Flit2 %t tomorro!H
&u revoir, O dem%in2 ;ye, see you tomorro!
AQ -u&bers
French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5ll7 kb 5 hel#7
-u&bers 5 Les no&bres
un une unit@ F% unityH
deux "
trois 3
Du%tre 4
cinD 5
six (
sept #
huit 8
neu8 9
dix 0 une di/%ine Fone tenH
on/e
dou/e " une dou/%ine Fone do/enH
trei/e 3
Du%tor/e 4
Duin/e 5
sei/e (
dix-sept #
dix-huit 8
dix-neu8 9
vin.t "0
vin.t et un "
vin.t adeux - neu8c ""-"9
trente 30
trente et un 3
trente adeux - neu8c 3"-39
Du%r%nte 40
cinDu%nte 50
soix%nte (0
soix%nte-dix #0
soix%nte-et-on/e #
soix%nte-adou/e - dix-neu8c #"-#9
Du%tre-vin.ts 80
Du%tre-vin.t-un 8
Du%tre-vin.t-adeux - neu8c 8"-89
Du%tre-vin.t-dix 90
Du%tre-vin.t-aon/e - dix-
neu8c
9-99
cent 00 une cent%ine Fone hundredH
adeux - neu8c cents "00-900
deux cent un "0
neu8 cent un 90
mille 2000 un millier Fone thous%ndH
FunH million 20002000
FunH milli%rd 200020002000
!hings o1 note about nu&bersQ
For #0-#9, it builds upon dsoix%nted but p%st th%t it builds upon % combin%tion o8 terms 8or 80-
99
5nly the 8irst F",3,4,5,etcH h%ve det undJ but p%st this it is simply both !ords consecutivly
Fvin.t-six, trente-trois, etcH
For 00-99, it looks much like this list %lre%dy s%ve th%t dcentd is %dded be8ore the rest o8 the
numberJ this continues up to 000 %nd on!%rd2
AQ "sking 1or the day^date^ti&e
French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5H( kb 5 hel#7
"sking For !he .ayS .ateS !i&e 5 .e&ander le jourS la dateS le te&#s
"sking 1or the dayE
%
&uEourd7hui c7est Duel
Eour?
:od%y is !h%t d%y? o0Aoordwee say ell 0Aoor
b &uEourd7hui c7est a0ourc2 :od%y is adayc2
"% +em%in c7est Duel Eour
:omorro! is !h%t
d%y?
Duhman say ell 0Aoor
"sking 1or the dateE
3%
Guelle est l% d%te
F%uEourd7huiH?
'h%t is the d%te
Ftod%yH?
ell ay lah daht
3b =7est le ahc amonthc2 It7s amonthc ahc2
4% Guelle heure est-il?
4b Il est Duelle heure?
ell er ayteel
eel ay ell er
AQ !i&e
In French, iil estj is used to express the timeJ thou.h it !ould liter%lly tr%nsl%te %s ihe isj, it is %ctu%lly,
in this c%se, eDuiv%lent to iit isj Funperson%l dildH2 *nlike in 3n.lish, it is %l!%ys import%nt to use
iheuresj FihoursjH !hen re8errin. to the time2 In 3n.lish, it is 5L to s%y, iItks nine,j but this !ouldnkt
m%ke sense in French2
French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5,$ kb 5 hel#7
!i&e 5 Le te&#s
Guelle heure est-il ? 'h%t time is it?
Il est une heure2 It is one okclock2
Il est trois heures2 It is three okclock2
Il est dix heures2 It is ten okclock2
Il est midi2 It is noon2
Il est minuit2 It is midni.ht2
Il est Du%tre heures cinD2 It is 8ive p%st 8our2
Il est Du%tre heures et Du%rt2 It is % Du%rter p%st 8our2
Il est Du%tre heures Duin/e2 It is 8our 8i8teen2
Il est Du%tre heures et demie2 It is h%l8 p%st 8our2
Il est Du%tre heures trente2 It is 8our thirty2
Il est cinD heures moins vin.t2 It is t!enty to 8ive2
Il est Du%tre heures Du%r%nte2 It is 8our 8orty2
AQ !he days o1 the *eekE
Les Eours de l% sem%ine al%y E/oor duh l%h suhmenc
French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5,(0 kb 5 hel#7
For phr%ses rel%tin. to the d%y o8 the !eek, see the phr%sebook2
)otes0
What day is it today7 is eDuiv%lent to Fuel 0our sommes*nous 72
Fuel 0our sommes*nous 7 c%n be %ns!ered !ith @ous sommes""", 1$est""" or Gn est""" Fl%st t!o
%re less 8orm%lH2
@ous sommes""" is not used !ith hier, au0ourdHhui, or demain2 1$-tait Fp%stH or 1$est
Fpresent18utureH must be used %ccordin.ly2
AQ !he =onths o1 the Cear
French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5$H kb 5 hel#7
05 m%i maye A%y
0( Euin 0Awan Kuin
" decembre daysahm!ruh +ecember
AQ 2elative .ate and !i&e
French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5IIl kb 5 hel#7
2elative .ate and !i&e 5 .ate et heure relatives
!i&es o1 .ay
le lever du Eour
d%ybre%k
lit0the rise o8 the d%y
le lever du soleil
sunrise
lit0 the rise o8 the sun
le soleil lev%nt risin. sun2
le m%tin mornin.
222du m%tin &2A2, lit0 o8 the mornn.
hier m%tin yesterd%y mornin.
le midi noon, midd%y
l7%prPs-midi FmH %8ternoon
le soir evenin., in the evenin.
222du soir ,2A2 lit0 o8 the evenin.
l% nuit ni.ht
2elative .ays
%v%nt hier the d%y be8ore yesterd%y
hier yesterd%y
%uEord7hui tod%y
ce soir toni.ht
dem%in tomorro!
lendem%in the d%y %8ter tomorro!
AQ 'easons
French Aocabulary 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5,( kb 5 hel#7
l% s%ison se%son
le printemps 4prin.
l7@t@ FmH 4ummer
l7hiver FmH 'inter
.Q " Conversation Bet*een Friends
French .ialogue 5 2evie*
" Coversation Bet*een Friends 5 @ne conversation entre a&is
!aniel
;onEour -erv@2 =omment v%s-tu ?
-ello, -erv@2 -o! %re you? >lit' (ow go you7?
"erv
Ke v%is bien, merci2 3t toi 6% v% ?
I7m .ood,
th%nk you2 &nd you, it .oes F8ineH?

!aniel
>% v% bien2 3st-ce Due
"
tu viens O mon %nnivers%ire ? K7or.%nise une petite 8Ste2
It .oes !ell2 Bou7re comin. to my p%rty? I7m or.%ni/in. % little p%rty2
"erv
=7est Du%nd ?
'hen is it? >lit' &t is when7?
!aniel
Le 3 m%rs O "0h2
A%rch 3rd %t 08000 ,A2
"erv
Le 3 m%rs, entendu2 :u 8%is 6% che/ toi
3
?
A%rch 3rd, %.reed2 Bou7re h%vin. it %t your pl%ce?
!aniel
5ui c7est che/ moi2 K7%i invit@ une vin.t%ine d7%mis2 5n v% d%nser toute l% nuit2
Bes, it7s %t my pl%ce2 I h%ve invited F% set o8H t!enty 8riends2 'e
4
%re .oin. to d%nce %ll
ni.ht2
"erv
=7est trPs .entil de m7inviter, merci2 & bientUt2
It7s very nice to invite me, th%nk you2 4o lon.2
!aniel
& dem%in, bonne Eourn@e2
*ntil tomorro!, .ood d%y2
9ien is %n %dverb me%nin. well2 Its %dEective eDuiv%lent is !on,ne., !hich me%ns good2 4ince 0e vais, me%nin. & go, uses
%n %ction verb, the %dEective !ien is used2 In 3n.lish, I7m .ood, !hich uses the linkin. verb am, is 8ollo!ed by %n %dEective
r%ther th%n %n %dverb2
"
Ist*ce Jue""" liter%lly me%ns &s is that""" %nd is o8ten used to st%rt Duestions2 :his is used in % simil%r m%nner to do in
3n.lish2 Inste%d o8 Kou want it7, one c%n s%y Do you want it7 Ist*ce Jue""" h%s no re%l me%nin., other th%n si.ni8yin. th%t %
Duestion 8ollo!s2
3
cheA""" is % preposition me%nin. at the house of"""2 1heA moi is used to s%y at my place2 1heA >n%me? is used to s%y at
>n%me7s? place2
4
on c%n me%n we or one2
.Q !he :rinci#al
French .ialogue 5 2evie* 5 audio 6in1o 5$0$ kb 5 hel#7
!he :rinci#al 5 Le directeur
!aniel
Ffrappe 3 la porte 0 toc toc tocH
Fnocs on the door0 noc noc nocH
Le directeur
3ntre/ I
3nterI
!aniel
;onEour, monsieur le directeur2 3st-ce Due vous %lle/ bien ?
-ello, Ar2 +irector2 &re you !ell?
Le directeur
Ke v%is bien merci2 3t vous, comment %lle/-vous ?
I %m !ell, th%nk you2 &nd you, ho! %re you?
!aniel
Ke v%is bien2 Ke veux vous dem%nder s7il est possible d7or.%niser
une 8Ste pour mon %nnivers%ire2 Ke l7or.%niser%is le 3 m%rs vers 4
h2
I7m !ell2 I !%nt to %sk you i8 it is possible to or.%ni/e % p%rty 8or
my
birthd%y2 I !ould or.%ni/e it the third o8 A%rch %round 0"000 ,A2
Le directeur
3t vous voule/ l7or.%niser oQ ?
&nd you !%nt to or.%ni/e it !here?
!aniel
+%ns l% .r%nde s%lle de r@union %u deuxiPme @t%.e2 5n en
%ur%it besoin EusDu7O ( h, le temps de tout nettoyer2
In the l%r.e con8erence room on the second 8loor2 'e !ould
need it until 04000 ,A, the time o8 cle%nin. everythin.2
Le directeur
3ntenduI K7espPre Due Ee ser%is invit@ ?
&.reedI I hope th%t I !ould be invited?
!aniel
;ien sVr I Aerci ;e%ucoup I
58 courseI :h%nks % lotI
Le directeur
&u revoir I
$ood-byeI
!aniel
&u revoir et encore merci I
$ood-bye %nd th%nks %.%in2
Introductory Level C 9evie!
French Level 3ne Lessons
"llons! - Basic French
I8 you h%ven7t done so %lre%dy, spend % 8e! minutes to 8irst re%d the course7s introductory lessons2 5nce
th%t7s done, you7re re%dy to be.in your very 8irst tr%dition%l French lessonI &8ter you h%ve completed
this level, you c%n move on to the next level2 Fin%lly, .o to the lessons pl%nnin. p%.e i8 you !ould like
to help improve this course2
@eouvielle and lac d$ aumar

Level 3ne Contents
20 Le6on 0 0 $r%mm%ire de b%se
0, Lesson 0 0 Basic %ra&&ar
$0 $ender, &rticles, 4ubEect ,ronouns
<0 ,eople
20" Le6on 0" 0 ltre
0,7 Lesson 0" 0 !o Be
$0 =onEu.%tion, ltre
<0
203 Le6on 03 0 L% description
0$ Lesson 03 0 .escri#tion
$0 =onEu.%tion, ltre, &dEectives
<0 =olors, )umbers
204 Le6on 04 0 L% 8%mille
0$, Lesson 04 0 Fa&ily
$0 &voir, le% la, %nd les
<0 F%mily
205 Le6on 05 0 9@cr@%tion
0$7 Lesson 05 0 2ecreation
$0 -er <erbs, lui %nd leur
<0 $%mes, 4ports, ,l%ces, ,l%yin.
20( Le6on 0( 0 L% m%ison
0H( Lesson 0( 0 !he )ouse
$0 F%ire, me% te% nous, %nd vous
<0 -ousehold, -ouse!ork, Furniture
20# Le6on 0# 0 Le temps
0H7 Lesson 0# 0 Weather
$0 )e.%tion, =ontr%ctions, &ller
<0 'e%ther
208 Le6on 08 0 Les voy%.es
07( Lesson 08 0 !ravel
$0 -ir <erbs, ,ossessive &dEectives
<0 -otels, +irections
209 Le6on 09 0 L7%rt
07, Lesson 09 0 "rt
$0 -re <erbs, ;e%u, )ouve%u, %nd <ieux
<0 Auseums, Ausic, ,l%ys
20 Le6on 0 0 L% science
07I Lesson 0 0 'cience
$0 ,rendre
<0 3lements, &stronomy

Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 20 C ;%sic .r%mm%r
%Q %ender o1 -ouns
In French, %ll nouns h%ve % gra&&atical gender, th%t is, they %re m%sculine or
8eminine 8or the purposes o8 .r%mm%r only2
Aost nouns th%t express entities !ith .ender Fpeople %nd %nim%lsH use both %
8eminine 8orm %nd % m%sculine 8orm, 8or ex%mple, the t!o !ords 8or d%ctord in
French %re %cteur F&H %nd %ctrice F1H2
:he nouns th%t express entities !ithout .ender Fe2.2, obEects %nd %bstr%ct conceptsH
h%ve only one 8orm2 :his 8orm c%n be m%sculine or 8eminine2 For ex%mple, la
voiture Fthe c%rH c%n only be 8eminineJ le stylo Fthe penH c%n only be m%sculine2
:here %re some nouns th%t express entities !ith .ender 8or !hich there is only one
8orm, !hich is used re.%rdless o8 the %ctu%l .ender o8 the entity, 8or ex%mple, the
!ord 8or personJ personneJ is %l!%ys 8eminine, even i8 the person is m%le, %nd the
!ord 8or te%cherJ professeurJ is %l!%ys m%sculine even i8 the te%cher is 8em%leac2
live version
discussion
exercises
edit lesson
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
/0a&#les
French %ra&&ar 5 Basic gra&&ar 5 audio 6in1o 5l kb 5 hel#7
%ender o1 -ouns 5 %enre des -o&s
=asculine
Co&&on /ndings @sed
With =asculine -ounsQ
le chev%l
a"c
the horse -age
le 8rom%.e
the cheese
le chien the do. -r
le pro8esseur
ac
the te%cher
le livre the book -t
le ch%t
the c%t
le bruit the noise -is&e
le c%pit%lisme
c%pit%lism
Fe&inine
Co&&on /ndings @sed
With Fe&inine -ounsQ
l% colombe the dove -ie
l% boul%n.erie
the b%kery
l% chemise the shirt -ion
l% n%tion
the n%tion
l% m%ison the house -ite^-itF
l% 8r%ternit@
brotherhood
l% libert@ liberty -nce
l% b%l%nce
the sc%les
-nne
-&&e
-lle
l% 8ille
the .irl
lkindienne
the Indi%n
2 Professeur c%n be shortened to prof2 'hile the lon. 8orm, professeur, is %l!%ys m%sculine, even
!hen re8errin. to 8em%le te%chers, prof c%n be either m%sculine or 8eminine2 Fle pro8 - the Fm%leH
te%cherH Fl% pro8 - the F8em%leH te%cherH
7"2 In this book, the de8in%te %rticle !ill come be8ore % noun in voc%bul%ry ch%rts2 I8 the de8in%te %rticle
is l due to elision, ,m. !ill 8ollo! % noun to denote % m%sculine .ender %nd ,f. !ill 8ollo! % noun to
denote % 8eminine .ender2
*n8ortun%tely, there %re m%ny exceptions in French !hich c%n only be le%rned2 :here %re even !ords
th%t %re spelled the s%me, but h%ve % di88erent me%nin. !hen m%sculine or 8eminineJ 8or ex%mple, un
livre F&H me%ns % book, but une livre F1H me%ns % poundI 4ome !ords th%t %ppe%r to be m%sculine Flike
la photo, !hich is %ctu%lly short 8or la photographieH %re in 8%ct 8eminine, %nd vice vers%2 :hen there
%re some th%t Eust don7t m%ke senseJ la foi is 8eminine %nd me%ns % belie8, !here%s le foie me%ns liver2
:o help overcome this hurdle !hich m%ny be.inners 8ind very di88icult, be sure to le%rn the .enders
%lon. !ith the !ords2
%Q .e1inite and Inde1inite "rticles
!he .e1inite "rticle
In 3n.lish, the de8inite %rticle is %l!%ys ithej2
*nlike 3n.lish, the de8inite %rticle is used to t%lk %bout somethin. in % .ener%l sense, % .ener%l
st%tement or 8eelin. %bout %n ide% or thin.2
In French, the de8inite %rticle is ch%n.ed dependin. on the noun7s0
2 $ender
"2 ,lur%lity
32 First letter o8 the !ord
:here %re three de8inite %rticles %nd %n %bbrevi%tion2 dLed is used 8or m%sculine nouns, dL%d is used 8or
8eminine nouns, dLesd is used 8or plur%l nouns Fboth m%sculine or 8eminineH, %nd dL7 d is used !hen the
noun be.ins !ith % vo!el or silent dhd Fboth m%sculine or 8eminineH2 It is simil%r to en.lish, !here d%d
ch%n.es to d%nd be8ore % vo!el2
French %ra&&ar 5 Basic gra&&ar 5 audio 6in1o 57I kb 5 hel#7
!he .e1inite "rticle 5 L8article dF1ini
sin.ul%r
8eminine l% l% 8ille the d%u.hter
m%sculine le le 8ils
a3c
the son
sin.ul%r, st%rtin. !ith % vo!el
sound
lk lken8%nt the child
plur%l les
les 8illes the d%u.hters
les 8ils the sons
les en8%nts the children
:luralityS :ronunciationS and /0ce#tions
:he plur%l o8 most nouns is 8ormed by %ddin. %n *s2 -o!ever, the *s endin. is not pronounced2 It is the
%rticle th%t tells the listener !hether the noun is sin.ul%r or plur%l2
32 Fils0 Aost sin.ul%r nouns do not end in -s2 :he -s is %dded 8or the plur%l 8orm o8 the noun2 Fils is one
exception2 'henever the sin.ul%r 8orm o8 % noun ends in *s, there is no ch%n.e in the plur%l 8orm2
le 8ils
the son
les 8ils
the sons
un 8ils
% son
des 8ils
FsomeH sons
le cours
the course
les cours
the courses
un cours
% course
des cours
FsomeH courses
4econdly, the 8in%l conson%nt is %lmost %l!%ys not pronounced unless 8ollo!ed by %n *e For %nother
vo!elH2 Fils Fpronounced feeceH is %lso %n exception to this rule2
/lision
:he de8inite %rticles le %nd la %re shortened to lk !hen they come be8ore % noun th%t be.ins !ith %
vo!el2 'hen pronounced, the vo!el sound is dropped2
FleH %mi - l7%mi - lahmee - the Fm%leH 8riend
Fl%H %mie - l7%mie - lahmee the F8em%leH 8riend
FleH @lPve - l7@lPve - lay lev - the student
:his process, c%lled ielision,j %lso occurs be8ore % silent h2
Fl%H heure - l7heure - leur - the hour1the time
!he Inde1inite "rticle
In 3n.lish, the inde8inite %rticles %re d%d %nd d%nd2 d4omed is used %s % plur%l %rticle in 3n.lish2
&.%in, inde8inite %rticles in French t%ke di88erent 8orms dependin. on .ender %nd plur%lity2 :he %rticles
d*nd %nd duned liter%lly me%n doned in French2
French %ra&&ar 5 Basic gra&&ar 5 audio 6in1o 5$$ kb 5 hel#7
!he Inde1inite "rticle 5 L8article indF1ini
sin.ul%r
8eminine une oon une 8ille % d%u.hter
m%sculine un uh un 8ils % son
plur%l des day
des 8illes some d%u.hters
des 8ils
some sons
ddes 8ilsd does me%n dsome sonsd but is %n homo.r%ph0 it c%n %lso me%n dsome thre%dsd F!hen
pronounced like d8illdH
Liaison
9emember th%t the l%st conson%nt o8 % !ord is typic%lly not pronounced unless 8ollo!ed by % vo!el2
'ell !hen % !ord endin. in % conson%nt is 8ollo!ed by % !ord be.innin. !ith % vo!el sound, the
conson%nt o8ten becomes pronounced2 :his is % process c%lled liaison2 'hen % vo!el .oes directly
%8ter un, the norm%lly unpronounced n sound becomes pronounced2
FunH %mi - un
n
%mi FuhnahmeeH - % Fm%leH 8riend
FunH @lPve - un
n
@lPve Fuhnay levH - % student
=omp%re the pronunci%tion to !ords !ithout li%iison0
un .%r6on Fuh gairsohH
Lne is un%88ected by li%ison2
Li%ison %lso occurs !ith des2
FdesH %mi - des
/
%mi FdayAahmeeH - FsomeH Fm%leH 8riends
FdesH %mie - des
/
%mie FdayAahmeeH - FsomeH F8em%leH 8riends
In this book, you !ill see li%ison denoted !ith
n
or
/
bet!een t!o !ords2
n'o&en
)ote th%t des, like les is used in French be8ore plur%l nouns !hen no %rticle is used in 3n.lish2 Let7s
im%.ine you %re lookin. %t photo.r%phs in %n %lbum2 In 3n.lish, !e !ould s%y dI %m lookin. %t
photo.r%phs2d In French, you c%nnot s%y, dKe re.%rde photo.r%phies,d you must tell !hich photo.r%phs
you %re lookin. %t usin. %n %rticle2 I8 you !ere lookin. %t % set o8 specific pictures, you !ould s%y dKe
re.%rde les photo.r%phies2d FdI %m lookin. %t the photo.r%phs2dH I8 you !ere Eust 8lippin. throu.h the
%lbum, lookin. %t nothin. in p%rticul%r, you !ould s%y, dKe re.%rde des photo.r%phies2d FdI %m lookin.
%t some photo.r%phs2dH
AQ :eo#le
French Aocabulary 5 Basic gra&&ar
:eo#le 5 Les #ersonnes
l% personne person pehr son
%ender and "ge
l7homme FmH m%n ohm
l% 8emme !om%n fehm
le .%r6on boy gehrsoh
l% 8ille .irl fee
l% 8illette little .irl fee let
Friends
l7%mi FmH
le cop%in
m%le 8riend
ahmee
co pahn
l7%mie F8H
l% copine
8em%le 8riend
ahmee
co peen
AQ /0#ressions
>ukest-ce ?ue ckest+
:o s%y What is it7 or What is that7 in French, FuHest*ce Jue cHest7 Fpronounced ehss euh sayH is
used2
Gukest-ce Due ckest? - 'h%t is it?
Liter%lly, FuHest*ce Jue cHest7 tr%nsl%tes to What is it that it is7 Bou !ill be usin. Fu$est*ce Jue"""7
o8ten to s%y What"""7 %t the be.innin. o8 sentences2
:o respond to this Duestion, you s%y 1Hest un,e. >nom?", me%nin. &t is a >noun?"
=7est un livre2 - It7s % book2
=7est un chien2 - It7s % do.2
9emember th%t the inde8in%te %rticle Fun or uneH must %.ree !ith the noun it modi8ies2
=7est une chemise2 - It7s % shirt2
Il y aEEE
&l y a Fpronounced eel ee ahH is used to s%y there is For there$sH %nd there are2
Il y % une pomme2 - :here is %n %pple2
:he phr%se is used 8or both sin.ul%r %nd plur%l nouns2 *nlike in 3n.lish Fis me %reH, il y a does not
ch%n.e 8orm2
Il y % des pommes2 - :here %re FsomeH %pples2
:he *s %t the end o8 the most plur%l o8 most nouns tells you th%t the phr%se is there are inste%d o8 there
is2 In spoken French, !hen both the sin.ul%r %nd plur%l 8orms %lmost %l!%ys sound the s%me, the %rticle
F%nd perh%ps other %dEectives modi8yin. the nounH is used to distin.uish bet!een sin.ul%r %nd plur%l
versions2
Bou !ill soon le%rn th%t a is the present third person sin.ul%r 8orm o8 avoir, the verb me%in. to have,
%nd th%t y is % pronoun me%nin. there2 :he phr%se il y a, then, liter%lly tr%nsl%tes to he has there2 Bou
!ill see this phr%se used in %ll French tenses2 It is import%nt to remember th%t verb st%ys %s % 8orm o8
!e %nd not have2
Like in 3n.lish, il y a""" is not o8ten used to point out %n obEect in 8ront o8 you2 :o s%y th%t, voici %nd
voil3 %re used2
Aoici et Aoilb
Voici""" tr%nsl%tes to here is""" %nd here are2 4imil%rly, voil3 me%ns there is %nd there are2 :hey %re used
to point out obEects in 8ront o8 you or in excl%m%tory sentences2
Lesson 20 C ;%sic .r%mm%r
Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 20" C :o ;e
.Q Where are you 1ro&+
French .ialogue 5 !o be 5 audio 6in1o 5((H kb 5 hel#7
Where are you 1ro&+ 5 !u es dkoc+
>uentin ;onEour, L@on2 +is donc, :u es dkoQ?
LFon Ke suis de ,%ris, Guentin2
>uentin &lors, tu es 8r%n6%is?
LFon 5ui, ex%ctement2
>uentin 3t A%rie, elle est dkoQ?
LFon
3lle est de A%rseille2 3lle est 8r%n6%ise,
%ussi2
>uentin Aerci, L@on2 &u revoir2
live version
discussion
exercises
edit lesson
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
%Q 'ubject #ronouns
French h%s six di88erent types o8 pronouns0 the st, "nd, %nd 3rd person sin.ul%r %nd the st, "nd, %nd
3rd person plur%l2
French %ra&&ar 5 !o be 5 audio 6in1o 5H kb 5 hel#7
'ubject :ronouns 5 Les #rono&s sou&is
st person
sin.ul%r je I
plur%l nous !e
"nd person
sin.ul%r tu you
plur%l vous you
3rd person
sin.ul%r ilS elleS on he, she, one
plur%l ilsS elles
they Fm%sculineH
they F8eminineH
'hen re8errin. to more th%n one person in the "nd person, ivousj must be used2 'hen re8errin. to %
sin.le person, ivousj or ituj m%y be used dependin. on the situ%tionJ see notes in the introductory
lessons2
:he pronoun it does not exist in French2 &l repl%ces %ll m%sculine nouns, even those th%t %re not hum%n2
:he s%me is true !ith elle %nd 8eminine nouns2
In %ddition to the nu%nces bet!een vous %nd tu, %s discussed e%rlier, French pronouns c%rry me%nin.s
th%t do not exist in 3n.lish pronouns2 :he French third person dond h%s sever%l me%nin.s, but most
closely m%tches the no! %rch%ic 3n.lish doned2 'hile in 3n.lish, d5ne must be very c%re8ul in French
.r%mm%rd sounds old-8%shioned, the French eDuiv%lent d5n doit 8%ire trPs %ttention O l% .r%mm%ire
8r%n6%ised is Duite %ccept%ble2 &lso, !hile the third person plur%l dtheyd h%s no .ender in 3n.lish, the
French eDuiv%lents dilsd %nd dellesd do2 -o!ever, !hen pronounced, they norm%lly sound the s%me %s
dild %nd delled, so distin.uishin. the di88erence reDuires underst%ndin. o8 the v%rious conEu.%tions o8
the verbs 8ollo!in. the pronoun2 &lso, i8 % .roup o8 people consists o8 both m%les %nd 8em%les, the
m%le 8orm is used, even i8 there is only one m%le in % .roup o8 thous%nds o8 8em%les2
In everyd%y l%n.u%.e, ionj is used, inste%d o8 inousj, to express i!ejJ the verb is %l!%ys used in the
3rd person sin.ul%r2 For ex%mple, to s%y d'e F%reH meetin. %t # o7clockd, you could s%y either iGn se
rencontre au cin-ma 3 sept heures"M FcolloDui%lH or i@ous nous rencontrons au cin-ma 3 sept heures"M
F8orm%lH2 For more, see the 'ikipedi% entry2
%Q Introduction to Aerbs
& verb is % !ord th%t describes %n %ction or ment%l or physic%l st%te2
!enses and =oods
French verbs c%n be 8ormed in 8our moods, e%ch o8 !hich express % uniDue 8eelin.2 3%ch mood h%s %
v%ryin. number o8 tenses, !hich indic%te the time !hen %n %ction t%kes pl%ce2 In the next section, !e
!ill look %t the conEu.%tions in the present tense o8 the indic%tive mood, more commonly c%lled the
#resent indicative2 :here is one conEu.%tion 8or e%ch o8 the six subEect pronouns2
In1initives
In this book, the in8initive 8orm o8 the verb !ill be used to identi8y it2 In 3n.lish, the in8initive 8orm is
to NNN2 In French, the in8initive is one !ord2 For ex%mple, parler tr%nsl%tes to to spea, finir tr%nsl%tes
to to finish, %nd aller tr%nsl%tes to to go2
Conjugation
French verbs conjugate, !hich me%ns they t%ke di88erent sh%pes dependin. on the subEect2 3n.lish
verbs only h%ve one conEu.%tionJ th%t is the third person sin.ul%r FI see, you see, he1she sees, !e see,
they seeH2 :he only exception is the verb dto bed FI %mJ Fthou %rtHJ you %reJ he1she isJ !e %reJ they %reJH2
Aost French verbs !ill conEu.%te into m%ny di88erent 8orms2 Aost verbs %re re.ul%r, !hich me%ns th%t
they conEu.%te in the s%me !%y2 :he most common verbs, ho!ever, %re irre.ul%r2
%Q otre - !o Be
Otre tr%nsl%tes %s to !e in 3n.lish2 It is %n irre.ul%r verb, %nd is not conEu.%ted like %ny other verb2
For&ation
French Aerb 5 !o be 5 audio 6in1o 50l kb 5 hel#7
etre 5 to be
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je suis 0euh swee I %m nous so&&es noo sum !e %re
second #erson tu es too ay you %re vous etes vooAett you %re
third #erson
il est eel ay he is
elle est ell ay she is
ils sont eelsohn
they %re
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on est ohn ay one is elles sont ellsohn they %re F8em2H
/0a&#les
French %ra&&ar 5 !o be 5 audio 6in1o 5I7 kb 5 hel#7
!o Be /0a&#les 5 /0e&#les d8otre
Ke suis %voc%t2 I %m F%H l%!yer2 0Aeuh swee ah voh cah
:u es O l% b%nDue2
Bou %re %t the
b%nk2
too ay ah lah !ahn
Il est be%u2 -e is h%ndsome2 eel ay !oh
:ry to le%rn %ll these conEu.%tions2 :hey !ill become very use8ul in 8ormin. tenses2
Idio&s
>% y estI - I7ve done itI FinishedI
K7y suisI - I .et itI
<ous y Stes? - &re you re%dy?
/0#ressing "gree&ent
Tu es dHaccord ou pas7, Tu es dHaccord7 Flit0 Kou are of agreement7H, or simply D$accord7 is used
in8orm%lly to %sk !hether someone %.rees !ith you2
:o respond poitevely, you s%y Gui% 0e suis d$accord" or simply D$accord2 In 3n.lish, one !ould s%y
Gay" !hen D$accord" is used in French2
%Q Cities and -ationalities
:o s%y !h%t city you %re 8rom, you use the preposition de2
Il est de ,%ris2
'hen st%tin. your n%tion%lity or Eob, it is not necess%ry to include the %rticle2 :his is %n exception to
the norm%l rule2
=e suis #ustralien,ne." - & am #ustralian"
:here is both % m%sculine %nd 8eminine 8orm o8 s%yin. your n%tion%lity - 8or m%les %nd 8em%les
respectively2
&l est #ustralien" - (e is #ustralian"
Ille est #ustralienne" - She is #ustralian"
In the next lesson, you !ill le%rn ho! to s%y the n%tion%lity o8 more th%n one person2
,le%se use the the n%tion%lities list to 8ind out !h%t your n%tion%lity is in French2 :hen s%y !h%t city you %re
8rom %nd !h%t n%tion%lity you %re2 :hen s%y !h%t n%tion%lity some o8 your 8riends %re, %nd !h%t city they %re
8rom2 For ex%mple, )arie est italienne" Ille est de Pome"
Lesson 20" C :o ;e
Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 203 C +escription
%Q "djectives - Les adjecti1s
)ain article' FrenchC:rammarC#d0ectives
Kust like %rticles, French %dEectives %lso h%ve to m%tch the nouns th%t they modi8y
in .ender %nd plur%lity2
2egular For&ation
Aost %dEective ch%n.es occur in the 8ollo!in. m%nner0
Feminine0 %dd %n -e to the m%sculine 8orm
un .%r6on int@ress%nt --e une 8ille int@ress%nte
un %mi %mus%nt --e une %mie %mus%nte
un c%mion lent --e une voiture lente
,lur%l0 %dd %n -s to the sin.ul%r 8orm
un .%r6on int@ress%nt --e des .%r6ons int@ress%nts
une 8ille int@ress%nte --e des 8illes int@ress%ntes
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:ronunciation
$ener%lly, the 8in%l conson%nt is pronounced only !hen it comes be8ore %n -e2 Aost %dEectives, such %s
those %bove, %re %88ected by this rule2
A%sculine ,ronuci%tion0 int-ressan, amusan, len
Feminine ,ronunci%tion0 int-ressant, amusant, lent
'ith plur%l %dEectives, the -s endin. is not pronounced, so the %dEective !ill sound ex%ctly the s%me %s
the sin.ul%r 8orm2
/0ce#tions and Irregularities
&dEectives th%t end in e in the m%sculine 8orm do not ch%n.e in .ender2 'hen %n %dEective, such %s
.ros, ends in *s, it does not ch%n.e in the m%sculine plur%l 8orm2 4ometimes the 8in%l conson%nt is
doubled in the 8eminine 8orm2 4ee French1$r%mm%r1&dEectives 8or more2
AQ .escribing :eo#le
French %ra&&ar 5 .escri#tion 5 audio 6in1o 5HlH kb 5 hel#7
.escribing :eo#le 5 .Fcrire des #ersonnes
=asculine 'ingular Fe&inine 'ingular =asculine :lural Fe&inine :lural
si4e and *eight
Il est petit2 3lle est petite2 Ils sont petits2 3lles sont petites2
Il est moyen2 3lle est moyenne2 Ils sont moyens2 3lles sont moyennes2
Il est .r%nd2 3lle est .r%nde2 Ils sont .r%nds2 3lles sont .r%ndes2
Il est .ros2 3lle est .rosse2 Ils sont .ros2 3lles sont .rosses2
hair color
Il est blond2 3lle est blonde2 Ils sont blonds2 3lles sont blondes2
Il est brun2 3lle est brune2 Ils sont bruns2 3lles sont brunes2
attitude and #ersonality
Il est intelli.ent2 3lle est intelli.ente2
Ils sont
intelli.ents82
3lles sont intelli.entes2
Il est int@ress%nt2 3lle est int@ress%nte2 Ils sont int@ress%nts2 3lles sont int@ress%ntes2
Il est %mus%nt2 3lle est %mus%nte2 Ils sont %mus%nts2 3lles sont %mus%ntes2
AQ Co&&on "djectives
French Aocabulary 5 .escri#tion
Co&&on "djectives 5 Les adjecti1s co&&uns
"ttitude and :ersonality 'i4e and Weight
symp%FthiDueHFsH nice .rosFseHFsesH 8%t
%mus%ntFeHFsH 8unny petitFeHFsH sm%ll
intelli.entFeHFsH intelli.ent moyenFneHFsH %ver%.e
int@ress%ntFeHFsH interestin. .r%ndFeHFsH bi.
p%tientFeHFsH p%tient
soci%bleFsH soci%ble "ctions
timideFsH timid bonFneFsH .ood
dyn%miDueFsH out.oin.
m%uv%isFeHFs
H
b%d
.entilFleHFsH nice, .entle .i11iculty
strictFeHFsH strict 8%cileFsH e%sy
8ortFeHFsH stron. di88icileFsH di88icult
AQ Colors
French Aocabulary 5 .escri#tion 5 audio 6in1o 5H0 kb 5 hel#7
Colors 5 Les couleurs
=asculine Fe&inine /nglish
bl%nc bl%nche !hite
.ris .rise .r%y
noir noire bl%ck
rou.e rou.e red
or%n.e or%n.e or%n.e
E%une E%une yello!
vert verte .reen
bleu bleue blue
violet violette violet
m%rron m%rron bro!n Feverythin. but h%irH
brun brune bro!n Fh%ir - d%rk h%iredH
rose rose pink
s%8r%n s%8r%nne s%88ron
%Q "dverbs /0#ressing .egree
%sse/ - r%ther, enou.h
Il est %sse/ intelli.ent2 - -e is r%ther intelli.ent2
trPs - very
Il est trPs
/
intelli.ent2
ac
- -e is very intelli.ent2
vr%iment - truly, re%lly
Il est vr%iment intelli.ent2 - -e is re%lly intelli.ent2
n 58ten !hen % vo!el sound comes %8ter % conson%nt, the usu%lly unpronounced s %nd A ch%n.e to %
sh%rp / sound %nd link to the next syll%ble2 :his process is c%lled li%ison2 In this book, !ill !ill sho!
th%t the sound is connected usun.
/
2 Tr5s
A
in is pronounced trayAahn2
congratulations on finishing
Lesson 203 C +escription
Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 204 C F%mily
%Q !he verb avoir
d&voird c%n be tr%nsl%ted %s dto h%ved2
For&ation
French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative 5 audio 600 kb 5 hel#7
avoir 5 to have
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson j8ai A0ay I h%ve
nous
4
avons nooAahvoh
n
!e h%ve
second #erson tu as too ah
you
h%ve
vous
4
ave4
vooAahvay you h%ve
third #erson
il a eel ah he h%s
elle a ell ah she h%s
ils
4
ont eelAohn
t
they h%ve
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on
n
a
ohnah one h%s
elles
4
ont ellAohn
t
they h%ve F8em2H
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/0a&#les
K7%i deux stylos2 I h%ve t!o pens2
:u %s trois 8rPres2 Bou h%ve three brothers2
Il % une id@e2 -e h%s %n ide%2
/0#ressing "ge
#voir is used to express %.e2
:u %s Duel R.e? - -o! old %re you? alit0 Bou h%ve !h%t %.e?c
K7%i trente %ns2 - I7m thirty Fye%rs oldH2 alit0 I h%ve thirty ye%rsc
!here isâre - Il y a
:he expression il y a me%ns there is or there are2
Il y % un livre2 - :here is % book2
Il y % des livres2 - :here %re books2
AQ !he Fa&ily
French Aocabulary 5 Fa&ily 5 audio 6in1o 5(,$ kb 5 hel#7
!he Fa&ily 5 La Fa&ille
I&&ediate Fa&ily /0tended Fa&ily
m% 8%mille my 8%mily
m% 8%mille
@loi.n@e
my extended 8%mily
les p%rents p%rents les .r%nd-p%rents .r%ndp%rents
l% mPre mother le .r%nd-pPre .r%nd8%ther
le pPre 8%ther l% .r%nd-mPre .r%ndmother
l% 8emme !i8e les petits-en8%nts .r%ndchildren
le m%ri husb%nd le petit-8ils .r%ndson
l% soeur sister l% petite-8ille .r%ndd%u.hter
le 8rPre brother l7oncle, tonton uncle
l7en8%nt
child Fm or
8H
l% t%nte, tati %unt
les en8%nts children le neveu nephe!
l% 8ille d%u.hter l% niPce niece
le 8ils son le1l% cousinFeH cousin Fm or 8H
'te# Fa&ily
l% belle-mPre stepmother l% demi-soeur h%l8 sister
le be%u-pPre step8%ther le demi-8rPre h%l8 brother
:o spe%k %bout more complex 8%mily rel%tions, such %s dmy .r%ndmother7s cousind, you must use the
de mon1m%1mes 8orm - dle cousin de m% .r%ndmPred2
%Q .irect 3bject :ronouns le# laS and les
le% la, %nd les %re c%lled direct obEect pronouns, bec%use they %re pronouns th%t %re, you .uessed it, used
%s direct obEects2 & direct obEect is % noun th%t is %cted upon by % verb2
Il Eette la !oule2 - -e thro!s the !all2
In the %bove sentence la !oule is the direct obEect2
Bou h%ve le%rned e%rlier th%t n%mes %nd re.ul%r nouns c%n be repl%ced by the subEect pronouns F0e%
tu222H2 4imil%ry, direct obEects, such %s dl% bouled, c%n be repl%ced by pronouns2
le - repl%ces % m%sculine sin.ul%r direct obEect
la - repl%ces % 8eminine sin.ul%r direct obEect
l$ - repl%ces le %nd la i8 they come be8ore % vo!el
les - repl%ces plur%l direct obEects, both m%sculine %nd 8eminine
:he direct obEect pronouns come be8ore the verb they %re linked to2
Il la Eette2 - -e thro!s it2
Il les Eette2 - -e thro!s them2
Le% la, %nd les c%n repl%ce either people or in%nim%te obEects2
Lesson 204 C F%mily
Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 205 C 9ecre%tion
%Q 2egular -er Aerbs
For&ation
Aost French verbs 8%ll into the c%te.ory o8 -er verbs2 :o conEu.%te, drop the -er to
8ind the dstemd or drootd2 &dd endin.s to the root b%sed on the subEect %nd tense2
jouer - to pl%y
French %ra&&ar 5 2ecreation 5 audio 6in1o 5I, kb 5 hel#7
-er Aerb For&ation 5 For&ation de verbes en -er
#ronoun ending verb
Ee -e Eoue
tu -es Eoues
il1elle -e Eoue
nous -ons Eouons
vous -e/ Eoue4
ils1elles -ent Eouent
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%sk % Duestion
/lision and Liaison
In %ll conEu.%tions, 0e ch%n.es to 0 7 !hen 8ollo!ed by % vo!el2 3x%mple0 =$attends2 &lso, %s % rule o8
thumb0 h is considered % vo!elJ %s in =$ha!ite"""2 I8 % phr%se is ne.%tive, ne ch%n.es to n$2
In %ll plur%l 8orms, the s %t the end o8 e%ch subEect pronoun, norm%lly unpronounced, becomes % A
sound %nd the n o8 on becomes pronounced !hen 8ollo!ed by % vo!el2
Co&&on -er Aerbs
French %ra&&ar 5 2ecreation
For&ation o1 Co&&on -er Aerbs 5 For&ation des verbes co&&uns en -er
In1initive 'te& :resent Indicative Conjuagtion
First :erson 'econd :erson !hrid :erson
#arler #arl Ke p%rle :u p%rles Il p%rle 'ingular
to spe%k )ous p%rlons <ous p%rle/ Ils p%rlent :lural
habiter habit K7h%bite :u h%bite Il h%bite 'ingular
to live )ous h%bitons <ous h%bite/ Ils h%bitent :lural
Fcouter Fcout K7@coute :u @coutes Il @coute 'ingular
to listen )ous @coutons <ous @coute/ Ils @coutent :lural
'8a&user
)ain article' FrenchC:rammarCVer!sCPronominal
:he verb s$amuser me%ns to have fun in 3n.lish2 It is % type o8 pronomin%l verb F% verb th%t includes %
pronoun %s p%rt o8 itH c%lled % re8lexive verb, !hich me%ns th%t the %ction o8 the verb is reflected b%ck
onto the subEect2 Liter%lly tr%nsl%ted, the verb me%ns & amuse myself"
For&ation
Conjugated Aerb [ In1initive
Like in 3n.lish, some verbs c%n be 8ollo!ed by in8initives2 :he most common -er verbs used in this
m%nner %re aimer %nd d-tester2
K7%ime p%rler2 - I like to spe%k2
)ous d@testons tr%v%iller2 - 'e h%te !orkin.2
'hen ne.%tin. % sentence, remember th%t the ne.%tive .oes %round the conEu.%ted verb2
Ke n7%ime p%s p%rler2 - I don7t like to spe%k2
.Q 2ecreation
-ere is % short di%lo. %bout people pl%nnin.1doin. leisure %ctivities2 ;esides the ne! voc%bul%ry you
should %lso h%ve % look %t ho! the verbs %re conEu.%ted dependin. on the subEect o8 the sentence2
=ean*Paul ' Gu7est-ce Due vous 8%ites ?
)arc et Paul ' )ous Eouons %u tennis2
)arie ' Ke 8inis mes devoirs2
)ichel ' K7%ttends mon %mi2
Pierre ' Ke v%is %u p%rc2
1hristophe ' Ke viens du st%de2
AQ 2ecreation
Gu7est-ce Due vous 8%Ttes? 'h%t %re you doin.?
Eouer to pl%y
8inirac to 8inish
%ttendreac to !%it F8orH
%imer to like
d@tester to h%te
ri.oler to Eoke %rounda"c
Fmon1m%H %miFeH FmyH 8riend
n Finir and attendre %re not re.ul%r -er verbs2 Bou !ill le%rn their conEu%.tion in % l%ter lesson2
n Tu rigoles8 me%ns KouHre 0oing8 or Kou donHt mean it8
AQ :laces
l% bibliothPDue
libr%ry
le p%rc p%rk
l% piscine s!immin. pool
l% pl%.e be%ch
le rest%ur%nt rest%ur%nt
s%lle de concert concert h%ll
le st%de st%dium
le th@Rtre the%ter
=%ution0 % li!rairie is % bookshop2

%Q Indirect 3bject :ronouns lui and leur
Indirect obEects %re preposition%l phr%ses !ith the obEect o8 the preoposition &n indirect obEect is %
noun th%t receives the %ction o8 % verb2
Il Eette l% boule O K%cDues2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to K%ck2
Il Eette l% boule O A%rie2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to A%ry2
Il Eette l% boule O K%cDues et A%rie2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to K%ck %nd A%ry2
Lui %nd leur %re indirect obEect pronouns2 :hey repl%ce nouns re8errin. to people %nd me%n to himCher
%nd to them respectively2
lui - repl%ces % sin.ul%r m%sculine or 8eminine indirect obEect re8errin. to % hum%n
leur - repl%ces % plur%l m%sculine or 8eminine indirect obEect re8errin. to % hum%n
&n ex%mple 8ollo!s0
Il lui Eette l% boule2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to him2
Il lui Eette l% boule2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to her2
Il leur Eette l% boule2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to them2
'hether lui me%ns to him or to her is .iven by context2
In 3n.lish, d-e thro!s him the b%lld is %lso s%id, %nd me%ns the s%me thin.2
'hen used !ith the direct obEect pronouns le% la, %nd les, lui %nd leur come %8ter those pronouns2
Il l% lui Eette2 - -e thro!s it to him2
)ote th%t !hile le% la, %nd les %re used to repl%ce people or in%nim%te obEects, lui %nd leur %re not used
to repl%ce inn%nim%te obEects %nd thin.s2
&lso note th%t unlike le %nd la, !hich %re shortened to l$ !hen 8ollo!ed by % vo!el, lui is never
shortened
AQ ;ouer
:he verb 0ouer is % re.ul%r -er verb me%nin. to play2 It c%n be used to re8er to both sports %nd
instruments2
'hen re8errin. to sports, use 0ouer 3, but !hen re8errin. to instruments, use 0ouer de"""
&s %l!%ys, 0ouer must be conEu.%ted r%ther th%n le8t in the in8initive2
French Aocabulary 5 2ecreation
:lay 5 ;ouer
jouer bEEE jouer deEEE
%u b%seb%ll b%seb%ll de l% cl%rinette cl%rinet
%u b%sket b%sketb%ll du pi%no pi%no
%u 8ootb%ll soccerJ 8ootb%ll de l% .uit%re .uit%r
%u 8ootb%ll
%m@ric%in
&meric%n 8ootb%ll du violon violin
%u .ol8 .ol8 de l% b%tterie
%u tennis tennis
%u volley volleyb%ll
drums
Fsin.ul%r
in FrenchH
%ux c%rtes c%rds
%ux d%mes checkers1 dr%u.hts
%ux @checs chess
Lesson 205 C 9ecre%tion
Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 20( C :he house
AQ !he )ouse
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%sk % Duestion
French Aocabulary 5 !he house
!he )ouse 5 La &aison
%eneral "ctions
l% rueac street %rriver FO l% m%isonH to %rrive FhomeH
l% FbelleH vue Fbe%uti8ulH si.ht, vie! rentrer FO l% m%isonH to .o b%ck home
FtoutH prPs FdeH
Fp%sH FtoutH loin FdeH
FveryH close FtoH
FnotH FveryH 8%r F8romH
Duitter Fl%
m%isonHa"c
Duitter Fune s%lleH
to le%ve FhomeH
to le%ve F% roomH
che/ apersonc
%t the house o8
apersonc
%t apersonc7s house
donner sur l% rue
donner sur l% cour
to overlook the street
to overlook the courty%rd
)ouses h%biter to live Fsome!hereH
l% m%ison
l% m%isonnette
le p%villon
house, home
sm%ll house
individu%l house
h%biter en ville
h%biter en b%nlieue
to live do!nto!n
to live in the suburb
lkimmeuble F%pp%rtmentH buildin. Floors
l7%pp%rtement FmH 8l%t1%p%rtment l7@t%.e FmH level
le studio studio le re/-de-ch%uss@e lobby, .round 8loor
-2L2A2
F-%bit%tions O
Loyer Aod@r@H
lo! income housin.
le premier @t%.e
le deuxiPme @t%.e
le troisiPme @t%.e
second 8loor
third 8loor
8ourth 8loor
Cities and -eigborhoods
le Du%rtier nei.borhood le centre ville do!nto!n
l7%rrondissement FmH district l% ville city
l% b%nlieue the suburb le vill%.e to!n
2oo&s :arts o1 a 2oo&
l% piPce
l% ch%mbre
room le pl%8ond ceilin.
l% s%lle de s@Eour 8%mily room le sol .round
l% c%ve b%sement l% 8enStre !indo!
le .renier %ttic le toit roo8
l% cuisine kitchen /ntering and /0iting
l% s%lle O m%n.er dinin. room le mur !%ll
l% s%lle de b%ins b%throom l7esc%lier FmH st%irs
l% ch%mbre O coucher bedroom monter O pied to !%lk up st%irs
le .%r%.e $%r%.e l7%scenseur FmH elev%tor
les toilettes
F8H Fno sin.ul%rH
!%ter-closet, restroom
Fonly toliet, no b%thH
monter en %scenseur
prendre l7%scenseur
to .o up by elev%tor
to t%ke the elev%tor
le bure%u o88ice monter O pied to .o up by 8oot
3utside a )ouse l% porte door
l% voiture c%r l7entr@e F8H entryF!%yH
l% terr%se p%tio Furniture
le b%lcon b%lcony le ride%u curt%in
le E%rdin .%rden l% ch%ise ch%ir
l% 8leur 8lo!er l% t%ble t%ble
l7%rbre FmH tree l7%rmoire F8H cupbo%rd
l% cour courty%rd le lit bed
le Fl%H voisinFeH nei.bor le t%pis c%rpet
le 8%uteuil %rmch%ir
n :o express to live on NNNN street, you s%y ha!iter rue NNNN
K7h%bite 9ue Lecourbe2 - I live on Lecourbe 4treet2
Il h%bite 9ue de 9ennes2 - -e lives on 9ennes 4treet2
n Fuitter must be 8ollo!ed by % direct obEect, usu%lly % room or buildin.22 Partir is used in other
phr%ses2 Bou !ill le%rn ho! to conEu.%te these verbs in % 8uture lesson2
%Q Faire
:he verb faire is tr%nsl%ted to to do or to mae2 It is irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted Fit does not count %s %
re.ul%r -re verbH2
For&ation
French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative 5 audio 6,l( kb 5 hel#7
1aire 5 to doS to &ake
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je 1ais 0Aeuh fay I do nous 1aisons
noo feAoh
n
!e do
second #erson tu 1ais too fay you do vous 1aites voo feht you do
third #erson
il 1ait eel fay he does
elle 1ait ell fay she does
ils 1ont
eel fohn
t
they do
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on 1ait oh fay one does elles 1ont
ell fohn
t
they do F8em2H
@ses For $aire
sports
!e%ther
t%sks
le 8%ire c%us%ti8
8%ire FconEu.%tedH o in8initive - to h%ve somethin. done 8or onesel8
Ke 8%is r@p%rer le 8ourne%u2 - I m%ke1h%ve the stove rep%ired2
2elated Words
d@8%ire - to demolish
m%l8%ire - to do b%dly
re8%ire - to rem%ke
/0#ressions *ith Faire
8%ire %ttention - to p%y %ttention
8%ire conn%iss%nce - to .et %cDu%inted
8%ire l% mor%le - to scold
8%ire l% Dueue - to !%it in line
s7en 8%ire - to !orry
AQ )ouse*ork
French Aocabulary 5 !he house 5 audio 6in1o 5$(, kb 5 hel#7
)ouse*ork 5 Le &Fnage
8%ire l% cuisine to do the cookin.
8%ire l% lessive1le lin.e to do the l%undry
8%ire le E%rdin to do the .%rdenin.
8%ire le lit to m%ke the bed
8%ire le m@n%.e to do the house!ork
8%ire l% v%iselle to do the dishes
8%ire les c%rre%ux to do the !indo!s
8%ire les courses to do the shoppin.1err%nds
8%ire le rep%ss%.e to do the ironin.
%Q me# te# nousS and vous
+irect %nd Indirect 5bEect ,ronouns
=eanings
me - me,, to me
te - you, to you Fsin.ul%r, in8orm%lH
nous - us, to us
vous - you, to you Fplur%l, 8orm%lH
:lace in sentences
:hese pronouns %re pl%ced be8ore the verb th%t they modi8y
Ke te vois2 - I see you2
Ke veux te voir2 - I !%nt to see you2
I8 % per8ect tense is used, these pronouns .o be8ore the %uxill%ry verb2
Ke t7%i vu2 - I s%! you2
.irect 3bject 2e#lace&ent
Il me voit2 - -e sees me2
Il te voit2 - -e sees you2
Il nous voit2 - -e sees us2
Il vous voit2 - -e sees you2
Indirect 3bject 2e#lace&ent
Il m7%ppelle2 - -e c%lls to me2
Il te le Eette2 - -e thro!s it to you2
Il nous le Eette2 - -e thro!s it to us2
Il vous le Eette2 - -e thro!s it to you2
/0ercises
:ry to describe your house or bedrooom usin. the voc%bul%ry2 +on7t 8or.et prepositions2
Bou m%y %lso !ish to t%lk %bout !h%t house!ork you do2
Che4 &oi
K7h%bite une vill% O Aorn%nt, O cot@ dea3c Lyon en Fr%nce2 A% m%ison % " ch%mbres 0 l% premiPre pour
moi et m% 8emme %vec un .r%nd lit2 L% deuxiPme est plus petite 0 c7est l% ch%mbre de mon 8ils2 )ous
%vons %ussi un bure%u %vec 3 ordin%teursa4c 0 un p%r personne I L% s%lle de s@Eour est trPs .r%nde et O
cot@, il y % un petit s%lon2 )ous %imons re.%rdera5c l% t@l@vision %llon.@s d%ns le 8%uteuil2 L% cuisine est
toute petite et nous ya(c m%n.eonsa#c le soir2 Il y % une petite t%ble et 4 ch%ises2 L% m%ison est de plein
pied et ne comporte p%s d7@t%.e2 Le E%rdin est %sse/ .r%nd et nous y 8%isons pousser des 8leurs2
p O cot@ de - %t the side o8, next
to
p l7ordin%teur FmH -
computer
p %imer re.%rder - to like to !%tch
p y FeeH - there p m%n.er - to e%t
Lesson 20( C :he house
Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 20# C 'e%ther
%Q 'tandard -egation
In order to s%y th%t one did not do somethin., the ne """ pas construction must be
used2 :he ne is pl%ced be8ore the verb, !hile the pas is pl%ced %8ter2
For&ation and 2ules
4imple ne.%tion is done by !r%ppin. ne"""pas %round the verb2
Ke ne vole p%s2 - I do not ste%l2
In % per8ect tense, ne"""pas !r%ps %round the %uxill%ry verb, not the
p%rticiple2
Ke n7%i p%s vol@2 - I h%ve not stolen2
'hen %n in8initive %nd conEu.%ted verb %re to.ether, ne"""pas usu%lly !r%ps
%round the conEu.%ted verb2
Ke ne veux p%s voler2 - I do not !%nt to ste%l2
ne pas c%n %lso .o directly in 8ront o8 the in8initive 8or % di88erent me%nin.2
Ke veux ne p%s voler2 - I !%nt to not ste%l2
ne .oes be8ore %ny pronoun rel%tin. to the verb it %88ects2
Ke ne le vole p%s2 - I did not ste%l it2
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%sk % Duestion
/0a&#les
French %ra&&ar 5 Weather 5 audio 6in1o 5(H( kb 5 hel#7
-egation For&ation /0a&#les 5 /0e&#les de 1or&ation de nFgation
Il est %voc%t2
Il n7est p%s %voc%t2
-e is a%c l%!yer2
-e is not a%c l%!yer2
)ous 8%isons nos devoirs2
)ous ne 8%isons p%s nos devoirs2
'e %re doin. our home!ork2
'e %re not doin. our home!ork2
Ke Eoue du pi%no2
Ke ne Eoue p%s du pi%no2
I pl%y the pi%no2
I do not pl%y the pi%no2
<ous vende/ votre voiture2
<ous ne vende/ p%s votre voiture2
Bou sell your c%r2
Bou do not sell your c%r2
-egation o1 Inde1inate "rticles
:he inde8inite %rticles un, une, %nd des ch%n.e to de For dHH !hen ne.%tin. % sentence2
K7%i un livre2 - I h%ve % book2
Ke n7%i p%s de livre2 - I don7t h%ve %ny book2
K7%i des livres2 - I h%ve some books2
Ke n7%i p%s de livres2 - I don7t h%ve %ny books2
/0a&#les
Il est bel.e22
Il n7est p%s bel.e2
-e is ;el.i%n2
-e is not ;el.i%n2
)ous lisons un livre2
)ous ne lisons p%s de
livre2
'e re%d % book2
'e do not re%d % book2
Ke m%n.e une cerise2
Ke ne m%n.e p%s de cerise2
I e%t % cherry2
I do not e%t % cherry2
AQ Weather - Le te&#s
OP
French Aocabulary 5 Weather
Weather 5 Le te&#s
%eneral Cloudy Weather
le soleil sun
le nu%.e
Il y % des nu%.es2
2
cloud
It7s cloudy2
lit0 :here %re some
clouds2
le ciel sky nu%.euxF-euseH cloudy
couvertFeHFsH overc%st, lit0 covered
War& Weather l7@cl%ircie F8H cle%rin., bre%k Fin cloudsH
Il 8%it be%u It7s nice2 Cold and Windy Weather
Il 8%it ch%ud2 It7s !%rm2 Il 8%it 8roid2 It7s cold2
Le ciel est d@.%.@2
Le ciel se d@.%.e2
:he skiy is cle%r2
lit0 :he sky is 8reed2
:he skiy is cle%rin. up2
le vent
Il 8%it du vent2
Le vent sou88le2
!ind
It7s !indy2
:he !ind blo!s2
Le soleil brille2 :he sun is shinin.2 l% r%8%le .ust o8 !ind
2ainy Weather 'no*y Weather
l% brume 8o., h%/e, mist l7hiver FmH !inter
le brouill%rd 8o.
l% nei.e
Il nei.e2
sno!
It7s sno!in.2
l% bruine dri//le
l% .rSle
Il tombe de l%
.rSle2
2
h%il
It7s h%ilin.2
lit0 It 8%lls o8 the h%il2
une .outte de pluie % drop o8 r%in /0tre&e *eather
l% pluie
L% pluie tombe2
r%in
:he r%in 8%lls2
un or%.e
or%.euxF-euseH
Il y % un or%.eI
% storm
stormy
:here7s % stormI
Il pleut2
il % plu2
Il v% pleuvoir2
It7s r%inin.2
It r%ined2
It7s .oin. to r%in2
l7@cl%ir FmH
l7@cl%ir%.e FmH
8l%sh Fo8 li.htenin.H
li.htenin.
pluvieuxF-euseH
Le temps est pluvieux2
2
r%iny
It7s r%inin.2
lit0 :he !e%ther is
r%iny2
l% tempSte storm, tempest
de .ros nu%.es noirs2 l%r.e bl%ck clouds %.it@FeHFsH stormy, %.it%ted
l7%verse F8H do!npour le tonnerre thunder
n Le temps me%ns both the weather %nd the time2
%Q "ller
:he verb aller is tr%nsl%ted to to go2 It is irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted Fit does not count %s % re.ul%r -er verbH2
For&ation
In the present indic%tive, %ller is conEu.%ted %s 8ollo!s0
French Aerb 5 Weather 5 audio 6in1o 5l(7 kb 5 hel#7
aller 5 to go
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je vais 0euh vay I .o
nous
4
allons
nouAah lohn !e .o
second #erson tu vas too vah you .o
vous
4
alle4
vouAah lay you .o
third #erson
il va eel vah he .oes
elle va ell vah she .oes
ils vont eel vohn
they .o
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on va ohn vah one .oes elles vont ell vohn they .o F8em2H
@sage
:here is no present pro.ressive tense in French, so aller in the present indic%tive is used to express both
& go %nd & am going2
#ller must be used !ith % pl%ce %nd c%nnot st%nd %lone2
:he preposition 3, me%in. in% at, or to, is used, 8ollo!ed by the pl%ce2
:u v%s % l7@cole? - Bou7re .oin. to school2
9emember th%t 3 le contr%cts to au %nd 3 les contr%cts to aux2
=e vais au stade2 - I7m .oin. to the st%.e2
Inste%d o8 % preposition %nd pl%ce, you c%n use the pronoun y, me%nin. there2 K comes be8ore the verb2
9emember th%t aller must be used !ith % pl%ce Fthere or % n%meH !hen indic%tin. th%t you %re .oin.
some!here, even i8 % pl%ce !ouldn7t norm%lly be .iven in 3n.lish2
K7y v%is2 - I7m .oin. there2
:u y v%s2 - Bou7re .oin. there2
)ous y %llons2 - 'e7re .oin. there2
Futur :roche
:he strucure aller o in8initive is used to s%y th%t somethin. is .oin. to h%ppen in the ne%r 8uture2
Il v% pleuvoir dem%in2 - It7s .oin. to r%in tomorro!2
Il v% 8%ire 8roid2 - It7s .oin. to be cold2
9emember th%t the ne.%tive .oes %round the conEu.%ted verb2
Il ne v% p%s pleuvoir dem%in2 - It7s not .oin. to r%in tomorro!2
Idio&s
&llons-y - ahlonAee - Let7s .oI Fimp@r%ti8H
>% v%? - -o! %re you? Flit0 It .oes?H
5n y v%I - Let7s .et .oin.I
5n y v%? - 4hould !e .o?
Liaison
*su%lly, !henever % vo!el sound comes %8ter """ons or """eA, the usu%lly unpronounced s %nd A ch%n.e
to % sh%rp A sound %nd link to the next syll%ble2 F:his process is c%lled li%ison2H -o!ever, since %llons
%nd %lle/ be.ins !ith vo!els, nous %llons is pronounced nyooAahloh %nd vous %lle/ is pronounced
vooAahlay2 In order to h%ve % ple%sin. %nd cle%n sound, t!o li%isons should not .o connsecultively2
:here is there8ore no li%ison in allons 3 !hen it comes ri.ht %8ter nous %nd alleA 3 !hen it comes %8ter
vous2
In the phr%se Vous alleA 3 l$-cole7, vous alleA 3 is pronounced vouAahlay ah2
In the phr%se vous et )arie alleA 3 l$-cole7+% %lle/ O is pronounced %hl%y/%h"
Lesson 20# C 'e%ther
Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 208 C :r%vel
%Q 2egular -ir Aerbs
:he second c%te.ory o8 re.ul%r French verbs is -ir verbs2 :o conEu.%te, drop the -ir
to 8ind the dstemd or drootd2 &dd endin.s to the root b%sed on the subEect %nd tense2
1inir - to 8inish
French %ra&&ar 5 !ravel
-ir Aerb For&ation 5 For&ation des verbes en -ir
#ronoun ending verb
Ee -is 8inis
tu -is 8inis
il1elle -it 8init
nous -issons 8inissons
vous -isse/ 8inisse4
ils1elles -issent 8inissent
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%sk % Duestion
%Q :ossessive "djectives
For&ation
:ossessive "djectives 5 Les adjecti1s #ossessi1s
First :erson 'econd :erson !hird :erson
'ingular mon, m%, mes my ton, t%, tes your son, s%, ses his, her
:lural notre, notre, nos our votre, votre, vos your
leur, leur,
leurs
their
@sage
&s you c%n prob%bly tell 8rom their n%me, possessive %dEective %re used to express possession o8 %n
obEect2
=7est mon livre2 - It7s my book2
In 3n.lish the possessive %dEective %.rees !ith the subEect Fhis sister, her !rotherH2 ;ut in French,
possessive %dEectives %ct like %ll other %dEectives0 they must %.ree !ith the noun they modi8y2
:ossesive "djective @sage 5 @tilisation des adjecti1s #ossesive
=asculine -oun
le livre
Fe&inine -oun
la voiture
le livre de A%rc
the book o8 A%rc
son livre
his book
l% voiture de A%rc
the c%r o8 A%rc
s% voiture
his c%r
les livres de A%rc
the books o8 A%rc
ses livres
his books
les voitures de A%rc
the c%rs o8 A%rc
ses voitures
his c%rs
le livre de A%rie
the book o8 A%rie
son livre
her book
l% voiture de A%rie
the c%r o8 A%rie
s% voiture
her c%r
les livres de A%rie
the books o8 A%rie
ses livres
her books
les voitures de A%rie
the c%rs o8 A%rie
ses voitures
her c%rs
'hether the third person sin.ul%r possessive %dEectives son, sa %nd ses %re his or her is indic%ted by
context2
3lle lit son livre2 - 4he re%ds her book2
Liaison and "djective Changes
Li%ison occurs !hen mon, ton, %nd son %re 8ollo!ed by % vo!el2
Il est mon
n
%mi2 - -e is my 8riend2
Il est ton
n
%mi2 - -e is your 8riend2
Il est son
n
%mi2 - -e is his1her 8riend2
Li%ison %lso occurs !ith %ll plur%l 8orms, since they %ll end in s2
Ils sont mes
/
- :hey %re my 8riends2
Ils sont nos
/
- :hey %re our 8riends2
)on% ton, %nd son %re used be8ore % 8eminine sin.ul%r noun2 3lision Fto m7, t7, or s7H does not occur2
3lle est mon
n
%mie2 - 4he is my 8riend2
Lesson 208 C :r%vel
Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 209 C &rt
%Q 2egular -re Aerbs
:he third c%te.ory o8 re.ul%r verbs is m%de up o8 *re$ verbs2 :o conEu.%te, drop the
-re to 8ind the dstemd or drootd2 &dd endin.s to the root b%sed on the subEect %nd
tense, %s demonstr%ted belo! 8or the present tense2
For&ation
attendre p to !%it
French %ra&&ar 5 "rt
-re Aerb For&ation 5 For&ation des verbes en -re
#ronoun ending verb
Ee ,0$. -s %ttends
tu -s %ttends
il1elle - %ttend
nous -ons %ttendons
vous -e/ %ttende4
ils1elles -ent %ttendent
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%sk % Duestion
Aendre
:he verb vendre is % re.ul%r -re verb0
French Aerb 5 :resent Indicative
vendre 5 to sell
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je vends 0Aeuh vahn I sell nous vendons
noo vahn doh
n
!e sell
second #erson tu vends too vahn you sell vous vende4 voo vahn day$ you sell
third #erson
il vend eel vahn he sells
elle vend ell vahn she sells
ils vendent eel vahnde
they sell
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on vend oh vahn one sells elles vendent ell vahnde they sell F8em2H
Co&&on -re Aerbs
=omp%red to -er verbs, -re verbs %re not very common2 Bou !ill ho!ever see the 8ollo!in. verbs 8%irly
o8ten2
AQ %oing to a =useu&
l% portr%itiste portr%itist
AQ =usic
French Aocabulary 5 "rt 5 audio 6in1o 5(I7 kb 5 hel#7
=usic 5 La &usi?ue
@couter l% musiDue to listen to music
des p%roles lurics Fle p%role m !ordH
Co&#osing
le musicien musici%n
le compositeur composer
lk%uteur Fdes p%rolesH FlyricsH !riter
Instru&ents
l7instrument FmH instruement
l% cl%rinette cl%rient
le violon violin
l% h%rpe h%rp
l% .uit%re .uit%r
le pi%no pi%no
AQ French =useu&sS !heatersS and 3#era )ouses
:he Louvre
:he Louvre ,yr%mid
%Q BeauS -ouveauS and Aieu0
For&ation
French %ra&&ar 5 "rt
!he "djectives Beauti1ulS -e*S and 3ld 5 BeauS -ouveauS and Aieu0
=ascE Consonant =ascE Ao*el Fe&E 'ingE 6all7
Beau
'ingular un be%u .%r6on un bel individu une belle 8illette
:lural de be%ux .%r6ons
de be%ux
/
individus
de belles 8illettes
-ouveau
'ingular un nouve%u c%mion un nouvel ordre une nouvelle id@e
:lural
de nouve%ux
c%mions
de nouve%ux
/
ordres
de nouvelles id@es
Aieu0
'ingular un vieux c%mion un vieil ordre une vieille id@e
:lural de vieux c%mions
de vieux
/
ordres
de vieilles id@es
'entences :lace&ent
&s you h%ve %lre%dy le%rned, most %dEectives come %8ter the noun they modi8y in French2
un homme intelli.ent - %n intelli.ent m%n
des hommes intelli.ents - intelli.ent men
-o!ever, some common French %dEectives, includin. be%u, nouve%u, %nd vieux come be8ore the noun2
une Eolie voiture - % pretty c%r
Des is repl%ced !ith de !hen %n %dEective comes be8ore the noun2
de Eolies voitures - pretty c%rs
)ote th%t in in8orm%l speech, des in very o8ten used in pl%ce o8 de2
AQ :lays
French Aocabulary 5 "rt
:lays 5 Les #iaces
"t the !heater :lay %enres
le th@Rtre the%ter le b%llet b%llet
l% piPce Fde th@RtreH
Fthe%tric%lH pl%y
lit0 Fthe%tric%lH
piece
l% com@die comedy
l7%cte F8H
l% scPne
l7entr%cte FmH
%ct
scene
intermission
l% com@die
music%le
music%l comedy
ch%nter
le Fl%H ch%nteur
F-euseH
to sin.
sin.er
le dr%me dr%m%
d%nser
le Fl%H d%nseur F-euseH
to d%nce
d%ncer
l% tr%.@die tr%.edy
AQ French "rtists and /ntertainers
=h%rles &/n%vour
$ilbert ;ec%ud
K%cDues ;rel
9obert =h%rlebois
Koe +%ssin
9%ymond +evos
=eline +ion
$%rou
Kuliette $reco
3dith ,i%8
Lesson 209 C &rt
Level Gne Lessons
Lesson 20 C 4cience
%Q :rendre
,rendre is not % re.ul%r -re verb, %nd is conEu%.ted di88erntly2
For&ation
#rendre 5 to take
'ingular :lural
1irst
#erson
je
#rends
0Aeuh
prahn
I t%ke
nous
#rennons
noo prenn
oh
n
!e t%ke
second
#erson
tu
#rends
too prahn
you
t%ke
vous #rene4
voo
prennay
you t%ke
third
#erson
il #rend
eel
prahnn
he
t%kes
elle
#rend
ell
prahnn
she
t%kes
ils #rennent eel prehn
they t%ke
Fm%sc2 or
mi/edH
on
#rend
oh
prahnn
one
t%kes
elles
#rennent
ell prehn
they t%ke
F8em2H
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%sk % Duestion
2elated Words
prendre - to t%ke
%pprendre - to le%rn
comprendre - to comprehend1underst%nd
m@prendre - to mist%ke
Idio&s and 2elated /0#ressions
prendre - to t%ke, to h%ve somethin. to e%t
prendre conscience FdeH - to become %!%re Fo8H
prendre l% correspond%nce - to ch%n.e tr%ins
prendre une d@cision - to m%ke % decision
prendre des kilos - to .%in !ei.ht
prendre p%rt FOH - to t%ke p%rt FinH
prendre l% p%role - to st%rt t%lkin.
prendre le p%s sur - to surp%ss
prendre le petit d@Eeuner - to e%t bre%k8%st
prendre rende/-vous - to m%ke %n %ppointment
AQ !he 'ciences - Les 'ciences
French Aocabulary 5 'cience
!he 'ciences and 'cientists 5 Les sciences et les savants
%eneral Biology - La biologie
le s%v%nt
scientist
une personne Dui exp@rimente
% person !ho experiments
l% bioFlo.ieH
biolo.y
lk@tude des or.%nismes viv%nts
the study o8 livin. or.%nisms
observer
%n%lyser
to observe
to %n%lyse
l% bot%niDue
bot%ny
lk@tude des pl%ntes
the study o8 pl%nts
:hysics - La #hysi?ue
lk%n%tomie F8H
%n%tomy
lk@tude du corps hum%in
the study o8 the hum%n body
l% physiDue
physics
lk@tude de l% m%tiPre et de
lk@ner.ie
the study o8 m%tter %nd ener.y
l% /oolo.ie
/oolo.y
lk@tude des %nim%ux
the study o8 %nim%ls
le physicien physicist le biolo.iste biolo.ist
Che&istry - La chi&ie l% cellule % cell
l% chimie
chemistry
lk@tude des @l@ments
the study o8 elements
des microbes
des b%ct@ries
des virus
.erms
b%ceri%
viri
le chimiste chemist le microscope microscope
AQ "strono&y
French Aocabulary 5 'cience
"strono&y
!he :lanets
Aercure Aercury
<enus Aercury
L% Fpl%neteH terre 3%rth
A%rs A%rs
Kupiter Kupiter
4%turne 4%turn
*r%nus *r%nus
)eptune )eptune
,luton ,luto
3ther 3bejcts
Le soleil sun
L% lune moon
Lesson 20 C 4cience
French Level !*o Lessons
!oujours Lb+ - 'lightly =ore "dvanced French
)o! th%t you kno! ho! to compose French sentences in the present indic%tive, you c%n continue on to
'ikibook7s second French course2 Inside, you !ill le%rn the p%ss@ compos@, the most common French
p%st tense, %nd revie! the .r%mm%r you h%ve %lre%dy le%rned2 :he .r%mm%r no! becomes % lot more
%dv%nced, %nd e%ch lesson no! .ives much more in8orm%tion2 &8ter you h%ve completed this level, you
c%n move on to the next level2 &lso remember to .o to the lessons pl%nnin. p%.e i8 you !ould like to
help improve this course2
la 1atedral de @otre Dame en ParQs

Level !*o Contents
"20 Le6on 0 0 L7@cole
0Il Lesson 0 0 'chool
$0 ,%ss@ =ompos@ o8 9e.ul%r <erbs, Lire, qcire
<0 4chool, 4chool 4ubEects
"20" Le6on 0" 0 L% culture
0I9 Lesson 0" 0 Culture
$0 9e.ul%r <erbs 9evie!, =roire r <oir
<0 Li8e, 9eli.ions, -olid%ys, =elebr%tions F;irthd%ys,
=hristm%s, ;%stille +%yH
"203 Le6on 03 0 F%ire des courses
09( Lesson 03 0 'ho##ing
$0 exer <erbs F&cheterH, -yer <erbs F,%yerH, 5bEect ,ronoun
9evie!, Irre.ul%r ,%st ,%rticiples Fso 8%rH
<0 4hoppin., =lothin., 4hoes
"204 Le6on 04 0 4ortir
09I Lesson 04 0 %oing 3ut
$0 4ortir r ,%rtir, -enir <erbs F<enirH, -@xer <erbs
<0 Leisure &ctivities, +irections, -o! to $et to ,l%ces, ,l%ces
to .o, Aovies
"205 Le6on 05 0 Le tr%nsport
0l Lesson 05 0 !rans#ortation
$0 -uire <erbs F=onduireH, -rir <erbs F5uvrirH, B, ,%ss@
=ompos@ !ith ltre
<0 Loc%l :r%vellin., Aethods o8 tr%nsport%tion
"20( Le6on 0( 0 Le Duotidien
0I Lesson 0( 0 /veryday Li1e
$0 +evoir, F%lloir, 9e8lexive <erbs
<0 3mployment, '%kin. up, ,rep%rin. 8or !ork, +rivin. to
'ork, 4leep
"20# Le6on 0# 0 L% vie rur%le
Lesson 0# 0 2ural Li1e
$0 4uivre, <ivre, )%Ttre, ,%ss@ =ompos@ !ith 9e8lexive <erbs
<0 ,ets, F%rm &nim%ls
"208 Le6on 08 0 L% nourriture
, Lesson 08 0 Food and .rink
$0 A%n.er, ;oire, ,%rtitive &rticle, 3n, Aettre
<0 Ae%t, +%iry ,roducts, +rinks, +esserts
"209 Le6on 09 0 +Tner
(0 Lesson 09 0 .ining
$0 -cer <erbs, 4ervir, <ouloir r ,ouvoir
<0 Ae%ls, 4ilver!%re, +inin. %t % 9est%ur%nt
"20 Le6on 0 0 L% communic%tion
(, Lesson 0 0 Co&&unication
$0 +ire, -%Ttre <erbs, =onn%Ttre r 4%voir, 3nvoyer, 9ecevoir
<0 A%il, =%llin. 5thers, =omputers

Level Two Lessons
Lesson "20 C 4chool
%Q Introduction to :er1ect !enses
:he next section is option%l2 Bou !ill eventu%lly le%rn everythin. th%t is covered in
it, but i8 you !ould like % previe!, re%d it, %nd i8 not, continue on to the school
section2
)ain article' FrenchC:rammarCTensesC1omposed
:he per8ect tenses %re %lso c%lled the compound or composed tenses2
:he per8ect tenses %re %ll composed o8 % conEu.%ted %uxill%ry verb %nd %
8ixed p%st p%rticiple2
live version
discussion
exercises
edit lesson
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
"u0illary Aerb For&ation
:he %uxill%ry verb is %l!%ys either %voir or Stre2
:he tense o8 the verb depends upon the tense th%t %voir or Stre is conEu.%ted in2
'hen the %uxill%ry verb is conEu.%ted in the p%ss@ compos@, 8or ex%mple, the %uxill%ry
verb is conEu.%ted in the present indic%tive2
K7%i 8ini2 - I h%ve 8inished2
:ast :artici#le For&ation
-er verbs - repl%ce -er !ith @
-ir verbs - repl%ce -ir !ith i
-re verbs - repl%ce -re !ith u
irre.ul%r verbs - must be memori/ed
:ast :artici#le "gree&ent
:he p%st p%sticiple must %.ree !ith the direct obEect o8 % cl%use in .ender %nd plur%lity i8 the
direct obEect .oes be8ore the verb2
the direct obEect is masculine singular - no ch%n.e
K7%i 8ini le Eeu2 - I h%ve 8inished the .%me2
Ke l7%i 8ini2 - I h%ve 8inished it2
the direct obEect is feminine singular - %dd %n e to the p%st p%rticiple
K7%i 8ini l% tRche2 - I h%ve 8inished the t%sk2
Ke l7%i 8inie2 - I h%ve 8inished it2
the direct obEect is masculine plural - %dd %n s to the p%st p%rticiple2
K7%i 8ini les Eeux2 - I h%ve 8inished the .%mes2
Ke les %i 8inis2 - I h%ve 8inished them2
the direct obEect is feminine plural - %dd %n es to the p%st p%rticiple2
K7%i 8ini les tRches2 - I h%ve 8inished the t%sks2
Ke l7%i 8inies2 - I h%ve 8inished them2
"voir ou otre+
In most circumst%nces, the %uxill%ry verb is %voir2
-o!ever, under cert%in situ%tions, the %uxill%ry verb is Stre2
:his occurs !hen0
:he verb is one o8 ( speci%l verbs th%t t%ke Stre2
)ote th%t !hen % direct obEect is used !ith these verbs, the %uxill%ry verb
becomes %voir2
:he verb is re8lexive2
:h%t is, the subEect o8 the verb is %lso its obEect2
List o1 !enses
:here %re seven per8ect tenses in French2 :hese %re0
2 Le p%ss@ compos@ F:he ,resent ,er8ectH
"2 Le plus-Due-p%r8%it de l7indic%ti8 F:he ,luper8ect o8 the Indic%tiveH
32 Le plus-Due-p%r8%it du subEoncti8 F:he ,luper8ect 4ubEunctiveH
42 Le p%ss@ %nt@rieur F:he ,%st &nteriorH
52 Le 8utur %nt@rieur F:he Future &nteriorH
(2 Le conditionnel p%ss@ F:he ,%st =ondition%lH
#2 Le p%ss@ du subEoncti8 F:he ,%st 4ubEunctiveH
+on7t !orry i8 you don7t completely underst%nd the per8ect tenses2 3%ch tense %nd lists o8 irre.ul%r verb
conEu%.tions !ill be .iven l%ter in this course2 In the next lesson, the p%ss@ compos@ is introduced2
AQ 'chool
French Aocabulary 5 'chool
'chool 5 L8Fcole
%eneral Classes ^ %radesOP
le pro8esseura"c te%cher "th $r%de =l%sse :ermin%le
l% bourse schol%rship th $r%de Pre Fl% premiPre cl%sseH
le diplUme
Fpro8essionnelH
diplom% 0th $r%de "Pme Fl% deuxiPme cl%sseH
le b%cFc%l%ur@%tH hi.h school exit ex%m 9th $r%de 3Pme Fl% troisiPme cl%sseH
l% bibliothPDue libr%ry 8th $r%de 4Pme Fl% Du%triPme cl%sseH
les notes .r%des F%s on % testH #th $r%de 5Pme Fl% cinDuiPme cl%sseH
les cours cl%sses or courses (th $r%de (Pme Fl% sixiPme cl%sseH
l% cl%sse .r%de Fe2.2 (th $r%deH 5th $r%de =A" F=A m cours moyenH
en cours de a222c in a222c cl%ss 4th $r%de =A
:endant les cours - .uring Classes 3rd $r%de =3" F=3mcours @l@ment%ireH
le t%ble%u ch%lkbo%rd "nd $r%de =3
l% cr%ie ch%lk st $r%de =, F=, m cours pr@p%r%toireH
le pupitre desk Aerbs
l7ex%men FmH test
p%sser
un ex%men
to t%ke % test
les devoirs home!ork @tudier to study
l% cl%sse cl%ss @crirea3c to !rite
l% c%ntine
d@Eeuner
c%8eteri%
to Fe%tH lunch
lever Fl% m%inHa4c to r%ise Fyour h%ndH
l% r@cr@F%tionH
l% cour
recess
courty%rd
poser
Fune DuestionH
to %sk F% DuestionH
'chools and 'tudents p%rler to spe%k
l7@cole F8H school @couter to listen FtoHa5c
l7@tudi%nt
l7@tudi%nte
student FmH
student F8H
entendre to he%r Fo8Ha5c
le collP.e
Fcl%sses 3-termin%leH
Er2 hi.h school
F.r%des (-9H
re.%rder to !%tch
le coll@.ien
Er2 hi.h school
student
d@Eeuner to Fh%veH lunch
le lyc@e
Fcl%sses (-4H
hi.h school
F.r%des 0-"H
le lyc@en hi.h school student .escribing !eachers and 'tudents
l7universit@ F8H
l% 8%cFult@H
university
intelli.entFeH intelli.ent
nulFleH not .ood, not bri.ht
l7ensei.nement sup@rieur
hi.her educ%tion
.r%du%te school
strictFeH strict
.es 1ournitures scolaires - 'chool 'u#llies
l% cr%ie ch%lk cray
le t%ble%u the bo%rd tah!loh
le styloF-
billeH
pen steeloh ,!ee.
le cr%yon pencil rayoh
l% c%lcul%trice c%lcul%tor
le livre
le bouDuin
book leevr
le c%hier notebook ie ay
le p%pier
l% 8euille de
p%pier
p%per
sheet o8 p%per
p%hpeey%y
le bloc-notes Fsm%llH notep%d !loc nut
le cl%sseur three-rin. binder
le s%c O dos b%ckp%ck sac ah doe
l% .omme er%ser gum
le rP.le ruler rehgluh
le 8eutre m%rker feuhtr
n :he !ord professeur is considered m%sculine %t %ll times, even i8 the te%cher is 8em%le2 :he only c%se
!hen dpro8esseurd c%n be preceded by 8eminine determin%nt is either !hen contr%ctin. it in colloDui%l
l%n.u%.e dl% pro8d, or !hen %ddin. % 8e! !ords be8ore 0 dm%d%me1m%demoiselle l%1le pro8esseurd2
n :he !%y th%t .r%des %re numbered in Fr%nce is opposite the !%y they %re in the *42 'here%s
&meric%n .r%de numbers .o up %s you %ppro%ch your senior ye%r, they descend in Fr%nce2
n qcrire is %n irre.ul%r verb2 Bou !ill le%rn to conEu.%te it in the next section2
n In French, you do not do!nd body p%rts2 'hile in 3n.lish, you !ould s%y my hand or your hand, the
de8in%te %rticle is %l!%ys used in French2
la main - my hand
la 0am!e - my leg
le !ras - my arm
n :o %nd of %re built into the verbs -couter %nd entendre respectively2 It is not necess%ry to %dd %
preposition to the verb2 5ther verbs, such %s r-pondre R3., me%nin. to respond ,to., %re %lmost %l!%ys
8ollo!ed by % preposition2

%Q qcire J Lire
French Aerb 5 'chool
Fcrire 5 to *rite
#ast #artici#leQ Fcrit
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson j8 Fcris 0ay cree I !rite nous Fcrivons newAay creevohn !e !rite
second #erson tu Fcris too aycree you !rite vous Fcrive4 vooAay creevay you !rite
third #erson
il Fcrit eel aycree he !rites
elle Fcrit ell aycree she !rites
ils Fcrivent eel aycreeve
they !rite
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on Fcrit ohn aycree one !rites elles Fcrivent ell aycreeve they !rite F8em2H
French Aerb 5 'chool
lire 5 to read
#ast #artici#leQ lu
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je lis 0euh lee I re%d nous lisons noo leeAohn !e re%d
second #erson tu lis too lee you re%d vous lise4 voo leeAay you re%d
third #erson
il lit eel dee he re%ds
elle lit ell lee she re%ds
ils lisent eel leeA
they re%d
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on lit ohn dee one re%ds elles lisent ell leeA they re%d F8em2H
AQ 'chool 'ubjects
French Aocabulary 5 'chool
'chool 'ubjects 5 Les &atiares d8enseigne&ent
les langues languages
les &athF&ati?ues
les &aths
&athe&atics
l7%n.l%is 3n.lish l7%l.Pbre F8H %l.ebr%
le 8r%n6%is French le c%lcul c%lculus
l7esp%.nol 4p%nish l% .@om@trie .eometry
l7%llem%nd $erm%n
les sciences
sociales
social
sciences
le russe 9ussi%n l7@conomie economics
l7it%lien It%li%n l% .@oF.r%phieH .eo.r%phy
l7histoire F8H history
les sciences
naturelles
natural
sciences
d8autres
&atiares
other subjects
l% biolo.ie
l% bio
biolo.y le dessin dr%!in.
l% chimie chemistry l7in8orm%tiDue F8H computer science
l% technolo.ie en.ineerin. l% litt@r%ture liter%ture
l% physiDue physics l% musiDue music
%Q :assF Co&#osF *ith 2egular Aerbs
)ain article' FrenchC:rammarCTensesCPresent perfect
:he p%ss@ compos@ is % per8ect tense, %nd is there8ore composed o8 %n %uxili%ry verb %nd % p%st
p%rticiple2 'ith most verbs, th%t %uxilil%ry verb is %voir2
=eaning
In 3n.lish, verbs comEu.%ted in the p%ss@ compos@ liter%lly me%n haveChas NNNNed2 'hile there is %
simple p%st tense in French, it is only used in 8orm%l !ritin., so verbs conEu.%ted in the p%ss@ compos@
c%n %lso be used to me%n the 3n.lish simple tense2
For ex%mple, the p%ss@ compos@ 8orm o8 p%rler Fto spe%kH, aavoirc p%rl@, liter%lly me%n hasChave
spoen, but %lso me%ns spoe2
Basic For&ation
:o conEu.%te % verb in the p%ss@ compos@, the helpin. verb, usu%lly %voir, is conEu.%ted in the present
indic%tive %nd the p%st p%rticiple is then %dded2
"u0iliary Aerb - "voir
=onEu.%te %voir in the present indic%tive2
E7%i I h%ve nous %vons !e h%ve
tu %s you h%ve vous %ve/ you h%ve
il % he h%s ils ont they h%ve
:ast :artici#le
For&ation o1 the :ast :artici#le
Aerb %rou# In1initive 'te& :ast :artici#le
-er verbs Eouer Eou EouF
-ir verbs 8inir 8in 8ini
-re verbs r@pondre r@pond r@pondu
"voir [ :ast :artici#le
K7%i Eou@2 I h%ve pl%yed )ous %vons Eou@2 'e h%ve pl%yed2
:u %s Eou@2 Bou h%ve pl%yed2 <ous %ve/ Eou@2 Bou h%ve pl%yed2
Il % Eou@2 -e h%s pl%yed2 Ils ont Eou@2 :hey h%ve pl%yed2
Lesson "20 C 4chool
Level Two Lessons
Lesson "20" C =ulture
:his lesson is on the culture o1 France2 :he culture o8 Fr%nce is diverse, re8lectin.
re.ion%l di88erences %s !ell %s the in8luence o8 recent immi.r%tion2 &lso, try %nd
re8lect on ho! your culture is simil%r %nd di88erent to French culture2
%Q %eneral Aerbs 2evie*
Aost verbs in French %re re.ul%r -er verbs2 5thers %re re.ul%r -ir or -re verbs or %re
simply irre.ul%r2
live version
discussion
exercises
edit lesson
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
For&ation
French %ra&&ar 5 Culture
2egular Aerbs 5 Les verbes rFguliers
-er Aerbs -ir Aerbs -re Aerbs
'te&Q p%rl222 8in222 vend222
'ubject /nding /0a&#le /nding Aerb /nding /0a&#le
;e -e p%rle -is 8inis -s vends
!u -es p%rle -is 8inis -s vends
Il -e p%rle -it 8init - vend
-ous -ons p%rlons -issons 8inissons -ons vendons
Aous -e/ p%rle/ -isse/ 8inisse/ -e/ vende/
Ils -e p%rlent -issent 8inissent -ent vendent
Irregular Aerbs /nding in -er
%ller
Irregular Aerbs /nding in -ir
%cDu@rir s %voir s s7%sseoir s devoir s dormir s 8%lloir s ouvrir s p%rtir s pleuvoir s pouvoir s recevoir s s%voir s
servir s venir s voir s vouloir
Co&&on -re Aerbs
%ttendre - to !%it F8orH s r@pondre - to %ns!er
Irregular Aerbs /nding in -re
boire s conduire s conn%Ttre s croire s dire s @crire s Stre s 8%ire s lire s mettre s prendre s rire s suivre s vivre
%Q Croire J Aoir
=roire is not % re.ul%r -re verb, %nd is conEu.%ted irre.ul%rly2
croire 5 to believe
6#ast #artici#le - cru7
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je crois 0Aeuh crah I believe nous croyons noo croy oh !e believe
second #erson tu crois too crah you believe vous croye4 voo croy ay you believe
third #erson
il croit eel crah he believes
elle croit ell crah she believes
ils croient eel crah
they believe
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on croit oh crah one believes elles croient ell crah they believe F8em2H
<oir is not % re.ul%r -ir verb, %nd is conEu.%ted irre.ul%rly2
voir 5 to see
6#ast #artici#le - vu7
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je vois 0Aeuh vwah I see nous voyons noo vwahyoh !e see
second #erson tu vois too vwah you see vous voye4 voo vwah ay you see
third #erson
il voit eel vwah he sees
elle voit ell vwah she sees
ils voient eel vwah
they see
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on voit oh vwah one sees elles voient ell vwah they see F8em2H
AQ 2eligion
l% reli.ion reli.ion
le musulm%n Auslim
=hr@tien =hristi%n
L7Isl%m Isl%m
l7%th@e Fm2H %thiest
Le ,Pre noXl 4%nt% =l%use
le 4 Euillet ;%stille +%y
AQ Birthday
Birthdays
l7%nnivers%ire FmH birthd%y
:u %s Duel R.e? -o! old %re you?
K7%i tttt %ns2
I %m tttt ye%rs old2
alit0 & have NNN years"c
le .Rte%u c%ke
le c%de%u .i8t
l% bou.ie c%ndle
l% 8Ste p%rty
inviter to invite
donner une 8Ste to thro! % p%rty
AQ )olidays
Les Eours 8@ri@s
)e! Be%r7s +%y le )ouvel &n
L%bor +%y
L% FSte du
:r%v%il
Aemori%l +%y J &rmistice
+%y
l7&rmistice
Independ%nce +%y l% FSte )%tion%le
=hristm%s 3ve le 9eveillon
=hristm%s J Bule )oel
Lesson "20" C =ulture
Level Two Lessons
Lesson "203 C 4hoppin.
AQ 'ho##ing
live version
discussion
exercises
edit lesson
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
French Aocabulary 5 'ho##ing
'ho##ing 5 Les achats
!o %o 'ho##ing Buying %oods
8%ire des courses
8%ire du shoppin.
to .o shoppin.
leFl%H vendeurFeuseH
leFl%H c%ssierF-iPreH
s%lesperson
c%shier
8%ire le m%rch@ to .o .rocery shoppin. Fplus1moinsH cherFPreH Fmore1lessH expensive
8%ire du lPche-
vitrine
to .o !indo!
shoppin.
l% vitrine displ%y !indo!
porter to !e%r, to c%rry en solde on s%le
dem%nder to %sk F8orH le prix price
dem%nder le prix - to %sk 8or the price
p%yer
p%yer O l% c%isse
to p%y
to p%y %t the counter
l% c%isse
c%sh re.ister
checkout counter
vendre to sell coVter to cost
%cheter to buy =kest combien?
>% coVte combien?
-o! much is it?
alit0 It7s ho! much?c
alit0It costs ho! much?c
=ombien coVte anomc?
-o! much does anounc cost?
alit0 -o! much costs anounc?c
%eneral %oods 'tores Foods 'tores
le m%.%sin shopJ store le superm%rch@ superm%rket
le centre
commerci%l
m%llJ shoppin. centre le hyperm%rch@ hyperm%rketJ bi. superm%rket
le .r%nd m%.%sin dep%rtment store l% boucherie
butcher shop
le r%yon dep%rtment l% boul%n.erie

b%kery
"
l% boutiDue sm%ll store le d@pUt de p%in
% pl%ce th%t sells bre%d
"
l% ph%rm%cie ph%rm%cyJ chemist l% ch%rcuterie
delic%tessen
3
le m%rch@ outdoor m%rket l% cr@merie d%iry store
l% pRtisserie p%stry shopJ pRtisserie
l% poissonnerie se%8ood storeJ 8ishmon.er
l7@picerie F8H
.rocery
4
2 French butchers do not sell pork, pork products, nor horseme%t2 For these products, .o to %
charcuterie2
"2 In Fr%nce, b%keries only sell 8resh bre%dJ e2.2 the bre%d is b%ked on site2 ,l%ces !here they sell
bre%d th%t is not 8resh %re c%lled dp%t de pain2
32 7&harcuteries' sell thin.s besides pork products, includin. pRte, s%l%mi, cold me%ts, s%l%ds,
Duiches %nd pi//%s2
42 &n %ltern%tive to %n 7picerie' is %n alimentation gnrale F% .ener%l 8oodstoreH2
%Q 3bject :ronouns 2evie*
.irect 3bjects
'hile the subEect o8 % sentence initi%tes %n %ction Fthe verbH, the direct obEect is the one th%t is %88ected
by the %ction2 & direct obEect pronoun is used to re8er to the direct obEect o8 % previous sentence0
,ierre vois le ca&brioleur2 ,ierre sees the burglar2
,ierre le vois2 ,ierre sees hi&2
:he 8ollo!in. t%ble sho!s the v%rious types o8 direct obEect pronouns0
French me, m7 te, t7 le, l7 l%, l7 nous vous les
/nglish
me
you
him,
it
her, it
us
you
them
)otes0
me% te% nous, %nd vous %re %lso used %s indirect obEects to me%n to me% to you% to us, %nd to you
respectively2
:he pronoun 8orm !ith %n %postrophe is used be8ore % vo!el2
:he direct obEect pronoun 8or nous %nd vous is the s%me %s the subEect2
'hen the direct obEect comes be8ore % verb in % per8ect tense, % tense th%t uses % p%st p%rticiple,
the direct obEect must %.ree in .ender %nd plur%lity !ith the p%st p%rticiple2 For ex%mple, in te
phr%se =e les ai eus, or & had them, the p%st p%rticiple !ould be spelled eus i8 the direct obEect,
les, !%s re8errin. to % m%sculine obEect, %nd eues i8 les is re8errin. to % 8eminine obEect2
Indirect 3bjects
&n indirect obEect is %n obEect th%t !ould be %sked 8or !ith To whom"""7 or From whom"""72 It is c%lled
indirect bec%use it occurs usu%lly to.ether !ith % direct obEect !hich is %88ected directly by the %ction0
Il donne du p%in b
:ierre2
:he m%n .ives some bre%d to :ierre2
Il lui donne du p%in2 -e .ives bre%d to hi&2
French me, m7 te, t7 lui nous vous leur
/nglish
to me
to you
to him, to
her
to us
to you
to them
)otes0
me% te% nous, %nd vous %re %lso used %s direct obEects to me%n me% you% us, %nd you
respectively2
:he indirect obEect pronouns do not %.ree !ith the p%st p%rticiple like the direct obEect
pronouns do2 'hen me% te% nous, %nd vous %re used in % per8ect tense, the !riter must decide
!hether they %re used %s direct or indirect obEect pronouns2 :his is done by lookin. %t the verb
%nd seein. !h%t type o8 %ction is bein. per8ormed2
:he bre%d is given by the m%n FdirectH2 ,ierre gets the given %pple FindirectH2
%Q -exer Aerbs
-exer %re re.ul%r -er verbs, but %lso %re stem ch%n.in.2 :he stem ch%n.e %pplies to %ll 8orms except
nous %nd vous2 :he stem ch%n.e involves %ddin. % .r%ve %ccent F u H over the e in the stem2
For&ation
acheter 5 to buy
6#ast #artici#le - achetF7
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson j8achate 0Aah shet I buy
nous
4
achetons
nooAashtoh !e buy
second #erson tu achates too ahshet you buy
vous
4
achete4
vooAahshtay you buy
third #erson
il achate eel ahshet he buys
elle achate ell ahshet she buys
ils
4
achatent
eelAahshet
they buy
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on
n
achate
ohnahshet one buys
elles
4
achatent
ellAahshet they buy F8em2H
3ther -exer Aerbs
peser - to !ei.h
mener - to c%rry out
emmener - to t%ke %lon.
%mener - to brin.
surmener - to over!ork
lever - to r%ise
soulever - to r%ise
AQ Clothing
French Aocabulary 5 'ho##ing
Clothing 5 )abille&ent
les vete&ents habillFs - dress
clothes
les vete&ents s#ort - casual
clothes
les chaussures - shoes
l% chemise button do!n shirt l% c%sDuestte c%p les ch%ussures shoes
l% cr%v%te tie le tee-shirt t-shirt
l% p%ire de
ch%ussures
p%ir o8 shoes
le p%nt%lon p%nts le polo polo shirt les b%skets
b%sketb%ll
shoes
tr%iners
le complet
le costume
suit le pullFoverH % s!e%ter les tennis tennis shoes
le m%nte%u co%t le s!e%t-shirt s!e%tshirt les s%nd%les s%nd%ls
le t%illeur !omen7s suit
le blouson
l% veste
E%cket
l% robe dress le Ee%n Ee%ns
le chemisier blouse les ch%ussettes socks
l% Eupe skirt
%Q -yer verbs
-yer verbs %re re.ul%r -er verbs2 -o!ever, !hen y is p%rt o8 the l%st syll%ble, it ch%n.es to i in order to
keep the ay sound2 In the present indic%tive o8 -yer verbs, this %88ects %ll 8orms except nous %nd vous2
:ayer
:he verb payer tr%nsl%tes to to pay2
For&ation
In the present indic%tive, p%yer F%nd %ll other -yer verbsH is conEu%.ted %s 8ollo!s0
#ayer 5 to #ay
6#ast #artici#le - #ayF7
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je #aie 0Aeuh pay I p%y nous #ayons noo pay oh !e p%y
second #erson tu #aies too pay you p%y vous #aye4 voo pay yay you p%y
third #erson
il #aie eel pay he p%ys
elle #aie ell pay she p%ys
ils #aient
ou #ayent
eel
they p%y
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on #aie oh pay one p%ys
elles #aient
ou #ayent
ell they p%y F8em2H
3ther -yer Aerbs
%ppuyer - to support
employer - to employ
ess%yer - to try
essuyer - to !ipe
nettoyer - to cle%n
tutoyer - to %ddress %s tu, to c%ll someone in8orm%lly
%Q Irregular :ast :artici#les
A%ny o8 the verbs you h%ve le%rned so 8%r h%ve irre.ul%r p%st p%rticiples2
%voir - eu
croire - cru
Stre - @t@
8%ire - 8%it
voir - vu
.Q :ractice Conversations
Let7s pr%ctise some o8 these !ords %nd verbs in some everyd%y shoppin. t%lk0
E ( la boulangerie 6"t the bakery7
;ern%rd Fle boul%n.erH 0 9on0our madame
=%mille Fl% clienteH 0 9on0our monsieur
;ern%rd 0 Fu$est*ce Jue vous vouleA 7
=%mille 0 =e voudrais acheter une !aguette% s$il vous plaSt
;ern%rd 0 1$est tout 7
=%mille 0 @on% 0e voudrais deux croissants aussi
;ern%rd 0 Tr5s !ien * a fait deux euros% s$il vous plaSt
=%mille 0 )erci !eaucoup
*se8ul voc%bul%ry here0
dGu7est-ce Due vous voule/ ?d - 'h%t !ould you like?
dKe voudr%is222d - I !ould like 2 2 2
d=7est tout ?d - Is th%t %ll?
d>% 8%it deux eurosd - :h%t7ll be t!o euros
9emember your verb - acheter Fto buyH2
)ote o8 % 8renchm%n 0
dGu7est-ce Due vous voule/ ?d is % little %brupt2 'e use mostly dGue voule/-vous ?d or dGue d@sire/-
vous ?d2
4%me 8or d=7est tout ?d, !e use most o8 the time d=e ser% tout ?d F8uture tenseH or d3t %vec ceci ?d F%nd
!ith this?H2
(E )u march 6"t the &arket7
A%rie Fl% m%rch%ndeH 0 9on0our monsieur
=l@ment Fle clientH 0 9on0our madame
=l@ment 0 Fu$est*ce Jue vous aveA 3 vendre 7
A%rie 0 =$ai un grand choix de fruits et l-gumes
=l@ment 0 Tr5s !ien" Ist*ce Jue vous aveA des cerises 7
A%rie 0 Gui""" elles coTtent deux euros le ilo
=l@ment 0 9on% 0e voudrais trois ilos% s$il vous plaSt
A%rie 0 Tr5s !ien% monsieur" #lors% pour trois ilos il faut pa*er six euros% s$il vous plaSt"
*se8ul voc%bul%ry here0
dGu7est-ce Due vous %ve/222 ?d - 'h%t do you h%ve?
d*n .r%nd choixd - & l%r.e r%n.e
d+es cerisesd - 4ome cherries
d3lles coVtent deux euros le kilod - :hey F8eminineH cost t!o euros per kilo
dIl 8%utd - 5ne must1Bou need to
9emember your verbs - vendre Fto sellH %nd #ayer Fto p%yH2
Lesson "203 C 4hoppin.
Level Two Lessons
Lesson "204 C $oin. out
%Q r and .e
:he preposition 3 c%n indic%te % destin%tion, % loc%tion, % ch%r%cteristic,
me%surement, % point in time, purpose, %nd sever%l other thin.s !hich !ill be
covered l%ter2
'hen le 8ollo!s 3, the 3 %nd le combine into au2 4imil%rly, 3 %nd les combine into
aux2
:he preposition de c%n indic%te %n ori.in, contents, possession, c%use, m%nner, %nd
sever%l other thin.s !hich !ill be covered l%ter2
'hen le 8ollo!s de, the de %nd le combine into du2 4imil%rly, de %nd les combine
into des2
live version
discussion
exercises
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%sk % Duestion
AQ Leisure "ctivites
Les loisirs
le cin@m% cinem%
l% musiDue music
le b%l%deur !%lkm%n
une sortie .oin. out
un spect%cle % sho!
le th@Rtre the the%ter
le repos rest
le v%c%ncier % v%c%tioner
l% d%nse d%nce
%llumer1@teindre to turn on1turn o88
l% t@l@vision television
leFl%H
t@l@spect%teurFtriceH
television
vie!er
le sport sport
%Q :artir J 'ortir
#artir 5 to leave
6#ast #artici#le - #arti6e76s77
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je #ars 0Aeuh pahr I le%ve nous #artons noo partoh !e le%ve
second #erson tu #ars too pahr you le%ve vous #arte4 voo pahrtay you le%ve
third #erson
il #art eel pahr he le%ves
elle #art ell pahr she le%ves
ils #artent eel part
they le%ve
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on #art oh pahr one le%ves elles #artent ell part they le%ve F8em2H
sortir 5 to go outS to take out
6#ast #artici#le - sorti6e76s77
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je sors 0Aeuh sore I .o out nous sortons noo sortoh !e .o out
second #erson tu sors too sore you .o out vous sorte4 voo sortay you .o out
third #erson
il sort eel sore he .oes out
elle sort ell sore she .oes out
ils sortent eel sort
they .o out
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on sort oh sore one .oes out elles sortent ell sort they .o out F8em2H
4ome other verbs use sortir %nd p%rtir %s stems2
rep%rtir - to set out %.%in
r@p%rtir - to distribute
AQ =ovies
French Aocabulary 5 %oing out
=ovies 5 Les 1il&s
%eneral
le 8ilm FdomestiDueH Fen
vid@oH
le 8ilm F@tr%n.erH Fen +<+H
FdomesticH movie Fon
videoH
F8orei.nH movie Fon +<+H
<252 F<ersion
ori.in%leH
les sous-titres
un%ltered
sub-titles
l7%cteur FmH
l7%ctrice F8H
%ctor
%ctrice
l% vid@o
le +<+
video
+<+
louer to rent
!he =ovie !heater Fil& %enres
le cin@m% the FmovieH the%ter le dessin %nim@ c%rtoon
l% s%lle du cin@m%
the%ter sho!in. room
lit0 room o8 the the the%ter
le document%ire document%ry
l% s@%nce sho!in. le 8ilm dk%mour love story
le .uichet ticket !indo! le 8ilm dk%ventures %dventure movie
l% pl%ce
le 8%uteuil
se%t1pl%ce to sit
ch%ir
le 8ilm dkhorreur horror 8ilm

coVter to cost le 8ilm policier police 8ilm
Eouer to pl%y
le 8ilm de science-
8iction
sci-8i 8ilm
*n 8%uteuil is the physic%l ch%ir th%t one sits on2 5ne !ould norm%lly use dune pl%ced
!henever d% se%td is used in 3n.lish2
,rene/ l% pl%ceI - :%ke % se%tI
Les 8ilms sont 8%scin%ntsI <ous %lle/ %u cin@m%? ,ourDuoi? <ous %ime/ les 8ilms? 5n p%rle FuHest*ce
JuHon 0oue au cin-ma7 pour d@m%nder les 8ilms Dui Eouent2 5n %chPte les pl%ces %u .uichet, oQ
l7employ@FeH vous les vend2 5n entre l% s%lle du cin@m% pour re.%rder un 8ilm2 Guel est votre .enre de
8ilm pr@8@r@? <ous loue/ les vid@os? les +<+s?
%Q -enir verbs
-enir verbs %re irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted Fthey does not count %s re.ul%r -ir verbsH2
Aenir
:he most common -enir verb is venir2
:he verb venir is tr%nsl%ted to to come2
'hen it me%ns to come from, venir is used !ith the preposition de2
@ous venons du stade2
Bou c%n %lso use venir !ith % verb to st%te th%t you h%ve recently %ccomplished %n %ction2 __=e
viens de finir mes devoirs FI7ve Eust 8inished my home!orkH2
For&ation
In the present indic%tive, venir F%nd %ll other -enir verbsH is conEu%.ted %s 8ollo!s0
venir 5 to co&e
6#ast #artici#le - venu6e76s77
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je viens 0Aeuh vee ehn I come nous venons noo venn oh !e come
second #erson tu viens too vee ehn you come vous vene4 voo vennay you come
third #erson
il vient eel vee ehn he comes
elle vient ell vee ehn she comes
ils viennent eel vee ehn
they come
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on vient oh vee ehn one comes elles viennent ell vee ehn they come F8em2H
3ther -enir Aerbs
revenir - to come b%ck, to return
devenir - to become
%pp%rtenir - to belon.
contenir - to cont%in
d@tenir - to keep, to det%in
retenir - to ret%in
se souvenir - to remember
soutenir - to support
tenir - to hold
%Q -Fxer Aerbs
-@xer verbs %re re.ul%r -er verbs, but %re %lso stem ch%n.in.2
For&ation
suggFrer 5 to suggest
6#ast #artici#le - suggFrF7
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je suggare
0Aeuh soo
A0air
I su..est
nous
suggFrons
noo soo
A0airoh
!e su..est
second
#erson
tu suggares too soo A0air you su..est vous suggFre4
voo soo
A0airay
you su..est
third #erson
il suggare eel soo A0air he su..ests
elle suggare ell soo A0air
she
su..ests
ils suggarent eel soo A0air
they su..est
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on suggare oh soo A0air
one
su..ests
elles suggarent ell soo A0air
they su..est
F8em2H
3ther -Fxer Aerbs
%cc@l@rer - to %cceler%te
c@l@brer - to celebr%te
esp@rer - to hope
oblit@rer - to obliter%te
pr@8@rer - to pre8er
s@cher - to dry
Lesson "204 C $oin. out
Level Two Lessons
Lesson "205 C :r%nsport%tion
%Q -uire Aerbs
-uire verbs %re conEu.%ted irre.ul%rly2
For&ation
conduire 5 to drive
6#ast #artici#le - conduit7
'ingular :lural
1irst
#erson
je
conduis
0Aeuh
cohndwee
I drive nous
conduisons
noo
cohndweeAoh
!e drive
second
#erson
tu
conduis
too
cohndwee
you
drive
vous
conduise4
voo
cohndweeAay
you drive
third
#erson
il
conduit
eel
cohndwee
he
drives
elle
conduit
ell
cohndwee
she
drives
ils
conduisent
eel cohndweeA they drive
Fm%sc2 or
mi/edH
on
conduit
oh
cohndwee
one
drives
elles
conduisent
ell cohndweeA they drive
F8em2H
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%sk % Duestion
3ther -uire Aerbs
produire - to produce
AQ .riving
ouvrir to open
8ermer to close
%Q -rir Aerbs
:hese verbs %re conEu.%ted irre.ul%rly, 8ollo!in. the -er conEu.%tion scheme2 & common -rir verb is
ouvrir2
For&ation
E7ouvre
tu ouvres
il ouvre
nous ouvrons
vous ouvre/
ils ouvrent
p%st p%rticiple0 ouvert
3ther 'tandard -rir verbs
In p%st p%rticiple 8orm, -rir is repl%ced !ith -ert 8or these verbs2
couvrir - to cover
d@couvrir - to discover
o88rir - to o88er
sou88rir - to su88er
-rir Aerb /0ce#tions
Courir - !o 2un
Ee cours
tu cours
il court
nous courons
vous coure/
ils courent
p%st p%rticiple0 couru
=ourir - !o .ie
Ee meurs
tu meurs
il meurt
nous mourons
vous moure/
ils meurent
p%st p%rticiple0 mortFeHFsH
Aourir is the only -rir verb th%t t%kes Stre %s its helpin. verb in per8ect tenses F%nd there8ore %.rees
!ith the subEect %s % p%st p%rticiple in % per8ect tenseH2
"c?uFrir - !o "c?uire
E7%cDuiers
tu %cDuiers
il %cDuiert
nous %cDu@rons
vous %cDu@re/
ils %cDuiPrent
p%st p%rticiple0 %cDuis
%Q :assF Co&#osF *ith otre
Aost verbs 8orm the pass- compos- !ith avoir, ho!ever there %re % sm%ll number o8 verbs th%t %re
%l!%ys conEu.%ted !ith Utre2
List o1 Aerbs
French %ra&&ar 5 !rans#ortation
:er1ect :ast *ith otre 5 :assF co&#osF avec etre
Aerb /0a&#le
%ller Ke suis %ll@ %u cin@m%2 I !ent to the cinem%2
venir Ke suis venu en 8r%nce2 I c%me to Fr%nce2
%rriver Le tr%in est %rriv@2 :he tr%in h%s %rrived2
p%rtir 3lle est p%rtie tr%v%iller2 4he le8t to .o to !ork2
rester Ke suis rest@ O l% m%ison2 I st%yed home2
retourner Il est retourn@ %u rest%ur%nt2 -e returned to the rest%ur%nt2
tomber Ke suis tomb@ d%ns l% piscine2 I 8ell into the pool2
n%Ttre Ke suis n@ en octobre2 I !%s born in october2
mourir Il est mort en 9#2 -e died in 9#2
p%sser Il est p%ss@ dev%nt l% m%ison2
It h%ppened in 8ront o8 the
house2
monter Ke suis mont@ %u sommet2 I climbed to the top2
descendre Il est descendu du tr%in2 -e .ot out o8 the tr%in2
sortir Ke suis sorti %vec mes %mies2 I !ent out !ith my 8riends2
entrer
Ke suis entr@ d%ns m%
ch%mbre2
I entered my room2
rentre Il est rentr@ tUt de l7@cole2 -e c%me b%ck e%rly 8rom school2
:he verbs th%t t%ke Stre c%n be e%sily remebered by the %cronym A942 9+
<&)+39:9&A,0
A 9 4 9 +
mont@ rest@ sorti revenu devenu
< & ) + 3 9 : 9 & A ,
venu %rriv@ n@ descendu entr@ rentr@ tomb@ retourn@ %ll@ mort p%rti
.irect 3bjects
5ne must kno! th%t these verbs t%ke their conEu.%ted %voir !hen they %re immedi%tely 8ollo!ed by %
direct obEect
For 3x%mple0
Ke suis descendu !ith the direct obEect dmes b%..%.esd
becomes0
K7ai descendu mes b%..%.es2
&nother ex%mple0
Ke suis mont@ !ith the direct obEect dmes b%..%.esd
becomes0
K7ai mont@ mes b%..%.es2
Bet %nother ex%mple but !ith ils inste%d o8 Ke0
Ils sont sortis !ith direct obEect dleur p%ssportd
becomes0
Ils ont sorti leur p%ssport2
'ubject-:ast :artici#le "gree&ent
:he p%st p%rticiples o8 the %bove verbs must %.ree !ith the the subEect o8 % sentence in .ender %nd
plur%lity2 )ote th%t there is no %.reement i8 these verbs %re conEu.%ted !ith %voir2
I8 the subEect is m%sculine sin.ul%r, there is no ch%n.e in the p%st p%rticiple2
I8 the subEect is 8eminine sin.ul%r, %n -e is %dded to the p%st p%rticiple2
I8 the subEect is m%sculine plur%l, %n -s is %dded to the p%st p%rticiple2
I8 the subEect is m%sculine sin.ul%r, %n -es is %dded to the p%st p%rticiple2
K suis %ll@6e72 )ous sommes %ll@Fe7s2
:u es %ll@6e72 <ous Stes %ll@6e76s72
Il est %ll@2 Ils sont %ll@s2
3lle est %ll@s2 3lles sont %ll@es2
%Q !he :ronoun +
Indirect 3bject :ronoun - to it# to them
:he French pronoun y is used to repl%ce %n obEect o8 % preposition%l phr%se introduced by O2
Ke r@ponds O les Duestions2 - K7 y r@ponds2
I respond to the Duestions2 - I respond to them2
)ote th%t lui %nd leur, %nd not y, %re used !hen the the obEect re8ers the % person or persons2
2e#lace&ent o1 :laces - there
:he French pronoun y repl%ces % preposition%l phr%se re8errin. to % pl%ce th%t be.ins !ith %ny
preoposition except de F8or !hich en is usedH2
Les hommes vont en Fr%nce2 - Les hommes y vont2
:he men .o to Fr%nce - :he men .o there2
)ote th%t en, %nd not y is used !hen the obEect is o8 the preposition de2
Idio&s
>% y estI - It7s +oneI
Lesson "205 C :r%nsport%tion
Level Two Lessons
Lesson "20( C 3veryd%y li8e
%Q .or&ir
dor&ir 5 to slee#
6#ast #artici#le - dor&i7
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je dors 0Aeuh
door
I sleep nous
dor&ons
noo
doormoh
!e sleep
second
#erson
tu dors too door you
sleep
vous
dor&e4
voo
doormay
you sleep
third
#erson
il dort eel door he sleeps
elle
dort
ell door she
sleeps
ils dor&ent eel dorm they sleep
Fm%sc2 or
mi/edH
on
dort
oh door one
sleeps
elles
dor&ent
ell dorm they sleep
F8em2H
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%sk % Duestion
AQ Waking u# and %etting Coursel1 2eady
se lever0 to .et up
se l%ver0 to !%sh Fonesel8H
se r%ser 0 to sh%ve
se doucher0 to sho!er
se b%i.ner0 to b%the Fonesel8H
se brosser les cheveux1les dents0 to brush one7s h%ir1teeth
se pei.ner les cheveux0 to comb one7s h%ir
s7h%biller0 to dress Fonesel8H
I8 the subEect is per8ormin. the %ction on him or hersel8, the verbs %re re8lexive2 -o!ever, i8 the subEect
!ere to %ct on someone else, the verb is no lon.er re8lexiveJ inste%d the re8lexive pronoun becomes %
direct obEect2
Ke m7h%bille0 I .et Fmysel8H dressed2
Ke t7h%bille0 I .et you dressed2
In the p%ss@ compos@, the p%rticiple must %.ree in .ender %nd number !ith the subEect2
,ierre s7est h%bill@2
&lice s7est h%bill@e2
$eor.es et A%rtin se sont h%bill@s2
Lisette et 9ose se sont h%bill@es2
A%rc et =l%ire se sont h%bill@s2
Ke m7%ppelle Lucie, et Ee me suis lev@e O six heures2
Ke%n et ,%ul, vous vous %ve/ lev@s %sse/ t%rd2
%Q :rono&inal Aerbs
,ronomin%l verbs %re verbs th%t, put simply, include pronouns2 :hese pronouns %re me% te% se% nous, %nd
vous %nd %re used %s either direct obEects or indirect obEects, dependin. on the verb th%t they modi8y2
:here %re three types o8 pronomin%l verbs0 re8lexive verbs, reciproc%l verbs, %nd n%tur%lly pronomin%l
verbs2
2e1le0ive Aerbs
9e8lexive verbs re8lect the %ction on the subEect2
Ke me l%ve2 - I !%sh myself2
)ous nous l%vons2 - 'e !%sh ourselves2
Ils se l%vent2 - :hey !%sh themselves2
9e8lexive verbs c%n %lso be used %s in8initives2
Ke v%is me l%ver2 - I7m .oin. to !%sh mysel82
Ke v%is ne p%s me l%ver2 - I7m .oin. to not !%sh mysel82
2eci#rocal Aerbs
'ith reciproc%l verbs, people per8orm %ctions to e%ch other2
)ous nous %imons2 - 'e like e%ch other2
-aturally :rono&inal Aerbs
4ome verbs %re pronomin%l !ithout per8ormin. % re8lexive or reciproc%l %ction2 :u te souviens? - Bou
remember?
AQ "t Work
tr%v%iller0 to !ork
tr%v%iller pour0 to !ork 8or FsomebodyH
%Q .evoir
French Aerb 5 /veryday li1e
devoir 5 to have toS to o*e
#ast #artici#leQ dh
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je dois 0euh dwah I h%ve to nous devons noo dehvohn !e h%ve to
second #erson tu dois too dwah you h%ve to vous deve4 voo dehvay you h%ve to
third #erson
il doit eel dwah he h%s to
elle doit ell dwah she h%s to
ils doivent eel dwahve
they h%ve to
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on doit ohn dwah one h%s to elles doivent ell dwahve they h%ve to F8em2H
%Q Falloir
8%lloir - to be necess%ry
il 8%ut - it is necess%ry
il % 8%llu - it !%s necess%ry Fp%ss@ compos@H
il 8%ll%it - it !%s necess%ry Fimp%r8%itH
il 8%udr% - it !ill be necess%ry
il 8%udr%it - it !ould be necess%ry
:he verb falloir di88ers 8rom simil%r verbs such %s avoir !esoin de >faire JuelJue chose? Fto need ato do
somethin.cH %nd devoir Fmust, duty, o!eH2 Falloir is %l!%ys used !ith the imperson%l il only in the 3rd
person sin.ul%r, !here%s devoir c%n be used !ith %ll subEect pronouns in %ll tenses2
Falloir expresses general necessities, such %s d:o live, one must e%td or d:o spe%k French !ell, one
must conEu.%te verbs correctly2d
Devoir expresses more person%lly *hat so&eone &ust doJ dI !%nt to p%ss my French test, so I must
study verb conEu.%tions2d
#voir !esoin de >faire JuelJue chose? expresses needJ dI need to study 8or my test, it7s tomorro!d2
Lesson "20( C 3veryd%y li8e
Level Two Lessons
Lesson "20# C 9ur%l li8e
%Q 'uivre
French Aerb 5 2ural li1e
suivre 5 to 1ollo*
#ast #artici#leQ suivi
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je suis
0euh
swee
I 8ollo!
nous
suivons
noo
sweevohn
!e 8ollo!
second
#erson
tu suis
too
swee
you
8ollo!
vous suive4
voo
sweevay
you 8ollo!
third
#erson
il suit eel dee he 8ollo!s
elle
suit
ell swee
she
8ollo!s
ils suivent eel sweeve
they 8ollo!
Fm%sc2 or
mi/edH
on suit
ohn
swee
one
8ollo!s
elles
suivent
ell sweeve
they 8ollo!
F8em2H
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%sk % Duestion
%Q Aivre
vivre 5 to live
#ast #artici#leQ vFcu Ova*cooP
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je vis 0euh vee I live nous vivons noo veevohn !e live
second #erson tu vis too vee you live vous vive4 voo veevay you live
third #erson
il vit eel vee he lives
elle vit ell vee she lives
ils vivent eel veeve
they live
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on vit ohn vee one lives elles vivent ell veeve they live F8em2H
%Q -aftre
naftre 5 to be born
#ast #artici#leQ nF6e76s7
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je nais 0euh nay I %m born nous naissons noo nehssohn !e %re born
second #erson tu nais too nay you %re born vous naisse4 voo nehssay you %re born
third #erson
il naft eel nay he is born
elle naft ell nay she is born
ils naissent eel nesse
they %re born
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on naft ohn nay one is born elles naissent ell nesse they %re born F8em2H
)%Ttre is the only -%Ttre verb th%t t%kes Stre %s its helpin. verb F%nd there8ore %.rees !ith the subEect
%s % p%st p%rticiple in per8ect tensesH2
%Q 2e1le0ive Aerbs *ith :er1ect !enses
'hen pronimin%l verbs %re conEu.%ted in per8ect tenses, Stre is used %s the %uxili%ry verb2
2e1le0ive Aerbs
In per8ect tenses, the p%st p%rticiples %.ree !ith the direct obEect pronoun, but not the indirect obEect
pronoun, in .ender %nd plur%lity2 :here8ore it !ould only %.ree !hen the re8lexive pronoun is the direct
obEect2 &lso remember th%t the p%st p%rticiple does not %.ree !ith the direct obEect i8 it .oes %8ter the
verb2
3lle s7est l%v@e2 - 4he !%s hersel82
)ous nous sommes l%v@FeHs2 - 'e !%sh ourselves2
3lle s7est l%v@ les m%ins2 - 4he !%shed her h%nds2
)ous nous sommes l%v@ les m%ins2 - 'e !%shed our h%nds2
2eci#rocal Aerbs
Like re8lexive verbs, the p%st p%rticiple o8 reciproc%l verbs %.rees in number %nd .ender !ith
the direct obEect i8 it .oes be8ore the verb2 It there8ore %.rees !ith %ll reciproc%l pronouns th%t
8unction %s direct obEects2
)ous nous sommes %im@FeHs2 - 'e liked e%ch other2
:he reciproc%l pronoun c%n %lso 8unction %s %n indirect obEect !ithout % direct obEect pronoun2
)ous nous sommes p%rl@2 - 'e spoke to e%ch other2
3lles se sont t@l@phon@2 - :hey c%lled to one %nother2
<ous vous Stes @crit souvent? - Bou !rite to e%ch other o8ten?
In per8ect tenses, these verbs %.ree !ith the direct obEect i8 it .oes be8ore the verb2 5ther!ise,
the p%st p%rticiple %.rees !ith the subEect2
3lle s7est souvenue2 - 4he remembered2
Le chien se couche2 - :he do. lies do!n2
)ote th%t assis,e.,es., the p%st p%rticiple o8 s$asseoir Fto sitH, does not ch%n.e in the m%sculine plur%l
8orm2
Lesson "20# C 9ur%l li8e
Level Two Lessons
Lesson "208 C Food %nd drink
%Q -ger Aerbs
-.er verbs %re re.ul%r -er verbs th%t %re %lso stem ch%n.in.2 :he most common -.er
verb is m%n.er2 For manger %nd %ll other re.ul%r -.er verbs, the stem ch%n.e is
%ddin. %n e %8ter the g2 :his only %pplies in the nous 8orm2 In this c%se, the ch%n.e
is m%de to preserve the so8t g pronunci%tion r%ther th%n the h%rd g th%t !ould be
present i8 the e !ere not included2
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%sk % Duestion
For&ation
French Aerb 5 Food and drink
&anger 5 to eat
#ast #artici#le - &angF
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je &ange 0euh mahnge I e%t nous &angeons noo vmahnge ohn !e e%t
second #erson tu &anges too mahnge you e%t vous &ange4 voo mahngay you e%t
third #erson
il &ange eel mahnge he e%ts
elle &ange ell mahnge she e%ts
ils &angent eel mahnge
they e%t
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on &ange ohn mahnge one e%ts elles &angent ell mahnge they e%t F8em2H
3ther -ger Aerbs
ch%n.er - to ch%n.e
exi.er - to reDuire
n%.er - to s!im
soul%.er - to relieve
voy%.er - to tr%vel
AQ Food
French Aocabulary 5 Food and drink
Food 5 La nourriture
les 1ruits - 1ruits les lFgu&es - vegetables
l% b%n%ne b%n%n% l% c%rotte c%rrot
l% cerise cherry les @pin%rds Fm plH spin%ch
le citron lemon l7oi.non FmH onion
l% 8r%ise str%!berry les petits pois Fm plH pe%s
l7or%n.e F8H or%n.e l% pomme de terre pot%to
l% pomme %pple l% tom%te tom%to
le r%isin .r%pe les %sper.es F8 plH %sp%r%.us
le p%mplemousse .r%pe8ruit les h%ricots Fm plH be%ns
la viande - &eat les 1ruits de &er 6& #l7 - shell1ishS sea1ood
l7%.ne%u FmH l%mb
L% coDuille 4%int-K%cDues
F8H
sc%llop
l% dinde turkey le cr%be cr%b
le E%mbon h%m
le porc pork le #oisson - 1ish
le poulet chicken les %nchois Fm plH %nchovies
le boeu8 bee8 le s%umon s%lmon
l% s%ucisse s%us%.e l7%n.uille F8H eel
les #roduits laitiers - dairy #roducts 3ther Foods
le beurre butter le croiss%nt crescent roll
le 8rom%.e cheese les 8rites F8 plH dFrench 8riesd
le l%it milk l% crSpe crepe
le y%ourt1le yo.hurt yo.urt l% m%yonn%ise m%yonn%ise
le dessert - dessert l% mout%rde must%rd
le bonbon c%ndy le p%in bre%d
le chocol%t chocol%te le beurre butter
le .Rte%u c%ke l% t%rtine de p%in beurr@ slice o8 buttered bre%d
l% .l%ce ice cre%m le poivre pepper
l% mousse mousse le ri/ rice
l% t%rte F%ux
pommesH
F%ppleH pie le sel s%lt
l% .l%ce F%u chocol%tH
Fchocol%teH ice
cre%m
le sucre su.%r
l% .l%ce FO l% v%nilleH Fv%nill%H ice cre%m l% con8iture E%m
%Q Boire
:he verb !oire is tr%nsl%ted to to drin2 It is irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted Fit does not count %s % re.ul%r -re
verbH %s 8ollo!s0
boire 5 to drink
#ast #artici#le - bu
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je bois 0euh !wah I drink nous buvons noo !oovohn !e drink
second #erson tu bois too !wah you drink vous buve4 voo !oovay you drink
third #erson
il boit eel !wah he drinks
elle boit ell !wah she drinks
ils boivent eel !wahve
they drink
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on boit ohn !wah one drinks elles boivent ell !wahve they drink F8em2H
AQ .rinks
les boissons drinks
l% biPre beer
le c%8@ co88ee
le chocol%t ch%ud hot chocol%te
le coc% sod%
l% limon%de lemon sod%
le citron press@ lemon%de
l7e%u F8H !%ter
le Eus Euice
le Eus d7or%n.e or%n.e Euice
le Eus de pomme %pple Euice
le Eus de r%isin .r%pe Euice
le Eus de tom%te tom%to Euice
le th@ te%
le vin !ine
%Q :artitive "rticle
:he p%rtitive %rticle de indic%tes, %mon. other thin.s, the !ord some2 &s le%rnt e%rlier, de %nd le
contr%ct FcombineH into du, %s de %nd les contr%ct into des2 &lso, inste%d o8 du or de la, de l$ is used in
8ront o8 vo!els2
'hen spe%kin. %bout 8ood, the p%rtitive %rticle is used %t some times !hile the de8inite %rticle Fle% la%
lesH is used %t other times, %nd the inde8inite %rticle Fun% uneH in yet %nother set o8 situ%tions2 In .ener%l
dded re8ers to % part o8 8ood F% piece o8 pieH !here%s the de8inite %rticle FleH re8ers to % 8ood in .ener%l FI
like pie Fin .ener%lHH2 :he inde8inite %rticle re8ers to %n entire unit o8 % 8ood FI !ould like % FwholeH pieH2
'hen spe%kin. %bout pre8erences, use the de8inite %rticle0
K7%ime la .l%ce2 I like ice cre%m2
)ous pr@8@rons le ste%k2 'e pre8er ste%k2
<ous %ime/ les 8rites Bou like French 8ries2
'hen spe%kin. %bout e%tin. or drinkin. %n item, there %re speci8ic situ%tions 8or the use o8 e%ch %rticle2
.e1E artE s#eci1ic^*hole ite&s
K7%i m%n.@ la t%rte2 I %te the F!holeH pie2
IndE artE kno*n ?uantity
K7%i m%n.@ une t%rte2 I %te % pie2
:artE artE unkno*n ?uantity
K7%i m%n.@ de la t%rte2 I %te some pie2
In the ne.%tive construction, cert%in rules %pply2 &s one h%s le%rnt in % previous lesson, un or une
ch%n.es to de Fme%nin., in this context, %nyH in % ne.%tive construction2 4imil%rly, du, de la, or des
ch%n.e to de in ne.%tive constructions2
)ous %vons m%n.@ une t%rte2 'e %te % pie2
)ous n7%vons p%s m%n.@ de t%rte2 'e did not e%t % pie1 'e did not e%t %ny pie2
)ous %vons m%n.@ de la t%rte2 'e %te some pie2
)ous n7%vons p%s m%n.@ de t%rte2
'e did not e%t some pie1 'e did not e%t %ny
pie2
)ote 0 )o! you should underst%nd better ho! th%t dGuoi de neu8?dF!h%t7s ne!?H encountered in the
very 8irst lesson !%s constructed222 dGuoi de plus be%u?Id F!h%t is there prettier?H
%Q /n
)ote ho! !e s%y =e veux du pain to s%y 7I !%nt some bre%d7 ? ;ut !h%t h%ppens !hen !e !%nt to s%y 7I
!%nt some7 !ithout speci8yin. !h%t !e !%nt? In these c%ses, !e use the pronoun 7en72 &s !ell, 7en7 c%n
me%n 7o8 it7 !hen 7it7 is not speci8ied2 For inst%nce, inste%d o8 s%yin. =$ai !esoin de l$argent, i8 the ide%
o8 money h%s %lre%dy been r%ised, !e c%n Eust s%y 7K7en %i besoin72 :his is bec%use !h%t en does is
repl%ce du, de la or des !hen there is nothin. %8ter it2
Like !ith 7me7, 7te7 %nd other pronouns, en Fme%nin. 7some7H comes be8ore the verb2
:u Eoue du pi%no? )on, Ee n7en Eoue p%s +o you pl%y pi%no? )o, I don7t pl%y it2
<ous prene/ du poisson? 5ui, E7en prends2 &re you h%vin. 8ish? Bes, I7m h%vin. some2
<ous %ve/ comm%nd@ de l7e%u? 5ui, nous en %vons
comm%nd@2
+id you order some !%ter? Bes, !e ordered
some2
For more det%iled in8orm%tion, see French ,ronouns
%Q =ettre
For&ation
&ettre 5 to #ut
#ast #artici#le - &is
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je &ets 0euh may I put nous &ettons noo mettohn !e put
second #erson tu &ets too may you put vous &ette4 voo mettay you put
third #erson
il &et eel may he puts
elle &et ell may she puts
ils &ettent eel met
they put
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on &et ohn may one puts elles &ettent ell met they put F8em2H
2elated Words
mettre - to put on, to turn on, to pl%ce
permettre - to %llo!
remettre - to put b%ck
remettre en pl%ce - to set b%ck into pl%ce
soumettre - to submit
se remettre - to recover 8rom %n illness
se remettre en route - to .et b%ck on the ro%d
Idio&s and 2elated /0#ressions
mettre %u Eour - to brin. to li.ht
mettre de l7%r.ent de cot@ - to put money %side
mettre 8in O - to put %n end to
mettre l% m%in O l% pRte - to pitch in
mettre le cont%ct - to st%rt the c%r
mettre le couvert - to set the t%ble
se mettre O t%ble - to sit do!n to e%t
se mettre d7%ccord - to %.ree
se mettre en 8orme - to .et in sh%pe
Lesson "208 C Food %nd drink
Level Two Lessons
Lesson "209 C +inin.
AQ %eneral .ining
French Aocabulary 5 .ining
.ining 5 .iner
:laces "ctions and Feelings
l% cuisine kitchen %voir 8%im to be hun.ry
l% s%lle O
m%n.er
dinin. room %voir soi8 to be thirsty
le rest%ur%nt rest%ur%nt m%n.er to e%t
=eals boire to drink
le rep%s the me%l prendre to t%ke
le petit-d@Eeuner bre%k8%st vouloir to !%nt
le d@Eeuner lunch mettre le couvert to set the t%ble
le dTner dinner pr@p%rer un rep%s to prep%re % me%l
le .oVter sn%ck
Food 'tores >uantity
l% boucherie
butcher shop
le .r%mme .r%m
l% boul%n.erie
b%kery
"
le kiloF.r%mmeH kilo.r%n
le d@pUt de p%in
% pl%ce th%t sells bre%d
"
le litre liter
l% ch%rcuterie
delic%tessen
3
l% bouteille
bottle
5
l7@picerie F8H
.rocery
4
l% boTte c%n
l% cr@merie d%iry store l% livre
p%ck
(
l% poissonnerie se%8ood store le p%Duet p%cket
le m%rch@ outdoor m%rket le pot pot
l% pRtisserie p%stry shop
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%sk % Duestion
=%n%di%n %nd ;el.i%n French h%s %n o88-by-one beh%viour !ith me%ls 0 bre%k8%st is c%lled d-0euner,
lunch is c%lled dSner %nd dinner is souper2
2 French butchers do not sell pork, pork products, nor horseme%t2 For these products, .o to %
charcuterie2
"2 In Fr%nce, b%keries only sell 8resh bre%d2 ,l%ces !here they sell bre%d th%t is not 8resh %re c%lled
dp%t de pain2
32 7&harcuteries' sell thin.s besides pork products, includin. pRte, s%l%mi, cold me%ts, s%l%ds,
Duiches %nd pi//%s2
42 &n %ltern%tive to %n 7picerie' is %n alimentation gnrale F% .ener%l 8oodstoreH2
52 -eille is pronounced ay
(2 +o not con8use !ith le livre F!ooH2
%Q Aouloir J :ouvoir
:he verb vouloir is tr%nsl%ted to to want2 It is irre.ul%rly conEu.%ted Fit does not count %s % re.ul%r -ir
verbH %s 8ollo!s0
French Aerb 5 .ining
vouloir 5 to *ant
#ast #artici#le - voulu
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je veu0 0euh veuh I !%nt nous voulons noo voolohn !e !%nt
second #erson tu veu0 too veuh you !%nt vous voule4 voo voolay you !%nt
third #erson
il veut eel veuh he !%nts
elle veut ell veuh she !%nts
ils veulent eel veuhl
they !%nt
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on veut ohn veuh one !%nts elles veulent ell veuhl they !%nt F8em2H
,ouvoir is conEu.%ted in % simil%r m%nner0
#ouvoir 5 to be able to
#ast #artici#le - #u
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je #eu0
0euh
peuh
I c%n1%m %ble to
nous
#ouvons
noo
poovohn
!e c%n1%re %ble to
second
#erson
tu #eu0 too peuh
you c%n1%re %ble
to
vous #ouve4 voo poovay you c%n1%re %ble to
third #erson
il #eut eel peuh he c%n1is %ble to
elle
#eut
ell peuh
she c%n1is %ble
to
ils #euvent eel peuhve
they c%n1%re %ble to
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on #eut ohn peuh
one c%n1is %ble
to
elles #euvent ell peuhve
they c%n1%re %ble to
F8em2H
AQ .ining at a 2estaurant
%rriver to %rrive
l% t%ble occup@e
l% t%ble libre
%n occupied t%ble
% 8ree t%ble
trouver to 8ind
comm%nder to order
d@Eeuner to e%t lunch
dTner
to dine
to e%t dinner
d@sirer to desire
le serveur
l% serveuse
!%iter
!%itresse
l% c%rte menu
l7%ddition check
le pourboire tip
l%isser to le%ve
Ee voudr%is22 I !ould like222
%Q 'ervir
servir 5 to serve
#ast #artici#leQ servi
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je sers 0euh sair I serve nous servons noo sairvohn !e serve
second #erson tu sers too sair you serve vous serve4 voo sairvay you serve
third #erson
il sert eel sair he serves
elle sert ell sair she serves
ils servent eel sairve
they serve
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on sert ohn sair one serves elles servent ell sairve they serve F8em2H
%Q -cer Aerbs
-cer verbs %re r%.ul%r -er verbs, but %re %lso stem ch%n.in.2 :he most common -cer verb is commencer2
For&ation
co&&encer 5 to begin
#ast #artici#le - co&&encF
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je co&&ence
0euh coe
mahnce
I be.in
nous
co&&en9ons
noo coe
mahnsohn
!e be.in
second
#erson
tu
co&&ences
too coe
mahnce
you
be.in
vous co&&ence4
voo coe
mahnsay
you be.in
third
#erson
il co&&ence
eel coe
mahnce
he be.ins
elle
co&&ence
ell coe
mahnce
she
be.ins
ils co&&encent eel coe mahnce
they be.in
Fm%sc2 or
mi/edH
on co&&ence
ohn coe
mahnce
one
be.ins
elles
co&&encent
ell coe mahnce
they be.in
F8em2H
3ther -cer Aerbs
e88%cer - to er%se
AQ 'ilver*areS /tcE
le couvert cover
l7%ssiette F8H pl%te
le bol bo!l
l% soucoupe s%ucer
le coute%u kni8e
l% cuillPre spoon
l% 8ourchette 8ork
l% serviette n%pkin
l% n%ppe t%blecloth
l% t%sse cup
le verre .l%ss
Lesson "209 C +inin.
Level Two Lessons
Lesson "20 C =ommunic%tion
%Q -aftre Aerbs
For&ation
French Aerb 5 Co&&unication
connaftre 5 to kno* 6#ersonally7
#ast #artici#leQ connu
'ingular :lural
1irst
#erson
je
connais
0euh
cohnay
I kno!
nous
connaissons
noo
cohnehssohn
!e kno!
second
#erson
tu
connais
too
cohnay
you
kno!
vous
connaisse4
voo
cohnehssay
you kno!
third
#erson
il connaft
eel
cohnay
he
kno!s
elle
connaft
ell
cohnay
she
kno!s
ils
connaissent
eel cohnesse
they kno!
Fm%sc2 or
mi/edH
on
connaft
ohn
cohnay
one
kno!s
elles
connaissent
ell cohnesse
they kno!
F8em2H
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discussion
exercises
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%sk % Duestion
3ther -aftre verbs
%pp%r%Ttre - to %ppe%r
conn%Ttre - to kno!
disp%r%Ttre - to dis%ppe%r
n%Ttre - to be born
)%Ttre h%s %n irre.ul%r p%st p%rticiple Fn@H %nd t%kes Stre %s its helpin. verb in per8ect tenses2
%Q Connaftre J 'avoir
=onn%Ttre is used to s%y th%t you kno! someone person%lly2 4%voir is used to s%y th%t you kno!
someone by reput%tion or th%t you kno! % 8%ct or piece o8 in8orm%tion2
savoir 5 to kno* 6as a 1act7
#ast #artici#leQ su
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je sais 0euh say I kno! nous savons noo sahvohn !e kno!
second #erson tu sais too say you kno! vous save4 voo sahvay you kno!
third #erson
il sait eel say he kno!s
elle sait ell say she kno!s
ils savent eel sahve
they kno!
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on sait ohn say one kno!s elles savent ell sahve they kno! F8em2H
AQ Calling 3thers
:@l@phoner FOH is used to s%y th%t you %re c%llin. FtoH someone2 In French, you c%ll to someone, so the
verb is used !ith indirect, %nd not direct, obEects2
=e t-l-phone , =acJues" - &$m calling =acJues"
%Q "##eler
#ppeler is used to s%y !h%t your n%me is2 =e m$appelle""" liter%lly me%ns & call myself"", but in 3n.lish
you !ould s%y )y name is""2 #ppeler is % re.ul%r -er verb, but, %s you m%y h%ve noticed, is %lso stem
ch%n.in.2 In the present indic%tive, it is conEu%.ted %s 8ollo!s0
a##eler 5 to call
#ast #artici#leQ a##elF
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson j8 a##elle 0ahhpell I c%ll nous a##elons newAahh pell ohn !e c%ll
second #erson tu a##elles too ahhpell you c%ll vous a##ele4 vooAahh pellay you c%ll
third #erson
il a##elle eel ahhpell he c%lls
elle a##elle ell ahhpell she c%lls
ils a##ellent eel ahhpell
they c%ll
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on a##elle ohn ahhpell one c%lls elles a##ellent ell ahhpell they c%ll F8em2H
%Q .ire
dire 5 to say
#ast #artici#leQ dit
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je dis 0euh dee I s%y nous disons noo deeAohn !e s%y
second #erson tu dis too dee you s%y vous dites voo deet you s%y
third #erson
il dit eel dee he s%ys
elle dit ell dee she s%ys
ils disent eel deeA
they s%y
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on dit ohn dee one s%ys elles disent ell deeA they s%y F8em2H
AQ =ail
le poste
le courier
le lettre
le boTte des lettres
envoyer
recevoir
%Q /nvoyer J 2ecevoir
envoyer 5 to send
#ast #artici#leQ envoyF
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson j8 envoie 0ahnvwah I send
nous
envoyons
newAahnvwahyohn !e send
second
#erson
tu envoies too ahnvwah you send vous envoyons vooAahnvwahyay you send
third #erson
il envoie eel aycree he sends
elle envoie ell aycree she sends
ils envoient eelAahnvwah
they send
Fm%sc2 or
mi/edH
on envoie ohn ahnvwah
one
sends
elles envoient ellAahnvwah they send F8em2H
recevoir 5 to receive
#ast #artici#leQ re9u
'ingular :lural
1irst #erson je re9ois
0euh
rehswah
I receive
nous
recevons
newAay
rehsevohn
!e receive
second
#erson
tu re9ois too rehswah you receive vous receve4 voo resehvay you receive
third #erson
il re9oit eel rehswah he receives
elle
re9oit
ell rehswah
she
receives
ils re9oivent eel rehswahve
they receive
Fm%sc2 or mi/edH
on re9oit ohn rehswah
one
receives
elles
re9oivent
ell rehswahve
they receive
F8em2H
AQ Co&#uters J the Internet
French Aocabulary 5 Co&&unication
!echnology 5 La technologie
l% technolo.ie technolo.y
Co&#uter )ard*are Co&#uter 'o1t*are
le h%rd!%re h%rd!%re le so8t!%re so8t!%re
l7ordin%teur FmH computer lkin8orm%tion in8orm%tion
l7@cr%n FmH monitor le lo.iciel so8t!%re Fpro.r%mH
le cl%vier keybo%rd
le pro.r%mme
pro.r%mm%tion
pro.r%m
pro.r%mmin. F%dEH
l% souris mouse
le document
le 8ichier
document
8ile
l7imprim%nte F8H printer
le =+-95A =+-95A !he Internet
l% disDuette 8loppy disk %ller sur Internet to .o on the Internet
Co&#uter @se le modem modem
utiliser to use l% connexion connection
t%per Fun texteH to type F% textH
connecter
Stre connect@
to connect
to be connected
s%uve.%rder Fun
8ichierH
to s%ve F% 8ileH le site site
ex@cuter
to run, c%rry
out
l7e-m%il FmH e-m%il
stocker Fdes donn@esH to store Fd%t%H
n%vi.uer Fsur
InternetH
to n%vi.%te Fthe InternetH
cliDuer to click t@l@ch%r.er to do!nlo%d
%llumer to turn on tr%nsmettre to tr%nsmit
@teindre
to turn o88
Fto extin.uishH
French 8%ct0 the n%me o8 the comp%ny Lo.itech comes 8rom the French term logiciel technolgie2
Lesson "20 C =ommunic%tion
French Level !hree Lessons
For&idable! - Inter&ediate French
&8ter h%vin. completed the second level o8 the 'ikibooks French l%n.u%.e course, you c%n .r%du%te to
the third level2 :his is % much more ri.orous present%tion o8 the French l%n.u%.e2 4ever%l verb tenses
!ill be introduced in this level, %nd there !ill no! be more voc%bul%ry sections in e%ch lesson2 ;ut !e
didn7t decide to stop thereI :his level !ill include lon.er lectures %bout % lesson7s subEect %nd !ill
introduce you to re%l French liter%ry !orks %nd ne!s %rticles, such %s Ke%n de L% Font%ine7s F%bles2
&8ter you h%ve completed this level, you c%n move on to the next level2 &lso remember th%t i8 you
!ould like to help develop this course, .o to the lessons pl%nnin. p%.e2
Drapeau de la France
Level !hree Contents
320 Le6on 0 0 Les v%c%nces
l Lesson 0 0 Aacations
$0 $eo.r%phy ,repositions, ,er8ect :enses Introduction, 4imple
Future o8 9e.ul%r <erbs
<0 $ener%l :r%vellin., Intern%tion%l :r%vellin., )%tion%lities
320" Le6on 0" 0 Le tr%v%il
, Lesson 0" 0 Work
$0 Irre.ul%r ,%st ,%rticiples 9evie!, =onEu.%ted <erb o
In8initive 9evie! FFutur ,roche, F%ire =%usiti8H
<0 =omp%nies, ;lue-coll%r, 'hite-coll%r, 4ervice, $overnment,
:he 588ice, 588ice 4upplies
3203 Le6on 03 0 L% s%nt@
,l Lesson 03 0 )ealth
$0 4imple Future o8 Irre.ul%r <erbs, &dverbs, =omm%nds
<0 <isitin. the +octor, 3mer.encies, Aedecine, the +entist,
-e%lthc%re
3204 Le6on 04 0 L7%r.ent
,9 Lesson 04 0 =oney
$0 ,erson%l ,ronouns 9evie!, ,resent =ondition%l, ,ronouns
!ith =omm%nds
<0 Forms o8 Aoney, ,%yment, -%ndlin. Aoney, $oin. to % ;%nk
3205 Le6on 05 0 Keunesse
$l Lesson 05 0 Li1e as a Child
$0 Imp%r8%it, ,ossesive ,ronouns, 4tem =h%n.in. <erbs 9evie!
<0 =hildren7s $%mes %nd :oys, French =hildren7s ,oems, 4on.s,
%nd 4tories
320( Le6on 0( 0 L7%dolescence
$7 Lesson 0( 0 "dolescence
$0 Imp%r8%it vs2 ,%ss@ =ompos@, ,ronomin%l <erbs 9evie!,
,lus-Gue-,%r8%it
<0 ,op =ulture, A%ss Aedi%, ,%rt-:ime Kobs
320# Le6on 0# 0 L7histoire &ntiDue
H0 Lesson 0# 0 "ncient )istory
$0 ,%ss@ 4imple o8 9e.ul%r <erbs, Interro.%tive ,ronouns
<0 F%rmin. %nd ,e%s%nt Li8e, )oble Li8e, :he Lin., :he
9enn%iss%nce, :he 9e8orm%tion
3208 Le6on 08 0 9@volutionI
H( Lesson 08 0 2evolution!
$0 ,%ss@ 4imple o8 Irre.ul%r <erbs, 9el%tive ,ronouns FGui, Gue,
+ontH
<0 3nli.htenment, French 9ev2, +emocr%cy, )%poleonic 3r%,
,ost-)%poleon Fr%nce, Industri%l 9ev2
3209 Le6on 09 0 L% Fr%nce moderne
H$ Lesson 09 0 =odern France
$0 ,%st =ondition%l, =omp%r%tive r 4uperl%tive, &skin.
Guestions 9evie!
<0 :he "0th =entury, "0th =entury &dv%ncements %nd =h%n.es,
Aodern '%r
320 Le6on 0 0 L7%ctu%lit@
HH Lesson 0 0 Current /vents
$0 Future ,er8ect, +emonstr%tive ,ronouns, 4t%tin. I8222
<0 )e!s, Fr%nce7s 9ole in $lob%l ,olitics, 3urope%n *nion,
4oci%l ,roblems, $overnment, ,olitics

Level Three Lessons
Lesson 320 C <%c%tions
AQ %eneral !raveling
&udio0 5.. French n%tive spe%ker
%eneral
il y % there is, there %re
lk%@roport Fm2H %irport
lk%utobus Fm2H bus
lk%vion Fm2H %ircr%8t, %irpl%ne
les b%.%.es b%..%.e
le billet ticket F8or tr%in, %irpl%neH
le m@tro sub!%y, under.round
l% poste post o88ice
le t%xi t%xi
le ticket ticket F8or bus, m@troH
le tr%in tr%in
l% v%lise suitc%se
l% voiture c%r
live version
discussion
exercises
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report %n error
%sk % Duestion
&udio 0 French n%tive spe%ker
Aisiting 3ther Cities
% :u es d7oQ? Fin8orm%lH
b
+7oQ Stes-vous?
F8orm%lH
'here %re you 8rom?
c Ke suis de222 Fd7H I %m 8rom222
AQ %eogra#hy
%eogra#hy
the !orld le monde
:olitical %eogra#hy
% city une ville
% vill%.e un vill%.e
% country un p%ys
% st%te un @t%t
-atural %eogra#hy
river le 8leuve
mount%in l% mont%.ne
l%ke le l%c
oce%n l7oc@%n FmH
Cardinal .irections
north le nord
south le sud
e%st l7est
!est l7ouest
%Q %eogra#hy :re#ositions
Cities
French n%tive spe%ker
3 is used to s%y in% at, to
Ke v%is b ,%ris2 - I7m .oin. to ,%ris
de is used to s%y from2
Ke reviens de ,%ris2 - I return 1ro& ,%ris2
cities th%t h%ve %rticles %s p%rt o8 their n%mes contr%ct !ith the preposition i8 the city is
m%sculine2
le =%ire - Ke v%is au =%ire2 - Ke reviens du =%ire2
le -%vre - Ke v%is au -%vre2 - Ke reviens du -%vre2
l% )ouvelle-5rl@%ns - Ke v%is b la )ouvelle-5rl@%ns2 - Ke reviens de la )ouvelle-
5rl@%ns2
Fe&inine 2egionsS CountriesS and Continents
Aost .eo.r%phic%l %re%s %re 8eminine
3very French .eo.r%phic%l %re%, !ith one or t!o exceptions, th%t ends in -e is 8eminine2
3very continent is 8eminine2
en is used to s%y in% at% to 8or %ll 8eminine .eo.r%phic%l %re%s except cities
Ke v%is en Fr%nce2 - I .o to Fr%nce2
de is used to s%y from 8or %ll 8eminine .eo.r%phic%l %re%s except cities
Ke reviens de Fr%nce2 - I return 1ro& Fr%nce2
de is contr%cted to d$ !hen 8ollo!ed by % vo!el2
Ke v%is en 3sp%.ne2 - Ke reviens d8 3sp%.ne
=asculine 2egions
%ll re.ions th%t do not end in % slient e %re m%scuiline
dans le is used to s%y in% at% to 8or most m%sculine re.ions, provinces, %nd st%tes
Ke v%is dans le Limousin2 - I7m .oin. to Limousin2
du, % contr%ction o8 de o le, is used to s%y from 8or most re.ions, provinces, %nd st%tes
Ke reviens du Limousin2 - I return 1ro& Limousin2
I8 % re.ion is thou.ht o8 or considered %s its o!n soverei.n st%te, au is used inste%d o8 dans le
Ke v%is au Gu@bec2 - Ke reviens du Gu@bec2
Ke v%is au :ex%s2 - Ke reviens du :ex%s2
=asculine Countries 'tarting With a Consonant
%ll countries th%t do not end in % silent e %re m%scuiline
le =%mbod.e %nd le AexiDue %re m%sculine
au is used to s%y in% at% to 8or m%sculine countries be.innin. !ith % conson%nt
Ke v%is au ,ortu.%l2 - I7m .oin. to ,ortu.%l2
du is used to s%y from 8or m%sculine countries be.innin. !ith % conson%nt
Ke reviens du ,ortu.%l2 - I return 1ro& ,ortu.%l2
:lural Countries
aux, % contr%ction o8 3 o les, is used to s%y in% to% as i8 % plur%l %rticle is p%rt o8 the n%me o8 %
country
Ke v%is au0 lt%ts-*nis2 - I7m .oin. to the *nited 4t%tes2 Fpronounced aytahAoohneeH
des, % contr%ction o8 de o les, is used to s%y from i8 % plur%l %rticle is p%rt o8 the n%me o8 %
country
Ke reviens des lt%ts-*nis2 - I return 1ro& the *nited 4t%tes2
=asculine Countries 'tarting With a Ao*el
en is used to s%y in% at% to 8or %ll m%sculine countries be.innin. !ith % vo!el
Ke v%is en Isr%Xl2 - I7m .oin. to Isr%el2
d$ is used to s%y from 8or %ll m%sculine countries be.innin. !ith % vo!el
Ke reviens d8 Isr%Xl2 - I return 1ro& Isr%el2
Check For @nderstanding
&re %ll French countries endin. in e 8eminine?
'h%t .eo.r%phic%l %re%s use the preposition dans le?
'h%t prepositions do countries be.innin. !ith vo!els use?
'h%t prepositions does the city o8 Guebec use? 222the province o8 Guebec?
AQ "ir#orts and "ir#lanes
French Aocabulary 5 Aacations 5 audioQ 3ne 5 !*o 6($I [ (0$ kb 5 hel#7
"ir#orts and "ir#lanes 5 Les aFro#orts et les avions
!he "ir#ort Baggage
l7%@roport FmH
%irport Fpronounced
ahehrohporH
les b%.%.es F8 plH b%..%.e
le p%sseport p%ssport les b%.%.es O m%in c%rry-on b%.%.e
un ch%riot % Fshoppin.1b%..%.eH c%rt
l% livr%ison des
b%.%.es
b%..%.e cl%im
les %rriv@es F8 plH %rriv%ls
enre.istrer Fses
b%.%.esH
to check in Fone7s
b%..%.eH
les d@p%rts Fm plH dep%rtures
%rriver Fen %v%nce1en
ret%rdH
to %rrive Fe%rly1l%teH
!he !er&inal !he "ir#lane
l7%@ro.%re termin%l l7%vion FmH pl%ne
l% comp%.nie F%@rienneH %Fn %irlineH comp%ny l7%pp%reil FmH
pl%ne, m%chine, FbodyH
system
le billet
Fd7%vion1simple1%ller-retourH
Fpl%ne1one-!%y1round tripH
ticket
d@coller
le d@coll%.e
to t%ke o88
t%ke-o88
l% cl%sse tourisme
l% premiPre cl%sse
co%ch
8irst cl%ss
le vol 8li.ht F%lso the8tH
p%sser O l% dou%ne to .o throu.h customs le pilote pilot
le contrUleur
le contrUle de s@curit@
security o88icer
security check
l7hUtesse Fde l7%irH F8H 8li.ht %ttend%nt
l% porte .%te F%lso doorH le p%ss%.er p%ssen.er
emb%rDuer to bo%rd
%tterrir
l7%tterriss%.e FmH
to l%nd
l%ndin.
AQ :laces
French 2egions
vle-de-Fr%nce
- ,%ris
;%sse-)orm%ndie
- =%en
;our.o.ne
- +iEon
;ret%.ne
- 9ennes
Continents
l7&8riDue F8H
l7&m@riDue du nord F8H
l7&m@riDue du sud F8H
l7&nt%rctiDue F8H
l7&sie F8H
l7&ustr%lie F8H
l73urope F8H
3ceans
l75c@%n %tl%ntiDue FmH
l75c@%n .l%ci%l %rctiDue FmH
l75c@%n indien FmH
l75c@%n p%ci8iDue FmH
/uro#ean Countries
l% Fr%nce
_ ,%ris
Fr%nce
_ ,%ris
l% ;el.iDue
_ ;ruxelles
;el.ium
_ ;ruxelles
le ,ortu.%l
_ Lisbonne
,ortu.%l
_ Lisbon
l73sp%.ne
_ A%drid
4p%in
_ A%drid
l7It%lie
_ 9ome
It%ly
_ 9ome
l% $r%nde-;ret%.ne
_ Londres
$re%t ;rit%in
_ London
l7Irl%nde
_ +ublin
Irel%nd
_ +ublin
le F.r%nd-duch@ duH
Luxembour.
_ Luxembour.
Luxembur.
_ Luxembur.
les ,%ys-;%s
_ &msterd%m
)etherl%nds
_ &msterd%m
l7&llem%.ne
_ ;erlin
$erm%ny
_ ;erlin
l7&utriche
_ <ienne
&ustri%
_ <ienn%
l% 4uisse
_ berne
4!it/erl%nd
_ ;ern
L% princip%ut@ de Aon%co
_ Aon%co
Aon%co
_ Aonc%o
l% ,olo.ne
_ <%rsovie
,ol%nd
_ '%rs%!
l% 9@publiDue :chPDue
_ ,r%.ue
=/ech 9epublic
_
l% 4lov%Duie
_ ;r%tisl%v%
4lov%ki%
_
l% -on.rie
_ ;ud%pest
-un.%ry
_
l% 9oum%nie
_ ;uc%rest
9om%ni%
_
l% $rPce
_ &thPnes
$reece
_ &thens
L% princip%ut@ d7&ndorre
_ &ndorre-l%-<ieille
&ndorr%
_
l% Aold%vie
_ =hisin%u
Aold%vi%
_
l% ;i@lorussie
_ Ainsk
;el%rus
_
l% Litu%nie
_ <ilnius
Lithu%ni%
_
l% Lettonie
_ 9i.%
L%tvi%
_
l73stonie
_ :%llinn
3stoni%
_
l% Finl%nde
_ -elsinki
Finl%nd
_ -elsinki
l% 4uPde
_ 4tockholm
4!eden
_ 4tockholm
l% )orvP.e
_ 5slo
)or!%y
_ 5slo
l% 9ussie 9ussi%
_ Aoscou _ Aosco!
l7*kr%ine
_ Liev
*kr%ine
_ Liev
)%tions o8 the 'orld
Aore %udio pronunci%tion0 here2
AQ -ationalities
French Aocabulary 5 Aacations 5 audioQ 3ne 5 !*o 5 !hree 6v( l00kb7 6($0 [ (l, [IH kb 5 hel#7
-ationalities 5 Les nationalitFs
=asculine Fe&inine /nglish
%llem%nd %llem%nde $erm%n
%m@ric%in %m@ric%ine &meric%n
%n.l%is %n.l%ise 3n.lish
%ustr%lien %ustr%lienne &ustr%li%n
bel.e bel.e ;el.i%n
birm%n birm%ne ;urmese
c%mbod.ien c%mbod.ienne =%mbodi%n
c%n%dien c%n%dienne =%n%di%n
chinois chinoise =hinese
cor@en cor@enne Lore%n
esp%.nol esp%.nole 4p%nish
8r%n6%is 8r%n6%ise French
indien indienne Indi%n
indon@sien indon@sienne Indonesi%n
it%lien it%lienne It%li%n
E%pon%is E%pon%ise K%p%nese
m%l%isien m%l%isienne A%l%ysi%n
m%uricien m%uricienne A%uriti%n
n@erl%nd%is n@erl%nd%ise +utch
philippin philippine Filipino
portu.%is portu.%ise ,ortu.uese
sin.%pourien sin.%pourienne 4in.%pore%n
su@dois su@doise 4!edish
suisse suisse 4!iss
th%Yl%nd%is th%Yl%nd%ise :h%i
v@n@/u@lien v@n@/u@liene <ene/uel%n
vietn%mien vietn%mienne <ietn%mese
)%tion%lities %re not c%pit%li/ed %s o8ten in French %s they %re in 3n.lish2 I8 you %re re8errin. to %
person, %s in %n &r%b person or % =hinese person, the French eDuiv%lent is un #ra!e or un 1hinois2
-o!ever, i8 you %re re8errin. to the &r%bic l%n.u%.e or =hinese l%n.u%.e, the French !ould not
c%pit%li/e0 l$ara!eJ le chinois2 I8 the n%tion%lity is used %s %n %dEective, it is norm%lly le8t unc%pit%li/edJ
un livre chinois, un t%pis %r%be2
%Q :er1ect !enses
Bou !ill be le%rnin. sever%l ne! per8ect tenses in this level2 9evie! the .r%mm%r behind them2 :his
time, m%ke sure you kno! %ll the rules2
:he per8ect tenses %re %lso c%lled the compound or composed tenses2
:he per8ect tenses %re %ll composed o8 % conEu.%ted %uxill%ry verb %nd % 8ixed p%st p%rticiple2
"u0illary Aerb For&ation
:he %uxill%ry verb is %l!%ys either %voir or Stre2
:he tense o8 the verb depends upon the tense th%t %voir or Stre is conEu.%ted in2
'hen the %uxill%ry verb is conEu.%ted in the p%ss@ compos@, 8or ex%mple, the %uxill%ry
verb is conEu.%ted in the present indic%tive2
K7%i 8ini2 - I h%ve 8inished2
:ast :artici#le For&ation
irre.ul%r verbs - must be memori/ed
:ast :artici#le "gree&ent
&udio0 French n%tive spe%ker
:he p%st p%sticiple must %.ree !ith the direct obEect o8 % cl%use in .ender %nd plur%lity i8 the
direct obEect .oes be8ore the verb2
the direct obEect is masculine singular - no ch%n.e
K7%i 8ini le Eeu2 - I h%ve 8inished the .%me2
Ke l7%i 8ini2 - I h%ve 8inished it2
the direct obEect is feminine singular - %dd %n e to the p%st p%rticiple
K7%i 8ini l% tRche2 - I h%ve 8inished the t%sk2
Ke l7%i 8inie2 - I h%ve 8inished it2
the direct obEect is masculine plural - %dd %n s to the p%st p%rticiple2
K7%i 8ini les Eeux2 - I h%ve 8inished the .%mes2
Ke les %i 8inis2 - I h%ve 8inished them2
the direct obEect is feminine plural - %dd %n es to the p%st p%rticiple2
K7%i 8ini les tRches2 - I h%ve 8inished the t%sks2
Ke les %i 8inies2 - I h%ve 8inished them2
"voir ou otre+
In most circumst%nces, the %uxill%ry verb is %voir2
-o!ever, under cert%in situ%tions, the %uxill%ry verb is Stre2
:his occurs !hen0
:he verb is one o8 ( speci%l verbs th%t t%ke Stre2
)ote th%t !hen % direct obEect is used !ith these verbs, the %uxill%ry verb
becomes %voir2
:he verb is re8lexive2
:h%t is, the subEect o8 the verb is %lso its obEect2
List o1 !enses
:here %re seven per8ect tenses in French2 :hese %re0
2 Le pss@ compos@ F:he ,resent ,er8ectH
"2 Le plus-Due-p%r8%it de l7indic%ti8 F:he ,luper8ect o8 the Indic%tiveH
32 Le plus-Due-p%r8%it du subEoncti8 F:he ,luper8ect 4ubEunctiveH
42 Le p%ss@ %nt@rieur F:he ,%st &nteriorH
52 Le 8utur %nt@rieur F:he Future &nteriorH
(2 Le conditionnel p%ss@ F:he ,%st =ondition%lH
#2 Le p%ss@ du subEoncti8 F:he ,%st 4ubEunctiveH
%Q 'i&#le Future o1 2egular Aerbs
:here %re three versions o8 the 8utur tense in French, the futur simple the futur compos-, %nd the futur
ant-rieurF8uture per8ectH2 :he futur compos- is 8ormed by insertin. the present 8orm o8 aller be8ore the
in8initive, e2.2 elle va r-ussir Fshe !ill p%ss, or she is .oin. to p%ssH is the 8utur compos@ o8 elle r-ussit
:o conEu.%te % verb in the 8utur simple, one t%kes the in8initive %nd %ppends the ri.ht 8orm o8 avoir
except 8or nous %nd vous !hich t%kes *ons or *eA, %s %ccordin. to the t%ble0
'ubject "dd /nding Conjugated Aerb
Ke -%i r@ussir%i
:u -%s r@ussir%s
Il 1 3lle 1 5n -% r@ussir%
)ous -ons r@ussirons
<ous -e/ r@ussire/
Ils 1 3lles -ont 9@ussiront
Les vacances
=et @t@, nous p%rtirons en v%c%nces %u bord de l% mer2 )ous %llons p%sser une sem%ine O )ice sur l%
cUte d7&/ur2 )ous p%rtirons en voiture et il y %ur% cert%inement be%ucoup de bouchons sur l7%utoroute2
)ous nous b%i.nerons le m%tin et Ee 8er%i des chRte%ux de s%ble %vec mon 8ils2 & midi nous m%n.erons
puis nous 8erons une bonne sieste c%r il 8er% cert%inement trPs ch%ud2 L7%prPs-midi, nous irons visiter
des expositions de peintures ou %lors nous irons d%ns des p%rc d7%ttr%ctions2 <ivement les v%c%nces I
Lesson 320 C <%c%tions
Level Three Lessons
Lesson 320" C 'ork
%Q Irregular :ast :artici#les 2evie*
&udio 0 8rench n%tive spe%ker
%voir - eu Fto h%veH
boire - bu Fto drinkH
conduire - conduit Fto driveH F%nd %ll other -uire verbsH
conn%Ttre - connu Fto kno! Fperson%llyHH
courir - couru Fto runH
croire - cru Fto believeH
dire - dit Fto s%yH
devoir - dV Fto h%ve to, to o!eH
Stre - @t@ Fto beH
8%ire - 8%it Fto do, to m%keH
8%lloir - 8%llu Fto be necess%ryH
lire - lu Fto re%dH
mettre - mis Fto put FonHH F%nd %ll !ords %ddin. pre8ixes to mettreH
ouvrir - ouvert Fto openH F%nd most other -rir verbsH
pouvoir - pu Fto be %ble toH
pleuvoir - plu Fto r%inH
prendre - pris Fto t%keH
recevoir - re6u Fto receiveH
rire - ri Fto l%u.hH
s%voir - su Fto kno! F%s % 8%ctHH
sourire - souri Fto smileH
suivre - suivi Fto 8ollo!H
vivre - v@cu Fto liveH
voir - vu Fto seeH
vouloir - voulu Fto !%ntH
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%sk % Duestion
%Q Conjugated Aerb [ In1initive 2evie*
Faire Causiti1
:he 8%ire c%usiti8 is 8ormed by conEu.%tin. faire %nd %ddin. %n in8initive2
Ke le 8%is 8ixer2 - I h%ve it 8ixed2
Futur :roche
:he 8uture proche tense is 8ormed by conEu.%tin. aller in the present indic%tive %nd %ddin. %n in8initive
Ke v%is %ller2 - I7m .oin. to .o2
:ronouns
,ronouns come be8ore the verb they modi8y, !hich is not necess%rily the 8irst verb in % sentence
Ke v%is le voir2 - I7m .oin. to see it2
-egation
3ither the conEu.%ted verb or the in8initive c%n be ne.%ted, e%ch me%nin. sli.htly di88erent thin.s2
Ke n7%ime p%s m%rcher2 - I don7t like to run2
K7%ime ne p%s m%rcher2 - I like to not run2
Le cho&age
&v%nt E7%v%is un tr%v%il 0 Ee tr%v%ill%is d%ns une b%nDue2 A%is l% b%nDue % 8erm@ et Ee me suis retrouv@
%u chom%.e2 Ke n7%i plus de tr%v%il et E7en cherche tous les Eours2 Ke lis les petites %nnonces et E7envoie
des lettres de c%ndid%ture2 Ke n7%i p%s souvent une r@ponse2 A%is %uEourd7hui, E7%i obtenu un entretien
d7emb%uche2 &vec un peu de ch%nce, E7obtiendr%is le tr%v%il222
Lesson 320" C 'ork
Level Three Lessons
Lesson 3203 C -e%lth
AQ Illness
French Aocabulary 5 )ealth 5 audio 6$ kb 5 hel#7
Illness 5 La &aladie
!o ache
%voir m%l O222
to h%ve % 222%che, to
hurt
%voir m%l %u ventre to h%ve % belly%che
%voir m%l O l%
tSte
to h%ve % he%d%che %voir m%l p%rtout to %che %ll over
%voir m%l R
l7oreille
to h%ve %n e%r%che
%voir des m%ux de
cûr
to 8eel sick,
n%use%us
%voir m%l %ux
dents
to h%ve % tooth%che "ctions
'ickness and :ain @ternuer to snee/e
Stre m%l%de to be sick s7@v%nouir to 8%int
%voir l% .rippe to h%ve the 8lu s%i.ner to bleed
%voir de l% 8iPvre to h%ve % 8ever tousser to cou.h
Stre enrhum@ to h%ve % cold vomir to thro! up
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%sk % Duestion
%Q Issuing Co&&ands in French - l8i&#Frati1
:he nous 8orm comm%nds %re used to s%y dLet7s222d2
:he subEect is not used !hen .ivin. % comm%nd2
For&ation
:%ke %!%y the endin. %nd %dd on the 8ollo!in. sho!n in the t%ble2
French %ra&&ar 5 )ealth 5 audio 6in1o 50, kb 5 hel#7
!he I&#erative 5 L8i&#Frati1
-er Aerbs -ir Aerbs -re Aerbs
'ubject /nding Aerb /nding Aerb /nding Aerb
!u -e ,%rleI -is FinisI -s <endsI
-ous -ons ,%rlonsI -issons FinissonsI -ons <endonsI
Aous -e/ ,%rle/I -isse/ Finisse/I -e/ <ende/I
%Q "dverbs
French %dverbs, like their 3n.lish counterp%rts, %re used to modi8y French1$r%mm%r1&dEectives, other
%dverbs, %nd French1$r%mm%r1<erbs or cl%uses2 :hey do not displ%y %ny in8lectionJ th%t is, their 8orm
does not ch%n.e to re8lect their precise role, nor %ny ch%r%cteristics o8 !h%t they modi8y2
For&ation
In French, %s in 3n.lish, most %dverbs %re derived 8rom %dEectives2 In most c%ses, this is done by
%ddin. the su88ix *ment Fd-lydH to the %dEective7s 8eminine sin.ul%r 8orm2 For ex%mple, the 8eminine
sin.ul%r 8orm o8 lent Fdslo!dH is lente, so the correspondin. %dverb is lentement Fdslo!lydHJ simil%rly,
heureux w heureusement Fdh%ppyd w dh%ppilydH2
&s in 3n.lish, ho!ever, the %dEective stem is sometimes modi8ied to %ccommod%te the su88ix0 &udio 0
)%tive French 4pe%ker
I8 the %dEective ends in %n i, then *ment is %dded to the m%sculine sin.ul%r Fde8%ultH 8orm, r%ther
th%n to the 8eminine sin.ul%r 8orm0
vrai w vraiment Fdre%ld w dre%llydH
poli w poliment Fdpolited w dpolitelydH
I8 the %dEective ends in *ant or *ent, then the correspondin. %dverb ends in *amment or *emment,
respectively0
constant w constamment Fdconst%ntd w dconst%ntlydH
r-cent w r-cemment Fdrecentd w drecentlydH
4ome %dEectives m%ke other ch%n.es0
pr-cis w pr-cis-ment Fdprecised w dpreciselydH
gentil w gentiment Fdniced w dnicelydH
4ome %dverbs %re derived 8rom %dEectives in completely irre.ul%r 8%shions, not even usin. the su88ix
*ment0
!on w !ien Fd.oodd w d!elldH
mauvais w mal Fdb%dd w db%dlydH
meilleur w mieux Fdbetterd-%dEective w dbetterd-%dverbH
pire w pis Fd!orsed-%dEective w d!orsed-%dverbH
&nd, %s in 3n.lish, m%ny common %dverbs %re not derived 8rom %dEectives %t %ll0
ainsi Fdthusd or dthuslydH
:lace&ent
:he pl%cement o8 French %dverbs is %lmost the s%me %s the pl%cement o8 3n.lish %dverbs2 &udio 0
)%tive French 4pe%ker
&n %dverb th%t modi8ies %n %dEective or %dverb comes be8ore th%t %dEective or %dverb0
compl-tement vrai Fdco&#letely truedH
pas possi!le Fdnot possibledH
tellement discr5tement Fdso discreetlydH
&n %dverb th%t modi8ies %n In8initive Fverb%l nounH .ener%lly comes %8ter the in8initive0
marcher lentement Fdto !%lk slo*lydH
;ut ne.%tive %dverbs, such %s pas FdnotdH, plus Fdnot %ny moredH, %nd 0amais come be8ore the in8initive0
ne pas marcher Fdnot to !%lkdH
&n %dverb th%t modi8ies % m%in verb or cl%use comes either %8ter the verb, or be8ore the cl%use0
Lentement il commena 3 marcher or &l commena lentement 3 marcher Fd4lo!ly, he be.%n to
!%lkd or d-e be.%n slo!ly to !%lkdH2
)ote th%t, unlike in 3n.lish, this is true even o8 ne.%tive %dverbs0
.amais 0e n$ai fait cela or =e n$ai /amais fait cela Fd-ever h%ve I done th%td or dI7ve never done
th%tdH
.Q Aisiting the .octor
&udio 0 )%tive French 4pe%ker
Le #atient Q
Ke suis m%l%de2 FI %m illH2
K7%i m%l O l% tSte2 FI h%ve % he%d%cheH2
K7%i de l% 8iPvre2 FI %m 8evrishH
K7%i m%l %u ventre2
Ke vomis2
Ke tousse2 FI cou.hH
Le docteur
=omment %lle/-vous ?
,rene/ de l7%spirine2
Ke v%is vous prescrire un m@dic%ment2
,rene/ une cuillPre de sirop m%tin, midi et soir
Il 8%ut p%sser un dsc%nnerd
Il 8%ut p%sser des r%dios2
Il 8%ut vous op@rer2
.Q Aisiting the .entist
K7%i m%l %ux dents2
<ous %ve/ une c%rie2
Ke dois proc@der O une extr%ction2 FIl v% enlever l% dentH
K7%i un %pp%reil dent%ire2
Ke v%is utiliser l% roulette2
&hhhhhhhhhh I
.Q /&ergencies
Ke v%is O l7hUpit%l2
=7est .r%ve I
Ke v%is %ux ur.ences2
K7%i eu un %ccident de voiture2
4&A*m4ervice &mbul%ncier A@dic%l d7*r.ence
3n c%s d7%ccident .r%ve, il 8%ut t@l@phoner %u 4&A* F5H ou %ux pompiers F8H ou %u "2
AQ Body #arts
-ere is the voc%bul%ry to spe%k %bout body p%rts 0 F&udio 0 5ne F)%tive French 4pe%kerH :!o
French /nglish
L% tSte -e%d
Le corps ;ody
Le br%s &rm
L% E%mbe Le.
L% poitrine =hest
Le ventre ;elly
L7@p%ule F8H 4houlder
Le coude 3lbo!
Le poi.net 'rist
L% m%in -%nd
Le doi.t Fin.er
Le .enou Lnee
Le pied Foot
L7orteil FmH :oe
L7oeil FmH
Fpl2 les yeuxH
3ye
L% bouche Aouth
L% dent :ooth
Le ne/ )ose
L7oreille F8H 3%r
Le cou )eck
L% l%n.ue :on.ue
Les cheveux -%ir
L7on.le FmH )%il
Le poumon Lun.
L7estom%c FmH 4tom%ch
Le coeur -e%rt
Le 8oie Liver
L7instestin FmH Intestine
L7os FmH ;one
Le crRne 4kull
Le muscle Auscle
Le cerve%u ;r%in
L% r%te 4pleen
L7ut@rus FmH 'omb
Le nombril )%vel, belly button
AQ Body #osition
&nd here is the voc%bul%ry 8or body positions 0
French /nglish
+ebout 4t%ndin.
&ssis 4e%tin.
=ouch@ L%yin. do!n
f .enoux Lneelin.
&ccroupi 4Du%tted
AQ Co&&on sentencies
'hen you 7c%tch % cold7 you 7%ttr%pes un rhume72 'hen you7re sick, tu es malade2 'hen you !ish to s%y
th%t p%rts o8 your body %re sore, you s%y dK7%i m%l O abody p%rtc 222d2 3x%mple0 K7%i m%l O l% tete2 FI h%ve
% he%d%cheHJ K7%i m%l %ux dents FAy teeth hurtH2
/Q lE0l - Body :arts - Aisual =e&ori4ation
,oint to di88erent p%rts o8 the body %nd recite its n%me in French par cVur2
Lesson 3203 C -e%lth
Level Three Lessons
Lesson 3204 C Aoney
%Q :ersonal :ronouns 2evie*
)ain article' French personal pronouns
.irect 3bjects
'hile the subEect o8 % sentence initi%tes %n %ction Fthe verbH, the direct obEect is the
one th%t is %88ected by the %ction2 & direct obEect pronoun is used to re8er to the
direct obEect o8 % previous sentence0
,ierre vois le ca&brioleur2 ,ierre sees the burglar2
,ierre le vois2 ,ierre sees hi&2
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%sk % Duestion
French me, m7 te, t7 le, l7 l%, l7 nous vous les
/nglish
me
you
him,
it
her, it
us
you
them
)otes0
me% te% nous, %nd vous %re %lso used %s indirect obEects to me%n to me% to you% to us, %nd to you
respectively2
'hen the direct obEect comes be8ore % verb in % per8ect tense, % tense th%t uses % p%st p%rticiple,
the direct obEect must %.ree in .ender %nd plur%lity !ith the p%st p%rticiple2 For ex%mple, in te
phr%se =e les ai eus, or & had them, the p%st p%rticiple !ould be spelled eus i8 the direct obEect,
les, !%s re8errin. to % m%sculine obEect, %nd eues i8 les is re8errin. to % 8eminine obEect2
Indirect 3bjects
&n indirect obEect is %n obEect th%t !ould be %sked 8or !ith To whom"""7 or From whom"""72 It is c%lled
indirect bec%use it occurs usu%lly to.ether !ith % direct obEect !hich is %88ected directly by the %ction0
Il donne du p%in b :ierre2 :he m%n .ives some bre%d to :ierre2
Il lui donne du p%in2 -e .ives bre%d to hi&2
French me, m7 te, t7 lui nous vous leur
/nglish
to me
to you
to him, to
her
to us
to you
to them
)otes0
me% te% nous, %nd vous %re %lso used %s direct obEects to me%n me% you% us, %nd you
respectively2
:he indirect obEect pronouns do not %.ree !ith the p%st p%rticiple like the direct obEect
pronouns do2 'hen me% te% nous, %nd vous %re used in % per8ect tense, the !riter must decide
!hether they %re used %s direct or indirect obEect pronouns2 :his is done by lookin. %t the verb
%nd seein. !h%t type o8 %ction is bein. per8ormed2
:he bre%d is given by the m%n FdirectH2 ,ierre gets the given %pple FindirectH2
!he :ronoun +
Ke r@ponds O les Duestions2 - K7 y r@ponds2
preoposition except de F8or !hich en is usedH2
Idio&s
/n
)ote ho! !e s%y =e veux du pain to s%y 7I !%nt some bre%d7 ? ;ut !h%t h%ppens !hen !e !%nt to s%y 7I
!%nt some7 !ithout speci8yin. !h%t !e !%nt? In these c%ses, !e use the pronoun 7en72 &s !ell, 7en7 c%n
me%n 7o8 it7 !hen 7it7 is not speci8ied2 For inst%nce, inste%d o8 s%yin. =$ai !esoin de l$argent, i8 the ide%
o8 money h%s %lre%dy been r%ised, !e c%n Eust s%y 7K7en %i besoin72 :his is bec%use !h%t en does is
repl%ce du, de la or des !hen there is nothin. %8ter it2
Like !ith 7me7, 7te7 %nd other pronouns, en Fme%nin. 7some7H comes be8ore the verb2
:u Eoues du pi%no? )on, Ee n7en Eoue p%s +o you pl%y pi%no? )o, I don7t pl%y it2
<ous prene/ du poisson? 5ui, E7en prends2 &re you h%vin. 8ish? Bes, I7m h%vin. some2
<ous %ve/ comm%nd@ de l7e%u? 5ui, nous en %vons
comm%nd@2
+id you order some !%ter? Bes, !e ordered
some2
%Q Co&&ands *ith :ronouns - L8i&#Frati1
'hen expressin. positive comm%nds, there %re sever%l rules one must remember !hen usin. obEect
pronouns2 :heses %re0
:he pronouns %re %tt%ched the the verb !ith % hyphen2
9etrouve-l%2 - Find it2
Ae %nd :e become moi %nd toi2
+onne/-moi les vid@os2 - $ive me the videos2
Le, la, %nd les precede %ll other obEect pronouns2
+onne/-le-moi2 - $ive it to me2
%Q :resent Conditional
:o conEu.%te % verb in the =ondition%l, one t%kes the in8initive %nd %ppends the s%me endin.s %s !hen
usin. the imparfait, %s %ccordin. to the t%ble0
'ubject "dd /nding Conjugated Aerb
Ke -%is r@ussir%is
:u -%is r@ussir%is
Il 1 3lle 1 5n -%it r@ussir%it
)ous -ions r@ussirions
<ous -ie/ r@ussirie/
Ils 1 3lles -%ient r@ussir%ient
Lesson 3204 C Aoney
Level Three Lessons
Lesson 3205 C Bouth
%Q I&#er1ect - I&#ar1ait
:he imp%r8%it is used to dset the toned o8 % p%st situ%tion2 &n ex%mple in 3n.lish
bein.0 d'e !ere sin.in. !hen +%d c%me home2d It tells !h%t !%s .oin. on !hen %
p%rticul%r %ction or event occured2 In French, the %bove ex%mple !ould be0 d)ous
ch%ntions Du%nd p%p% est rentr@2d
In order to conEu.%te the imper8ect,
t%ke the st person plur%l o8 the verb you !%nt to conEu.%te0
jouer - to #lay
singular #lural
1irst #erson Ee Eoue nous jouons
second #erson tu Eoues vous Eoue/
third #erson il Eoue ils Eouent
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%sk % Duestion
9emove the *ons endin. to 8ind the stem, %nd %dd these endin.s0
French %ra&&ar 5 Couth 5 audio 6in1o 5I kb 5 hel#7
!he I&#er1ect 5 L8i&#ar1ait
subject ending
jouer
6nous /ouons7
1inir
6nous finissons7
attendre
6nous attendons7
je 0ais Eou%is 8iniss%is %ttend%is
tu 0ais Eou%is 8iniss%is %ttend%is
ilêlleôn 0ait Eou%it 8iniss%it %ttend%it
nous 0ions Eouions 8inissions %ttendions
vous 0iez Eouie/ 8inissie/ %ttendie/
ilsêlles 0aient Eou%ient 8iniss%ient %ttend%ient
)ote0 :he only verb th%t h%s %n irre.ul%r stem Fone not derived 8rom the nous 8orm o8 the
present idic%tiveH is Stre2 :he imper8ect endin. %re %dded to @tttt2 3very other verb uses the
nous 8orm o8 the present indic%tive %s its root2
%Q :ossesive :ronouns
,ossessive pronouns repl%ce possessive %rticle o noun sets2
French %ra&&ar 5 Couth 5 audioQ 3ne 5 !*o 6(lI [ (l( kb 5 hel#7
:ossesive :ronouns 5 Les #rono&s #ossesi1s
mon cop%in
my 8riend
ton cop%in
your 8riend
son cop%in
his1her 8riend
notre cop%in
our 8riend
votre cop%in
your 8riend
leur cop%in
their 8riend
le &ien
&ine
le tien
yours
le sien
his^hers
le ngtre
ours
le vgtre
yours
le leur
theirs
mes cop%ins
my 8riends
tes cop%ins
your 8riends
ses cop%ins
his1her
8riends
nos cop%ins
our 8riends
vos cop%ins
your 8riends
leurs cop%ins
their 8riends
les &iens
&ine
les tiens
yours
les siens
his^hers
les ngtres
ours
les vgtres
yours
les leurs
theirs
m% copine
my 8riend
t% copine
your 8riend
s% copine
his1her 8riend
notre copine
our 8riend
votre copine
your 8riend
leurs copine
their 8riend
la &ienne
&ine
le tienne
yours
le sienne
his^hers
la ngtre
ours
la vgtre
yours
la leur
theirs
mes copines
my 8riends
tes copines
your 8riends
ses copines
his1her
8riends
nos copines
our 8riends
vos copines
your 8riends
leurs copines
their 8riends
les &iennes
&ine
les tiennes
yours
les siennes
his^hers
les ngtres
ours
les vgtres
yours
les leurs
theirs
<ous %ve/ votre voiture? - Bou h%ve your c%r?
5ui, nous %vons l% nUtre2 - Bes, !e h%ve ours2
f o % stress pronoun is used !hen the noun repl%ced is %lso the subEect o8 the sentence2 :his usu%lly
occurs in sentences !ith Stre2
3lle est t% voiture? - Is th%t your c%r?
5ui, elle est O moi2 - Bes, it is mine2
%Q 'te& Changing Aerbs 2evie*
-exer Aerbs
-exer %re re.ul%r -er verbs, but %lso %re stem ch%n.in.2 :he stem ch%n.e %pplies to %ll 8orms except
nous %nd vous2 :he stem ch%n.e involves %ddin. % .r%ve %ccent F u H over the e in the stem2
-Fxer Aerbs
Like -exer verbs, the %ccent %i.u %bove the e F @ H ch%n.es to %n %ccent .r%ve F P H2
-yer Aerbs
-yer verbs %re re.ul%r -er verbs2 -o!ever, !hen y is p%rt o8 the l%st syll%ble, it ch%n.es to i in order to
keep the ay sound2 In the present indic%tive o8 -yer verbs, this %88ects %ll 8orms except nous %nd vous2
"##eler
&ll 8orms except nous %nd vous h%ve the l doubled2
-cer Aerbs
:he l%st c in the verb ch%n.es to in the nous 8orm2
-ger Aerbs
&n e is %dded %8ter the g in the nous 8orm2
AQ Children8s %a&es and !oys
un hochet
un chev%l de bois
une poup@e
une dinette
un tr%in @lectriDue
des l@.os
un ours en peluche
une console de Eeu Fune nintendo, une .%meboy, une ps"H
des Eeux de soci@t@ 0 le monopoly, le cluedo, l% bonne p%ye
des dtr%ns8ormersd
AQ French Children8s :oe&sS 'ongsS and 'tories
:etit :a#a -oil
,etit ,%p% )oXl
Gu%nd tu descendr%s du ciel
&vec des Eouets p%r milliers
)7oublies p%s mes petits souliers
A%is %v%nt de p%rtir
Il 8%udr% bien te couvrir
+ehors tu v%s %voir si 8roid
=7est un peu O c%use de moi
222
Lesson 3205 C Bouth
Level Three Lessons
Lesson 320( C &dolescence
%Q :rono&inal Aerbs 2evie*
,ronomin%l verbs %re verbs th%t, put simply, include pronouns2 :hese pronouns %re
me% te% se% nous, %nd vous %nd %re used %s either direct obEects or indirect obEects,
dependin. on the verb th%t they modi8y2 'hen pronimin%l verbs %re conEu.%ted in
per8ect tenses, Stre is used %s the %uxili%ry verb2 :here %re three types o8
pronomin%l verbs0 re8lexive verbs, reciproc%l verbs, %nd n%tur%lly pronomin%l
verbs2
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2e1le0ive Aerbs
3ither the conEu.%ted verb or the in8initive c%n be ne.%ted e%ch !ith sli.htly di88erent me%nin.s2
Ke ne v%is p%s me l%ver2 - I7m not .oin. to !%sh mysel82
verb2
2eci#rocal Aerbs
4ome verbs %re pronomin%l !ithout per8ormin. % re8lexive or reciproc%l %ction2 :u te souvenu? - Bou
remember?
4ome verbs h%ve di88erent me%nin.s %s pronomin%l verbs2
rendre - to return, to .ive b%ck
se rendre FOH - to .o FtoH
%Q :lus->ue-:ar1ait
:he plus*Jue*parfait is used !hen there %re t!o occurrences in the p%st %nd one !%nts to symbolise
th%t one occurrence h%ppened be8ore the other2 In 3n.lish, this is used in % phr%se like dI had given him
the toy be8ore he !ent to sleep2d In this ex%mple, there %re t!o p%st tenses, but they occur %t di88erent
times2 :he plus*Jue*parfait c%n be used to indic%te the occurrence o8 one be8ore the other2 3ssenti%lly,
the p%st be8ore the p%st2
In French, the plus*Jue*parfait is 8ormed by conEu.%tin. the %uxili%ry verb in the imparfait %nd %ddin.
the p%st p%rticiple2 4o to conEu.%te 0e mange FI e%tH in the plus*Jue*parfait, one 8inds the %ppropri%te
%uxili%ry verb FavoirH, conEu.%tes it FavaisH %nd 8inds the p%st p%rticiple o8 manger Fmang-H2 4o, the
conEu.%tion o8 =e mange in the plus*Jue*parfait becomes 0$avais mang- or, in 3n.lish, & had eaten2
/0a&#les
K7%i p%rl@ 8r%n6%is2 I spoke French ,on one particular occasion.2
Ke p%rl%is 8r%n6%is2
I spoke French ,during a period of time% and & don$t spea French any
more.2
)ous %vons r@ussi
l7ex%men2
'e p%ssed the test2
Il % @t@ mon %mi2 -e !%s my 8riend ,and he is not my friend any more.
Il @t%it mon %mi lorsDue222 -e !%s my 8riend !hen 2 2 2
Ils ont 8%it leurs devoirs2 :hey did their home!ork2
Il est venu2 -e c%me ,and & don$t need to say when.
Il vint le lendem%in2 -e c%me the d%y %8ter2
Il ven%it tous les Eours2 -e c%me1used to come every d%y2
Il @t%it d@EO venu2 -e h%d %lre%dy come2
It should be noted th%t these ex%mples %re m%kin. use o8 %ll the possible p%st tensesJ not Eust the plus-
Due-p%r8%it2
Lesson 320( C &dolescence
Level Three Lessons
Lesson 320# C -istory
L$histoire de la France 0usJu$en WXYY"
%Q :assF 'i&#le o1 2egular Aerbs
*nlike 3n.lish, there is % liter%ry p%st tense, used !hen !ritin. 8orm%lly2 :his p%st
tense is the pass- simple2 It is rel%tively simple to predict !hen to use this tense0 8or
every occurrence o8 the pass- compos- in convers%tion%l French, one simply uses
the pass- simple in liter%ry French2 )ote th%t the p%ss@ simple is not % composed
tense, %nd there8ore does not h%ve %n %uxili%ry verb like the p%ss@ compos@ does2
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For&ation
:o conEu.%te in this tense, one 8inds the stem %nd %ppends the 8ollo!in., %s %ccordin. to the t%ble0
French %ra&&ar 5 )istory
!he 'i&#le :ast 5 Le #assF si&#le
'ubject /dning Conjugated Aerb /nglish
Ke -%i Ke d%ns%i2 I d%nced2
:u -%s :u d%ns%s2 Bou d%nced2
Il -% Il d%ns%2 -e d%nced2
)ous -Rmes )ous d%nsRmes2 'e d%nced
<ous -Rtes <ous d%nsRtes2 Bou d%nced2
Ils -Prent Ils d%nsPrent2 :hey d%nced2
2egular -or&ally-Irregular Aerbs
:he 8ollo!in. verbs %re irre.ul%r in the present indic%tive, put %re re.ul%r in their p%ss@ simple stems2
In1initive 'te& ;eEEE
-ir verbs
dor&ir dorm dormis
#artir p%rt p%rtis
sentir sent sentis
servir serv servis
sortir sort sortis
-rir Aerbs
couvrir couvr couvris
dFcouvrir d@crouvr d@couvris
o11rir o88r o88ris
ouvrir ouvr ouvris
sou11rir sou88r sou88ris
-re Aerbs
co&battre comb%tt comb%ttis
ro&#re romp rompis
suivre suiv suivis
Lesson 320# C -istory
Level Three Lessons
Lesson 3208 C 9evolutionI
+@cl%r%tion des +roits de l7-omme et du =itoyen - -istoric%l :ext 8or this lesson2
%Q :assF 'i&#le o1 Irregular Aerbs
4ome p%ss@ simple stems %re b%sed o88 the p%st p%rticiple2 5thers must be
memori/ed2
/nding For&ation
-i] /ndings
Ee tu il nous vous ils
-is -is -it -Tmes -Ttes irent
-in] /ndings
-ins -ins -int -Tnmes -Tntes inrent
-u] /ndings
-us -us -ut -Vmes -Vtes urent
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Irregular Aerb List
French %ra&&ar 5 2evolution!
'i&#le :ast Irregular Aerbs 5 .es verbes irrFguliers du #assF si&#le
In1initive
:ast
:artE
'te& :assF si&#le
je tu il nous vous ils
-i] /ndings
s8asseoir assis ass m7%ssis t7%ssis s7%ssit nous %ssTmes vous %ssTtes s7%ssirent
conduire conduis conduisis conduisis conduisit conduisTmes conduisTtes conduisirent
con?uFrir con?uis con?u conDuis conDuis conDuit conDuTmes conDuTtes conDuirent
construire contruis construisis construisis construisit construisTmes construisTtes construisirent
craindre craign cr%i.nis cr%i.nis cr%i.nit cr%i.nTmes cr%i.nTtes cr%i.nirent
dire dit d dis dis dit dTmes dTtes dirent
1aire 1 8is 8is 8it 8Tmes 8Ttes 8irent
Fcrire Fcriv @crivis @crivis @crivit @crivTmes @crivTtes @crivirent
&ettre &is & mis mis mit mTmes mTtes mirent
naftre na?u n%Duis n%Duis n%Duit n%DuTmes n%DuTtes n%Duirent
#eindre #eign pei.nis pei.nis pei.nit pei.nTmes pei.nTtes pei.nirent
#rendre #ris #r pris pris prit prTmes prTtes prirent
rejoindre rejoin reEoi.nis reEoi.nis reEoi.nit reEoi.nTmes reEoi.nTtes reEoi.nirent
rire ri r ris ris rit rTmes rTtes rirent
sourire souri sour souris souris sourit sourTmes sourTtes sourirent
vaincre vain?u v%inDuis v%inDuis v%inDuit v%inDuTmes v%inDuTtes v%inDuirent
-in] /ndings
devenir dev devins devins devin devTnmes devTntes devinrent
tenir t tins tins tint tTnmes tTntes tinrent
venir v vins vins vint vTnmes vTntes vinrent
-u] /ndings
avoir eu e eus eus eut eVmes eVtes eurent
boire bu b bus bus but bVmes bVtes burent
connaftre connus conn connus connus connut connVmes connVtes connurent
courir couru cour courus courus courut courVmes courVtes coururent
croire cru cr crus crus crut crVmes crVtes crurent
devoir dh d dus dus dut dVmes dVtes durent
etre 1 8us 8us 8ut 8Vmes 8Vtes 8urent
1alloir 1allu 1all 8%llus 8%llus 8%llut 8%llVmes 8%llVtes 8%llurent
lire lut l lus lus lut lVmes lVtes lurent
&ourir &our mourus mourus mourut mourVmes mourVtes moururent
#laire #lu #l plus plus plut plVmes plVtes plurent
#leuvoir #lu #l plus plus plut plVmes plVtes plurent
#ouvoir # pus pus put pVmes pVtes purent
recevoir re9u re9 re6us re6us re6ut re6Vmes re6Vtes re6urent
savoir su s sus sus sut suVmes sVtes surent
valoir valu val v%lus v%lus v%lut v%lVmes v%lVtes v%lurent
vivre vFcu vFc v@cus v@cus v@cut v@cVmes v@cVtes v@curent
vouloir voulu voul voulus voulus voulut voulVmes voulVtes voulurent
%Q 2elative :ronouns 1ui and 1ue
Les pronoms relatifs Jui et Jue
rel%tive pronouns be.in %dEective cl%uses
the m%n that !%s here
the m%n that I s%!
Jui is the subEect o8 the cl%use it introduces
Ke vois l7homme ?ui l7% 8%it2 - I see the m%n th%t did it2
L7homme ?ui l7% 8%it est ici2 - :he m%n th%t did it is here2
Jue is the direct obEect o8 the cl%use it introduces
Il est l7homme ?ue E7%i vu 2 - -e is the m%n th%t I h%ve seen2
remember th%t in per8ect tenses, the p%st p%rticiple %.rees !ith the direct obEect in .ender %nd
plur%lity i8 the direct obEect comes be8ore the verb
3lles sont les 8emmes ?ue E7%i vu es 2 - :hey %re the !omen th%t I h%ve seen2
I8 Jue is 8olled by % vo!el, it is shortened to Ju$2
Il est l7homme ?u8 il % vu 2 - -e is the m%n th%t he h%s seen2
Jui is never shortened, even !hen 8ollo!ed by % vo!el
Jui %nd Jue c%n modi8y both people %nd thin.s
Ke vois l% voiture ?ui est c%ss@ 2 - I see the c%r th%t is broken2
Jui %nd Jue c%n modi8y both m%sculine %nd 8eminine nouns
Jui %nd Jue c%n modi8y both sin.ul%r %nd plur%l nouns
in the phr%ses ce Jui %nd ce Jue, !hich liter%lly me%n that which, but more n%tur%lly me%n
what, ce is the noun
Lesson 3208 C 9evolutionI
Level Three Lessons
Lesson 3209 C Aodern Fr%nce
%Q Co&#arative
French %ra&&ar 5 =odern France
!he Co&#arative 5 Le Co&#arati1
"djectives
'ubE [ Aerb Co&#arative "djective Co&#arative 3bject
Ke suis #lus intelli.ent ?ue toi2
I %m &ore intelli.ent than you
Ke suis &oins intelli.ent ?ue toi2
I %m less intelli.ent than you
Ke suis aussi intelli.ent ?ue toi2
I %m as intelli.ent as you2
"dverbs
'ubE [ Aerb Co&#arative "dverb Co&#arative 3bject
Ke vois #lusâussi^&oins cl%irement ?ue toi2
I see
&ore
as
less
cle%rly
than
as
than
you2
Aerbs
'ubE Aerb Co&#arative Co&#arative 3bject
Ke Eoue #lusâutant^&oins ?ue toi2
I pl%y
&ore
as &uch
less
than
as
than
you2
-ouns
'ubE [ Aerb Co&#arative -oun Co&#arative 3bject
Ke Eoue O
#lus de
autant de
&oins de
Eeux ?ue toi
I pl%y
&ore
as &any
less
.%mes
than
as
than
toi2
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Lesson 3209 C Aodern Fr%nce
Level Three Lessons
Lesson 320 C =urrent events
%Q Future :er1ect
In French, the 8uture per8ect tense is c%lled the futur ant-rieur2
For&ation
:he 8uture per8ect is % per8ect tense, %nd there8ore consists o8 %n %uxili%ry verb %nd
% p%st per8ect2 :he %uxili%ry verb, avoir or Utre, is conEu.%ted in the 8uture tense2
&ll rules th%t %pply to the p%ss@ compos@ %nd other per8ect tenses, such %s cert%in
verbs usin. Utre %s %n %uxili%ry verb, %ppy to the 8uture per8ect %s !ell2
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French %ra&&ar 5 Current events
!he Future :er1ect 5 Le 1utur antFrieur
#arler #asser
'ubject "voir ConjE :ast :artE 'ubject otre ConjE :ast :artE
E7 %ur%i p%rl@ Ee ser%i p%ss@FeH
tu %ur%s p%rl@ tu ser%s p%ss@FeH
il %ur% p%rl@ il ser% p%ss@
elle %ur% p%rl@ elle ser% p%ss@e
nous %urons p%rl@ nous serons p%ss@FeHs
vous %ure/ p%rl@ vous sere/ p%ss@FeHFsH
ils %uront p%rl@ ils seront p%ss@s
elles %uront p%rl@ elles seront p%ss@es
@se
,hr%ses constructed in the 8uture per8ect tense me%n d!ill h%ve tttedd in both French %nd 3n.lish2
:his construction is used to s%y th%t be8ore %n event occurs, somethin. else d!ill h%ved occured by th%t
time2
AQ -e*s
un Duotidien % d%ily ne!sp%per
un hebdom%d%ire % !eekly m%.%/ine
l7%ctu%lit@ ne!s, current events
les nouvelles ne!s
les 8%its divers loc%l ne!s items
se tenir in8orm@FeH to st%y in8ormed
l% une the 8rontp%.e
AQ French 'ocial :roble&s
le c%mbrioleur bur.l%r
un voleur % thie8
l7incendie F82H 8ire
le v%nd%lisme v%nd%lism
l7%cte de terrorisme Fm2H or un
%ttent%t
terrorism
l% crimin%lit@ crime
AQ French %overn&ent
L8Flection #rFsidentielle Q
Le pr@sident de l% r@publiDue est @lu pour 5 %ns %u su88r%.e universel direct2 L7@lection
comporte " tours 0 %u premier tour l% plup%rt des p%rtis, petits ou .r%nds, proposent un
c%ndid%t2 Il existe %ussi de nombreux c%ndid%ts soutenus p%r %ucun p%rti2 Il y % souvent
entre 0 et 5 c%ndid%ts %u premier tour2 Les " c%ndid%ts %rriv%nt en tSte %u premier tour
s7%88rontent lors du deuxiPme tour2 3n .@n@r%l, il y % un c%ndid%t du ,4 et un c%ndid%t de
l7*A, %u deuxiPme tour2
3n "00", O l% surprise .@n@r%le, Ke%n-A%rie Lepen FF)H est %rriv@ deuxiPme %u premier
tour dev%nt Lionel Kospin F,4H2 Le second tour % donc oppos@ K%cDues =hir%c F*A,H et
Ke%n-A%rie Lepen FF)H2 K%cDues =hir%c l7% l%r.ement emport@ %vec 80x des voix2
Le ,r@sident de l% 9@publiDue est le che8 des %rm@es et il d@si.ne le ,remier Ainistre2
L8"sse&blFe -ationale Q
Les d@put@s sont @lus %u su88r%.e universel direct O " tours2
Les d@put@s peuvent renvers@ le .ouvernement si l% politiDue Du7il conduit ne leur
convient p%s2 Le ,remier Ainistre doit %lors d@missionner2 Le ,r@sident de l%
9@publiDue est donc obli.@ de choisir un ,remier Ainistre %y%nt l% m%Eorit@ des d@put@s
O l7&ssembl@e )%tion%le2
L7&ssembl@e )%tion%le vote les lois propos@es p%r le .ouvernement2
Le sFnat Q
Il est @lu %u su88r%.e indirect 0 seul les m%ires et les %utres @lus peuvent voter pour les s@n%teurs2 Les
s@n%teurs peuvent modi8ier cert%ines lois m%is ont %sse/ peu de pouvoir2
AQ French :olitics
>uel?ues ho&&es #oliti?ues
Le ,%rti 4oci%liste F,4H 0 Lionel Eospin, Fr%n6ois
-oll%nde, 4@.olPne 9oy%l, K%ck L%n.,2222
L7*A, 0 K%cDues =hir%c F,r@sident de l%
9@publiDueH, +ominiDue de <illepin F,remier
ministreH, )icol%s 4%rko/y
L7*+F 0 Fr%n6ois ;%yrou2
Le ,%rti =ommuniste Fr%n6%is F,=FH 0 A%rie-
$eor.es ;u88et
Les <erts 0 +ominiDue <oynet
Front n%tion%l FF)H 0 Ke%n-A%rie Lepen FextrSme
droiteH
L% li.ue =ommuniste 9@volutionn%ire FL=9H 0
5livier ;es%ncenot2
Lutte 5uvriPreFL5H 0 &rlette L%.uiller2
La #oliti?ue en France
3n 8r%nce, les p%rtis politiDues sont de droite ou de
.%uche2
O droite 0 l7*A,, l7*+F et le Front )%tion%l FF)H2
O .%uche 0 le ,4, les <erts, le ,=F, l% L=9 et L52
3n "005, le .ouvernement est soutenu p%r l7*A,2 L7*+F et l7*A, sont %ctuellement 8%ch@s
m%is ils ont souvent .ouvern@ ensemble2 Le F) est un p%rti souvent cl%ss@ O l7extrSme-droite et
cert%ins l7%ccusent de r%cisme2 L7*A, et l7*+F re8usent tout cont%ct %vec le F)2
Les .ouvernements de .%uche sont compos@s de membres du ,%rti 4oci%liste, de DuelDues membres du
,=F et des <erts2 L% L=9 et L5 sont souvent cl%ss@s O l7extrSme .%uche et re8usent de p%rticiper O tout
.ouvernement2
Lesson 320 C =urrent events
$9& AA& 9
une fleuve au pont de Sainte*)arguerite
%ra&&ar Contents
#" - &dEectives
#5 - &dverbs
## - $ender
8 - )e.%tion
83 - ,repositions
85 p ,ronouns
9 p 4entences
9"- :enses
95 p <erbs
9( - Irre.ul%r =onEu.%tions
"05 - ,ronomin%l
$r%mm%r
&dEectives
Kust like %rticles, French %dEectives %lso h%ve to m%tch the nouns th%t they modi8y
in .ender %nd plur%lity2
2egular For&ation
'#elling
Aost %dEective ch%n.es occur in the 8ollo!in. m%nner0
Feminine0 %dd %n -e to the m%sculine 8orm
un .%r6on int@ress%nt --e une 8ille int@ress%nte
un %mi %mus%nt --e une %mie %mus%nte
un c%mion lent --e une voiture lente
,lur%l0 %dd %n -s to the sin.ul%r 8orm
un .%r6on int@ress%nt --e des .%r6ons int@ress%nts
une 8ille int@ress%nte --e des 8illes int@ress%ntes
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:ronunciation
$ener%lly, the 8in%l conson%nt is pronounced only !hen it comes be8ore %n -e2 Aost %dEectives, such %s
those %bove, %re %88ected by this rule2
A%sculine ,ronuci%tion0 int-ressan, amusan, len
Feminine ,ronunci%tion0 int-ressant, amusant, lent
Irregular For&ation
Irregular :lural For&ation
<aty Leeanne ;ones /0a&#les
=
'ingE
--
V
=E
:lE
=ascE
'ingular
--
V
=ascE :lural -otes
-o
change
-s
-x
-/
-s
un pl%8ond b%s
un .ros porc
-x
un homme
.@n@reux
un .%r6on
8urieux
-/
un .%/
d%n.ereux
des pl%8onds
b%s
des .ros porcs
des hommes
.@n@reux
des .%r6ons
8urieux
des .%/
d%n.ereux
]]0
-%u
-eu
-e%u
-%l
-ou
-%ux un Eourn%l
-eux un pieu
-e%ux un chRte%u
-%ux un Eourn%l
-oux un biEou
des Eourn%ux
/0ce#tionsQl%nd%u Fl%nd%usH, s%rr%u
Fs%rr%usH
des pieux
/0ce#tionsQbleu FbleusH, pneu
FpneusH
des chRte%ux
des Eourn%ux
/0ce#tionsQb%l, c%l, c%rn%v%l, ch%c%l,
8estiv%l, p%l, r@cit%l et r@.%l t%ke %n 7s7
des biEoux
-otesQ'hile most -ou %dEectives
h%ve %n s %dded in
the plur%l 8orm, seven %re the
exception2 :hese %re0
un biEou Fdes biEoux, 0ewelH, un
c%illou Fdes c%illoux, stoneHH,
un pou Fdes poux, louseH, un EouEou
Fdes EouEoux, toy H, un chou
Fdes choux, ca!!ageH, un hibou Fdes
hiboux, owlH, un
.enou Fdes .enoux, neeH
'#ecial 2ules
"djectives !hat :recede -ouns
&dEectives th%t %re used 8reDuently .o be8ore nouns2 :hese %re0
be%u nouve%u vieux
bon m%uv%is petit .r%nd
lon. Eoli Eeune .ros
Changes in =eaning
'hen .r%nd .oes be8ore % noun, it me%ns .re%t2 -o!ever, !hen it .oes %8ter the noun, it me%ns t%ll2
Like!ise, !hen p%uvre .oes be8ore % noun, it me%ns un8ortun%te2 'hen it comes %8ter the noun, it
me%ns 8in%nci%lly poor2 :his rule !orks most o8 the time, but be c%re8ul, dp%uvred c%n me%n
d8in%nci%lly poord even !hen used be8ore the nouns2
BeauS -ouveauS and Aieu0
=ascE 'ingE
ConsE
=ascE 'ing
Ao*el
=ascE :lural Fe&E 'ingE 6all7 Fe&E :lural
Beau un be%u .%r6on un bel individu de be%ux .%r6ons une belle 8illette de belles 8illettes
-ouveau
un nouve%u
c%mion
un nouvel ordre
de nouve%ux
ordres
une nouvelle
id@e
de nouvelles
id@es
Aieu0 un vieux c%mion un vieil ordre de vieux c%mions une vieille id@e de vieilles id@es
:ossessive "djectives
In 3n.lish, !e s%y dher c%rd !hen the o!ner o8 the c%r is % !om%n %nd dhis c%rd !hen the o!ner is %
m%n2 In French, they s%y ds% voitured even i8 the o!ner is % m%le2 It is not the o!ner !ho determines
the .ender o8 the possessive %dEective but the obEect o!ned2
First person sin.ul%r - mon, m%, mes
4econd person sin.ul%r Fin8orm%lH - ton, t%, tes
:hird person sin.ul%r - son, s%, ses
First person plur%l - notre, notre, nos
4econd person plur%l F%nd polite 8ormH - votre, votre, vos
:hird person plur%l - leur, leur, leurs
$r%mm%r
&dEectives
$r%mm%r
&dverbs
French %dverbs, like their 3n.lish counterp%rts, %re used to modi8y
French1$r%mm%r1&dEectives, other %dverbs, %nd French1$r%mm%r1<erbs or cl%uses2
:hey do not displ%y %ny in8lectionJ th%t is, their 8orm does not ch%n.e to re8lect
their precise role, nor %ny ch%r%cteristics o8 !h%t they modi8y2
For&ation
In French, %s in 3n.lish, most %dverbs %re derived 8rom %dEectives2 In most c%ses,
this is done by %ddin. the su88ix *ment Fd-lydH to the %dEective7s 8eminine sin.ul%r
8orm2 For ex%mple, the 8eminine sin.ul%r 8orm o8 lent Fdslo!dH is lente, so the
correspondin. %dverb is lentement Fdslo!lydHJ simil%rly, heureux w heureusement
Fdh%ppyd w dh%ppilydH2
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&s in 3n.lish, ho!ever, the %dEective stem is sometimes modi8ied to %ccommod%te the su88ix0
I8 the %dEective ends in %n i, then *ment is %dded to the m%sculine sin.ul%r Fde8%ultH 8orm, r%ther
th%n to the 8eminine sin.ul%r 8orm0
vrai w vraiment Fdre%ld w dre%llydH
poli w poliment Fdpolited w dpolitelydH
I8 the %dEective ends in *ant or *ent, then the correspondin. %dverb ends in *amment or *emment,
respectively0
constant w constamment Fdconst%ntd w dconst%ntlydH
r-cent w r-cemment Fdrecentd w drecentlydH
4ome %dEectives m%ke other ch%n.es0
pr-cis w pr-cis-ment Fdprecised w dpreciselydH
gentil w gentiment Fdniced w dnicelydH
4ome %dverbs %re derived 8rom %dEectives in completely irre.ul%r 8%shions, not even usin. the su88ix
*ment0
!on w !ien Fd.oodd w d!elldH
mauvais w mal Fdb%dd w db%dlydH
meilleur w mieux Fdbetterd-%dEective w dbetterd-%dverbH
pire w pis Fd!orsed-%dEective w d!orsed-%dverbH
&nd, %s in 3n.lish, m%ny common %dverbs %re not derived 8rom %dEectives %t %ll0
ainsi Fdthusd or dthuslydH
:lace&ent
:he pl%cement o8 French %dverbs is %lmost the s%me %s the pl%cement o8 3n.lish %dverbs2
&n %dverb th%t modi8ies %n %dEective or %dverb comes be8ore th%t %dEective or %dverb0
compl-tement vrai Fdco&#letely truedH
pas possi!le Fdnot possibledH
tellement discr5tement Fdso discreetlydH
&n %dverb th%t modi8ies %n In8initive Fverb%l nounH .ener%lly comes %8ter the in8initive0
marcher lentement Fdto !%lk slo*lydH
;ut ne.%tive %dverbs, such %s pas FdnotdH, plus Fdnot %ny moredH, %nd 0amais come be8ore the in8initive0
ne pas marcher Fdnot to !%lkdH
&n %dverb th%t modi8ies % m%in verb or cl%use comes either %8ter the verb, or be8ore the cl%use0
Lentement il commena 3 marcher or &l commena lentement 3 marcher Fd4lo!ly, he be.%n to
!%lkd or d-e be.%n slo!ly to !%lkdH2
)ote th%t, unlike in 3n.lish, this is true even o8 ne.%tive %dverbs0
.amais 0e n$ai fait cela or =e n$ai /amais fait cela Fd-ever h%ve I done th%td or dI7ve never done
th%tdH
List o1 Co&&on "dverbs
%prPs
2 %8ter!%rds
Gn va au cin-ma apr5s
We$ll go the cinema afterwards
"2 %lso % preposition
$r%mm%r
&dverbs
$r%mm%r
$ender
%ender o1 -ouns
In French, %ll nouns h%ve % gra&&atical gender, th%t is, they %re m%sculine or
8eminine 8or the purposes o8 .r%mm%r only2
Aost nouns th%t express entities !ith .ender Fpeople %nd %nim%lsH use both %
8eminine 8orm %nd % m%sculine 8orm, 8or ex%mple, the t!o !ords 8or d%ctord in
French %re %cteur F&H %nd %ctrice F1H2
:he nouns th%t express entities !ithout .ender Fe2.2, obEects %nd %bstr%ct conceptsH
h%ve only one 8orm2 :his 8orm c%n be m%sculine or 8eminine2 For ex%mple, la
voiture Fthe c%rH c%n only be 8eminineJ le stylo Fthe penH c%n only be m%sculine2
:here %re some nouns th%t express entities !ith .ender 8or !hich there is only one
8orm, !hich is used re.%rdless o8 the %ctu%l .ender o8 the entity, 8or ex%mple, the
!ord 8or personJ personneJ is %l!%ys 8eminine, even i8 the person is m%le, %nd the
!ord 8or te%cherJ professeurJ is %l!%ys m%sculine even i8 the te%cher is 8em%le2
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/0a&#les
French %ra&&ar 5 %ender 5 audio 6in1o 5l kb 5 hel#7
%ender o1 -ouns 5 %enre des -o&s
=asculine
Co&&on /ndings @sed
With =asculine -ounsQ
le chev%l the horse -age
le 8rom%.e
the cheese
le chien the do. -r
le pro8esseur
the te%cher
le livre the book -t
le ch%t
the c%t
le bruit the noise -is&e
le c%pit%lisme
c%pit%lism
Fe&inine
Co&&on /ndings @sed
With Fe&inine -ounsQ
l% colombe the dove -ie
l% boul%n.erie
the b%kery
l% chemise the shirt -ion
l% n%tion
the n%tion
l% m%ison the house -ite^-itF
l% 8r%ternit@
brotherhood
l% libert@ liberty -nce
l% b%l%nce
the sc%les
-nne
-&&e
-lle
l% 8ille
the .irl
lkindienne
the Indi%n
*n8ortun%tely, there %re m%ny exceptions in French !hich c%n only be le%rned2 :here %re even !ords
th%t %re spelled the s%me, but h%ve % di88erent me%nin. !hen m%sculine or 8eminineJ 8or ex%mple, un
livre F&H me%ns % book, but une livre F1H me%ns % poundI 4ome !ords th%t %ppe%r to be m%sculine Flike
la photo, !hich is %ctu%lly short 8or la photographieH %re in 8%ct 8eminine, %nd vice vers%2 :hen there
%re some th%t Eust don7t m%ke senseJ la foi is 8eminine %nd me%ns % belie8, !here%s le foie me%ns liver2
:o help overcome this hurdle !hich m%ny be.inners 8ind very di88icult, be sure to le%rn the .enders
%lon. !ith the !ords2
.e1inite and Inde1inite "rticles
!he .e1inite "rticle
In 3n.lish, the de8inite %rticle is %l!%ys ithej2
In French, the de8inite %rticle is ch%n.ed dependin. on the noun7s0
2 $ender
"2 ,lur%lity
32 First letter o8 the !ord
:here %re three de8inite %rticles %nd %n %bbrevi%tion2 dLed is used 8or m%sculine nouns, dL%d is used 8or
8eminine nouns, dLesd is used 8or plur%l nouns Fboth m%sculine or 8eminineH, %nd dL7 d is used !hen the
noun be.ins !ith % vo!el or silent dhd Fboth m%sculine or 8eminineH2 It is simil%r to en.lish, !here d%d
ch%n.es to d%nd be8ore % vo!el2
French %ra&&ar 5 %ender 5 audio 6in1o 57I kb 5 hel#7
!he .e1inite "rticle 5 L8article dF1ini
sin.ul%r
8eminine l% l% 8ille the d%u.hter
le le 8ils the son
sin.ul%r, st%rtin. !ith % vo!el
sound
lk lken8%nt the child
plur%l les
les 8illes the d%u.hters
les 8ils the sons
les en8%nts the children
)ote0 *nlike 3n.lish, the de8inite %rticle is used to t%lk %bout somethin. in % .ener%l sense, % .ener%l
st%tement or 8eelin. %bout %n ide% or thin.2
!he Inde1inite "rticle
In 3n.lish, the inde8inite %rticles %re d%d %nd d%nd2 d4omed is used %s % plur%l %rticle in 3n.lish2
&.%in, inde8inite %rticles in French t%ke di88erent 8orms dependin. on .ender %nd plur%lity2 :he %rticles
d*nd %nd duned liter%lly me%n doned in French2
French %ra&&ar 5 %ender 5 audio 6in1o 5$$ kb 5 hel#7
!he Inde1inite "rticle 5 L8article indF1ini
sin.ul%r
8eminine une une 8ille % d%u.hter
m%sculine un un 8ils % son
plur%l des
des 8illes some d%u.hters
des 8ils
some sons
ddes 8ilsd does me%n dsome sonsd but is %n homo.r%ph0 it c%n %lso me%n dsome thre%dsd
&lso note th%t des, like les is used in French be8ore plur%l nouns !hen no %rticle is used in 3n.lish2
Let7s im%.ine you %re lookin. %t photo.r%phs in %n %lbum2 In 3n.lish, !e !ould s%y dI %m lookin. %t
photo.r%phs2d In French, you c%nnot s%y, dKe re.%rde photo.r%phies,d you must tell !hich photo.r%phs
you %re lookin. %t usin. %n %rticle2 I8 you !ere lookin. %t % set o8 specific pictures, you !ould s%y dKe
re.%rde les photo.r%phies2d FdI %m lookin. %t the photo.r%phs2dH I8 you !ere Eust 8lippin. throu.h the
%lbum, lookin. %t nothin. in p%rticul%r, you !ould s%y, dKe re.%rd des photo.r%phies2d FdI %m lookin.
%t some photo.r%phs2dH
'ubject #ronouns
French h%s six di88erent types o8 pronouns0 the st, "nd, %nd 3rd person sin.ul%r %nd the st, "nd, %nd
3rd person plur%l2
French %ra&&ar 5 %ender 5 audio 6in1o 5H kb 5 hel#7
'ubject :ronouns 5 Les #rono&s sou&is
st person
sin.ul%r Ee I
plur%l nous !e
"nd person
sin.ul%r tu you
plur%l vous you
3rd person
sin.ul%r il, elle, on he, she, one
plur%l ils, elles
they Fm%sculineH
they F8eminineH
'hen re8errin. to more th%n one person in the "nd person, ivousj must be used2 'hen re8errin. to %
sin.le person, ivousj or ituj m%y be used dependin. on the situ%tionJ see notes in lesson 2
In %ddition to the nu%nces bet!een vous %nd tu, %s discussed in lesson , French pronouns c%rry
me%nin.s th%t do not exist in 3n.lish pronouns2 :he French third person dond h%s sever%l me%nin.s, but
most closely m%tches the no! %rch%ic 3n.lish doned2 'hile in 3n.lish, d5ne must be very c%re8ul in
French .r%mm%rd sounds old-8%shioned, the French eDuiv%lent d5n doit 8%ire trPs %ttention O l%
.r%mm%ire 8r%n6%ised is Duite %ccept%ble2 &lso, !hile the third person plur%l dtheyd h%s no .ender in
3n.lish, the French eDuiv%lents dilsd %nd dellesd do2 -o!ever, !hen pronounced, they norm%lly sound
the s%me %s dild %nd delled, so distin.uishin. the di88erence reDuires underst%ndin. o8 the v%rious
conEu.%tions o8 the verbs 8ollo!in. the pronoun2 &lso, i8 % .roup o8 people consists o8 both m%les %nd
8em%les, the m%le 8orm is used, even i8 there is only one m%le in % .roup o8 thous%nds o8 8em%les2
In everyd%y l%n.u%.e, ionj is used, inste%d o8 inousj, to express i!ejJ the verb is %l!%ys used in the
3rd person sin.ul%r2 For ex%mple, to s%y d'e F%reH meetin. %t # o7clockd, you could s%y either iGn se
rencontre au cin-ma 3 sept heures"M FcolloDui%lH or i@ous nous rencontrons au cin-ma 3 sept heures"M
F8orm%lH2 For more, see the 'ikipedi% entry2
$r%mm%r
$ender
$r%mm%r
)e.%tion
ne..pas
4imple ne.%tion is done by !r%ppin. ne"""pas %round the verb2
Ke ne vole p%s2 - I do not ste%l2
In % per8ect tense, ne"""pas !r%ps %round the %uxill%ry verb, not the
p%rticiple2
Ke n7%i p%s vol@2 - I h%ve never stolen2
'hen %n in8initive %nd conEu.%ted verb %re to.ether, ne"""pas usu%lly !r%ps
%round the conEu.%ted verb2
Ke ne veux p%s voler2 - I do not !%nt to ste%l2
ne pas c%n %lso .o directly in 8ront o8 the in8initive 8or % di88erent me%nin.2
Ke veux ne p%s voler2 - I !%nt to not ste%l2
ne .oes be8ore %ny pronoun rel%tin. to the verb it %88ects2
Ke ne le vole p%s2 - I did not ste%l it2
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3ther -egative /0#ressions
ne222%ucunFeH not %ny, none, no
ne222E%m%is never
ne222ni222ni neither222nor
ne222p%s du tout not %t %ll
ne222p%s encore not yet
ne222personne nobody
ne222plus no lon.er
ne222.uPre h%rdly
ne222Due only
ne"""personne !r%ps %round the entire verb set2
Ke ne l7%i donn@ O personne2 - I did not .ive it too %nyone2
Ke ne veux le donner O personne2 - I do not !%nt to .ive it to %nybody2
ne"""ni"""ni reDuires t!o obEects, either direct or indirect, %nd comes be8ore them2
Ke ne l7%i donn@ ni O mon 8rPre, ni O m% sûr2 - I .%ve it neither to my brother nor my
sister2
Ke ne peux voir ni mon 8rPre ni m% sûr2 - I %m not %ble to see neither my brother nor my
sister2
In ne"""aucun,e., aucun,e. goes !efore an o!0ect"
Il n7% %ucun %mi2 &ucun2 - -e h%s no 8riend2 )one2
Il n7% %ucune 8euille de p%pier2 &ucune2 - -e h%s no sheet o8 p%per2 )one2
Il n7% Du7une 8euille de p%pier2 - -e h%s only one piece o8 p%per2
Il Ke ne peux .uPre voir mon 8rPre et m% sûr - I c%n h%rdly see my brother %nd sister2
'#oken French
)o!, the 7ne7 sometimes dis%ppe%rs !hen one spe%ks2 -o!ever, it is %l!%ys used in !ritten French %nd
in 8orm%l convers%tions2
Ke l7%i donn@ O personne FI didn7t .ive it to %nyoneH
Ke s%is p%s FI don7t kno!H
$r%mm%r
)e.%tion
$r%mm%r
,repositions
Co&&on :re#ositions
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:re#ostion !ranslation /0a&#le -otes
O
2 to
"2 %t
32 o8
42 in
=e vais , Paris2 -- & am going
to Paris2
=e pars , cinJ heures2 -- & am
leaving at five
1$est un ami , moi" -- This is
a friend of mine"
1$est la voiture 3 =ohn" --
This is =ohn$s car"
-3xpresses % report1r%tio o8 pl%ce FtoH,
time F%tH,
possession Fo8 or 7sH, me%ns, m%nner,
price2
- Introduced % complement o8 indirect
obEect or % complement
o8 %ttribution, % complement o8 the
n%me or %dEective2
O cUt@ de next to, besides
O l7int@rieur
de
inside
&ltern%tive0 ded%ns Fr%rely used %s %
prepositionH
%prPs %8ter
5n m%n.e a#ras %voir bu
'e e%t a1ter !e drink
&lso %n %dverb2
%u-del% beyond
%vec !ith
che/ %t the home o8
contre %.%inst
La paille est contre la maison
the straw is against the house
d%ns in 4ynonym0 en
de
2 o8, 8rom
"2 %bout
&lso %n inde8inite %rtcle2
=ontr%ctions0 du, des
I,&0 1d`1
dehors outside
derriPre behind
dev%nt in 8ront o8
en in
*sed mostly to indic%te dist%nce in time
or sp%ce2
&lso % pronoun2
entre bet!een &lso % conEu.%tion o8 the verb entrer2
ici here
loin de 8%r
p%r
2 throu.h
"2 by, 8or
&lso % noun0 le par * ,golf. par
prPs de ne%r
pour 8or I,&0 1pur1
s%ns !ithout
selon
2 %ccordin. to
"2 in %ccord%nce
!ith
sous belo!, under
9el%ted term0 dessous
&lso % noun0 m pl o8 sou * penny%
wothless thing% peanuts
sur
2 on
"2 upon
32 on top o8
42 %bove
52 out o8
(2 sept sur dix
Fseven out o8
tenH
4ynonyms0 %u-dessus de F%boveH
&ntonyms0 sous Fbelo!, underH
&ntonyms0 dessous, %u-dessous-de
Fbelo!H
&lso %n %dEective0 m sing, me%nin. sure
I,&0 1syr1 F%udioH
$r%mm%r
,repositions
$r%mm%r
,ronouns
'ubject :ronouns
First person sin.ul%r FI, meH - Ke, moi
4econd person sin.ul%r FyouH - <ous FpoliteH, :u Fin8orm%l, !ell-kno!n
%cDu%int%nces onlyH
:hird person sin.ul%r Fhe, sheH - Il Fm%leH, 3lle F8em%leH, 5n Findetermin%teH
First person plur%l F!eH - )ous
4econd person plur%l FyouH - <ous
:hird person plur%l FthemH - Ils Fm%leH, 3lles F8em%leH
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!he #ronoun on
:he subEect pronoun on is %n%lo.ous to the 3n.lish person%l pronoun one, except th%t it is not so
8orm%l, %nd is more common2 It h%s % number o8 uses0
It is used in the s%me !%ys %s the 3n.lish person%l pronoun one0
It is used in expressin. .ener%lities0 y =7est en 8or.e%nt Du7on devient 8or.eur2 z FdIt is
by bl%cksmithin. th%t one becomes % bl%cksmith2dH
It is the implicit subEect 8or %n in8initive th%t h%s no other implicit subEect0 y penser
Du7on % r%ison z Fdto think th%t one is ri.ht,d i2e2 dto think onesel1 ri.htdH2
;ec%use o8 French7s limited p%ssive voice, it is o8ten used %s %n empty subEect !hen the %.ent is
unkno!n or unimport%nt0 y 3n me l7% donn@2 z Fd>Gn? .%ve it to med or dI !%s .iven itd or dIt
!%s .iven to me2dH
It is used %s % less 8orm%l substitute 8or the subEect pronoun nous FweH2 In this c%se, note th%t
even thou.h on %l!%ys t%kes % third-person sin.ul%r verb, it t%kes plur%l %dEectives Fy 5n est
%m@ric%ins z, d'e7re &meric%ndH2 &lso, note th%t the other 8orms o8 nous Fdirect obEect, indirect
obEect, %nd disEunctiveH %re not repl%ced by 8orms o8 on unless on is the subEect %s !ell2 F-ence,
y Ils nous l7ont donn@ z, d:hey .%ve it to us,d but y 5n se l7est donn@ z, d'e .%ve it to
ourselves2dH
It is not the number , %nd there8ore is not used to me%n done o8 them2d In French %s in 3n.lish,
numbers c%n be used %s pronouns g y +eux sont entr@s et un est ressorti z,
d:!o !ent in %nd one c%me b%ck outd g but the number is un,e., not on2
Gn does not h%ve ordin%ry direct- %nd indirect-obEect pronouns, only the re8lexive pronoun se2
4imil%rly, its disEunctive-pronoun 8orm, soi, is only used !hen on is the subEect %nd soi re8ers to the
s%me entity2 :he pronoun JuelJu$un FdsomeonedH c%n 8ill some o8 the roles o8 on, in the s%me !%y th%t
one %nd someone %re sometimes interch%n.e%ble in 3n.lish2
me# te# nousS and vous
+irect %nd Indirect 5bEect ,ronouns
=eanings
me - me, to me
te - you, to you Fsin.ul%r, in8orm%lH
lui - to him
nous - us, to us
vous - you, to you Fplur%l, 8orm%lH
leurs - to them
:lace in sentences
:hese pronouns %re pl%ced be8ore the verb th%t they modi8y
Ke te vois2 - I see you2
Ke veux te voir2 - I !%nt to see you2
I8 % per8ect tense is used, these pronouns .o be8ore the %uxill%ry verb2
Ke t7%i vu2 - I s%! you2
.irect 3bject 2e#lace&ent
Il me voit2 - -e sees me2
Il te voit2 - -e sees you2
Il nous voit2 - -e sees us2
Il vous voit2 - -e sees you2
Indirect 3bject 2e#lace&ent
Il m7%ppelle2 - -e c%lls to me2
Il te le Eette2 - -e thro!s it to you2
Il nous le Eette2 - -e thro!s it to us2
Il vous le Eette2 - -e thro!s it to you2
le# laS and les
le% la, %nd les %re c%lled direct obEect pronouns, bec%use they %re pronouns th%t %re, you .uessed it, used
%s direct obEect2 & direct obEect is % noun th%t receives the %ction o8 % verb2
Il Eette la !oule2 - -e thro!s the !all2
In the %bove sentence la !oule is the direct obEect2
Bou h%ve le%rned e%rlier th%t n%mes %nd re.ul%r nouns c%n be repl%ced by the subEect pronouns F0e%
tu222H2 4imil%ry, direct obEects, such %s dl% bouled, c%n be repl%ced by pronouns2
le - repl%ces % m%sculine sin.ul%r direct obEect
la - repl%ces % 8eminine sin.ul%r direct obEect
l$ - repl%ces le %nd la i8 they come be8ore % vo!el
les - repl%ces plur%l direct obEects, both m%sculine %nd 8eminine
:he direct obEect pronouns come be8ore the verb they %re linked to2
Il la Eette2 - -e thro!s it2
Il les Eette2 - -e thro!s them2
lui and leur
Indirect obEects %re preposition%l phr%ses !ith the obEect o8 the preoposition &n indirect obEect is %
noun th%t receives the %ction o8 % verb2
Il Eette l% boule O K%cDues2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to K%ck2
Il Eette l% boule O A%rie2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to A%ry2
Il Eette l% boule O K%cDues et A%rie2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to K%ck %nd A%ry2
Lui %nd leur %re indirect obEect pronouns2 :hey repl%ce nouns re8errin. to people %nd me%n to himCher
%nd to them respectively2
lui - repl%ces % sin.ul%r m%sculine or 8eminine indirect obEect re8errin. to % hum%n
leur - repl%ces % plur%l m%sculine or 8eminine indirect obEect re8errin. to % hum%n
&n ex%mple 8ollo!s0
Il lui Eette l% boule2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to him2
Il lui Eette l% boule2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to her2
Il leur Eette l% boule2 - -e thro!s the b%ll to them2
'hether lui me%ns to him or to her is .iven by context2
In 3n.lish, d-e thro!s him the b%lld is %lso s%id, %nd me%ns the s%me thin.2
'hen used !ith the direct obEect pronouns le% la, %nd les, lui %nd leur come %8ter those pronouns2
Il l% lui Eette2 - -e thro!s it to him2
)ote th%t !hile le% la, %nd les %re used to repl%ce people or in%nim%te obEects, lui %nd leur %re not used
to repl%ce inn%nim%te obEects %nd thin.s2
&lso note th%t unlike le %nd la, !hich %re shortened to l$ !hen 8ollo!ed by % vo!el, lui is never
shortened
*
Ke r@ponds %ux Duestions2 - K7 y r@ponds2
preposition except de F8or !hich en is usedH2
Idio&s
en
2e#lace&ent o1 a :artitive Construction
2e#lace&ent o1 >uanti1ied -ouns
2e#lace&ent o1 :hrases *ith de
:he pronoun en repl%ces preposition%l phr%ses be.innin. !ith de i8 the obEect o8 the preposition
is re8errin. to % thin. or pl%ce2
Ke viens de ,%ris2 - I come 8rom ,%ris2
K7 en viens2 - I come 8rom it2
)ote th%t stress pronouns, %nd not en %re used i8 the obEect re8ers to % person or persons2
:ronoun 3rder
3rder Chart
I8 % sentence uses no in8initive, the pronouns %re embedded %s 8ollo!s0
'ubject
:ronoun
6or noun7
-eg
.irect or
Indirect
.irect 3bj
:ronouns
Indirect
3bjects
-eg
Ee
tu
il FelleH
nous
vous
ils FellesH
ne
me
te
nous
vous
se Fre8lexiveH
le
l%
l7
les
lui
leur
y en
conEu.%ted
verb
p%s
plus
etc222
p%st
p%rticiple
I8 % sentence uses %n in8initive, the pronouns %re embedded %s 8ollo!s0
'ubject
:ronoun
6or noun7
-eg -eg
.irect or
Indirect
.irect 3bj
:ronouns
Indirect
3bjects
Ee
tu
il FelleH
nous
vous
ils FellesH
ne
conEu.%ted
verb
p%s
plus
etc222
p%st
p%rticiple
me
te
nous
vous
se Fre8lexiveH
le
l%
l7
les
lui
leur
y en in8initive
3rder 2ules
'hen % sentence uses the indirect obEect pronouns me, te, nous, %nd vous !ith the direct obEect
pronouns le, la, %nd les, me, te, nous, %nd vous .o 8irst2
Il me le donne2 - -e .%ve it to me2
'hen % sentence uses the indirect obEect pronouns lui %nd leur !ith the direct obEect pronouns
le, la, %nd les, le, la, %nd les .o 8irst2
Il le lui donne2 - -e .%ve it to him1her2
'hen y is used in the s%me sentence %s other pronouns, y .oes %8ter %ll o8 them !ith the
exception o8 en2
Il m7emmPne O ,%ris2 - -e t%kes me to ,%ris2
Il m7y emmPne2 - -e t%kes me there2
K in conEunction !ith en is only used in % 8e! c%ses2
Il y en %2 - :here exist sever%l ones2
'hen there %re t!o pronouns in % sentence, en %l!%ys .o l%st2
L8i&#Frati1
'hen expressin. positive comm%nds, there %re sever%l rules one must remember !hen usin. obEect
pronouns2 :heses %re0
:he pronouns %re %tt%ched the the verb !ith % hyphen2
9etrouve-l%2 - Find it2
Ae %nd :e become moi %nd toi2
+onne/-moi les vid@os2 - $ive me the videos2
Le, la, %nd les precede %ll other obEect pronouns2
+onne/-le-moi2 - $ive it to me2
:ossesive :ronouns
,ossessive pronouns repl%ce possessive %rticle o noun sets2
French %ra&&ar 5 :ronouns
:ossesive :ronouns 5 Les #rono&s #ossesi1s
mon cop%in
my 8riend
ton cop%in
your 8riend
son cop%in
his1her 8riend
notre cop%in
our 8riend
votre cop%in
your 8riend
leur cop%in
their 8riend
le &ien
&ine
le tien
yours
le sien
his^hers
le ngtre
ours
le vgtre
yours
le leur
theirs
mes cop%ins
my 8riends
tes cop%ins
your 8riends
ses cop%ins
his1her
8riends
nos cop%ins
our 8riends
vos cop%ins
your 8riends
leurs cop%ins
their 8riends
les &iens
&ine
les tiens
yours
les siens
his^hers
les ngtres
ours
les vgtres
yours
les leurs
theirs
m% copine
my 8riend
t% copine
your 8riend
s% copine
his1her 8riend
notre copine
our 8riend
votre copine
your 8riend
leurs copine
their 8riend
la &ienne
&ine
le tienne
yours
le sienne
his^hers
la ngtre
ours
la vgtre
yours
la leur
theirs
mes copines
my 8riends
tes copines
your 8riends
ses copines
his1her
8riends
nos copines
our 8riends
vos copines
your 8riends
leurs copines
their 8riends
les &iennes
&ine
les tiennes
yours
les siennes
his^hers
les ngtres
ours
les vgtres
yours
les leurs
theirs
<ous %ve/ votre voiture? - Bou h%ve your c%r?
5ui, nous %vons l% nUtre2 - Bes, !e h%ve ours2
f o % stress pronoun is used !hen the noun repl%ced is %lso the subEect o8 the sentence2 :his usu%lly
occurs in sentences !ith Stre2
3lle est t% voiture? - Is th%t your c%r?
5ui, elle est O moi2 - Bes, it is mine2
$r%mm%r
,ronouns
$r%mm%r
4entences
Interrogation
>uestion Words
5Q? - 'here?
Gu%nd? - 'hen?
,ourDuoi? - 'hy?
=omment? - -o!?
Guel1Guels1Guelle1Guelles? - 'h%t?
Gui? - 'ho?
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%sk % Duestion
Co&&ands
)ain article' FrenchC:rammarCTensesC&mperative
$r%mm%r
4entences
$r%mm%r
:enses
Aerb !enses 'orted by =ood
-on-1inite For&s
Le p%rticipe pr@sent F:he ,resent ,%rticipleH
Le p%rticipe p%ss@ F:he ,%st ,%rticipleH
Le <erbe &uxili%ire F:he &uxili%ry <erbH
L7in8initi8 F:he In8initiveH
L7in8initi8 p%ss@ F:he ,%st In8initiveH
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L8indicati1 6!he Indicative =ood7
'i&#le !enses
Le pr@sent de l7indic%ti8 F:he ,resent Indic%tiveH
L7imp%r8%it de l7indic%ti8 F:he Imper8ectH
Le p%ss@ simple F:he ,%st -istoricH
Le 8utur F:he FutureH
:er1ect !enses
Le p%ss@ compos@ F:he ,resent ,er8ectH
Le plus-Due-p%r8%it de l7indic%ti8 F:he ,luper8ect o8 the Indic%tiveH
Le p%ss@ %nt@rieur F:he ,%st &nteriorH
Le 8utur %nt@rieur F:he Future &nteriorH
Le p%ss@ du subEoncti8 F:he 4ubEunctive ,%stH
3ther !enses
Le p%ss@ r@cent F:he )e%r ,%stH
Le 8utur proche F:he )e%r FutureH
Le subjoncti1 6!he 'ubjunctive =ood7
Le subEoncti8 F:he 4ubEunctiveH
L$imparfait du su!0onctif ,The &mperfect Su!0unctive.
Le subEoncti8 p%ss@ F:he ,%st 4ubEunctiveH
Le plus*Jue*parfait du su!0onctif ,The Pluperfect Su!0unctive.
L8i&#Frati1 6!he I&#erative =ood7
L7imp@r%ti8 F:he Imper%tiveH
L7imp@r%ti8 p%ss@ F:he ,%st Imper%tiveH
Le conditionnel 6!he Conditional =ood7
Le conditionnel F:he =ondition%lH
Le conditionnel p%ss@ F:he ,%st =ondition%lH
Le deuxi5me forme du conditionnel pass- ,The Second Form of the Past 1onditional.
Aerb !enses 'orted by !y#e
'i&#le !enses
Le pr@sent de l7indic%ti8 F:he ,resent Indic%tiveH
L7imp%r8%it de l7indic%ti8 F:he Imper8ectH
Le p%ss@ simple F:he ,%st -istoricH
Le 8utur F:he FutureH
Le conditionnel F:he =ondition%lH
Le pr@sent du subEoncti8 F:he ,resent 4ubEunctiveH
L7imp%r8%it du subEoncti8 F:he Imper8ect 4ubEunctiveH
:er1ect !enses
Le p%ss@ compos@ F:he ,resent per8ectH
Le plus-Due-p%r8%it de l7indic%ti8 F:he ,luper8ect o8 the Indic%tiveH
Le plus-Due-p%r8%it du subEoncti8 F:he ,luper8ect o8 the 4ubEunctiveH
Le p%ss@ %nt@rieur F:he ,%st &nteriorH
Le 8utur %nt@rieur F:he Future &nteriorH
Le conditionnel p%ss@ F:he =ondition%l ,%stH
Le p%ss@ du subEoncti8 F:he 4ubEunctive ,%stH
:er1ect !ense Co&#onents
Le p%rticipe pr@sent F:he ,resent ,%rticipleH
Le p%rticipe p%ss@ F:he ,%st ,%rticipleH
Le verbe %uxili%ire F:he &uxili%ry <erbH
3ther !enses
Le p%ss@ r@cent F:he )e%r ,%stH
Le 8utur proche F:he )e%r FutureH
L7Imp@r%ti8 F:he Imper%tiveH
L7imp@r%ti8 p%ss@ F:he ,%st Imper%tiveH
$r%mm%r
:enses
$r%mm%r
<erbs
Irre.ul%r <erb =onEu.%tions
<erb )e.%tions
,ronomin%l verbs
<erb :enses
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%eneral -otes
:he m%sculine 8orm %nd 8eminine 8orm o8 the third person %re conEu.%ted in ex%ctly the s%me
m%nner2 Inste%d o8 mentionin. both, only the m%sculine 8orm !ill be used 8or the s%ke o8
brevity2 5ne m%y %ssume th%t il includes elle %nd ils includes elles unless the context cle%rly
indic%tes other!ise2
In t%bles sho!in. the endin.s or conEu.%tions o8 verbs, %n %ccent m%rk is sho!n !ithout % letter
belo! it indic%tes th%t the %ccent m%rk is pl%ced %bove the l%st letter o8 the stem2
+eriv%tives o8 % verb %re conEu.%ted in the s%me m%nner %s th%t verb2 For inst%nce, devenir %nd
revenir 8ollo! the s%me p%tterns %s venir2 In this %ppendix, !hen the conEu.%tion o8 the root
verb is .iven, it is %ssumed th%t the re%der !ill kno! th%t deriv%tive verbs %re simil%rly
conEu.%ted2
:he verb tenses here %re or.%ni/ed by mood2 :he .ener%l uses o8 % p%rticul%r mood !ill be
covered in the p%.e linkd to by the section he%din.2
Liter%ry tenses, !hich %re only used in 8orm%l !ritin., %re in italics2
$r%mm%r
<erbs
$r%mm%r
<erbs
Irre.ul%r =onEu.%tions
Bou spend % lot o8 time in French le%rnin. the .r%mm%tic%l rules - there %re some
!ords !hich bre%k these rules, %nd they %re listed belo!, !ith !h%t they do2
&lso see !iktion%ry0=%te.ory0French verbs %nd !iktion%ry08r0=%t@.orie0<erbes
8r%n6%is2
aller
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%sk % Duestion
indicati1 #rFsent
Ee v%is [vE] nous %llons [alO~]
tu v%s [va] vous %lle/ [ale]
il v% [va] ils vont [vO~]
#assF si&#le
E7%ll%i [alE] nous %llRmes [alAm]
tu %ll%s [ala] vous %llRtes [alAt]
il %ll% [ala] ils %llPrent [alER]
i&#Frati1
tu v% [va]
nous %llons [alO~]
vous %lle/ [ale]
#artici#es
p%ss@ %ll@
[ale]
pr@sent %ll%nt [alA~]
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
ir- [iR-]
subEoncti8 FEe1tu1il1ilsH %ill- [aj-]
subEoncti8 Fnous1vousH
imp%r8%it
%ll- [al-]
:he verb aller uses the %uxili%ry verb Utre in the pass- compos-2
ac?uFrir
indicati1 #rFsent
E7%cDuiers [akjER] nous %cDu@rons [akerO~]
tu %cDuiers [akjER] vous %cDu@re/ [akeRe]
il %cDuiert [akjER] ils %cDuiPrent [akjER]
#assF si&#le
E7%cDuis [aki] nous %cDuTmes [akim]
tu %cDuis [aki] vous %cDuTtes [akit]
il %cDuit [aki] ils %cDuirent [akiR]
i&#Frati1
tu %cDuiers [akjER]
nous %cDu@rons [akeRO~]
vous %cDu@re/ [akeRe]
#artici#es
p%ss@ %cDuis [aki]
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
%cDuerr- [akER-]
subEoncti8 FEe1tu1il1ilsH %cDuiPr- [akjER-]
subEoncti8 Fnous1vousH %cDu@r- [akeR-]
imp%r8%it %cDu@r- [akeR-]
avoir
indicati1 #rFsent
E7%i [e] ou [E] nous %vons [avO~]
tu %s [a] vous %ve/ [ave]
il % [a] ils ont [O~]
#assF si&#le
E7eus [y] nous eVmes [ym]
tu eus [y] vous eVtes [yt]
il eut [y] ils eurent [yR]
subjoncti1
Due E7%ie [E] Due nous %yons [EjO~]
Due tu %ies [E] Due vous %ye/ [eje]
Du7il %it [E] Du7ils %ient [E]
i&#Frati1
tu %ie [E]
nous %yons [EjO~]
vous %ye/ [eje]
#artici#es
p%ss@ eu [y]
pr@sent %y%nt [ajA~]
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
%ur- [Or-]
imp%r8%it %v- [av-]
s8asseoir - to sit
#artici#e #rFsentQ s7%ssey%nt
#artici#e #assFQ %ssisFeHFesH
#rFsent
Ee m7%ssieds nous nous %sseyons
tu t7%ssieds vous vous %sseye/
il s7%ssied ils s7%sseyent
i&#Frati1
%sseyons-nous
%ssieds-toi %sseye/-vous
#assF si&#le
Ee m7%ssis nous nous %ssTmes
tu t7%ssis vous vous %ssTtes
il s7%ssit ils s7%ssirent
etre
indicati1 #rFsent
Ee suis [sHi] nous sommes [sOm]
tu es [E] vous Stes [Et]
il est [E] ils sont [sO~]
#assF si&#le
Ee 8us [fy] nous 8Vmes [fym]
tu 8us [fy] vous 8Vtes [fyt]
il 8ut [fy] ils 8urent [fyR]
subjoncti1
Due Ee sois [swa]
Due nous soyons
[swajO~]
Due tu sois [swa] Due vous soye/ [swaje]
Du7il soit [swa] Du7ils soient [swa]
i&#Frati1
tu sois [swa]
nous soyons [swajO~]
vous soye/ [swaje]
#artici#es
p%ss@ @t@ [ete]
pr@sent @t%nt [etA~]
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
ser- [s(@)r-]
imp%r8%it @t- [et-]
1aire
indicati1 #rFsent
Ee 8%is [fE] nous 8%isons [f(@)zO~]
tu 8%is [fE] vous 8%ites [fEt]
il 8%it [fE] ils 8ont [fO~]
#assF si&#le
Ee 8is [fi] nous 8Tmes [fim]
tu 8is [fi] vous 8Ttes [fit]
il 8it [fi] ils 8irent [fiR]
i&#Frati1
tu 8%is [fE]
nous 8%isons [f(@)zO~]
vous 8%ites [fEt]
#artici#es
p%ss@ 8%it [fE]
pr@sent 8%is%nt [f(@)zA~]
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
8er- [fER-]
subEoncti8 8%ss- [fas-]
imp%r8%it 8%is- [fEz-]
1alloir
indicati1 #rFsent
il 8%ut [fo]
#assF si&#le
il 8%llut [faly]
#artici#e #assF
8%llu [faly]
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
8%udr- [fOdR-]
subEoncti8 8%ill- [faj-]
imp%r8%it 8%ll- [fal-]
savoir
indicati1 #rFsent
Ee s%is [sE] nous s%vons [savO~]
tu s%is [sE] vous s%ve/ [save]
il s%it [sE] ils s%vent [sav]
#assF si&#le
Ee sus [sy] nous sVmes [sym]
tu sus [sy] vous sVtes [syt]
il sut [sy] ils surent [syR]
i&#Frati1
tu s%che [sa]
nous s%chons [saO~]
vous s%che/ [sae]
#artici#es
p%ss@ su [sy]
pr@sent s%ch%nt [saA~]
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
s%ur- [sOR-]
subEoncti8 s%ch- [sa-]
imp%r8%it s%v- [sav-]
venir
:he verb tenir %nd verbs endin. in *tenir %nd *venir %lso 8ollo! this p%ttern2
indicati1 #rFsent
Ee viens [vjE~] nous venons [v(@)!O~]
tu viens [vjE~] vous vene/ [v(@)!e]
il vient [vjE~] ils viennent [vjE!]
#assF si&#le
Ee vins [vE~] nous vTnmes [vE~m]
tu vins [vE~] vous vTntes [vE~t]
il vint [vE~] ils vinrent [vE~R]
i&#Frati1
tu viens [vyE~]
nous venons [v(@)!O~]
vous vene/ [v(@)!e]
#artici#es
p%ss@ venu
[v(@)!y]
pr@sent ven%nt [v(@)!A~]
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
viendr- [vjE~dR-]
subEoncti8 FEe1tu1il1ilsH vienn- [vjE!-]
imp%r8%it
ven- [v(@)!-]
:he verbs venir, devenir, %nd revenir use the %uxili%ry verb Utre in the pass- compos-2
vouloir
indicati1 #rFsent
Ee veux [v"] nous voulons [vulO~]
tu veux [v"] vous voule/ [vule]
il veut [v"] ils veulent [v#l]
#assF si&#le
Ee voulus [vuly] nous voulVmes [vulym]
tu voulus [vuly] vous voulVtes [vulyt]
il voulut [vuly] ils voulurent [vulyR]
i&#Frati1
tu
veux
[v"] or veuille
[v#j]
nous voulons
[vulO~]
vous
voule/
[vule] or
veuille/
"
[v#je]
#artici#es
p%ss@ voulu [vuly]
pr@sent voul%nt [vulA~]
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
voudr- [vudR-]
subEoncti8 FEe1tu1il1ilsH veuill- [v#j-]
imp%r8%it
voul- [vul-]
:he imper%tive 8orms veux, voulons, %nd vouleA %re r%re2

"
:he imper%tive 8orm veuilleA is used to m%ke very polite reDuests2 It is most o8ten used on si.ns %nd
in imperson%l !ritin.2 Fe2.2 dVeuilleA suivre les instructions ci*dessous"dH
devoir
indicati1 #rFsent
Ee dois nous devons
tu dois vous deve/
il doit ils doivent
#assF si&#le
Ee dus nous dVmes
tu dus vous dVtes
il dut ils durent
i&#Frati1
tu dois
nous devons
vous deve/
#artici#es
p%ss@ dV
pr@sent dev%nt
radicau0
conditionnel
8utur simple
devr-
subEoncti8 FEe1tu1il1ilsH doive
imp%r8%it
dev-
$r%mm%r
<erbs
Irre.ul%r =onEu.%tions
$r%mm%r
<erbs
,ronomin%l
,ronomin%l verbs %re verbs th%t, put simply, include pronouns2 :hese pronouns %re
me% te% se% nous, %nd vous %nd %re used %s either direct obEects or indirect obEects,
dependin. on the verb th%t they modi8y2 'hen pronimin%l verbs %re conEu.%ted in
per8ect tenses, Stre is used %s the %uxili%ry verb2 :here %re three types o8
pronomin%l verbs0 re8lexive verbs, reciproc%l verbs, %nd n%tur%lly pronomin%l
verbs2
2e1le0ive Aerbs
3ither the conEu.%ted verb or the in8initive c%n be ne.%ted e%ch !ith sli.htly
di88erent me%nin.s2
Ke ne v%is p%s me l%ver2 - I7m not .oin. to !%sh mysel82
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%sk % Duestion
verb2
2eci#rocal Aerbs
4ome verbs %re pronomin%l !ithout per8ormin. % re8lexive or reciproc%l %ction2 :u te souvenu? - Bou
remember?
4ome verbs h%ve di88erent me%nin.s %s pronomin%l verbs2
rendre - to return, to .ive b%ck
se rendre FOH - to .o FtoH
2e1le0ive Aerbs .etails
2e1le0ive Aerbs in French %re %ctions th%t one does to onesel82
:hey c%n be reco.nised bec%use their in8initive 8orm h%s the pronoun se in 8ront o8 it or s$ be8ore %
vo!el2
'hen conEu.%tin. % re8lexive verb you must use the correct re8lexive pronoun2
:he 8ollo!in. t%bles sho! !hich re8lexive pronoun to use !ith e%ch 8orm o8 the verb0
u$je%t Refle&ive 'ro!ou!
je me
tu te
il se
!ous !ous
vous vous
ils se
-ere is %n ex%mple conEu.%tion o8 % re8lexive verb0
'e coucher - to go to bed
:resent
Ke me couche
:u te couches
Il se couche
3lle se couche
)ous nous couchons
<ous cous couche/
Ils se couchent
3lles se couchent
-B :he 8utur simple, p%ss@ simple, imper8ect, condition%l %nd subEuntive %re %ll conEu.%ted !ith the
re8lexive pronoun in this position2
:assF Co&#osF
Ke me suis couch@
:u t7es couch@FeH
Il s7est couch@
3lle s7est couch@e
)ous nous sommes couch@FeHs
<ous vous Stes couch@FeHFsH
Ils se sont couch@s
3lles se sone couch@es
-B &ll re8lexive verbs %re t%ke Stre in the p%ss@ compos@ %nd there8ore h%ve %n e %dded to the p%st
p%rticiple 8or 8em%les %nd %n s 8or plur%l2
Futur :roche
Ke v%is me coucher
:u v%s te coucher
Il v% se coucher
3lle v% se coucher
)ous %llons nous coucher
<ous %lle/ vous coucher
Ils vont se coucher
3lles vont se coucher
-B 'hen % re8lexive verb is put %s %n in8initive behind %ny other verb Fe2.2 vouloir, pouvoir, %ller222H it
still t%kes the %ppropri%te re8lexive pronoun2
$r%mm%r
<erbs
,ronomin%l
&ppendices
Le midi d$ossau dans les pyr-n-es
"##endices Contents
2 " - +%tes, :ime, %nd )umbers
"2 "3 - French &uthors
32 "5 - )%tions o8 the 'orld
42 ""( - ,hr%sebook
52 ""9 - 4l%n.
(2 "40 - :ypin. =h%r%cters
#2 "4" - 'eb 9esources
&ppendices
&ppendix &20 C +%tes, time, %nd numbers
Les jours de la se&aine
:he d%ys o8 the !eek2 al%y E/oor duh l%h suhmenc
French Aocabulary 5 .atesS ti&eS and nu&bers 5 audio 6in1o 5,(0 kb 5
hel#7
live version
discussion
edit %ppendix
comment
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%sk % Duestion
For phr%ses rel%tin. to the d%y o8 the !eek, see the phr%sebook2
Les &ois de l8annFe
:he months o8 the ye%r2 al%y m!%h duh l%hn%yc
French Aocabulary 5 .atesS ti&eS and nu&bers 5 audio 6in1o 5$H kb 5
hel#7
05 m%i maye A%y
0( Euin 0Awan Kuin
" decembre daysahm!ruh +ecember
:he months o8 the ye%r %re not c%pit%li/ed in French2
For phr%ses rel%tin. to the months o8 the ye%r, see the phr%sebook
Les 'aisons
French Aocabulary 5 .atesS ti&eS and nu&bers 5 audio 6in1o 5,( kb 5
hel#7
l% s%ison se%son
le printemps 4prin.
l7@t@ FmH 4ummer
l7hiver FmH 'inter
&ppendices
&ppendix &20 C +%tes, time, %nd numbers
live version C discussion C edit %ppendix C comment C report %n error C %sk % Duestion
&ppendices
&ppendix &20" C List o8 %uthors
=iddle "ge
=hr@tien de :royes F%round 35 - %round 83H
Hth century
Fr%ncois 9%bel%is F%round 483 or 494 p 553H
,ierre de 9ons%rd F5"4 p 585H
Louise L%b@ F%25"( - %25(5H
7th century
9en@ +esc%rtes F59( - (50H
,ierre =orneille F(0(p(84H
Ke%n de L% Font%ine F("p(95H
AoliPre F(""p(#3H
;l%ise ,%sc%l F("3p(("H
=h%rles ,err%ult F("8p#03H
Ke%n 9%cine F(39p(99H
live version
discussion
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comment
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%sk % Duestion
Ith century
A%riv%ux F(88p#(3H
AontesDuieu F(89p#55H
<olt%ire F(94p##8H
Ke%n-K%cDues 9ousse%u F#" - ##8H
+enis +iderot F#3 - #84H
;e%um%rch%is F#3" - #99H
9th century
Fr%n6ois-9en@ de =h%te%ubri%nd F#(8 - 848H
-onor@ de ;%l/%c F#99 - 850H
<ictor -u.o F80" - 885H
&lex%ndre +um%s F80" - 8#0H
,rosper A@rim@e F803 - 8#0H
$eor.e 4%nd F804 - 8#(H
&l8red de Ausset F80 - 85#H
=h%rles ;%udel%ire F8" - 8(#H
$ust%ve Fl%ubert F8" - 880H
Kules <erne F8"8 - 905H
&lphonse +%udet F840 - 89#H
3mile Nol% F840 - 90"H
,%ul <erl%ine F844 - 89(H
-enri ;er.son F859 - 94H
3dmond 9ost%nd F8(8 - 98H
(0th century
,%ul =l%udel F8(8 - 955H
A%rcel ,roust F8# - 9""H
$uill%ume &pollin%ire F880 - 98H
Ke%n =octe%u F89" - 9(3H
Louis-Ferdin%nd =@line F894 - 9(H
Ke%n $iono F895 - 9#0H
A%rcel ,%.nol F895 - 9#4H
&ndr@ ;reton F89( - 9((H
K%cDues ,r@vert F900 - 9##H
&ndr@ A%lr%ux F90 - 9#(H
9%ymond Guene%u F903 - 9#(H
Ke%n-,%ul 4%rtre F905 - 980H
9obert Aerle F908 - "004H
)icol%s ;ouvier F9"9 - 998H
$eor.es ,erec F93( - 98"H
Links
List o8 French %uthors in the French 'ikipedi%2
&ppendices
&ppendix &20" C List o8 %uthors
&ppendices
&ppendix &203 C )%tions o8 the !orld
Les #ays du &onde 6-ations o1 the World7
"
French /nglish
l7&8.h%nist%n FmH &8.h%nist%n
l7&8riDue du 4ud F8H 4outh &8ric%
l7&lb%nie F8H &lb%ni%
l7&l.@rie F8H &l.eri%
l7&llem%.ne F8H $erm%ny
&ndorre F8H &ndorr%
l7&n.leterre F8H 3n.l%nd
l7&n.ol% F8H &n.ol%
&nti.u%-et-;%rbud% FmH &nti.u% %nd ;%rbud%
l7&r%bie s%oudite F8H 4%udi &r%bi%
l7&r.entine F8H &r.entin%
l7&rm@nie F8H &rmeni%
&rub% &rub%
l7&ustr%lie F8H &ustr%li%
l7&utriche F8H &ustri%
l7&/erb%YdE%n F8H &/erb%iE%n
live version
discussion
edit %ppendix
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
B
French /nglish
les ;%h%m%s F8H :he ;%h%m%s
le ;%hreYn ;%hr%in
le ;%n.l%desh ;%n.l%desh
l% ;%rb%de ;%rb%dos
l% ;el.iDue ;el.ium
le ;eli/e ;eli/e
le ;@nin ;enin
le ;hout%n ;hut%n
l% ;i@lorussie ;el%rus
l% ;irm%nie ;urm%
l% ;olivie ;olivi%
le ;ots!%n% ;ots!%n%
le ;r@sil ;r%/il
le ;run@i ;runei
l% ;ul.%rie ;ul.%ri%
le ;urkin%-F%so ;urkin% F%so
le ;urundi ;urundi
C
French /nglish
le =%mbod.e =%mbodi%
le =%meroun =%meroon
le =%n%d% =%n%d%
le =%p-<ert =%pe <erde
le =hili =hile
l% =hine =hin%
=hypre F8H =yprus
l% =olombie =olumbi%
les =omores F8H =omores
le =on.o =on.o
l% =or@e du )ord )orth Lore%
l% =or@e du 4ud 4outh Lore%
le =ost% 9ic% =ost% 9ic%
l% =Ute d7Ivoire =ote d7Ivoire
l% =ro%tie =ro%ti%
=ub% =ub%
.
French /nglish
le +%nem%rk +enm%rk
+Eibouti +Eibouti
l% +ominiDue +ominic%
/
French /nglish
l7qcosse F8H 4cotl%nd
l7q.ypte F8H 3.ypt
les qmir%ts %r%bes unis
FmH
:he *nited &r%b 3mir%tes
l7qDu%teur FmH 3Du%dor
l7qrythr@e F8H 3ritre%
l73sp%.ne F8H 4p%in
l73stonie F8H 3stoni%
les qt%s-*nis FmH :he *nited 4t%tes
l7qthiopie F8H 3thiopi%
F
French /nglish
les FidEi F8H FiEi
l% Finl%nde Finl%nd
l% Fr%nce Fr%nce
%
French /nglish
le $%bon $%bon
l% $%mbie $%mbi%
l% $@or.ie $eor.i%
le $h%n% $h%n%
l% $rPce $reece
l% $ren%de $ren%d%
le $u%tem%l% $u%tem%l%
l% $uin@e $unie%
l% $uin@e-;iss%o $uine%-;iss%u
l% $uin@e-@Du%tori%le 3Du%tori%l $uine%
l% $uy%n% $uy%n%
)
French /nglish
-%Yti -%iti
le -ondur%s -ondur%s
l% -on.rie -un.%ry
I
French /nglish
l7vle A%urice F8H A%uritius
les vles =ook F8H =ook Isl%nds
les vles A%rsh%ll
F8H
A%rsh%ll Isl%nds
les vles 4%lomon
F8H
4olomon Isl%nds
l7Inde F8H Indi%
l7Indon@sie F8H Indonesi%
l7Ir%n FmH Ir%n
l7Ir%D1l7Ir%k FmH Ir%D
l7Irl%nde F8H Irel%nd
l7Isl%nde F8H Icel%nd
Isr%Xl FmH Isr%el
l7It%lie F8H It%ly
;
French /nglish
l% K%m%YDue K%m%ic%
le K%pon K%p%n
l% Kord%nie Kord%n
<
French /nglish
le L%/%khst%n L%/%khst%n
le Leny% Leny%
le Lir.hi/st%n Lyr.y/st%n
Lirib%ti F8H Lirib%ti
le Lo!eYt Lu!%it
L
French /nglish
le L%os L%os
le Lesotho Lesotho
l% Lettonie L%tvi%
le Lib%n Leb%non
le Lib@ri% Liberi%
l% Libye Liby%
le Lichtenstein Lichtenstein
l% Litu%nie Lithu%ni%
le Luxembour. Luxembour.
=
French /nglish
l% A%c@doine A%cedoni%
A%d%.%sc%r F8H A%d%.%sc%r
l% A%l%isie A%l%ysi%
le A%l%!i A%l%!i
les A%ldives F8H :he A%ldives
le A%li A%li
A%lte A%lt%
le A%roc Aorocco
l% A%urit%nie A%urit%ni%
le AexiDue Aexico
l% Aicron@sie Aicronesi%
l% Aold%vie Aold%vi%
Aon%co Aon%co
l% Aon.olie Aon.oli%
le Ao/%mbiDue Ao/%mbiDue
-
French /nglish
l% )%mibie )%mibi%
l% )%uru )%uru
le )@p%l )ep%l
le )ic%r%.u% )ic%r%.u%
le )i.er )i.er
le )i.eri% )i.eri%
l% )orvP.e )or!%y
l% )ouvelle-N@l%nde )e! Ne%l%nd
3
French /nglish
l75m%n FmH 5m%n
l75u.%nd% FmH *.%nd%
l75u/b@kist%n */bekist%n
:
French /nglish
le ,%kist%n ,%kist%n
le ,%n%m% ,%n%m%
l% ,%pou%ise-)ouvelle-$uin@e ,%pu% )e! $uine%
le ,%r%.u%y ,%r%.u%y
les ,%ys-;%s FmH :he )etherl%nds
le ,%ys de $%lles FmH '%les
le ,@rou ,eru
les ,hilippines F8H :he ,hilippines
l% ,olo.ne ,ol%nd
l% ,olyn@sie 8r%n6%is French ,olynesi%
le ,ortu.%l ,ortu.%l
>
French /nglish
le G%t%r G%t%r
2
French /nglish
l% 9@publiDue centr%8ric%ine =entr%l &8ric%n 9epublic
l% 9@publiDue dominic%ine +ominic%n 9epublic
l% 9@publiDue tchPDue =/ech 9epublic
l% 9oum%nie 9om%ni%
le 9oy%ume-*ni :he *nited Lin.dom
l% 9ussie 9ussi%
le 9!%nd% 9!%nd%
'
French /nglish
4%int-=hristophe-et-)i@vPs FmH 4%int Litts %nd )evis
4%inte-Lucie F8H 4%int Luci%
4%int-A%rin FmH 4%n A%rino
le 4%int-4iP.e Fle <%tic%nH :he -oly 4ee F:he <%tic%nH
4%int-<incent-et-les-$ren%dines
FmH
4%int <incent %nd the $ren%dines
le 4%lv%dor 3l 4%lv%dor
les 4%mo% F8H 4%mo%
4%o :om@ et ,rincipe FmH 4%o :om@ %nd ,rincipe
le 4@n@.%l 4ene.%l
les 4eychelles F8H 4eychelles
l% 4ierr% Leone 4ierr% Leone
4in.%pour 4in.%pore
l% 4lov%Duie 4lov%ki%
l% 4lov@nie 4loveni%
l% 4om%lie 4om%li%
le 4oud%n 4ud%n
le 4ri L%nk% 4ri L%nk%
l% 4uPde 4!eden
l% 4uisse 4!it/erl%nd
le 4urin%m 4urin%m
le 4!%/il%nd 4!%/il%nd
l% 4yrie 4yri%
!
French /nglish
le :%dEikist%n FmH :%Eikist%n
l% :%n/%nie :%n/%ni%
le :ch%d =h%d
l% :h%Yl%nde :h%il%nd
le :o.o :o.o
les :on.% F8H :on.%
:rinit@-et-:ob%.o :rinid%d %nd :ob%.o
l% :unisie :unisi%
le :urkm@nist%n :urkmenist%n
l% :urDuie :urkey
:uv%lu :uv%lu
@
French /nglish
l7*kr%ine F8H *kr%ine
l7*ru.u%y FmH *ru.u%y
A
French /nglish
<%nu%tu <%nu%tu
le <%tic%n :he <%tic%n
le <ene/uel% <ene/uel%
le <iSt-)%m <ietn%m
W
a)onec
B
a)onec
C
le B@men Bemen
l% Bou.osl%vie
FmH
Bu.osl%vi%
D
French /nglish
l% N%mbie N%mbi%
le Nimb%b!e Nimb%b!e
&ppendices
&ppendix &203 C )%tions o8 the !orld
&ppendices
&ppendix &204 C ,hr%sebook
:r%vel'iki phr%se book
AQ %reetings
French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5(7H kb 5 hel#7
4%lut -i21;ye2 Fin8orm%lH
;onEour -ello
Fmore 8orm%l th%n s%lutH F%ll
d%yH
;onsoir $ood evenin.
;onne nuit $ood ni.ht !un nwee
Guoi de neu8 ?
'h%t7s up F%bout youH? Flit2 !h%t7s
ne!H

,%s .r%nd-
chose2
)ot much2 Flit2 no bi.-thin.H
live version
discussion
edit %ppendix
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
AQ )o* are you+
French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5l kb 5
hel#7
)o* are you+ 5 ma va+
=omment 6% v%?1>% v% ?
Fin8orm%lH
-o! %re you?
>% v% FtrPsH bien
I7m doin. FveryH !ell
Flit2 It7s .oin. FveryH
!ellH
5ui, 6% v%2 Bes, it .oes2
:rPs bien, merci2 <ery !ell, th%nks2
,%s m%l2 )ot ;%d
FtrPsH m%l FveryH b%d
=omme ci, comme 6%2 4o-4o2
+@sol@FeH2 I7m sorry2
3t toi?
3t vous?
&nd you? Fin8orm%lH
&nd you? F8orm%lH
!itles
French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5l($ kb 5 hel#7
!itles 5 Les titres
French "bbrE :ronunciation /nglishS @sage
'ingular
:lural
Aonsieur
Aessieurs2
A2
muhsyur
mehsyur
Ar2, 4ir2
$entlemen2
'ingular
:lural
A%d%me
Aesd%mes
A
me
mahdahmn
maydahm
Ars2, A%7%m2
L%dies
'ingular
:lural
A%demoiselle
Aesdemoiselles
A
lle
mahdmwoiAell
maydmwahAell
Aiss, Boun. l%dy
Boun. l%dies
AQ Courtesy
French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5,l, kb 5 hel#7
Courtesy 5 La #olitesse
,le%se
47il te pl%Tt2 FLit0 I8 you ple%se2H
47il vous pl%Tt2 F8orm%lH2
:h%nks F% lotH Aerci Fbe%ucoupH2
Bou7re !elcome2
+e rien2 FLit0 58 nothin.2H
,%s de Duoi2
FLit0 )ot o8 !h%t2H F)o
problem2H
Ke t7en prie2 shtahn pree Fin8orm%lH
Ke vous en prie 0Auh vooA ahn pree F8orm%lH
AQ %ood-bye
French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5(0( kb 5 hel#7
%ood-bye 5 "u revoir
4%lut2 -i21;ye2 Fin8orm%lH
&u revoir2 $ood-bye2 ohrvwahr Fev not pronouncedH
f dem%in2 4ee you tomorro!2
ah duhman FLit0 :o1*ntil
:omorro!H
&u revoir, O
dem%in2
;ye, see you
tomorro!2

f tout O l7heure2 4ee you Fl%ter tod%yHI ah tootah luhr
f l% proch%ine2 4ee you Ftomorro!HI ah lah proh shayn
f bientUt2 4ee you soon2 ah !yantoe
=i%o ;ye2 chow FIt%li%nH
AQ "sking 1or the day^date^ti&e
French Aocabulary 5 :hrasebook 5 audio 6in1o 5H( kb 5 hel#7
"sking For !he .ayS .ateS !i&e 5 .e&ander le jourS la dateS le te&#s
"sking 1or the dayE
%
&uEourd7hui c7est Duel
Eour?
:od%y is !h%t d%y? o0Aoordwee say ell 0Aoor
b &uEourd7hui c7est a0ourc2 :od%y is adayc2
"% +em%in c7est Duel Eour
:omorro! is !h%t
d%y?
Duhman say ell 0Aoor
"sking 1or the dateE
3%
Guelle est l% d%te
F%uEourd7huiH?
'h%t is the d%te
Ftod%yH?
ell ay lah daht
3b =7est le ahc amonthc2 It7s amonthc ahc2
4% Guelle heure est-il?
4b Il est Duelle heure?
ell er ayteel
eel ay ell er
&ppendices
&ppendix &204 C ,hr%sebook
&ppendices
&ppendix &205 C 4l%n.
-otes on ho* to use slang
Foreign s#eakers
It is import%nt to note th%t, %s % 8orei.ner, your use o8 sl%n. !ill o8ten be received
%s cute or 8unny, dependin. .re%tly upon your over%ll 8luency in spoken French2 :o
underst%nd this, think on ho! it !ould sound to you i8 % 8orei.nerg!ith % stron.
%ccent %nd odd rythym o8 speechgc%me up to you %nd s%id d+ude, !h%t % sketchy-
%ss h%ter th%t bi//-n%tch !%s, I tot%lly !%s Eust like 78uck o88 o-shee/y7d2 :here8ore,
no m%tter ho! much sl%n. you use in your n%tive l%n.u%.e, limitin. your use o8
sl%n. in French Fproportion%lly to your level o8 8luencyH !ill %lso limit ho! much
you %re p%troni/ed %nd .i..led %t by n%tive listeners2
live version
discussion
edit %ppendix
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
'langQ consistency J style
:o use sl%n. e88eciently, it is import%nt to m%int%in % consistency o8 style2 Aixin. styles mi.ht sound
like s%yin.0 d:hy 8%ce, it is Duite 8inely r%!kin7d2
&void vous unless % plur%l is necess%ry2
&void subEect-verb inversion in Duestions2 *se r%ther Duestion 8orm%tions !here there is no
inversion or 7est-ce Due7, only the r%ised tone %t the end o8 the sentence2 'hen doin. this !ith
interro.%tives FJui, Juand, comment, etc2H, pl%ce them %t the end o8 the sentenceJ i2e2 d5n v%
bou88er Du%nd?d
!ranslating 8Fuck8
:he 3n.lish term 78uck7 is exception%l %s it c%n serve %s noun, verb, %dEective, excl%m%tion, %nd others2
:here is no such eDuiv%lent us%.e o8 %ny !ord in the French l%n.u%.e2 :here8ore the tr%nsl%tion o8
78uck7 into 8rench depends on the correspondin. p%rt o8 speech2
/0a&#les
noun
d-e7s % .re%t 8uckd m dIl est bien b%is%bled F%lthou.h 7b%is%ble7 m 8uck%bleH
d-e is such % 8uckFerHd m d=7est un en8oir@1encul@1conn%rd1s%l%udd Finsert %ny insultH
d-e7s such % 8uck-upd m d=7est un p%uvre con1un r%t@d
verb
sexu%l0 !aiser% niJuer% coucher avec J insultin.0 foutre% enculer
dI 8ucked up on my French testd m dK7%i r%t@1niDu@ mon ex%men de 8r%n6%isd
dI 8ucked FupH my c%rd m dK7%i niDu@ m% b%.noled
d-e 8ucked me overd m dIl m7% tr%hid
dI 8ucked your momd m dK7%i b%is@1niDu@ t% mPred
dFuck o88d m dFous-moi l% p%ixd, dFous le c%mpd Fsee the verb 7Foutre7H
dFuck youd1d$o 8uck yoursel8d m d<% te 8%ire 8outre1enculerd
%dEective
d:his is 8uckin. %!8uld m d,ut%in, 6% cr%intd1d=7est bordeliDued1d=7est de l% merded
dI %m so 8ucked-upd m d>% v% p%s du toutd Fment%l st%teHJ dK7suis tot%lement bourr@FeHd FdrunkH
%dverb
dI %m tryin. to 8uckin. !ork hered m d,ut%in, lO, E7ess%ie de bosserd
excl%m%tion
dFuckId m dAerde Id J d,ut%in Id J d;ordel Id
n2b20 these c%n %lso be compounded in French, i2e2, d,ut%in de merde Id d,ut%in de bordel de
merded F8or strin.in. these to.ether, see the scene in the 8ilm A%trix 9elo%ded !ith the
Frenchm%n in the rest%ur%ntH
%lossary
(otes o! 'ro!u!%iatio!)
*+o feel ,ow R s,ould $e -ro!ou!%ed. /ar/le wit, water. t,e! try /ar/li!/ wit,out
water0
+,at is w,at your t,roat s,ould $e doi!/ w,e! -ro!ou!%i!/ t,e R0
*+,e 1 is ,ardest for E!/lis, s-eakers0 +,e $a%k of t,e t,roat s,ould $e stret%,ed
out as if you see
a mouse a!d are sayi!/ 2eee32. $ut t,e li-s s,ould $e i! a ti/,t %ir%le as if you
are sayi!/ 2ooo20
Look up &ategor*:fr:2lang on 'iktion%ry, the 8ree diction%ry2
&udio &udio" &udio3 &udio4
&brutiFeH
n2, & ret%rd, %n idiot
ah*9PGG*tee
&ccro
n2, %ddict
ac*PG
&do
n2, teen%.erJ short 8or 7%dolescent7
#(*doh
&pero
n2, 4hort 8or %p@riti82
ah*P#&P*roh
&pp%rt
n2, 8l%t or %p%rtmentJ short 8or 7%pp%rtement7
ah*P#PP
&prPm
n2, 4hort 8or %prPs-midi2
ah*PP&m
;%.nole
n2, 4l%n. 8or 7c%r7
!an*KGLI
;%hut
n2, 4l%n. 8or 7hi.h school7 F8ormerly 8or 78%ctory7H
;%rE7 or ;%rEot
%dE2, cr%/y
n2, % cr%/y person
9#Pge
9#(P*0oe
;%nder
v2, to become erect, to .et % h%rd-on
9#(@*day
;en
interE2 8or 7!ell72 o8ten used %t the be.innin. o8 % phr%se, %nd 8ollo!ed by dou%isd or dnond
9aaZ F7b%%7 like the sound % sheep m%kes !ith % n%s%li/ed sound %t the endH
;ite
n2, dick
!IIt
;l%ire%u
n2, Loser
!l*#&P*roh
Le ;led
n2, the boondocks
!lID
;oule
n2, litt2 7b%ll72 4ynonym 8or 7tSte7, or 7he%d7 in its sl%n. us%.eJ % rou.h eDuiv%lent in 3n.lish !ould
be 78%ce7 r%ther th%n 7he%d7, i2e20
d:% boule me m%nDued m dI miss seein. your s!eet 8%ced
!GGL
;ou88er
v2, to e%t
n2, la !ouffe, 8ood
9GGF*fay
;osser
v2, to !ork
!oss*S#K
;oulot
n2, Eob
!GGL*oh
4e ;r%nler
v2, to m%sturb%te Flit2 to !obbleH
suh 9P#hn*lay
>% % @t@
exp2, it !ent !ellJ %lso % Duestion d:% pr@sent%tion, 6% % @t@ ?d m d-o!7d your present%tion .o?d J
&ns!ers to this Duestion0 d5u%is, 6% % @t@d FBes, it !ent !ellH 1 d,%s du toutd F)ot %t %llH
saw ah #K*T#K
=h%ud L%pin
n2, 4ex m%ni%c Flit2 hot r%bbitH
show lah*P#[
=inoche
n2, & ni.ht %t the movies
SII*noh*sh
L% =it@
n2, .hetto
see*T#K
=on
%dE2, stupid dK7%i @t@ con Du%nd E7%i d@cid@ de sortird m dI !%s dumb !hen I decided to .o outd
n2, litt2 7cunt7 F%s used in *L 3n.lishHJ dGuel cond m d'h%t %n idiotd
exp2 dO l% cond, stupid, in % stupid !%y2 dK7%i cet ex%men O l% cond m dI h%ve this stupid testd
coh[
=rever
v2, to burst or explodeJ to die, 7to kick the bucket7
%dE2, crev-,e., exh%usted2 &s in dKe suis crev@FeHd m dI7m exh%ustedd
n2, la cr5ve, % cold, the 8lu2 exp20 dK7%i l% crPved2
creh*vay
lah crehve
+@bile
n2 or %dE2 sl%n. 8or dstupidd
D#K*!eel
+irlo
n2 =olloDui%l !ord me%nin. 7he%dm%ster72
dear*loh
3nculer
v2 :o 8uck, to bu..er2
3Duiv%lent to d8uck in the %ssd Fdculdmd%ssdH2 'idely used under the 8orm dv% te 8%ire enculerd
Flitt2 d.o .et 8ucked in the %ssdH !hich st%nds 8or d8uck o88d2
&lso, dencul@d is the p%rticiple turned into % subst%ntive, %nd me%ns db%st%rdd or d%ssholed2
exp2 0 denculer des mouchesd Flitt2 dto 8uck 8lies in the %ssdH me%ns dto nit-pickd2
eZ*1L*lay
L% F%c
n2, colle.e or university
fac
F%ire l% tSte
exp2, to pout2 4ynonyms0 7bouder7Fto broodHJ d8%ire l% .ueuled2
fer lah tet
Foutre
n2 4perm2
v2 <ul.%r eDuiv%lent o8 the verb 78%ire7J to do or to m%ke2 =ommonly employed in vul.%r18%mili%r
expressions such %s0
d<% te 8%ire 8outred m d$o .et 8uckedd
dK7en %i rien O 8outre Fici, %vec toiHd m dI h%ve nothin. to do Fhere, !ith youHd
FGG*truh
-yper
%dE2, 7very7, 7re%lly7 J dKe suis hyper tristed m dI7m re%lly s%dd
II*pair
Li88er
v2 =olloDui%l !ord 8rom %r%bic me%nin. 7to like72 4ometimes used under the 8orm faire iffer, e2.
Tu me fais trop iffer2
eef*ay
$@ni%l
%dE2 =olloDui%l !ord me%nin. d.eniusd F%s used in *L 3n.lishH, d.re%td, dbrilli%ntd, dsens%tion%ld
or d%!esomed
0*nee*al
$r%ve
%dE2 litt2 dsevered, rou.hly me%ns dstupidd e2. dmes p%rents sont .r%vesd Fmy p%rents %re stupidH
%dv2 rou.hly me%nin. d% lotd or dre%llyd e2. dEe l% ki88e .r%veId FI re%lly like herH2 'hen used !ith
% predic%te, it c%n be pl%ced be8ore or %8ter it2 e2. dil est d@bile .r%ve, luiId or dil est .r%ve d@bile,
luiId Fhe7s re%lly stupidH
grah*ve
$ueule
n2, sl%n. 8or 7mouth7 or 78%ce72 It c%n be used in d:% .ueuleId !hich c%n be tr%nsl%ted into 74hut
upI72
gull
$ueuler
v2, sl%n.2 Ae%ns 7to shout72 e2.2 7&rrSte de me .ueuler dessus7 could be tr%nsl%ted into 74top
shoutin. %t me72
3xists %lso engueuler, sl%n. 8or 7to reprim%nd72
guh*lay J oZ*guh*lay
A%cdo
4hort 8or A%c+on%ld7s2
mac*doh
Aerde
n2, excl2, tr%nsl%ted %s 7shit7, merde is not seen %s vul.%r %s 7shit72 :h%t is to s%y, %dults use it o8ten,
%s !ell %s the youth2 It c%n %lso me%n 7rubbish7, 8or ex%mple 7=e rep%s, c7est de l% merde7, or 7:he
me%l is cr%p7
:his !ord h%s produced the phr%se yle mot de cinD lettresz, %n ex%ct tr%nscribed me%nin. o8 the
3n.lish ph%se d8our-letter !ordd2
maPed 1 !ith emph%sis or in excl%m%tion0 mare*DL(
)7importe Duoi
exp2, 7!h%tever7
n2, bullshit %s in d=7est du n7importe Duoi, ce Du7il ditd
nahm*poPt*L(*wah
)iDuer
v2 4l%n. 8or 7to h%ve sexu%l intercourse72 58ten used in insults such %s 7)iDue t% mPre7 FFuck your
motherH, sometimes reduced to 7:% mPreI72 Aet%phoric%lly, sl%n. 8or 7to bre%k7 or 7to be .re%t72
7Ke v%is te niDuer t% .ueule Fvul.%ireH7 0 Ee v%is me b%ttre contre toi I
e2.2 7=ette porte est niDu@e27 F:his door is out o8 order2H
7=e Eeu niDue tout27 F:his .%me is .re%t2H
@II\*ay
5u%is
7ye%h7 F%s opposed to douid m dyesdH
waay
,ut%in
n2, excl2 9ou.hly eDuiv%lent to 7merde7 !hen used %s %n excl%m%tion2 &s % n%me, old 8orm 8or
7pute7 F!horeH2 7,ut%in7 is the closest eDuiv%lent to the 3n.lish 78uck7 Fsee note on 78uck7H2
pew*t#[
4uper
%dE2, 7very7, 7re%lly7 J dKe suis super contentd m dI7m re%lly h%ppyd
soup*air
:%88
n2 !ork, Eob, t%sk
taff
:ruc
n2 4tu88
trew*uh
:ronche
n2 =olloDui%l !ord me%nin. 78%ce72
TPon*shuh
<%chement
%dE2, Fr%nce, sl%n.2 Liter%lly dco!lyd, v%chement is % synonym 8or dveryd, %nd c%n be tr%nsl%ted
in some c%ses 8or the 3n.lish %dEective 7Duite72 For inst%nce - 7Il est v%chement idiot7 could be
tr%nsl%ted %s 7-e is Duite stupid72
'hilst on the subEect o8 7v%che7, % popul%r French phr%se is 7l% v%cheI7 !hich, %s %n excl%m%tion,
me%ns 7d%mnI7 or 7d%rnI72 For ex%mple - 7tu %s perduI7 could be .reeted !ith 7l% v%cheI7 or 7minceI7
or other such expressions o8 discontent2
It c%n ho!ever be used sometimes %s %n excl%m%tion o8 surprise or %m%/ement 7l% v%cheI c7est
.eni%l ce truc7
vah*shuhJ vah*shuh*)#W[
Nin/in
n2 =olloDui%l !ord me%nin. 7cr%/y72
Aerlan
<erl%n is rou.hly simil%r to 3n.lish ,i. L%tin, in th%t cert%in !ords %re split in h%l8, %nd the t!o
componenents s!itch positions, but do not necess%rily ret%in %ll letters Fdue to French pronunci%tion
p%tternsH2 For ex%mple, i8 you h%ve !ord a"c, in verl%n it !ill become a"-c2 :he !ord verlan is in
itsel8 %n ex%mple o8 thisJ it comes 8rom the !ord l$envers Fme%nin. 7b%ck!%rds7H2 <erl%n is, unlike ,i.
L%tin, Duite commonly used %mon. youn. %dults %nd even %dults2 =ommon verl%n expressions include0
;eur ou rebeu
n2, & person o8 &r%b descent2 8rom ara!e2 F7;eur7 is so commonly used th%t it no! h%s its o!n
<erl%n 8orm, 7reub7H2
=helou
%dE2, Fishy, sh%dy, suspicious2 8rom louche2
Leu8
,olicem%n Fnot politeH 8rom 8lic dIl est chelou ce mec I E7v%is le b%l%ncer %ux keu8s2d
Aeu8
n2, 'om%n, chick, .irl2 8rom femme2
5u8
%dE2, =r%/y, ridiculous2 8rom fou2 *sed commonly in the expression dc7est un truc de ou8d Fdth%t is
some cr%/y shitdH2
9elou
%dE2, )ot 8unny, di88icult, somethin. th%t sucks2 8rom lourd, he%vy2 Fthe d is dropped in <erl%n
bec%use the 8in%l d does not pronounce in lourdH2
9ipou
%dE2, 9otten, %!8ul, .ross2 8rom pourri
9ipou m un policier Dui commet des %ctes .r%ves ill@.%ux
pl 0 des ripou0
:eu8
n2, ,%rty2 8rom fUte2
<enPre
%dE2, %..r%v%ted, %n.ry, pissed o882 8rom enerv-,e.2
Co&&on Chat "bbreviations
:here %re t!o .ener%l .uidelines0
F c%n be susbstituted 8or %ll homophonic eDuiv%lents includin. d-%isd, d-%itd, d-esd Fsuch %s in
the %rticles les %nd desH, the conEunction detd F%ndH, %nd the verb destd Fthird person sin.2
conEu.%tion o8 Utre, dto bedH2
!ords th%t end in % silent -s commonly drop this s0 such %s pas FpaH, %nd vois FvoiH2
bi/
n2, !isous, dkissesd2
c
subEoverb, c$est, dit isd2
ct
subEoverb, c$-tait, dit !%sdJ imp%r8%it Fp%stH conEu.%tion o8 c$est2
dc
conE2, donc, dthere8ore, sod2
dsl
%dE2, d-sol-,e., dsorryd2
8ok
exp2, il faut Jue, dit is necess%ryd2
ke
interr2 %nd rel%tive pronoun, Jue, dth%td2
ki
interr2 %nd rel2 pron2, Jui, dth%td or d!hichd2
koi
interro.%tive, Juoi, d!h%tdJ %lso seen in pouroi, d!hyd2
mdr
exp2, mort,e. de rire, dl%u.hin. mysel8 to de%thd, FeDuiv%lent o8 lol, l%u.hin. out loudH2
m@
conE2, mais, dbutd2
pr
prep2, pour, d8ord2
ptdr
exp2, pet-,e. de rire, dburstin. !ith l%u.hterd, FeDuiv%lent o8 lol, l%u.hin. out loudH2 stron.er th%n
mdr2
tt
%dE2, tout,e., d%lldJ %lso seen in the expression tout le monde2
vnr
%dE2, 8rom the <erl%n 8orm o8 enerv-,e., pissed o88, %n.ry, %..r%v%ted2
&ppendices
&ppendix &205 C 4l%n.
&ppendices
&ppendix &20( C :ypin. ch%r%cters
International <eyboard Con1iguration
=ommonly one memorises the %lt-number code 8or insertin. non-3n.lish
ch%r%cters Fbelo!H, but there is % much better method2 5ne c%n ch%n.e their
keybo%rd con8i.ur%tion 8rom their previous settin. to % *4 FG!ertyH Intern%tion%l
settin.2 4ee http011!!!2st%rr2net1kbh 8or more in8orm%tion2
In 'indo!s M,0
40 tart -5 etti!/s -5 6o!trol 'a!el
"0 Re/io!al a!d 7a!/ua/e O-tio!s
80 7a!/ua/es -5 9etails 000
:0 6li%k Add0
;0 1!der <!-ut la!/ua/e. %,oose your !ative la!/ua/e0
=0 1!der >ey$oard layout?<@E. %,oose 1!ited tates-<!ter!atio!al0
live version
discussion
edit %ppendix
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
)o! to 8orm %ccents, you pre8ix the letter !ith either u 7 d { or n 4o, to .et P, one types u %nd then e2 :o
.et |, one types d %nd then 32
A AltB4;4 or AltBC":#
D AltB4;C or AltBC";4
E AltB4"# or AltBC";"
In =ac 3' B
Bou could ch%n.e your keybo%rd l%yout in 4ystem ,re8erences-eIntern%tion%l-eInput Aenu or !ith the
de8%ult D!erty keybo%rd l%yout you c%n use met% keys to cre%te the %ccents2 For inst%nce i8 you !%nt to
cre%te %n dud %ccent you !ould press optionou then press the vo!el you !%nt to %ppe%r under the letter
to cre%te O, P, }, ~, or Q2 :he keystrokes 8or the di88ent %ccents %re222
o-tio! B 2F2 G F
o-tio! B 2e2 G H
o-tio! B 2i2 G I
o-tio! B 2u2 G J
Co#y J :aste
:his method c%n be use8ul i8 you %re Eust !ritin. % short text F8or ex%mple %n e-m%ilH %nd don7t h%ve %
computer !here you c%n1!%nt ch%n.e l%n.u%.e settin.s2 Kust try to pull up % !eb p%.e or % document
th%t cont%ins the speci%l ch%r%cters %nd p%ste them into your text2 For lon.er texts, ho!ever, this c%n
become Duite tedious2
'earch J 2e#lace
I8 you %re !orkin. !ith % text editor you h%ve the option to se%rch 8or text %nd repl%ce it !ith other
text2 :his 8e%ture c%n be used to 7type7 speci%l ch%r%cters2 :he ide% is to mar % ch%r%cter 8or becomin. %
speci%l ch%r%cter, 8or ex%mple typin. ]a !hen you me%n 32 &8ter you h%ve !ritten your text you
repl%ce m%rked ch%r%cters Fthe ]aH !ith speci%l ch%r%cters Fthe 3H2 58 course you h%ve to either type in
the &lt number code or p%ste the ch%r%cter, but the point is th%t you only h%ve to do it once 8or the
!hole text %nd not 8or every sin.le 3 th%t you !%nt to type2
@ni0 and the Co&#ose key
I8 you %re usin. *nix or % deriv%tive oper%tin. system Fsuch %s LinuxH !ith MFree8(, you c%n de8ine %
compose key by openin. % termin%l !indo! %nd typin.0
To use the Windows menu key (between the right Windows key and right Ctrl key:
&modma- -e 2keysym @e!u G @ultiKkey2
To use the right Windows key:
&modma- -e 2keysym RK@eta G @ultiKkey2
To use the right Alt key:
&modma- -e 2keysym AltKLr G @ultiKkey2
:o use the =ompose key, press %nd rele%se the =ompose key, then type t!o ch%r%cters2 =ombin%tions
use8ul 8or typin. in French 8ollo!0
M 6om-ose B a B F
N 6om-ose B a B O
P 6om-ose B a B 2
Q 6om-ose B % B .
R 6om-ose B e B F
S 6om-ose B e B T
U 6om-ose B e B O
V 6om-ose B e B 2
W 6om-ose B E B T
X 6om-ose B i B O
Y 6om-ose B i B 2
Z 6om-ose B o B O
[ 6om-ose B o B 2
A 6om-ose B u B F
D 6om-ose B u B O
E 6om-ose B u B 2
&ppendices
&ppendix &20( C :ypin. ch%r%cters
&ppendices
&ppendix &20# C 'eb resources
'ikipedi% French l%n.u%.e extern%l links - +o/ens o8 v%lu%ble links2
!ranslators
$oo.le :r%nsl%tor
;%bel8ish :r%nsl%tion 0 & tr%nsl%tion !ebsite
$oo.le :oolb%r - %utom%tic tr%nsl%te on mouseover o8 % !ord F3n.lish to
French onlyH
live version
discussion
edit %ppendix
comment
report %n error
%sk % Duestion
Learning 1rench
&bout2com French L%n.u%.e
&nne Fox
;;=
Kump-$%te
*niversity o8 &del%ide , &ustr%li%
French L%n.u%.e Le%rnin. 4o8t!%re
Free 5nline French :utori%l
;;= ;itesi/e .r%mm%r
:r%vel'iki ,hr%sebook
5rbis L%tinus French
AI: French I &ssi.nments
AI: French II &ssi.nments
*se8ul in8orm%tion on the French l%n.u%.e c%n be 8ound on the site o8 tv5 F!!!2tv52or.H -
+ictionn%ire de l%n.ue 8r%nc%ise, +ictionn%ire de synonymes, =onEu.%isons, +ictionn%ire
%n.l%is18r%nc%is, +ictionn%ire 8r%nc%is1%n.l%is, %nd lots moreI
French gra&&ar
'ikipedi% h%s more %bout this subEect0
$rench language
$rench grammar
,ort%il lettres
=lo#
French .r%mm%r lessons
3xercises on French .r%mm%r F+r2 Aeul 3tienneH
5nline verb conEu.%tor
.ictionaries
Lexilo.os 0 %ll online French diction%ries
French diction%ry
French Culture
Le port%il de l% culture
=ortl%nd
&mb%ss%de de Fr%nce en )ouvelle-N@l%nde
!ravel in France
AinistPre des &88%ires 3tr%n.Pres 8r%n6%is
:r%vel'iki
French "d&inistration
Le port%il de l7%dministr%tion
&ppendices
&ppendix &20# C 'eb resources
&bout the ;ook
Plouhinec * 9ucht von Pors Poulhan
Current .evelo#&ent
$ener%l0 the m%in t%lk p%.e2
Lessons0 Lessons pl%nnin. p%.e2
.o*nloadable and :rint Aersions
=omplete ,rint <ersion
=omplete ,+F <ersion
+escription ,%.e
:hird 3dition C A%y 05, "00( C "25A;
,revious 3ditions0
First Lessons 3dition FFebru%ry 8, "00(H
4econd 3dition FA%rch 8, "00(H
4peci8ic1+et%iled ;ook <ersions0
Lessons ,rint <ersion
$r%mm%r ,rint <ersion
cont%ins tenses %nd minor p%.es not included in the .ener%l print version
:exts ,rint <ersion
cont%ins texts too lon. 8or the .ener%l print version
"uthors
2 -%sh%r - =re%ted this bookI
"2 :r%roth - =re%ted Intro p%.e, edited sever%l errors2
32 -%.ind%/
License and .istrubtion
=opyri.ht FcH "00( 'ikibooks2
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& dAodi8ied <ersiond o8 the +ocument me%ns %ny !ork cont%inin. the +ocument or % portion o8 it, either copied verb%tim, or !ith modi8ic%tions %nd1or
tr%nsl%ted into %nother l%n.u%.e2
& d4econd%ry 4ectiond is % n%med %ppendix or % 8ront-m%tter section o8 the +ocument th%t de%ls exclusively !ith the rel%tionship o8 the publishers or
%uthors o8 the +ocument to the +ocument7s over%ll subEect For to rel%ted m%ttersH %nd cont%ins nothin. th%t could 8%ll directly !ithin th%t over%ll subEect2
F:hus, i8 the +ocument is in p%rt % textbook o8 m%them%tics, % 4econd%ry 4ection m%y not expl%in %ny m%them%tics2H :he rel%tionship could be % m%tter o8
historic%l connection !ith the subEect or !ith rel%ted m%tters, or o8 le.%l, commerci%l, philosophic%l, ethic%l or politic%l position re.%rdin. them2
:he dInv%ri%nt 4ectionsd %re cert%in 4econd%ry 4ections !hose titles %re desi.n%ted, %s bein. those o8 Inv%ri%nt 4ections, in the notice th%t s%ys th%t the
+ocument is rele%sed under this License2 I8 % section does not 8it the %bove de8inition o8 4econd%ry then it is not %llo!ed to be desi.n%ted %s Inv%ri%nt2 :he
+ocument m%y cont%in /ero Inv%ri%nt 4ections2 I8 the +ocument does not identi8y %ny Inv%ri%nt 4ections then there %re none2
:he d=over :extsd %re cert%in short p%ss%.es o8 text th%t %re listed, %s Front-=over :exts or ;%ck-=over :exts, in the notice th%t s%ys th%t the +ocument is
rele%sed under this License2 & Front-=over :ext m%y be %t most 5 !ords, %nd % ;%ck-=over :ext m%y be %t most "5 !ords2
& d:r%nsp%rentd copy o8 the +ocument me%ns % m%chine-re%d%ble copy, represented in % 8orm%t !hose speci8ic%tion is %v%il%ble to the .ener%l public, th%t
is suit%ble 8or revisin. the document str%i.ht8or!%rdly !ith .eneric text editors or F8or im%.es composed o8 pixelsH .eneric p%int pro.r%ms or F8or
dr%!in.sH some !idely %v%il%ble dr%!in. editor, %nd th%t is suit%ble 8or input to text 8orm%tters or 8or %utom%tic tr%nsl%tion to % v%riety o8 8orm%ts suit%ble
8or input to text 8orm%tters2 & copy m%de in %n other!ise :r%nsp%rent 8ile 8orm%t !hose m%rkup, or %bsence o8 m%rkup, h%s been %rr%n.ed to th!%rt or
discour%.e subseDuent modi8ic%tion by re%ders is not :r%nsp%rent2 &n im%.e 8orm%t is not :r%nsp%rent i8 used 8or %ny subst%nti%l %mount o8 text2 & copy
th%t is not d:r%nsp%rentd is c%lled d5p%Dued2
3x%mples o8 suit%ble 8orm%ts 8or :r%nsp%rent copies include pl%in &4=II !ithout m%rkup, :exin8o input 8orm%t, L%:eM input 8orm%t, 4$AL or MAL
usin. % publicly %v%il%ble +:+, %nd st%nd%rd-con8ormin. simple -:AL, ,ost4cript or ,+F desi.ned 8or hum%n modi8ic%tion2 3x%mples o8 tr%nsp%rent
im%.e 8orm%ts include ,)$, M=F %nd K,$2 5p%Due 8orm%ts include propriet%ry 8orm%ts th%t c%n be re%d %nd edited only by propriet%ry !ord processors,
4$AL or MAL 8or !hich the +:+ %nd1or processin. tools %re not .ener%lly %v%il%ble, %nd the m%chine-.ener%ted -:AL, ,ost4cript or ,+F produced by
some !ord processors 8or output purposes only2
:he d:itle ,%.ed me%ns, 8or % printed book, the title p%.e itsel8, plus such 8ollo!in. p%.es %s %re needed to hold, le.ibly, the m%teri%l this License reDuires
to %ppe%r in the title p%.e2 For !orks in 8orm%ts !hich do not h%ve %ny title p%.e %s such, d:itle ,%.ed me%ns the text ne%r the most prominent %ppe%r%nce
o8 the !ork7s title, precedin. the be.innin. o8 the body o8 the text2
& section d3ntitled MBNd me%ns % n%med subunit o8 the +ocument !hose title either is precisely MBN or cont%ins MBN in p%rentheses 8ollo!in. text th%t
tr%nsl%tes MBN in %nother l%n.u%.e2 F-ere MBN st%nds 8or % speci8ic section n%me mentioned belo!, such %s d&ckno!led.ementsd, d+edic%tionsd,
d3ndorsementsd, or d-istoryd2H :o d,reserve the :itled o8 such % section !hen you modi8y the +ocument me%ns th%t it rem%ins % section d3ntitled MBNd
%ccordin. to this de8inition2
:he +ocument m%y include '%rr%nty +iscl%imers next to the notice !hich st%tes th%t this License %pplies to the +ocument2 :hese '%rr%nty +iscl%imers
%re considered to be included by re8erence in this License, but only %s re.%rds discl%imin. !%rr%nties0 %ny other implic%tion th%t these '%rr%nty
+iscl%imers m%y h%ve is void %nd h%s no e88ect on the me%nin. o8 this License2
(E A/2B"!I= C3:CI-%
Bou m%y copy %nd distribute the +ocument in %ny medium, either commerci%lly or noncommerci%lly, provided th%t this License, the copyri.ht notices, %nd
the license notice s%yin. this License %pplies to the +ocument %re reproduced in %ll copies, %nd th%t you %dd no other conditions !h%tsoever to those o8 this
License2 Bou m%y not use technic%l me%sures to obstruct or control the re%din. or 8urther copyin. o8 the copies you m%ke or distribute2 -o!ever, you m%y
%ccept compens%tion in exch%n.e 8or copies2 I8 you distribute % l%r.e enou.h number o8 copies you must %lso 8ollo! the conditions in section 32
Bou m%y %lso lend copies, under the s%me conditions st%ted %bove, %nd you m%y publicly displ%y copies2
lE C3:CI-% I- >@"-!I!C
I8 you publish printed copies For copies in medi% th%t commonly h%ve printed coversH o8 the +ocument, numberin. more th%n 00, %nd the +ocument7s
license notice reDuires =over :exts, you must enclose the copies in covers th%t c%rry, cle%rly %nd le.ibly, %ll these =over :exts0 Front-=over :exts on the
8ront cover, %nd ;%ck-=over :exts on the b%ck cover2 ;oth covers must %lso cle%rly %nd le.ibly identi8y you %s the publisher o8 these copies2 :he 8ront
cover must present the 8ull title !ith %ll !ords o8 the title eDu%lly prominent %nd visible2 Bou m%y %dd other m%teri%l on the covers in %ddition2 =opyin.
!ith ch%n.es limited to the covers, %s lon. %s they preserve the title o8 the +ocument %nd s%tis8y these conditions, c%n be tre%ted %s verb%tim copyin. in
other respects2
I8 the reDuired texts 8or either cover %re too voluminous to 8it le.ibly, you should put the 8irst ones listed F%s m%ny %s 8it re%son%blyH on the %ctu%l cover,
%nd continue the rest onto %dE%cent p%.es2
I8 you publish or distribute 5p%Due copies o8 the +ocument numberin. more th%n 00, you must either include % m%chine-re%d%ble :r%nsp%rent copy %lon.
!ith e%ch 5p%Due copy, or st%te in or !ith e%ch 5p%Due copy % computer-net!ork loc%tion 8rom !hich the .ener%l net!ork-usin. public h%s %ccess to
do!nlo%d usin. public-st%nd%rd net!ork protocols % complete :r%nsp%rent copy o8 the +ocument, 8ree o8 %dded m%teri%l2 I8 you use the l%tter option, you
must t%ke re%son%bly prudent steps, !hen you be.in distribution o8 5p%Due copies in Du%ntity, to ensure th%t this :r%nsp%rent copy !ill rem%in thus
%ccessible %t the st%ted loc%tion until %t le%st one ye%r %8ter the l%st time you distribute %n 5p%Due copy Fdirectly or throu.h your %.ents or ret%ilersH o8 th%t
edition to the public2
It is reDuested, but not reDuired, th%t you cont%ct the %uthors o8 the +ocument !ell be8ore redistributin. %ny l%r.e number o8 copies, to .ive them % ch%nce
to provide you !ith %n upd%ted version o8 the +ocument2
,E =3.IFIC"!I3-'
Bou m%y copy %nd distribute % Aodi8ied <ersion o8 the +ocument under the conditions o8 sections " %nd 3 %bove, provided th%t you rele%se the Aodi8ied
<ersion under precisely this License, !ith the Aodi8ied <ersion 8illin. the role o8 the +ocument, thus licensin. distribution %nd modi8ic%tion o8 the
Aodi8ied <ersion to !hoever possesses % copy o8 it2 In %ddition, you must do these thin.s in the Aodi8ied <ersion0
"E *se in the :itle ,%.e F%nd on the covers, i8 %nyH % title distinct 8rom th%t o8 the +ocument, %nd 8rom those o8 previous versions F!hich
should, i8 there !ere %ny, be listed in the -istory section o8 the +ocumentH2 Bou m%y use the s%me title %s % previous version i8 the ori.in%l
publisher o8 th%t version .ives permission2
BE List on the :itle ,%.e, %s %uthors, one or more persons or entities responsible 8or %uthorship o8 the modi8ic%tions in the Aodi8ied <ersion,
to.ether !ith %t le%st 8ive o8 the princip%l %uthors o8 the +ocument F%ll o8 its princip%l %uthors, i8 it h%s 8e!er th%n 8iveH, unless they rele%se you
8rom this reDuirement2
CE 4t%te on the :itle p%.e the n%me o8 the publisher o8 the Aodi8ied <ersion, %s the publisher2
.E ,reserve %ll the copyri.ht notices o8 the +ocument2
/E &dd %n %ppropri%te copyri.ht notice 8or your modi8ic%tions %dE%cent to the other copyri.ht notices2
FE Include, immedi%tely %8ter the copyri.ht notices, % license notice .ivin. the public permission to use the Aodi8ied <ersion under the terms o8
this License, in the 8orm sho!n in the &ddendum belo!2
%E ,reserve in th%t license notice the 8ull lists o8 Inv%ri%nt 4ections %nd reDuired =over :exts .iven in the +ocument7s license notice2
)E Include %n un%ltered copy o8 this License2
IE ,reserve the section 3ntitled d-istoryd, ,reserve its :itle, %nd %dd to it %n item st%tin. %t le%st the title, ye%r, ne! %uthors, %nd publisher o8 the
Aodi8ied <ersion %s .iven on the :itle ,%.e2 I8 there is no section 3ntitled d-istoryd in the +ocument, cre%te one st%tin. the title, ye%r, %uthors,
%nd publisher o8 the +ocument %s .iven on its :itle ,%.e, then %dd %n item describin. the Aodi8ied <ersion %s st%ted in the previous sentence2
;E ,reserve the net!ork loc%tion, i8 %ny, .iven in the +ocument 8or public %ccess to % :r%nsp%rent copy o8 the +ocument, %nd like!ise the
net!ork loc%tions .iven in the +ocument 8or previous versions it !%s b%sed on2 :hese m%y be pl%ced in the d-istoryd section2 Bou m%y omit %
net!ork loc%tion 8or % !ork th%t !%s published %t le%st 8our ye%rs be8ore the +ocument itsel8, or i8 the ori.in%l publisher o8 the version it re8ers
to .ives permission2
<E For %ny section 3ntitled d&ckno!led.ementsd or d+edic%tionsd, ,reserve the :itle o8 the section, %nd preserve in the section %ll the
subst%nce %nd tone o8 e%ch o8 the contributor %ckno!led.ements %nd1or dedic%tions .iven therein2
LE ,reserve %ll the Inv%ri%nt 4ections o8 the +ocument, un%ltered in their text %nd in their titles2 4ection numbers or the eDuiv%lent %re not
considered p%rt o8 the section titles2
=E +elete %ny section 3ntitled d3ndorsementsd2 4uch % section m%y not be included in the Aodi8ied <ersion2
-E +o not retitle %ny existin. section to be 3ntitled d3ndorsementsd or to con8lict in title !ith %ny Inv%ri%nt 4ection2
3E ,reserve %ny '%rr%nty +iscl%imers2
I8 the Aodi8ied <ersion includes ne! 8ront-m%tter sections or %ppendices th%t Du%li8y %s 4econd%ry 4ections %nd cont%in no m%teri%l copied 8rom the
+ocument, you m%y %t your option desi.n%te some or %ll o8 these sections %s inv%ri%nt2 :o do this, %dd their titles to the list o8 Inv%ri%nt 4ections in the
Aodi8ied <ersion7s license notice2 :hese titles must be distinct 8rom %ny other section titles2
Bou m%y %dd % section 3ntitled d3ndorsementsd, provided it cont%ins nothin. but endorsements o8 your Aodi8ied <ersion by v%rious p%rties--8or ex%mple,
st%tements o8 peer revie! or th%t the text h%s been %pproved by %n or.%ni/%tion %s the %uthorit%tive de8inition o8 % st%nd%rd2
Bou m%y %dd % p%ss%.e o8 up to 8ive !ords %s % Front-=over :ext, %nd % p%ss%.e o8 up to "5 !ords %s % ;%ck-=over :ext, to the end o8 the list o8 =over
:exts in the Aodi8ied <ersion2 5nly one p%ss%.e o8 Front-=over :ext %nd one o8 ;%ck-=over :ext m%y be %dded by For throu.h %rr%n.ements m%de byH
%ny one entity2 I8 the +ocument %lre%dy includes % cover text 8or the s%me cover, previously %dded by you or by %rr%n.ement m%de by the s%me entity you
%re %ctin. on beh%l8 o8, you m%y not %dd %notherJ but you m%y repl%ce the old one, on explicit permission 8rom the previous publisher th%t %dded the old
one2
:he %uthorFsH %nd publisherFsH o8 the +ocument do not by this License .ive permission to use their n%mes 8or publicity 8or or to %ssert or imply
endorsement o8 %ny Aodi8ied <ersion2
$E C3=BI-I-% .3C@=/-!'
Bou m%y combine the +ocument !ith other documents rele%sed under this License, under the terms de8ined in section 4 %bove 8or modi8ied versions,
provided th%t you include in the combin%tion %ll o8 the Inv%ri%nt 4ections o8 %ll o8 the ori.in%l documents, unmodi8ied, %nd list them %ll %s Inv%ri%nt
4ections o8 your combined !ork in its license notice, %nd th%t you preserve %ll their '%rr%nty +iscl%imers2
:he combined !ork need only cont%in one copy o8 this License, %nd multiple identic%l Inv%ri%nt 4ections m%y be repl%ced !ith % sin.le copy2 I8 there %re
multiple Inv%ri%nt 4ections !ith the s%me n%me but di88erent contents, m%ke the title o8 e%ch such section uniDue by %ddin. %t the end o8 it, in p%rentheses,
the n%me o8 the ori.in%l %uthor or publisher o8 th%t section i8 kno!n, or else % uniDue number2 A%ke the s%me %dEustment to the section titles in the list o8
Inv%ri%nt 4ections in the license notice o8 the combined !ork2
In the combin%tion, you must combine %ny sections 3ntitled d-istoryd in the v%rious ori.in%l documents, 8ormin. one section 3ntitled d-istorydJ like!ise
combine %ny sections 3ntitled d&ckno!led.ementsd, %nd %ny sections 3ntitled d+edic%tionsd2 Bou must delete %ll sections 3ntitled d3ndorsements2d
HE C3LL/C!I3-' 3F .3C@=/-!'
Bou m%y m%ke % collection consistin. o8 the +ocument %nd other documents rele%sed under this License, %nd repl%ce the individu%l copies o8 this License
in the v%rious documents !ith % sin.le copy th%t is included in the collection, provided th%t you 8ollo! the rules o8 this License 8or verb%tim copyin. o8
e%ch o8 the documents in %ll other respects2
Bou m%y extr%ct % sin.le document 8rom such % collection, %nd distribute it individu%lly under this License, provided you insert % copy o8 this License into
the extr%cted document, %nd 8ollo! this License in %ll other respects re.%rdin. verb%tim copyin. o8 th%t document2
7E "%%2/%"!I3- WI!) I-./:/-./-! W32<'
& compil%tion o8 the +ocument or its deriv%tives !ith other sep%r%te %nd independent documents or !orks, in or on % volume o8 % stor%.e or distribution
medium, is c%lled %n d%..re.%ted i8 the copyri.ht resultin. 8rom the compil%tion is not used to limit the le.%l ri.hts o8 the compil%tion7s users beyond !h%t
the individu%l !orks permit2 'hen the +ocument is included in %n %..re.%te, this License does not %pply to the other !orks in the %..re.%te !hich %re not
themselves deriv%tive !orks o8 the +ocument2
I8 the =over :ext reDuirement o8 section 3 is %pplic%ble to these copies o8 the +ocument, then i8 the +ocument is less th%n one h%l8 o8 the entire %..re.%te,
the +ocument7s =over :exts m%y be pl%ced on covers th%t br%cket the +ocument !ithin the %..re.%te, or the electronic eDuiv%lent o8 covers i8 the
+ocument is in electronic 8orm2 5ther!ise they must %ppe%r on printed covers th%t br%cket the !hole %..re.%te2
IE !2"-'L"!I3-
:r%nsl%tion is considered % kind o8 modi8ic%tion, so you m%y distribute tr%nsl%tions o8 the +ocument under the terms o8 section 42 9epl%cin. Inv%ri%nt
4ections !ith tr%nsl%tions reDuires speci%l permission 8rom their copyri.ht holders, but you m%y include tr%nsl%tions o8 some or %ll Inv%ri%nt 4ections in
%ddition to the ori.in%l versions o8 these Inv%ri%nt 4ections2 Bou m%y include % tr%nsl%tion o8 this License, %nd %ll the license notices in the +ocument, %nd
%ny '%rr%nty +iscl%imers, provided th%t you %lso include the ori.in%l 3n.lish version o8 this License %nd the ori.in%l versions o8 those notices %nd
discl%imers2 In c%se o8 % dis%.reement bet!een the tr%nsl%tion %nd the ori.in%l version o8 this License or % notice or discl%imer, the ori.in%l version !ill
prev%il2
I8 % section in the +ocument is 3ntitled d&ckno!led.ementsd, d+edic%tionsd, or d-istoryd, the reDuirement Fsection 4H to ,reserve its :itle Fsection H !ill
typic%lly reDuire ch%n.in. the %ctu%l title2
9E !/2=I-"!I3-
Bou m%y not copy, modi8y, sublicense, or distribute the +ocument except %s expressly provided 8or under this License2 &ny other %ttempt to copy, modi8y,
sublicense or distribute the +ocument is void, %nd !ill %utom%tic%lly termin%te your ri.hts under this License2 -o!ever, p%rties !ho h%ve received copies,
or ri.hts, 8rom you under this License !ill not h%ve their licenses termin%ted so lon. %s such p%rties rem%in in 8ull compli%nce2
0E F@!@2/ 2/AI'I3-' 3F !)I' LIC/-'/
:he Free 4o8t!%re Found%tion m%y publish ne!, revised versions o8 the $)* Free +ocument%tion License 8rom time to time2 4uch ne! versions !ill be
simil%r in spirit to the present version, but m%y di88er in det%il to %ddress ne! problems or concerns2 4ee http011!!!2.nu2or.1copyle8t12
3%ch version o8 the License is .iven % distin.uishin. version number2 I8 the +ocument speci8ies th%t % p%rticul%r numbered version o8 this License dor %ny
l%ter versiond %pplies to it, you h%ve the option o8 8ollo!in. the terms %nd conditions either o8 th%t speci8ied version or o8 %ny l%ter version th%t h%s been
published Fnot %s % dr%8tH by the Free 4o8t!%re Found%tion2 I8 the +ocument does not speci8y % version number o8 this License, you m%y choose %ny
version ever published Fnot %s % dr%8tH by the Free 4o8t!%re Found%tion2
)o* to use this License 1or your docu&ents
:o use this License in % document you h%ve !ritten, include % copy o8 the License in the document %nd put the 8ollo!in. copyri.ht %nd license notices Eust
%8ter the title p%.e0
6o-yri/,t (%) _EAR _O1R (A@E0
'ermissio! is /ra!ted to %o-y. distri$ute a!d?or modify t,is do%ume!t
u!der t,e terms of t,e L(1 \ree 9o%ume!tatio! 7i%e!se. èrsio! 40"
or a!y later versio! -u$lis,ed $y t,e \ree oftware \ou!datio!a
wit, !o <!varia!t e%tio!s. !o \ro!t-6over +e&ts. a!d !o ]a%k-6over +e&ts0
A %o-y of t,e li%e!se is i!%luded i! t,e se%tio! e!titled 2L(1
\ree 9o%ume!tatio! 7i%e!se20
I8 you h%ve Inv%ri%nt 4ections, Front-=over :exts %nd ;%ck-=over :exts, repl%ce the d!ith222:exts2d line !ith this0
wit, t,e <!varia!t e%tio!s $ei!/ 7<+ +HE<R +<+7E. wit, t,e
\ro!t-6over +e&ts $ei!/ 7<+. a!d wit, t,e ]a%k-6over +e&ts $ei!/ 7<+0
I8 you h%ve Inv%ri%nt 4ections !ithout =over :exts, or some other combin%tion o8 the three, mer.e those t!o %ltern%tives to suit the situ%tion2
I8 your document cont%ins nontrivi%l ex%mples o8 pro.r%m code, !e recommend rele%sin. these ex%mples in p%r%llel under your choice o8 8ree so8t!%re
license, such %s the $)* $ener%l ,ublic License, to permit their use in 8ree so8t!%re2

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