Mat Foundatins

NPTEL - ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING-1
Module 5
(Lecture 19)
MAT FOUNDATIONS
Topics
1.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATIONS
Conventional Rigid Method
1.2 Approximate Flexible Method
Foundations on Sandy Soils
Foundations on Clays
1.3 Example
1.4 PROBLEMS
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATIONS
The structural design of mat foundations can be carried out by two conventional methods:
the conventional rigid method and the approximate flexible method. Finite difference and
finite element methods can also be used, but this section covers only the basic concepts of
the first two design methods.
Conventional Rigid Method
The conventional rigid method of mat foundation design can be explained step by step
with reference to figure 5.8.
1. Figure 5.8a shows mat dimensions of and columns loads of
1
,
2
,
S
, .
Calculate the total column load as
=
1
+
2
+
S
. [5.24]
2. Determine the pressure on the soil, q, below the mat at points , , , , ., by
using the equation
= _ _ [5.25]
Where
=
= (112)
S
= moment of ineitia about the axis
= (112)
S
= moment of ineitia about the axis
= moment of the column loaus about the axis =
= moment of the column loaus about the axis =
The load eccentricities, anu , in the anu directions can be determined by using
( , ) coordinates:
=
1 1
+
2 2
+
S S
+
[5.26]
And
=
2
[5.27]
Similarly
=
1 1
+
2 2
+
S S
+
[5.28]
And
=
2
[5.29]
3. Compare the values of the soil pressures determined in step 2 with the net
allowable soil pressure to determine whether
all (net )
.
4. Divide the mat into several strips in x and y directions (see figure 5.8a). Let the
width of any strip be
1
.
5. Draw the shear, V, and the moment, M, diagrams for each individual strip (in the x
and y directions). For example, the average soil pressure of the bottom strip in the
x direction of figure 5.8a is
+
2
[5.30]
Where
anu = soil piessuies at poins anu as ueteimineu fiom step 2.
The total soil reaction is equal to
1
. Now obtain the total column load on the strip
as
1
+
2
+
S
+
4
. The sum of the column loads on the strip will not equal
1
because the shear between the adjacent strips has not been taken into account. For this
reason, the soil reaction and the column loads need to be adjusted, or
Aveiage loau =
1
+(
1
+
2
+
S
+
4
)
2
[5.31]
Now, the modified average soil reaction becomes
(mouifieu )
=
aveiage loau
1
[5.32]
And the column load modification factor is
=
aveiage loau
1
+
2
+
S
+
4
[5.33]
So, the modified column loads are
1
,
2
,
S
, anu
4
. This modified loading on the
strip under consideration is shown in figure 5.8b. The shear and the moment diagram for
this strip can now be drawn. This procedure is repeated for all strips in the x and y
directions.
6. Determine the effective depth of the mat d by checking for diagonal tension shear
near various columns. According to ACI Code 318-95. American Concrete
Institute, 1995), for the critical section,
= | (u.S4) ] [5.34]
Where
= factoieu column loau (NN), oi (column loau) (loau factoi)
= ieuuction factoi = u.8S
= compiessive stiength of conciete at 28 uays (NNm
2
)
The units of anu in equation (34) are in meters. In English units, equation (34) may
be expressed as
= (4 ) [5.35]
Where
is in lb, anu aie in in. , anu is in lbin
2
The expression for in terms of , which depends on the location of the column with
respect to the plan of the mat, can be obtained from figure 5.8c.
7. From the moment diagrams of all strips in one direction (x or y), obtain the
maximum positive and negative moments per unit width (that is, =
1
).
8. Determine the areas of steep per unit width for positive and negative
reinforcement in the x and y directions.
= ( )(loau factoi) =
2
[5.36]
And
=
u.8S
[5.37]
Where
= aiea of steel pei unit wiuth
= yielu stiess of ieinfoicement in tension
= factoieu moment
= u.9 = ieuuction factoi
Examples 5 and 6 illustrate the use of the conventional rigid method of mat foundation
design.
Approximate Flexible Method
In the conventional rigid method of design, the mat is assumed to be infinitely rigid.
Also, the soil pressure is distributed in a straight line, and the centroid of the soil pressure
is coincidental with the line of action of the resultant column loads (see figure 5.9). In the
approximate flexible method of design, the soil is assumed to be equivalent to infinite
number of elastic springs, as shown in figure 5.9b. It is sometimes referred to as the
Winkler foundation. The elastic constant of these assumed springs is referred to as the
coefficient of subgrade reaction k.
Figure 5.9 (a) Principles of design conventional rigid method; (b) principles of
approximate flexible method; (c) derivation of equation (42) for beams on elastic
foundation
To understand the fundamental concepts behind flexible foundation design, consider a
beam of width
1
having infinite length, as shown in figure 5.9c. The beam is subjected
to a single concentrated load Q. from the fundamental of mechanics of materials,
=
2
2
[5.38]
Where
= moment at any section
= mouulus of elasticity of founuation mateiial
= moment of ineitia of the cioss section of the beam =
1
12
1
S
(see figuie S.9c)
However
= sheai foice =
And
= = soil ieaction
Hence
2
2
= [5.39]
Combining equations (38 and 39) yields
4
4
= [5.40]
However, the soil reaction is
=
Where
= ueflection
=
1
= coefficient of subgiaue ieaction (kNm
S
oi lbin
S
)
So
4
4
=
1
[5.41]
Solution of equation (41) yields
= ( cos + " sin ) [5.42]
Where anu " are constants and
=
1
4
4
[5.43]
The unit of the term as defined by the preceding equation is (length)
1
. This
parameter is very important in determining whether a mat foundation should be designed
by conventional rigid method or approximate flexible method. According to the
American Concrete Institute Committee 336 (1988), mats should be designed by the
conventional rigid method if the spacing of columns in a strip is less than 1.7S . If the
spacing of columns is larger than 1.7S , the approximate flexible method may be used.
To perform the analysis for the structural design of a flexible mat, you must know the
principles of evaluating the coefficient of subgrade reaction, k. before proceeding with
the discussion of the approximate flexible design method, let as discuss this coefficient in
more detail.
If a foundation of width B (figure 5.10) is subjected to a load per unit area of q, it will
undergo a settlement, . The coefficient of subgrade modulus, k, can be defined as
= [5.44]
Figure 5.10 Definition of coefficient of subgrade reaction,
The unit of is kNm
S
(or lbin
S
). The value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction is
not a constant for a given soil. T depends on several factors, such as the length, , and
width, , of the foundation and also the depth of embedment of the foundation. Terzaghi
(1955) made a comprehensive study of the parameters affecting the coefficient of
subgrade reaction. It indicated that the value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction
decreases with the width of the foundation. In the field, load tests can be carried out by
means of square plate measuring 1 ft 1 ft (u.S mu.S m) and values of k can be
calculated. The value of k can be related to large foundations measuring in the
following ways.
Foundations on Sandy Soils
=
u.S
+u.S
2
2
[5.45]
Where
u.S
anu = coefficients of subgiaue ieaction of founuation measuiing u.Sm
u.Sm anu (m) (m), iespectively (units is kNm
S
In English units, equation (45) may be expressed as
=
1
+1
2
2
[5.46]
Where
1
anu = coefficient of subgiaue ieaction of founuation measuiing 1 ft
a ft anu (ft) , iespectively (units is lbin
S
)
Foundations on Clays
(kNm
S
) =
u.S
(kNm
S
)
u.S (m)
(m)
[5.47]
The definition of k in equation (47) is the same as in equation (45).
In English units,
(lbin
S
) =
1
(lbin
S
)
1 (ft)
(ft)
[5.48]
The definitions of anu
1
are the same as in equation (46).
For rectangular foundations having dimensions of (for similar soil and q),
=
( )
1+u.S
1.S
[5.49]
Where
= coefficient of subgiaue mouulus of the iectangulai founuation ( )
( )
=
coefficient of subgiaue mouulus of a squaie founuation having uimension of
Equation (49) indicates that the value of k of a very long foundation with a width B is
approximately 0.67
( )
.
The modulus of elasticity of granular soils increases with depth. Because the settlement
of a foundation depends on the modulus of elasticity, the value of k increases as the depth
of the foundation increases.
Following are some typical ranges of value for the coefficient of subgrade reaction
1
for
sandy and clayey soils.
Sand (dry or moist)
Loose: 29 92lbin
S
(8 2SNNm
S
)
Medium: 91 46ulbin
S
(2S 12SNNm
S
)
Dense: 46u 1S8ulbin
S
(12S S7SNNm
S
)
Sand (saturated)
Loose: S8 SSlbin
S
(1u 1SNNm
S
)
Medium: 128 147lbin
S
(SS 4uNNm
S
)
Dense: 478 SS2lbin
S
(1Su 1SuNNm
S
)
Clay
Stiff: 44 92lbin
S
(12 2SNNm
S

veiy stiff: 92 184lbin
S
(2S SuNNm
S
Baiu: > 184lbin
S
(> Su m
S
Scott (1981) proposed that for sandy soils the value of
u.S
can be obtained from standard
penetration resistance at any given depth, or
u.S
(NNm
S
) = 18
coi
[5.50]
Where
= stanuaiu penetiation iesistance
In English units,
1
(0. S. tonft
S
) = 6N
coi
[5.51]
For long beams, Vesic (1961) proposed an equation for estimating subgrade reaction:
= u.6S
4
12
1
2
[5.52]
Where
= mouulus of elasticity of soil
= founuation wiuth
= moment of ineitia of the cioss section of the founuation
= Poisson siatio of soil
For most practical purposes, equation (52) can be approximated as
=
(1
2
)
[5.53]
The coefficient of subgrade reaction is also very useful parameter in the design of rigid
highway and airfield pavements. The pavements with a concrete wearing surface are
generally referred to as a rigid pavement, and the pavement with an asphaltic wearing
surface is called a flexible pavement. For surface load acting on a rigid pavement, the
maximum tensile stress occurs at the base of the slab. For estimating the magnitude of the
maximum horizontal tensile stress developed at the base of the rigid pavement, elastic
solutions involving slabs on Winkler foundations are extremely useful. Some of the early
work in this area was done by Westergaard (1926, 1939, and 1947).
Now that we have discussed the coefficient of subgrade reaction, we will proceed with
the discussion of the approximate flexible method of designing mat foundations. This
method, as proposed by the American Concrete Institute Committee 336 (1988), is
described step by step. The design procedure is based primarily on the theory of plates.
Its use allows the effects (that is, moment, shear, and deflection) of a concentrated
column load in the area surrounding it to be evaluated. If the zones of influence of two or
more columns overlap, superposition can be used to obtain the net moment, shear, and
deflection at any point.
1. Assume a thickness, h, for the mat, according to step 6 as outlined for the
conventional rigid method. (Note: h is the total thickness of the mat).
2. Determine the flexural ridigity R of the mat:
=
S
12(1
2
)
[5.54]
Where
= Poisson s iatio of founuation mateiial
3. Determine the radius of effective stiffness:
=
4
[5.55]
Where
= coefficient of subgiaue ieaction
The zone of influence of any column load will be on the order of 3 to 4 L.
4. Determine the moment (in polar coordinates at a point) caused by a column load
(figure 5.11a):
= iauial moment =
4
1
(1 )
2
[5.56]
= tangential moment =
4
1
+
(1 )
2
[5.57]
Figure 5.11 Approximate flexible method of mat design
Where
= iauial uistance fiom the column loau
= column loau
1
,
2
= functions of
The variations of
1
anu
2
with are shown in figure 5.11b (for details, see
Hetenyi, 1946).
In the Cartesian coordinates system (figure 5.11a),
= sin
2
+ cos
2
[5.58]
= cos
2
+ sin
2
[5.59]
5. For the unit width of the mat, determine the shear force, V, caused by a column
load:
=
4
S
[5.60]
The variation of
S
with is shown in figure 5.11b.
6. If the edge of the mat is located in the zone of influence of a column, determine
the moment and shear along the wedge (assume that the mat is continuous).
Moment and shear opposite in sign to those determined are applied at the edges to
satisfy the known conditions.
7. Deflection ( ) at any point is given by
=
2
4
4
[5.61]
The variation of
4
is given in figure 5.11.
Example 5
The plan of a mat foundation with column loads is shown in figure 5.12. Use equation
(25) to calculate the soil pressures at points , , , , , , , , , , , , , anu . The
size of the mat is 76 ft 96 ft, all columns are 24 in.24 in. in section, and
all (net )
=
1.S kipft
2
. Verify that the soil pressures are less than the net allowable bearing capacity.
Figure 5.12 Plan of a mat foundation
Solution
From figure 5.12,
Column ueau loau ( ) = 1uu +18u +19u +11u +18u + S6u +4uu +2uu +
19u +4uu +44u +2uu + 12u +18u +18u +12u = SSSu kip
Column live loau ( ) = 6u + 12u +12u +7u +12u +2uu +2Su +12u +1Su +
24u +Suu +12u +7u +12u +12u +7u +22Su kip
So
Seivice loau = SSSu +22Su = S78u kip
According to ACI 318-95, factored load, = (1.4)(Beau loau) +(1.7)(Live loau). So
Factoieu loau = (1.4)(SSSu) +(1.7)(22Su) = 8761 kip
The moments of inertia of the foundation are
=
1
12
(76)(96)
S
= S6uS 1u
S
ft
4
=
1
12
(96)(76)
S
= SS12 1u
S
ft
4
And
= u
So
S78u = (24)(Suu + S6u + 64u +Suu) +(48)(S1u +6Su +74u +Suu) +
(72)(18u +S2u + S2u +19u)
= S6.664 ft
And
= S6.664 S6.u = u.664 ft
Similarly,
= u
So
S78u = (Su)(S2u +64u + 74u +S2u) +(6u)(Suu +S6u +6Su +S2u) +
(9u)(16u +Suu + S1u +18u)
= 44.27S ft
And
= 44.27S
9u
2
= u.727 ft
The moments caused by eccentricity are
= = (8761)(u.727) = 6S69 kip ft
= = (8761)(u.664) = S817 kip ft
From equation (25)
= _ _
=
8761
(76)(96)
_
(S817)( )
SS121u
S
_
(6S69)( )
S6uS1u
S
Or
= 1.2u _u.uu17 _u.uu11 (kipft
2
)
Now the following table can be prepared.
Point
(kip
ft
2
)
(ft) _u.uu17 (ft) (ft) _u.uu11 (ft) (kip
ft
2
)
A 1.2 -38 -0.065 48 -0.053 1.082
B 1.2 -24 -0.041 48 -0.053 1.106
C 1.2 -12 -0.020 48 -0.053 1.127
D 1.2 0 0.0 48 -0.053 1.147
E 1.2 12 0.020 48 -0.053 1.167
F 1.2 24 0.041 48 -0.053 1.188
G 1.2 38 0.065 48 -0.053 1.212
H 1.2 38 0.065 -48 0.053 1.318
I 1.2 24 0.041 -48 0.053 1.294
J 1.2 12 0.020 -48 0.053 1.273
K 1.2 0 0.0 -48 0.053 1.253
L 1.2 -12 -0.020 -48 0.053 1.233
M 1.2 -24 -0.041 -48 0.053 1.212
N 1.2 -38 -0.065 -48 0.053 1.188
The soil pressures at all points are less than the given value of
all (net )
= 1.S kipft
2
.
Example 6
Use the results of example 5 and the conventional rigid method.
a. Determine the thickness of the slab.
b. Divide the mat into four strips (that is, , , , anu )
and determine the average soil reaction at the ends of each strips.
c. Determine the reinforcement requirements in the y direction for =
Suuu lbin
2
and = 6u,uuu lbin
2
.
Solution
Part a: Determination of Mat Thickness
For the critical perimeter column as shown in figure 5.13 *(ACI 318-95),
Figure 5.13 Critical perimeter column
= 1.4( ) +1.7( ) = (1.4)(19u) +(1.7)(1Su) = 487 kip
= 2(S6 + 2) +(24 + ) = 96 + 2 (in).
From ACI 318-95
Where
= nominal sheai stiength of conciete
= factoieu sheai stiength
= (4) = (u.8S)(4)( Suuu)(96 +2 )
So
(u.8S)(4)( Suuu)(96+2 )
1uuu
487
(96 +2 ) 261S.1
19.4 in.
For the critical internal column shown in figure 5.14,
Figure 5.14 Critical internal column
= 4(24 + ) = 96 +4 (in. )
= (1.4)(44u) +(1.7)(Suu) = 1126 kip
And
(u.8S)(4)( Suuu)(96+4 )
1uuu
1126
(96 +4 ) 6u46.4
28.7 in.
Use = 29 in.
With a minimum cover of 3 in. over the steel reinforcement and 1-in. diameter steel bars,
the total slab thickness is
= 29 +S + 1 = SS in.
Part b: Average Soil Reaction
Refer to figure 5.12. For strip ABMN (wiuth = 14 ft)
1
=
(at )
+
(at )
2
=
1.u82+1.1u6
2
= 1.u94 kipft
2
2
=
(at )
+
(at )
2
=
1.212+1.188
2
= 1.2u kipft
2
For strip BCDKLM(wiuth = 24 ft)
1
=
1.1u6+1.127+1.147
S
= 1.127 kipft
2
2
=
1.2SS+1.2SS+1.212
S
= 1.2SS kipft
2
For strip DEFIJK (wiuth = 24 ft)
1
=
1.147+1.167+1.188
S
= 1.167 kipft
2
2
=
1.294+1.27S+1.2SS
S
= 1.27S kipft
2
For strip FGHI (wiuth = 14 ft)
1
=
1.188+1.212
2
= 1.2u kipft
2
2
=
1.S18+1.294
2
= 1.Su6 kipft
2
Check for = u:
Soil ieaction foi stiip =
1
2
(1.u94 +1.2u)(14)(96) = 1S41.6 kip
1
2
(1.127 +1.2SS)(24)(96) = 2718.7 kip
1
2
(1.167 + 1.27S)(24)(96) = 281u.9 kip
1
2
(1.2u +1.Su6)(14)(96) = 1684.u kip
87SS.2 kip Column loau = 8761 kip 0K
Part c: Reinforcement Requirements
Refer to figure 5.15 for the design of strip BCDKLM. Figure 5.15 shows the load
diagram, in which
1
= (1.4)(18u) +(1.7)(12u) = 4S6 kip
2
= (1.4)(S6u) +(1.7)(2uu) = 844 kip
S
= (1.4)(4uu) +(1.7)(24u) = 968 kip
4
= (1.4)(18u) +(1.7)(12u) = 4S6 kip
The shear and moment diagrams are shown in figure 5.15b and c, respectively. From
figure 5.15c, the maximum positive moment at the bottom of the foundation =
2281.124 = 9S.uS kip ftft.
Figure 5.15
Figure 5.16 Rectangular section in bending; (a) section, (b) assumed stress distribution
across the section
For the design concepts of a rectangular section in bending refer to figure 5.16.
Compiessive foice, = u.8S
Tensile foice, =
=
Note that for this case = 1 ft = 12 in.
(u.8S)(S)(12) = (6u)
= u.S1
From equation (36),
=
2
(9S.uS)(12) = (u.9)(u.S1 )(6u) 29
2
= 1.47 in.
Thus
= (u.S1)(1.47) = u.7S in
2
Minimum reinforcement,
min
( S18 9S) = 2uu = 2uu6u,uuu =
u.uuSSS
Minimum = (u.uuSSS)(12)(29) = 1.16 in
2
ft. Hence use minimum
reinforcement with = 1.16 in
2
ft.
Use no. 9 bars at 10 in. center-to-center ( = . ) at the bottom of
the foundation.
From figure 5.15c, the maximum negative moment = 2447.8 kip ft24 = 1u2 kip
ftft. by observation,
(min )
.
Use no. 9 bars at 10 in. center-to-center at the top of the foundation.
Example 7
From the plate load test (plate dimension1 ft 1 ft) in the field, the coefficient of
subgrade reaction of a sandy soil was determined to be 8u lbin
S
. (a) What will be the
value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction on the same soil for a foundation with
dimensions of Su ft Su ft1 (b) if the full-sized foundation has dimension of 4S ft
Su ft, what will be the value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction?
Solution
Part a
From equation (46),
=
1
+1
2
2
Where
1
= 8u lbin
2
= Su ft
So
= 8u
Su+1
(2)(Su)
2
= 21.S6 in
S
Part b
From equation (49),
=
( )
1+u.S
1.S
(Su ftSu ft)
= 21.S6 lbin
S
So
=
(21.S6)(1+u.S
Su
4S
1.S
= 19 lbin
S
PROBLEMS
1. Determine the net ultimate bearing capacity of mat foundation with the following
characteristics:
a. = 12u kNm
2
, = u, = 8 m, = 18 m, = S m
b. = 2Suu lbft
2
, = u, = 2u ft, = Su ft, = 6.2 ft
2. Following are the results of a standard penetration test in the field (sandy soil):
Depth (m) Field value of
1.5
9
3.0
12
4.5
11
6.0
7
7.5
13
9.0
11
10.5
13
Estimate the net allowable bearing capacity of a mat foundation 6.S m S m in
plan. Here, = 1.S m, and allowable settlement mm. assume that the unit
weight of soil = 16.S kNm
S
.
3. A mat foundation on a saturated clay soil has dimensions of 2u m 2u m. Given
dead and live load = 48 NN, = Su kNm
2
,
clay
= 18.S kNm
S
.
a. Find the depth, of the mat for a fully compensated foundation.
b. What will be the depth of the mat ( ) for a factor of safety of 2 against
bearing capacity failure?
4. Repeat problem 4 part b for = 2u kNm
2
.
5. A mat foundation is shown in figure P-1. The design considerations are =
12 m, = 1u m, = 2.2 m, = Su NN,
1
= 2 m,
2
= 2 m,
S
= S.2 m, and
preconsolidation pressure = 1uS kNm
2
. Calculate the consolidation
settlement under the center of the mat.
Figure P-1
6. Refer to figure P-2. For the mat,
1
,
S
= 4u tons,
4
,
S
,
6
= 6u tons,
2
,
9
= 4S tons, anu
7
,
8
= Su tons.
all columns are 2u in.2u in. in cross section. Use the procedure outlined in
section 7 to determine the pressure on the soil at A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H.
Figure P-2
7. The plan of a mat foundation with column loads is shown in figure P-3. Calculate
the soil pressure at points A, B, C, D, E, and F. note: all columns are u.S m
u.S m in plan.
Figure P-3

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NPTEL - ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING-1

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