GATE EE Vol-1 Sample Chapter

GATE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Vol 1 of 4
Second Edition
GATE
ELECTRI CAL ENGI NEERI NG
Vol 1 of 4
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia

NODI A & COMPANY
GATE Electrical Engineering Vol 1, 2e
RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
Copyright By NODIA & COMPANY
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SYLLABUS
GENERAL ABILITY
Verbal Ability : English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,
instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.
Numerical Ability : Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and
data interpretation.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series.
Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss
and Greens theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchys
and Eulers equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and
variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem and integral formula,
Taylors and Laurent series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and
standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson,Normal
and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods
for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform,Laplace transform, Z-transform.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient
response of dc and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts;
ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenins, Nortons and Superposition and Maximum
Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric
field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Amperes and
Biot-Savarts laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.
Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and
scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of
continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests,
regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers connections, parallel operation; auto-
transformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines types, windings, generator
characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors;
three phase induction motors principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and
speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines performance, regulation
and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and
stepper motors.
Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance;
cable performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit
quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor
correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of over-
current, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit
breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission
and FACTS concepts.
Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors;
Routh and Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state
space model; state transition matrix, controllability and observability.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron,
dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy
and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time
and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJ T, FET; amplifiers biasing,
equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational
amplifiers characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers;
combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators;
sample and hold circuits; A/ D and D/ A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture,
programming and interfacing.
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs,
GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering
circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters fully controlled and half controlled;
principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.
***********
PREFACE
This book doesnt make promise but provides complete satisfaction to the readers. The
market scenario is confusing and readers dont find the optimum quality books. This book
provides complete set of problems appeared in competition exams as well as fresh set of
problems.
The book is categorized into units which are then sub-divided into chapters and the
concepts of the problems are addressed in the relevant chapters. The aim of the book is
to avoid the unnecessary elaboration and highlights only those concepts and techniques
which are absolutely necessary. Again time is a critical factor both from the point of view
of preparation duration and time taken for solving each problem in the examination. So
the problems solving methods is the books are those which take the least distance to the
solution.
But however to make a comment that this book is absolute for GATE preparation will be
an inappropriate one. The theory for the preparation of the examination should be followed
from the standard books. But for a wide collection of problems, for a variety of problems
and the efficient way of solving them, what one needs to go needs to go through is there
in there in the book. Each unit (e.g. Networks) is subdivided into average seven number of
chapters on an average each of which contains 40 problems which are selected so as to avoid
unnecessary redundancy and highly needed completeness.
I shall appreciate and greatly acknowledge the comments and suggestion from the users of
this book.
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
CONTENTS
EF ELECTRI C CI RCUI TS & FI ELDS
EF 1
Basic Concept
EF 3
EF 2
Basic Laws
EF 23
EF 3
Graph Theory
EF 64
EF 4
Nodal and Loop Analysis
EF 82
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 105
EF 6
Inductor and Capacitor
EF 150
EF 7
First Order RL and RC Circuits
EF 190
EF 8
Second Order Circuit
EF 249
EF 9
Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
EF 287
EF 10
AC Power Analysis
EF 322
EF 11
Three-phase Circuits
EF 360
EF 12
Magnetically Coupled Circuits
EF 393
EF 13
Frequency Response
EF 419
EF 14
Circuit Analysis Using Laplace Transform
EF 455
EF 15
Two Port Network
EF 500
EF 16
Electric Field
EF 546
EF 17
Magnetic Fields
EF 562
EF 18
Gate Solved Questions
EF 580
EE ELECTRI CAL & ELECTRONI C MEASUREMENTS
EE 1
Measurement and Error
EE 3
EE 2
Electro-mechanical Instruments
EE 28
EE 3
Electronic & Digital Instruments
EE 82
EE 4
Instrument Transformer
EE 92
EE 5
Measurement of R, L, C and AC Bridges
EE 101
EE 6
CRO
EE 135
EE 7
Gate Solved Questions
EE 151
***********
EF 5 Circuit Theorems EF 105
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GATE Electrical Engineering-2015
in 4 Volumes
by R. K. Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
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EF 5
CI RCUI T THEOREMS
EF 5.1 The linear network in the figure contains resistors and dependent sources only.
When 10V V
s
= , the power supplied by the voltage source is 40 W. What will be
the power supplied by the source if 5V V
s
= ( in W)?
EF 5.2 In the circuit below, it is given that when 20V V
s
= , 200mA I
L
= . What values
of I
L
and V
s
will be required such that power absorbed by R
L
is 2.5W ?
(A) A 1 , . V 25
(B) 0.5A, 2V
(C) 0.5A, 50V
(D) 2A, 1.25V
EF 5.3 For the circuit shown in figure below, some measurements are made and listed
in the table.
Which of the following equation is true for I
L
?
(A) . . I V I 06 04
L s s
= +
(B) . . I V I 02 03
L s s
= -
(C) . . I V I 02 03
L s s
= +
(D) . . I V I 04 06
L s s
= -
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GATE EE vol-1
Electric circuit & Field, Electrical & electronic measurement
GATE EE vol-2
Analog electronics, Digital electronics, Power electronics
GATE EE vol-3
Control systems, Signals & systems
GATE EE vol-4
Electrical machines, Power systems
Engineering mathematics, General Aptitude
EF 5.4 In the circuit below, the voltage drop across the resistance R
2
will be _ _ _ _ V
EF 5.5 In the circuit below, current I I I I
1 2 3
= + + , where I
1
, I
2
and I
3
are currents
due to 60A, 30A and 30V sources acting alone. The values of I
1
, I
2
and I
3
are
respectively
(A) 8A, 8A, 4A -
(B) 12A, 12A, 5A -
(C) 4A, 4A, 1A -
(D) 2A, 2A, 4A -
EF 5.6 In the circuit below, current I is equal to sum of two currents I
1
and I
2
. What
are the values of I
1
and I
2
?
(A) 6A, 1A
(B) 9A, 6A
(C) 3A, 1A
(D) 3A, 4A
EF 5.7 A network consists only of independent current sources and resistors. If the
values of all the current sources are doubled, then values of node voltages
(A) remains same
(B) will be doubled
(C) will be halved
(D) changes in some other way.
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EF 5.8 Consider a network which consists of resistors and voltage sources only. If the
values of all the voltage sources are doubled, then the values of mesh current
will be
(A) doubled (B) same
(C) halved (D) none of these
EF 5.9 In the circuit below, the 12 V source
(A) absorbs 36 W (B) delivers 4 W
(C) absorbs 100 W (D) delivers 36 W
EF 5.10 The value of current I in the circuit below is equal to _ _ _ _ A.
EF 5.11 Which of the following circuits is equivalent to the circuit shown below ?
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GATE EE vol-4
EF 5.12 Consider a dependent current source shown in figure below.
The source transformation of above is given by
EF 5.13 In the given circuit value of current I flowing through 2W resistance is _ _ _ A.
EF 5.14 In the given circuit, the value of current I will be _ _ _ _ _ Amps.
EF 5.15 Consider a circuit shown in the figure
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Which of the following circuit is equivalent to the above circuit ?
EF 5.16 For the circuit shown in the figure the Thevenin voltage and resistance seen from
the terminal a-b are respectively
(A) 34V, 0W (B) V 20 , 4 2 W
(C) 14V, 0W (D) 14V - , 24W
EF 5.17 In the following circuit, Thevenin voltage and resistance across terminal a and
b respectively are
(A) 10V, 18W (B) 2V, 18W
(C) 10V, 18.67W (D) 2V, 18.67W
EF 5.18 What is the value of current I in the circuit shown below (in Amp) ?
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EF 5.19 The value of R
Th
and V
Th
such that the circuit of figure (B) is the Thevenin
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in figure (A), will be equal to
(A) 6 R
Th
W = , 4V V
Th
=
(B) 6 R
Th
W = , 28V V
Th
=
(C) 2 R
Th
W = , 24V V
Th
=
(D) 10 R
Th
W = , 14V V
Th
=
EF 5.20 What values of R
Th
and V
Th
will cause the circuit of figure (B) to be the equivalent
circuit of figure (A) ?
(A) 2.4W, 24V - (B) 3W, 16V
(C) 10W, 24V (D) 10W, 24V -
Common Data For Q. 21 and 22 :
Consider the two circuits shown in figure (A) and figure (B) below
EF 5.21 The value of Thevenin voltage across terminals a-b of figure (A) and figure (B)
respectively are
(A) 30V, V 36
(B) 28V, 12V -
(C) 18V, 12V
(D) 30V, 12V -
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EF 5.22 The value of Thevenin resistance across terminals a-b of figure (A) and figure
(B) respectively are
(A) zero, 3W
(B) 9W, 16W
(C) 2W, 3W
(D) zero, 16W
EF 5.23 In the given circuit, what is the value of current I (in Amp) through 6W resistor
EF 5.24 For a network having resistors and independent sources, it is desired to obtain
Thevenin equivalent across the load which is in parallel with an ideal current
source. Then which of the following statement is true ?
(A) Thevenin equivalent circuit is simply that of a voltage source.
(B) Thevenin equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source and a series
resistor.
(C) Thevenin equivalent circuit does not exist but the Norton equivalent does
exist.
(D) None of these
EF 5.25 Thevenin equivalent circuit of a network consists only of a resistor (Thevenin
voltage is zero). Then which of the following elements might be contained in the
network ?
(A) resistor and independent sources
(B) resistor only
(C) resistor and dependent sources
(D) resistor, independent sources and dependent sources.
EF 5.26 For the given circuit, the Thevenins voltage and resistance looking into a-b are
(A) 2V, 3W
(B) 2V, 2W
(C) 6V, 9W -
(D) 6V, 3W -
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EF 5.27 For the circuit, values of voltage V for different values of R are shown in the table.
The Thevenin voltage and resistance of the unknown circuit are respectively.
(A) 14V, 4W
(B) 4V, 1W
(C) 14V, 6W
(D) 10V, 2W
EF 5.28 For the circuit of figure, some measurements were made at the terminals a-b and
given in the table below.
What is the value of I
L
(in Amps) for 20 R
L
W = ?
EF 5.29 In the circuit shown below, the Norton equivalent current and resistance with
respect to terminal a-b is
(A) A
6
17
, 0W (B) 2A, 24W
(C) A
6
7
- , 24W (D) 2A - , 24W
EF 5.30 The Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in figure is given by
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EF 5.31 If 5A I = in the circuit below, then what is the value of voltage source V
s
(in
volts)?
EF 5.32 What are the values of equivalent Norton current source ( ) I
N
and equivalent
resistance ( ) R
N
across the load terminal of the circuit shown in figure ?
I
N
R
N
(A) 10A 2W
(B) 10A 9W
(C) 3.33A 9W
(D) 6.66A 2W
EF 5.33 For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired to
obtain Thevenins or Nortons equivalent across a load which is in parallel with
an ideal voltage sources.
Consider the following statements :
1. Thevenin equivalent circuit across this terminal does not exist.
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2. Thevenin equivalent circuit exists and it is simply that of a voltage source.
3. The Norton equivalent circuit for this terminal does not exist.
Which of the above statements is/ are true ?
(A) 1 and 3 (B) 1 only
(C) 2 and 3 (D) 3 only
EF 5.34 For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired
to obtain Thevenins or Nortons equivalent across a load which is in series with
an ideal current sources.
Consider the following statements
1. Norton equivalent across this terminal is not feasible.
2. Norton equivalent circuit exists and it is simply that of a current source
only.
3. Thevenins equivalent circuit across this terminal is not feasible.
Which of the above statements is/ are correct ?
(A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 only (D) 3 only
EF 5.35 In the circuit shown below, what is the value of current I (in Amps) ?
EF 5.36 The Norton equivalent circuit of the given network with respect to the terminal
a-b, is
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EF 5.37 In the circuit below, if R
L
is fixed and R
s
is variable then for what value of R
s

power dissipated in R
L
will be maximum ?
(A) R R
S L
= (B) R 0
S
=
(C) / R R 2
S L
= (D) R R 2
S L
=
EF 5.38 In the circuit shown below the maximum power transferred to R
L
is P
max
, then
(A) 12 R
L
W = , 12W P
max
=
(B) 3 R
L
W = , 96W P
max
=
(C) 3 R
L
W = , 48W P
max
=
(D) 12 R
L
W = , 24W P
max
=
EF 5.39 In the circuit shown in figure (A) if current 2A I
1
= , then current I
2
and I
3
in
figure (B) and figure (C) respectively are
(A) 2A, 2A (B) 2A - , 2A
(C) 2A, 2A - (D) 2A - , 2A -
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GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5.40 In the circuit of figure (A), if 20mA I
1
= , then what is the value of current I
2
in
the circuit of figure (B) ?
(A) 40mA (B) 20mA -
(C) 20mA (D) R
1
, R
2
and R
3
must be known
EF 5.41 If 2V V
1
= in the circuit of figure (A), then what is the value of V
2
in the circuit
of figure (B) ( in V)?
EF 5.42 The value of current I in the circuit below is equal to _ _ _ _ mA.
EF 5.43 A simple equivalent circuit of the two-terminal network shown in figure is
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EF 5.44 If V AV BV CI
1 2 3
= + + in the following circuit, then values of A, B and C
respectively are
(A) , ,
3
2
3
2
3
1

(B) , ,
3
1
3
1
3
100
(C) , ,
2
1
2
1
3
1

(D) , ,
3
1
3
2
3
100

EF 5.45 The V -I relation for the circuit below is plotted in the figure. The maximum
power that can be transferred to the load R
L
will be _ _ _ _ _ _ mW
EF 5.46 For the linear network shown below, V -I characteristic is also given in the figure.
The value of Norton equivalent current and resistance respectively are
(A) 3A, 2W
(B) 6W, 2W
(C) 6A, 0.5W
(D) 3A, 0.5W
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5.47 In the circuit a network and its Thevenin and Norton equivalent are given.
The value of the parameter are
V
Th
R
Th
I
N
R
N
(A) 4 V 2 W 2 A 2 W
(B) 4 V 2 W 2 A 3 W
(C) 8 V 1.2 W
3
30
A 1.2 W
(D) 8 V 5 W
5
8
A 5 W
EF 5.48 For the following circuit the value of equivalent Norton current I
N
and resistance
R
N
are
(A) 2 A, 20 W
(B) 2 A, 20 - W
(C) 0 A, 20 W
(D) 0 A, 20 - W
EF 5.49 Consider the network shown below :
The power absorbed by load resistance R
L
is shown in table :
R
L
10 kW 30 kW
P 3.6 mW 4.8 mW
What is the value of R
L
(in kW ), that would absorb maximum power ?
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EF 5.50 Consider the following circuits shown below
The relation between I
a
and I
b
is
(A) 6 I I
b a
= + (B) 2 I I
b a
= +
(C) 1.5 I I
b a
= (D) I I
b a
=
Common Data For Q. 51 and 52 :
In the following circuit, some measurements were made at the terminals a, b and
given in the table below.
EF 5.51 The Thevenin equivalent of the unknown network across terminal a-b is
(A) 3W, 14V (B) 5W, 16V
(C) 16W, 38V (D) 10W, 26V
EF 5.52 The value of R that will cause I to be 1A, is _ _ _ _ _ W
EF 5.53 In the circuit shown in fig (A) if current . A I 25
1
= then current I
2
and I
3
in fig
(B) and (C) respectively are
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GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
(A) 5A, 10A (B) 5A - , 10A
(C) 5A, 10A - (D) 5A - , 10A -
EF 5.54 The V -I relation of the unknown element X in the given network is V AI B = +
. The value of A (in ohm) and B (in volt) respectively are
(A) , 2 20 (B) , 2 8
(C) 0.5, 4 (D) . , 05 16
*************
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SOLUTI ON
EF 5.1 Correct option is (B).
For, V
s
10V = , 40W P =
So, I
s
4A
V
P
10
40
s
= = =
Now, V
s
l 5V = , so 2A I
s
= l (From linearity)
New value of the power supplied by source is
P
s
l 5 2 10W V I
s s #
= = = l l
Note: Linearity does not apply to power calculations.
EF 5.2 Correct option is (C).
From linearity, we know that in the circuit
I
V
L
s
ratio remains constant

I
V
L
s

200 10
20
100
3
#
= =
-
Let current through load is I
L
l when the power absorbed is 2.5 W, so
P
L
( ) I R
L L
2
= l
2.5 ( ) I 10
L
2
#
= l
I
L
l 0.5A =

I
V
L
s

I
V
100
L
s
= =
l
l
So, V
s
l 100 100 0.5 50V I
L #
= = = l
Thus required values are
I
L
l 0.5A = , 50V V
s
= l
EF 5.3 Correct option is (D).
From linearity,
I
L
AV BI
s s
= + , A and B are constants
From the table 2 A B 14 6 = + ...(1)
6 A B 18 2 = + ...(2)
Solving equation (1) and (2)
. A 04 = , . B 06 =-
So, I
L
. . V I 04 06
s s
= -
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
The circuit has 3 independent sources, so we apply superposition theorem to
obtain the voltage drop.
Due to 16V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source and Short circuit 32 V source)
Let voltage across R
2
due to 16V source only is V
1
.
Using voltage division
V
1
( )
24 8
8
16 =-
+
4V =-
Due to 5A source only : (Short circuit both the 16 V and 32 V sources)
2
due to 5A source only is V
2
.
V
2
( || 16 || 16 ) 5 24
#
W W W = 6 5 30volt
#
= =
Due to 32V source only : (Short circuit 16 V source and open circuit 5 A source)
2
due to V 32 source only is V
3
V
3

.
.
(32) 12V
16 96
96
=
+
=
By superposition, the net voltage across R
2
is
V V V V
1 2 3
= + +
4 30 12 =- + + 38volt =
ALTERNATI VE METHOD :
The problem may be solved by applying a node equation at the top node.
Due to 60 A Source Only : (Open circuit 30 A and short circuit 30 V sources)
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12 || 6 W W 4W =
Using current division
I
a
(60) 12A
2 8
2
=
+
=
Again, I
a
will be distributed between parallel combination of 12W and 6W
I
1
(12) 4A
12 6
6
=
+
=
Due to 30A source only : (Open circuit 60A and short circuit 30V sources)
I
b

4
(30) 12A
4 6
=
+
=
I
b
will be distributed between parallel combination of 12W and 6W
I
2
(12) 4A
12 6
6
=
+
=
Due to 30V Source Only : (Open circuit 60 A and 30 A sources)
Using source transformation
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
I
3
(5) 1A
12 3
3
=-
+
=-
Using superposition, I I I
1 2
= +
Let I
1
is the current due to 9A source only. (i.e. short 18V source)
I
1
(9) 3A
6 12
6
=
+
= (current division)
Let I
2
is the current due to 18V source only (i.e. open 9A source)
I
2
1A
6 12
18
=
+
=
So, 3A I
1
= , 1A I
2
=

From superposition theorem, it is known that if all source values are doubled,
then node voltages also be doubled.
EF 5.8 Correct option is (A).
From the principal of superposition, doubling the values of voltage source doubles
the mesh currents.
Using source transformation of 4A and 6V source.
Adding parallel current sources
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Source transformation of 5A source
Applying KVL around the anticlockwise direction
I I 5 8 2 12 - - + - - 0 =
I 9 3 - - 0 =
I 3A =-
Power absorbed by 12 V source
P
12V
I 12
#
= (Passive sign convention)
12 3
#
= - 36W =-
or, 12V source supplies 36W power.
Using source transformation, we can obtain I in following steps.
I 2A
3 4
6 8
7
14
=
+
+
= =
Try to solve the problem by obtaining Thevenin equivalent for right half of the
circuit.
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
We know that source transformation also exists for dependent source, so
Current source values
I
s

I
I
2
6
3
x
x
= = (downward)
R
s
2W =
We know that source transformation is applicable to dependent source also.
Values of equivalent voltage source
V
s
( )( ) I I 4 5 20
x x
= =
R
s
5W =
EF 5.13 Correct answer is 5.
Using super position, we obtain I .
Due to 10 V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source)
I
1
5A
2
10
= =
Due to 5 A source only : (Short circuit 10 V source)
I
2
0 =
I 5 0 5A I I
1 2
= + = + =
We can see that voltage source is in parallel with resistor and current source so
voltage across parallel branches will be 10V and 10/ 2 5A I = =
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EF 5.14 Correct answer is . 05 - .
Applying superposition,
Due to 6V source only : (Open circuit 2A current source)
I
1
0.5A
6 6
6
=
+
=
Due to 2 A source only : (Short circuit 6 V source)
I
2
( )
6 6
6
2 =
+
- (using current division)
1A =-
I 0.5 1 0.5A I I
1 2
= + = - =-
This problem may be solved by using a single KVL equation around the outer
loop.
Combining the parallel resistance and adding the parallel connected current
sources.
9 3 A A - 6A = (upward)
3 || 6 W W 2W =
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
Source transformation of 6 A source
Thevenin Voltage : (Open Circuit Voltage)
The open circuit voltage between a-b can be obtained as
Writing KCL at node a
1
V
24
10
Th
-
+ 0 =
10 24 V
Th
- + 0 =
or V
Th
14volt =-
Thevenin Resistance :
To obtain Thevenins resistance, we set all independent sources to zero i.e., short
circuit all the voltage sources and open circuit all the current sources.
R
Th
24W =
Thevenin Voltage :
Using voltage division V
1
(10) 4volt
20 30
20
=
+
=
and, V
2
(10) 6volt
15 10
15
=
+
=
Applying KVL, V V V
ab 1 2
- + 0 =
4 6 V
ab
- + 0 =
V
Th
2volt V
ab
= =-
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R
ab
[20 || ] [15 || 10 ] 30 W W W W = +
12 6 18 W W W = + =
R
Th
18 R
ab
W = =
EF 5.18 Correct answer is 1.5 A.
Using source transformation of 48V source and the 24V source
Using parallel resistances combination
Source transformation of 8A and 6A sources
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
Writing KVL around anticlock wise direction
I I I 12 2 40 4 2 16 - - + - - - 0 =
I 12 8 - 0 =
I 1.5A
8
12
= =
EF 5.19 Option (A) is a correct.
Using source transformation of 24 V source
Adding parallel connected sources
So, V
Th
4V = , 6 R
Th
W =
Thevenin Voltage: (Open Circuit Voltage)
V
Th
( )
6 4
6
40 =
+
- (using voltage division)
24volt =-
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R
Th
6 || 4 2.4
6 4
6 4
#
W W W = =
+
=
For the circuit of figure (A)
V
Th
V V
a b
= -
V
a
24V =
V
b
( 6) 4V
6 3
6
=
+
- =- (Voltage division)
V
Th
24 ( 4) 28V = - - =
For the circuit of figure (B), using source transformation
Combining parallel resistances,
12 || 4 W W 3W =
Adding parallel current sources,
8 4 - 4A = (Downward)
V
Th
12V =-
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
For the circuit for fig (A)
R
Th
6 || 3 2 R
ab
W W W = = =
For the circuit of fig (B), as obtained in previous solution.
R
Th
3W =
EF 5.23 Correct answer is . 05 - .
Current I can be easily calculated by Thevenins equivalent across 6W.
In the bottom mesh I
2
1A =
In the bottom left mesh V I 12 3
Th 2
- - + 0 =
V
Th
3 (12)(1) 9V = - =-
R
Th
12W = (both 4W resistors are short circuit)
so, circuit becomes as
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o
f

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A
T
E

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l
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a
l

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n
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i
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i
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g
,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
I 0.5A
R
V
6 12 6
9
18
9
Th
Th
=
+
=
+
-
=- =-
Note: The problem can be solved easily by a single node equation. Take the
nodes connecting the top 4W, 3V and 4W as supernode and apply KCL.
The current source connected in parallel with load does not affect Thevenin
equivalent circuit. Thus, Thevenin equivalent circuit will contain its usual form
of a voltage source in series with a resistor.
The network consists of resistor and dependent sources because if it has
independent source then there will be an open circuit Thevenin voltage present.
Thevenin Voltage (Open Circuit Voltage) :
Applying KCL at top middle node
1
V V V
3
2
6
Th x Th
-
+ + 0 =

V V V
3
2
6
1
Th Th Th
-
+ + 0 = ( ) V V
Th x
=
V V 2 6
Th Th
- + + 0 =
V
Th
6volt =
R
Th

Short circuit current
Opencircuit voltage
I
V
sc
Th
= =
To obtain Thevenin resistance, first we find short circuit current through a-b
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,

V
o
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u
m
e
-
1
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
Writing KCL at top middle node

V V V V
3
2
6
1
3
0
x x x x
-
+ + +
-
0 =
V V V 2 6 2
x x x
- + + + 0 = or V
x
6volt =-
I
sc
2A
V
3
0
3
6
x
=
-
=- =-
Thevenins resistance, R
Th
3
I
V
2
6
sc
Th
W = =- =-
Since dependent source is present in the circuit, we put a test source across a-b
to obtain Thevenins equivalent.
By applying KCL at top middle node

V V V V V
3
2
6
1
3
x x x x test
-
+ + +
-
0 =
V V V V 2 6 2 2
x x x test
- + + + - 0 =
V V 2
test x
- 6 = ...(1)
We have I
test

V V
3
test x
=
-
I 3
test
V V
test x
= -
V
x
V I 3
test test
= -
Put V
x
into equation (1)
( ) V V I 2 3
test test test
- - 6 =
V V I 2 3
test test test
- + 6 =
V
test
I 6 3
test
= - ...(2)
For Thevenins equivalent circuit
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in 4 Volumes
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o
f

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g
,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1

R
V V
Th
test Th
-
I
test
=
V
test
V R I
Th Th test
= + ...(3)
Comparing equation (2) and (3)
V
Th
6V = , 3 R
Th
W =-
V V
R R
R
Th
Th
=
+
b l
From the table,
6 V
R 3
3
Th
Th
=
+
b l
...(1)
8 V
R 8
8
Th
Th
=
+
b l
...(2)
Dividing equation (1) and (2), we get

8
6

( )
( )
R
R
8 3
3 8
Th
Th
=
+
+
R 6 2
Th
+ R 8
Th
= +
R
Th
2W =
Substituting R
Th
into equation (1)
6 V
3 2
3
Th
=
+
b l
or V
Th
10V =
We find Thevenin equivalent across a-b.
I
L

R R
V
Th L
Th
=
+
From the data given in table
10
R
V
2
Th
Th
=
+
...(1)
6
R
V
10
Th
Th
=
+
...(2)
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,

V
o
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-
1
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4

6
10

R
R
2
10
Th
Th
=
+
+
R 10 20
Th
+ R 6 60
Th
= +
R 4
Th
40 10 R
Th
& W = =
Substituting R
Th
into equation (1)
10
V
10 2
Th
=
+
V
Th
10(12) 120V = =
For 20 R
L
W = , I
L

R R
V
Th L
Th
=
+

A
10 20
120
4 =
+
=
Norton Current : (Short Circuit Current)
The Norton equivalent current is equal to the short-circuit current that would
flow when the load replaced by a short circuit as shown below
Applying KCL at node a
I I 2
N 1
+ + 0 =
Since I
1
A
24
0 20
6
5
=
-
=-
So, I
6
5
2
N
- + 0 =
I
N
A
6
7
=-
Norton Resistance :
Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit current sources and short
circuit voltage sources) to obtain Nortons equivalent resistance R
N
.
R
N
24W =
Using source transformation of 1A source
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,

V
o
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u
m
e
-
1
Again, source transformation of 2V source
Adding parallel current sources
Try to solve the problem using superposition method.
EF 5.31 Correct answer is 56 V.
6W and 3W resistors are in parallel, which is equivalent to 2W.
Using source transformation of 6 A source
Source transform of 4 A source
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,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
Adding series resistors and sources on the left
Source transformation of 48 V source
Source transformation of
4
A
3
source.
I
V
19 9
12 72
s
=
+
+ +
V
s
(28 ) 12 72 I
#
= - - (28 5) 12 72
#
= - - 56V =
Short circuit current across terminal a-b is
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,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
For simplicity circuit can be redrawn as

I
N
( )
3 6
3
10 =
+
3.33A = (Current division)
Nortons equivalent resistance

R
N
6 3 9W = + =
The voltage across load terminal is simply V
s
and it is independent of any other
current or voltage. So, Thevenin equivalent is V V
Th s
= and R 0
Th
= (Voltage
source is ideal).
Norton equivalent does not exist because of parallel connected voltage source.
The output current from the network is equal to the series connected current
source only, so I I
N s
= . Thus, effect of all other component in the network does
not change I
N
.
In this case Thevenins equivalent is not feasible because of the series connected
current source.
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,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
We solve this problem using linearity and assumption that 1A I = .
V
1
I I 4 2 = + (Using KVL)
6V =
I
2
I I
1
= + (Using KCL)

V
I
4
1
= + 1 2.5A
4
6
= + =
V
2
I V 4
2 1
= + (Using KVL)
4(2.5) 6 16V = + =
I I
s 3
+ I
2
= (Using KCL)
I
V
4 12
s
2
-
+
I
2
=
I
s
2.5 3.5A
16
16
= + =
When 3.5A I
s
= , I 1A =
But 14A I
s
= , so I
.
.
14 4A
35
1
#
= =
Norton Current : (Short Circuit Current)
Nodal equation at top center node

( )
I
6
0 24
3 3
0 6
N
-
+
+
- -
+ 0 =
4 1 I
N
- + + 0 =
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in 4 Volumes
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a
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p
l
e

C
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a
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r

o
f

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A
T
E

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i
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g
,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
I
N
3A =
Norton Resistance :
R
N
6|| (3 3) 6|| 6 3 R
ab
W = = + = =
So, Norton equivalent will be
Voltage V V
R R
R
s
s L
L
=
+
b l
Power absorbed by R
L
, P
L

( )
( )
R
V
R R
V R
L
s L
s L
2
2
2
= =
+
From above expression, it is known that power is maximum when 0 R
s
=
NOTE :
Do not get confused with maximum power transfer theorem. According to maximum power
transfer theorem if R
L
is variable and R
s
is fixed then power dissipated by R
L
is maximum when
R R
L s
= .
We solve this problem using maximum power transfer theorem. First, obtain
Thevenin equivalent across R
L
.
Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
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,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
Using nodal analysis
V V
6
24
2 4
24
Th Th
-
+
+
-
0 =
2V 48
Th
- 0 24V V
Th
& = =
R
Th
6 || 6 3 W W W = =
Circuit becomes as
For maximum power transfer
R
L
3 R
Th
W = =
Value of maximum power
P
max

( )
R
V
4
L
Th
2
=

4 3
( )
48W
24
2
#
= =
This can be solved by reciprocity theorem. But we have to take care that the
polarity of voltage source have the same correspondence with branch current in
each of the circuit.
In figure (B) and figure (C), polarity of voltage source is reversed with respect
to direction of branch current so

I
V
1
1

I
V
I
V
2
2
3
3
=- =-
I
2
2A I
3
= =-
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in 4 Volumes
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f

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,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single
voltage source V
a
in branch a produces a current I
b
in branches b, then if the
voltage source V
a
is removed(i.e. branch a is short circuited) and inserted in
branch b, then it will produce a current I
b
in branch a.
So, I
2
20mA I
1
= =
According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single
current source I
a
in branch a produces a voltage V
b
in branches b, then if the
current source I
a
is removed(i.e. branch a is open circuited) and inserted in
branch b, then it will produce a voltage V
b
in branch a.
So, V
2
2volt =
We use Millmans theorem to obtain equivalent resistance and voltage across a-b
V
ab

240
1
200
1
800
1
240
96
200
40
800
80
=
+ +
- + +
-

28.8V
5
144
=- =-
The equivalent resistance
R
ab

1
96
240
1
200
1
800
1
W =
+ +
=
Now, the circuit is reduced as
I
.
100mA
96 192
288
=
+
=
Thevenin Voltage: (Open Circuit Voltage):
The open circuit voltage will be equal to V , i.e. V V
Th
=
Thevenin Resistance:
Set all independent sources to zero i.e. open circuit the current source and short
circuit the voltage source as shown in figure
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a
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e

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a
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o
f

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,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
Open circuit voltage V
1
=
V is obtained using super position.
Due to source V
1
only : (Open circuit source I
3
and short circuit source V
2
)
V ( ) V
100 50
50
1
=
+
V
3
1
1
= (using voltage division)
so, A
3
1
=
Due to source V
2
only : (Open circuit source I
3
and short circuit source V
1
)
V ( ) V
100 50
50
2
=
+
V
3
1
2
= (Using voltage division)
So, B
3
1
=
Due to source I
3
only : (short circuit sources V
1
and V
2
)
V [ || || ] I 100 100 100
3
= I
3
100
3
=
b l
So, C
3
100
=
Redrawing the circuit in Thevenin equivalent form
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a
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e

C
h
a
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o
f

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A
T
E

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,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
I
R
V V
Th
Th
=
-
or, V R I V
Th Th
=- + (General form)
From the given graph
V I 4 8 =- +
So, by comparing R
Th
4kW = , 8V V
Th
=
For maximum power transfer R R
L Th
=
Maximum power absorbed by R
L
P
max

( )
4mW
R
V
4 4 4
8
Th
Th
2
2
#
= = =
The circuit with Norton equivalent
So, I I
N
+
R
V
N
=
I
R
V
I
N
N
= - (General form)
From the given graph, the equation of line
I 2 6 V = -
Comparing with general form

R
1
N
2 = or 0.5 R
N
W =
I
N
6A =
Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage)
V
Th
4 4 4 8V 2 2
#
= + = + = ^ h
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S
a
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e

C
h
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o
f

G
A
T
E

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r
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a
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E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
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g
,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
Thevenin Resistance:
R
Th
2 3 5 R
N
W = + = =
Norton Current:
I
N
A
R
V
5
8
Th
Th
= =
Norton current, 0 I
N
= because there is no independent source present in the
circuit. To obtain Norton resistance we put a 1 A test source across the load
terminal as shown in figure.
Norton or Thevenin resistance
R
N

V
1
test
=
Writing KVL in the left mesh
I I I 20 10 1 30
1 1 1
+ - - ^ h 0 =
I I I 20 10 30 10
1 1 1
- - + 0 = or I
1
0.5A =
Writing KVL in the right mesh
V I 5 1 30
test 1
- - ^ h 0 =
0. V 5 30 5
test
- - ^ h 0 =
V 5 15
test
- - 0 =
R
N
20
V
1
test
W = =
For 10k R
L
W = , V
ab1
6 10k 3.6m
#
= = V
For 30k R
L
W = , V
ab2
12 30k 4.8m
#
= = V
V
ab1

R
V
10
10
6
Th
Th
=
+
= ...(1)
V
ab2
12
R
V
30
30
Th
Th
=
+
= ...(2)
Dividing equation (1) and (2), we get R
Th
30kW = . Maximum power will be
transferred when 30k R R
L Th
W = = .
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t
e
r

o
f

G
A
T
E

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
In circuit (b) transforming the 3 A source in to 18 V source all source are 1.5
times of that in circuit (a) as shown in figure.
Using principal of linearity, 1.5 I I
b a
=
I
R R
V
Th
Th
=
+
From the table, 2
R
V
3
Th
Th
=
+
...(1)
1.6
R
V
5
Th
Th
=
+
...(2)

. 16
2

R
R
3
5
Th
Th
=
+
+
R 6 2
Th
+ . R 8 16
Th
= +
. R 04
Th
2 =
R
Th
5W =
Substituting R
Th
into equation (1)
2
V
3 5
Th
=
+
or
V
Th
2(8) 16V = =
We have, I
R R
V
Th
Th
=
+
16V V
Th
= , 5 R
Th
W =
I
R 5
16
1 =
+
=
16 R 5 = + or R 11W =
w
w
w
.
n
o
d
i
a
.
c
o
.
i
n
w
w
w
.
n
o
d
i
a
.
c
o
.
i
n
S
a
m
p
l
e

C
h
a
p
t
e
r

o
f

G
A
T
E

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-3
GATE EE vol-4
It can be solved by reciprocity theorem. Polarity of voltage source should have
same correspondence with branch current in each of the circuit. Polarity of
voltage source and current direction are shown below
So,
I
V
1
1

I
V
I
V
2
2
3
3
=- =

. 25
10

I I
20 40
2 3
=- =
I
2
5A =-
I
3
10A =
To obtain V -I equation we find the Thevenin equivalent across the terminal at
which X is connected.
V
1
6 1 6V
#
= =
V V 12
1 3
+ - 0 = (KVL in outer mesh)
V
3
12 6 18V = + =
V V V
Th 2 3
- - 0 = (KVL in Bottom right mesh)
V
Th
V V
2 3
= + ( 2 1 2 ) V V
2 #
= =
2 18 20V = + =
R
Th
1 1 2W = + =
w
w
w
.
n
o
d
i
a
.
c
o
.
i
n
w
w
w
.
n
o
d
i
a
.
c
o
.
i
n
in 4 Volumes
S
a
m
p
l
e

C
h
a
p
t
e
r

o
f

G
A
T
E

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,

V
o
l
u
m
e
-
1
Now, the circuit becomes as
I
R
V V
Th
Th
=
-
V R I V
Th Th
= +
so A 2 R
Th
W = =
B 20V V
Th
= =
In the mesh ABCDEA, we have KVL equation as
( ) ( ) V I I 1 2 1 6 12 - + - + - 0 =
V I 2 20 = +
So, A 2 = , B 2 =
*************

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