'''C

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11.What is coefficient of compressibility?

The coefficient of compressibility represents the compression of clay due to a unit
increase of the pressure.

12. Explain how volume change occurs in soil masses. .

When a soil mass is subjected to a compressive force, its volume decreases. The
compression of soils can occur due to the following causes.
i. Compression of solid particles and water in the voids.
ii. Compression and expulsion of air in the voids.
iii. Expulsion of water in the voids.

13. What is swelUng pressure?

Swelling pressure is defmed as the pressure required for preventing volume expansion in
soil in contact with water.

14. What is Free Swell ?

Free Swell is defmed as
Vf-Vi
Sf _m_- X 100
Vi
Sf Free Swell in percent
Vf Final volume of poured soil
Vi = Initial dry volume of poured soil

15. What are the two major limitations of plate load test?
1. Plate load tests should not be relied on to detennine ultimate bearing capacity of sandy
soils as the scale effect gives misleading results since the bearing capacity of footin gs in
sands varies with size of the footings.
2. Consolidation settlements in cohesive soils, which may take years, can not be predicted,
as the plate load test is essentially short duration test.

16. What is the advantage of method of proportioning?

In the method of proportioning, the footing sizes are arrived based on the assumption
that the allowable soil pressure under service loads below all the footings is same. This will
ensure that all the footings would settle by equal amounts.

17. Differentiate immediate and consolidation

, settlement.

S.No Immediate Settlement Consolidation Settlement .J

1. Immediate settlement are those which takes Consolidation settlement which are time
place as the load is applied immediately department and taking months to years to
(with in a time period of 7 days) develop.
2. It forms the major contribution to the total In forms the major contribution to the total
settlement in case of cohesion less soil. settlement in case of cohesive soils.
3. The rate of settlement does not depends upon The rate of settlem;:nt depends upon the
drainage condition. . drainage conditions of the clay layer. J

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18. What are the corrections to be applied for computed settlement values?
There are two corrections to be applied for computed consolidation settlement. ]
1. Correction for geometry of the footing and history of the clay.
2. COlTectionfor depth.

19. The correction factor for geometry of the footing and history' of the clay depends upon
the pore pressure coefficient A. Where as
The depth cOlTection = Factor
may be defmed as
Correctedsettlementfor a footing at depth of
Depth factor = .......-....--...-.......-..---.-.-.--.....-.--....-.-
Calculated settlement for a surface footing

20. Is code permissible settlement values.

..,
I Type of Foundation Maximum Permissible Settlement I
I Isolated foundations on clay 65mm
40mm
I
I
Isolated foundations on
Raft foundation on clay sand 65 to 100 mm I
1

I Raftfoundation on sand 40 to 65 mm
Maximum differential settlementon clay 40mm
Maximum differentialsettlement on sand 25mm
Angular distortion incase of large framed 1/500 Normally and 1/1000 if all
l.
structmes kinds of minor damages-~C!J?~_P!~vente4___-
Note:
For columnsand load bearing wall structural damage is expected when angular distortion
exceeds 1/150.

Architectural damage is expected wlJ.enangular distortion exceeds 1/300.

21. Settlement due to dewatering occurs because of the increase in effective stress.

22. Expansive clays cause settlement problems because of their swelling and shrinkage
characteristics. -'

23. If the coefficient mv is known, the settlement can be estimated using the expression
mvl\crH.

24. Three components of settlements of footings. on clay are !!nmediate settlement,

consolidation settlement and secondary compression.

~5. Safe' limit of angular distortion ,for building where cracking is not permissible 1/1000,

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30. "Vhat is the type of foundation failure in a sand deposit if the

relative density is less than 200/0?
1 The type of foundation failure in a sand deposit if the relative
density is less than 20% is local shear failure.

31. What is the nature of the footing assumed in Terzaghi's theory of

bearing capacity?
. Terzaghi gave a general theory for the bearing capacity of soils
making the following assumptions.
(a) The footing is strip footing. '
(b) The footing is laid at shallow depth. i.e. Dt< B.
(c) The base of the footing is rough.
(d) TI1e load on the footing is vertical and is unifonnly distributed.
32. List the factors that influence the bearing capacity of a footing
on sand?
According to Terzaghi' s bearing capacity theory,
The ultimate bearing capacity of a footing on sand is

qu= yDfNq +0.5ByNy

Where
Nq, Ny = feet»~

So the factors influencing the bearing capacity of sandy soils are

(a) Unit weight of the soil.
(b) Angle of internal friction.
(c) Width of foundation.
(d) Depth of foundation.

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-

26. What is the factor of safety in the design of the footing .

Factor of safety is defmed as the ratio between ultimate bearing .capacity an<;lsafe
bearing capacity. The factor of safety in foundation may range from 2 to 5,depending upon the
impol1ance of structure and soil profIle at the sight. '.

27. What is the maximum permissible settlement for a footing on clay as per B.I.S
The maximum permissible settlement for a isolated footing on clay is 65 mm. For raft
foundation on clayis 65 to 100mm. .
more
28. Why;s difJl!._ut settlement allowed in clay than sand
The allowable differential sett'ement higher for clays because progressive settlements
(consolidation settlements) on clayey soils permit better strain adjustments in the structural
member. In sands the differentialsettlementscan occur as soon as the total.settlementitself has
occurred, thus leavingno time for gradualadjustment.

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~;..-
 UNIT IV

PILE FOUNDATIONS

1. . Explain the following terms

i. End bearing pile
ii. Friction pile
iii. Tension pile (or) Uplift pile
iv. Anchor pile.
v. Compaction piles
vi. Fender piles

End bearingpile : .
When the top soil is soft or too weak to support the super structure,
piles are employed to transmit the load to the underlying bed rock, such pile.
are called end bearing piles (or) point bearing piles.

Friction pile :
When the bed rock is not existing at a reasonable depth the load is
transferred through friction along the pile shaft such piles are called friction
pile.

Combined end bearing andfriction piles:

These piles transfer loads by a combination of end bearing at the
bottom of the pileand frictionalongthe surface of the pile shaft.

Compaction piles:
Short piles are sometimes used for compacting loose sand deposits
\vhich gets densified by the vibrations set up on driving. Such piles are known
as compaction piles.

Uplift pile (or) tension piles: .

Transmission towers, off shore plat fonus, and ba.sement mats are
subjected to uplift forces and piles are used to resist the uplift forces, which
are called uplift piles (or) tension piles.

Anchor piles:
These piles are used to provide anchorage for anchored sheet piles.
These piles provide resistance against horizontal pull for a sheet pile wall.

Fender piles:

Fender piles are sheet piles which are used to protect water from
stmctures from impact of ships and vessels.

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2. What are steel piles?

Steel piles are generally in the form of thick pipes or rolled steel H sections.
Pipe steel piles are driven in to the ground with their ends open (or) closed.
Piles are provided with a driving point (or) shoe at the lower end. They may
cany loads upto 100 tonnes (or) more.

3. What is displacement piles?

All driven piles are displacementpiles as the soil is displaced laterally when
the pile is installed. The installation may cause heaving the surrounding
ground.

4. What are non displacement piles?

Bored piles are non displacement piles. As the soil is removed when the hole
is bored, there is no displacement of the soil during installation. The
installation of these piles causes very little change in the strt:.:ssesin the
surrounding soil.

5. What are cast in situ piles?

The cast in situ piles may be either driven or bored type. Driven cast
in situ piles are formed by driving a casing with a closed bottom end into the
soil. The casing is later filled with concrete. The casing may (or) may not
with drawn.
Bored cast in situ piles are fonned by excavating a hole in to the
ground and then filling it with concrete.

6. Mention four disadvantages of ca."Itin situ piles.

a. Installationof cast in situ piles require great care and are not suitable in
undergroundflowingwater.
b. Boring methods in case of fonning bored cast in situ piles, may loosen
sandy (or) gravellysoils.
c. Limitationin lengthbecause of liftingforce required to with draw casing.
d. The ,.:astin situ pileswilltakemuch lessload as compared to driven piles.

7. Mention advantages of driven piles.

a. The drivenpiles can be pre cast and installedaccordingto specifications.
b. Pile lengthsare easilyadjustable.
c. Driven' piles compacts the soil around there by increases the bearing
capacity.
d. Piles can be driven with a closed end so as to exclude the effects of
growld water.

8. :Mention four advantages of driven cast in situ piles.

a. The pile work can be programmed in advance.
b. Pile lengths are easily adjustable.
c. An enlarged base can be formed which will increases the bealing capacity.
d. Piles can be driven with a closed end so as to exclude the effect of ground
water:

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9. Mention four disadvantages of driven cast in situ piles.

a. Heave of adjoining ground which could affect the service or structures
~~ .
b. Limitationin lengthbecause of liftingforce required to'with draw casing.
c. Possible damage to uncased piles by necking and waisting due to lateral
forceswhenthe concreteis green. .
d. Concretecan not be inspectedafter completion.

10. Mention advantages of bore cast in situ piles. .

a. Very littledisplacementand no risk of ground heave.

b. Lengthcan be readilyvaried.
c. Piles can be installed with much noise and vibration with limited head
room.
d. Piles can be installed in very great length and very large diameters and
end enlargements up to 2 to 3 shaft diameters are possible in days (or)
soft rocks.

11. What are the disadvantages of bored cast in situ piles?

a. Boring methods may loosen sandy (or) gravelly soils.
b. Concreting under water will pose problems.
c. Concrete can not be subsequently inspected.
d. Susceptible to waisting or necking in squeezing ground.
e. Enlarged bases can not be formed in granular soils.

12. What is drop hammer?

Drop hammer is the simplest tram of hammer are solid masses of steel, IOta
50KN in mass, titted with a lifting eye and lugs for sliding in the leaders.
Drop hammer is raised by a winch and allowed to drop in the top of the pile
under gravity form ce11ainheight.

13. What is single acting hammer?

In a single acting hammer, the ram is raised by air (or stream) pressure to the
required height. It is then allowed to drop under gravily on the pile cap
provided with a hammer cushion.

14. What are the factors governing selection of pile?

The factors governingselectionof piles are
1.' Length of the pile in relationto the load and type of soil.
2. Character of structure.
3. Availabilityof materials.
4. Type ofloaaing.
5. Ease of maintenance.
6. Estimated cost of types of piles, taking into account the initial cost, life
expectancyand cost of maintenance.
7. Availabilityof funds.

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15.What are the factors that decide the carrying capacity of a single pile?
The bearing capacity of a single pile depends upon
1. Type, size and length of pile
2. Type of soil
3. The method of installation

16. What is a test pile?

A test pile is a pile which does not cany the lo~ds eoming from the super
structure. The maximum load that can be put on such piles may be about 2.5
.times the design load (or) the load imposed must be such as ro give a total
settlement not less than 1I1Othof pile diameter.

17. What is working pile?

A working pile is a pile driven (or) cast in situ along with the other piles to
carry the loads from the superstructure. The maximum test load on such piles
should not exceed on and half times the design load.

18. \-Vrite down and explain each term in two dynamic pile driving formulae
used for baring capacity of piles.
i. The general form of engineering News formula for the allowable load is
Qa = Wh/6(S+C)

W = weight of hammer
h height of fall in em
s = fmal penetration in cm per blow
e = empirical constant
= 2.5 for drop hammer I

0.25 for single acting and double acting hammer

The general fOlm of Hiley's formula for ultimate load. .
110WH 1+CR2R
Qu = { }
S + (C/2) l+R

'10 = efficiency of hammer

W = weight of haIIU)1er
h heightof fall of hammer
R Wp/W
CR Coefficientof restitution

19. Comment on group efficiency of piles.

The efficiency of a pile group is defined as the ratio of group capacity to the
sum of ..;apacitiesof number of piles.
Qg
fig = -------
. nQs
Group efficiencydepends upon
i. Type of soilin which piles are embedded.
ii. Method of installation
iii. Spacingof piles

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20. Which type of foundation is used in clay soil?
~
~ Whenis the
rock top soil
available at is soft clay and
reasonable depthbed end bearing piles (Bor~d type) \

When the top soil is soft clay and bed Friction piles (Bored type) l
rock is not existing at a reasonable. I

, depth l- J

21. What are Batter piles?

Some of the water and earth retaining stl11ctures are subjected to horizontal
and inclined forces. Such piles are referred to as batter.piles.

, 2,2.\-Vhat is Feld's rule?

According to the Feld's l111e,the value of each pile is reduced by one-sixteenth
owing to the effect of the nearest pile in each diagonal or st~aight row of
which the pal1icular pile is a member.

23. What is negative skin friction?

Negative skin friction is a downward drag acting on the piles due to relative
movementbetween the piles and surroundingsoil.

24. \Vhen the load is transferred through the pile tip such a pile is called end
bearing pile

25. The factor of safety in Engineering news fOlIDulafor pile capacity is 2.

26. According to Feld's rule the efficiency of four pile group is 82~/O.

27. Piles generally carry load by end bearing and friction.

28. In compressible fills piles carry additional load due to negative skinfriciton.

29. Dynamic fOlIDulais applicable to driven piles in coarse sands.

30. Based load transfer, the piles are classified as end beari1}gpiles _and friction
piles.

31. Group efficiency of a pile group is defined as the ratio between group capacity
and sum of individual pile capacities.

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 --

32. What are timber piles

The timber piles are made of tree trunks with branches trimmed of .It shall be of sound
quality and free of defects. TIle length of the pile may go up to 15 mm or more. If greater lengths
are required they are to be spliced. The diameter of the piles at the butt end may vary from 30 to
40 em. The diameter at the tip end should be less than 15 em. TIle maximum design load does
not exceed 25 tones.

33. When do you use an under reamed pile

Under reamed pile are very mush used in expansive soils to take up the uplift loads
caused due to swelling of soils. The enlarge base in the under reamed pile is called bulb and the
bulb is'placed in the stable zone where there will be no change in moisture content.

34. What ar'e displacement piles

All driven piles are displacement piles as the soil is displaced laterally, when the pile
is inst~\lled. The soil also gets densified. Precast concrete piles and closed end pile are high
displacement piles.
Steel H piles are low displacement piles.

35. What are non displacement piles

Bored piles are non displacement piles .As the soil is removed wh~n the hole is
bored there is no displacement of the soil during installation. The installation f these piles causes
very little change in the stresses in the sun-ounding soil.

I 36. What is feld's pile

, According to feld's pile ," the value of each pile if reduced by one sixteenth owing
to the effect of the nearest pile in each diagonal on straight row of which the particular pile is a
member under what conditional are pile driving fonnulas are reliabk.
Dynamic fonnulae could be used with more confidence in freely drawing material
such as coarse sand .What is the efficiency of a pile group in a square pattern according to feld's
pile

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