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ERG-100

June 2010

Abbreviations, Fan Terminology and Definitions


ARR. Arrangement of fan.

BHP Brake horsepower, the fans power consumption.

CCW Counterclockwise. Used to describe the rotation of an impeller. Rotation is determined by viewing the impeller
from the drive side on centrifugal fans. Determining the rotation is not a factor on axial and inline centrifugal
fans.

CFM Cubic feet per minute, the volume of air moved per minute.

CL Class of fan. The class identifies the limit of the fans performance range.

CW Clockwise. Used to describe the rotation of an impeller. Rotation is determined by viewing the impeller from
the drive side on centrifugal fans.

dBA Estimated sound pressure level in the space using A weighting.


DWDI Double width double inlet.

Efficiency A Ratio of the useful energy (work) provided by a system to the energy supplied to it. Used to provide a relative performance comparison of fans.

FPM Feet per minute, the velocity of the airstream.

HP Horsepower, the fans motor size.

I.D. Inside diameter of fan, duct or transition.

Lp Sound Pressure Level. Describes the loudness level of the sound, like the brightness level of a light bulb. This
value varies with the distance from the sound source and the environment surrounding the sound source. Sound
pressure is usually expressed in decibels with a reference level to 0.0002 microbars.

Lw Sound Power Level. Describes the total amount of acoustical energy the fan emits, like the watt rating of a light
bulb describes the total amount of energy the light emits. This value is independent of location, distance, and
environment. Sound power is usually expressed in decibels with a reference level to 1012 watts.

LwA Sound Power Level A weighted. This is a single value representing the fans overall sound power level. A weighting adjusts the sound power level for the response of the human ear. This value is often used in the calculation
of sound pressure levels.

ME Mechanical efficiency (or Total efficiency). Mechanical efficiency is a ratio of the total fan power output to the
power supplied to the fan. Mechanical efficiency uses total pressure, which includes the kinetic energy, to calculate the efficiency.

O.D. Outside diameter of fan, duct or transition.


OV Outlet velocity, the average air velocity at the outlet of the fan. Outlet velocity is calculated by dividing the CFM
by outlet area.
RPM Revolutions per minute, the number of rotations the fan shaft makes per minute.

SE Static efficiency. Static efficiency is a ratio of the fan power output to the power supplied to the fan. Static efficiency uses static pressure, which does not include the kinetic energy, to calculate the efficiency. It can be found
by multiplying the Mechanical efficiency by the ratio of the fan static pressure to the fan total pressure.

SP Static pressure is the measure of the potential energy of the airstream. SP acts equally in all directions. It is this
pressure in the duct that tends to burst or collapse the duct.

SWSI Single width single inlet.

TP Total pressure, the measure of the energy content of the airstream. It is the sum of static pressure (SP) and
velocity pressure (VP).

TS Tip speed, the speed of the fan blade tip.

VP Velocity pressure, the measure of the energy content of the airstream. Velocity pressure acts in the direction of
the airflow. It is the pressure necessary to accelerate the air.

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

Formulas For Fan Applications


CFM x TP x Kp
Mechanical
Efficiency, ME = 6343.3 x BHP x 100

CFM x SP x Kp
Static
Efficiency, SE
= 6343.3 x BHP x 100


(where SP is in inches H2O)
Total Pressure, TP

x
z

SP + VP


CFM
Velocity,
V
= Area in Sq. Ft.

Velocity Pressure, VP
=

Kp
=

V
x density in
(1097.8
) pounds
per
2

z
( ln (1x + x)) x ( ln (1+z)
)

= Pe1 + 13.595 x Pb
=

y+1
y

(6343.3CFMx BHP )
Pt1 + 13.595 x Pb

Pt1 = Total Pressure @ fan's inlet in in-wg


Pb

= Barometric Pressure in in-Hgz


cubic foot
I

f
the
density
is
0.075
lbs/ft3,

the equation for VP reduces to

=
(V/4008.6)2

System Curve Equation
The following formula is used to find other points on the system line when SP1 and CFM1 are known. Most, but not all, systems
follow this relationship.


CFM2
SP2 = SP1

CFM1

How to Use the Fan Laws for Performance Changes


There are two reasons why a fans performance may need to
be changed:

The system or area requires additional airflow (CFM).


actual system static pressure (SP) is different from the
The
design value.

When these situations occur, it is important to understand


how they can affect the fans performance.
The effect on the fans performance can be shown by using
the Fan Laws, shown below.
FAN LAW EQUATIONS
RPM2

CFM2 = RPM1 x CFM1

RPM2
SP2 = RPM1 x SP1

RPM2
BHP2 = RPM1

3. After installing the fan, the Plant Manager wants to increase


the airflow into the plant to 41,500 CFM. The fan laws are
used to determine how this fan will be affected by the new
system requirements.
4. The known values are
CFM1 = 33,120 CFM
SP1 = 2.5" SP
CFM2 = 41,500 CFM
RPM 1 = 620 RPM
BHP1 = 20.01 BHP
5. The unknown values are

RPM2 = ??
SP2 = ??
BHP2 = ??

6. Using the fan law equations, the unknown values are calculated as follows

41,500
RPM2 = 33,120 x 620 = 777 RPM2

( ) x 2.5" = 3.93" SP

777
BHP = ( 620) x 20.01 = 39.39 BHP


777
SP2 = 620

x BHP1

Subscript 1 = existing conditions


Subscript 2 = new conditions

EXAMPLE
1. Assume a customer requires a fan to operate at 33,120
CFM at 2.5" SP, at standard air density. Per the specifications, a BC backward inclined fan is required.
2. Based on the above information, from Twin City Fan &
Blowers Bulletin 300, a 490 BC SWSI, CL II fan is selected.
This fan will operate at 620 RPM and 20.01 BHP to meet
the required performance.
Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

7. What does this information tell us?


In order to use the same fan for an airflow of 41,500 CFM,
the RPM needs to be increased to 777 RPM.
The new performance increases the fans horsepower
requirement from 25 HP to 50 HP. If the fan is sped up to
777 RPM the motor must be resized.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The new RPM should be checked to
make sure it does not exceed the maximum allowable RPM
for the fan that is installed. If this information is not provided
in the catalog or you would like Twin City Fan & Blower to
review the application, please contact your local representative, the factory or the Twin City Fan Selector program.
3

Performance Correction for Temperature & Altitude


In each fan catalog the performance tables are based on standard air density, which is defined as dry air at 70F at sea level
(29.92 Hg barometric pressure). This is equal to 0.075 lb./ft3
density. The fan performance tables provide the fan RPM and
brake horsepower requirements for the given CFM and static
pressure, at standard air density.

When the fan performance is not at standard conditions, the


performance must be converted to standard conditions before
entering the fan performance tables. The fan performance is
converted to standard conditions by using the correction factor in the Temperature and Altitude Correction Chart shown
below.
The following are examples explaining how to convert the
fans performance to standard conditions.

Temperature and Altitude Correction Factors


AIR


TEMP


F


50
0
50
70
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000

1000

2000

29.92
1.293
1.152
1.039
1.000
.946
.869
.803
.747
.697
.654
.616
.582
.552
.525
.500
.477
.457
.439
.420
.404
.389
.376
.363

28.86
1.247
1.111
1.003
.964
.912
.838
.774
.720
.672
.631
.594
.561
.532
.506
.482
.460
.441
.423
.404
.391
.376
.363
.350

27.82
1.201
1.071
.967
.930
.880
.808
.747
.694
.648
.608
.573
.542
.513
.488
.465
.444
.425
.407
.389
.376
.363
.350
.338

ALTITUDE IN FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL


3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE IN INCHES OF MERCURY
26.82
25.84
24.90
23.98
23.09
22.22
1.159
1.116
1.076
1.036
.997
.960
1.032
.995
.959
.923
.889
.856
.932
.897
.864
.833
.801
.772
.896
.864
.832
.801
.772
.743
.848
.818
.787
.758
.730
.703
.770
.751
.723
.696
.671
.646
.720
.694
.668
.643
.620
.596
.669
.645
.622
.598
.576
.555
.624
.604
.580
.558
.538
.518
.586
.565
.544
.524
.505
.486
.552
.532
.513
.493
.476
.458
.522
.503
.484
.466
.449
.433
.495
.477
.459
.442
.426
.410
.470
.454
.437
.421
.405
.390
.448
.432
.416
.400
.386
.372
.427
.412
.397
.382
.368
.354
.410
.395
.380
.366
.353
.340
.393
.379
.365
.351
.338
.326
.375
.362
.350
.336
.323
.311
.363
.349
.336
.324
.312
.300
.349
.336
.324
.312
.300
.289
.337
.325
.313
.301
.290
.279
.325
.314
.302
.291
.280
.270

9000

10000

15000

21.39
.924
.824
.743
.714
.676
.620
.573
.533
.498
.467
.440
.416
.394
.375
.352
.341
.326
.313
.300
.289
.279
.269
.259

20.58
.889
.792
.715
.688
.651
.598
.552
.514
.480
.450
.424
.401
.380
.361
.344
.328
.315
.303
.290
.279
.268
.259
.250

16.89
.729
.650
.586
.564
.534
.490
.453
.421
.393
.369
.347
.328
.311
.296
.282
.269
.258
.248
.237
.228
.220
.212
.205

How To Convert the Fans Performance to Standard Conditions


When Operating Conditions Are Known:
Assume a 365 BC, SWSI fan is to handle 17,000 CFM, 2.5"
SP, at 300F and 3000 ft. altitude. This fan is not operating
at standard conditions; therefore, the performance needs to
be converted to standard conditions to find the fans speed
and brake horsepower. The fans performance is converted to
standard conditions as follows:
1. From the table above, the correction factor for 300F and
3000 ft. altitude is 0.624.
2. The static pressure, at standard air density, is calculated
by dividing the operating SP by the correction factor; i.e.,
2.5" .624 = 4" SP. The static pressure is 4" at standard
air density.
3. Knowing the CFM and the static pressure, at standard air
density, the fan RPM and BHP can be found. Enter the
365 BC, SWSI fan performance table (Bulletin 300) with
17,000 CFM and 4" SP.
4. In this example, the RPM and BHP are between the values listed in the performance table; therefore, the RPM
and BHP are determined by interpolation. The RPM is
determined by the following equation
17,000 16,850 RPM 915

= 929 915

17,620 16,850

5. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the equation to



150
RPM 915
=

770
14
6. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying each
side by 14 reduces the equation to

0.19 x 14 = RPM 915
7. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding 915 to
each side reduces the equation to

2.66 + 915 = RPM
8. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan RPM
equal to

RPM = 918 RPM
9. Next, the BHP is determined by the following equation

17,000 16,850
BHP 14.20
= 15.03 14.20

17,620 16,850
10. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the equation to

150
BHP 14.20
=

770
0.83
11. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying each
side by 0.83 reduces the equation to


0.19 x 0.83 = BHP 14.20
Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

12. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding 14.20 to
each side reduces the equation to

0.16 + 14.20 = BHP
13. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan BHP
equal to

BHP = 14.36 BHP
Conclusions For this example, the required fan RPM
is 918 RPM and the brake horsepower at standard conditions
is 14.36 BHP. The brake horsepower, 14.36 BHP at standard
conditions (70F at sea level), is also referred to as the cold or
starting brake horsepower.
If the fan is installed at a higher altitude than sea level,
such as described in this example, the cold or starting brake
horsepower at that altitude is determined by the following
equation:
Cold BHP at altitude =
BHPstd x Correction Factor
at Required Elevation and 70F

or this example, the cold or starting brake horsepower at


F
3000 ft. altitude and 70F is
14.36 x 0.896 = 12.87 BHP,
cold BHP @ 3000 ft. altitude
To determine the BHP at operating conditions, 300F and
3000 ft. altitude, multiply the BHP at standard conditions by
the factor for these conditions:
14.36 x 0.624 = 8.96 BHP
at operating conditions,
300F and 3000 ft. altitude
The fan performance information for 17000 CFM, 2.5" SP, at
300F and 3000 ft. altitude is
918 RPM
8.96 BHP at operating conditions (300F and 3000 ft. altitude)
12.87 BHP (cold BHP, 70F and 3000 ft. altitude)
14.36 BHP at standard conditions or cold BHP at 70F and
sea level
4" SP at standard conditions

When Operating Density Is Known:


Assume a 365 BC, SWSI fan is to handle 23,500 CFM, 3.0"
SP, at 0.06364 lb./ft3. This fan is not operating at standard
conditions; therefore, the performance needs to be converted
to standard conditions to find the fans speed and brake
horsepower. The fans performance is converted to standard
conditions as follows:
1. Using the operating density of 0.06364 lb./ft3, the correction factor is determined by dividing the operating density
by the standard density, 0.075 lb./ft3.
Operating Density
Correction Factor = Standard Density = .848

2. The static pressure at standard air density is calculated by
dividing the operating SP by the conversion factor, i.e.,
3.0" .848 = 3.5" SP. The static pressure is 3.5" at standard air density.
3. Knowing the CFM and the static pressure at standard air
density, the fan RPM and BHP can be found. Enter the
365 BC, SWSI fan performance table (Bulletin 300) with
23,500 CFM and 3.5" SP.
4. This example also finds the RPM and BHP between the
values listed in the performance table; therefore, the RPM
and BHP are determined by interpolation.
5. The RPM is determined by the following equation

23,500 22,980 RPM 1015
= 1054 1015

24,510 22,980
6. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the equation to

520
RPM 1015
=

1530
39
7. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying each
side by 39 reduces the equation to

0.3 x 39 = RPM 1015
8. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding 1015 to
each side reduces the equation to

13 + 1015 = RPM

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

9. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan RPM


equal to

RPM = 1028 RPM
10. Next, the BHP is determined by the following equation

23,500 22,980 BHP 20.15
= 22.48 20.15

24,510 22,980
11. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the equation to

520 BHP 20.15
=

1530
2.33
12. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying each
side by 2.33 reduces the equation to

0.34 x 2.33 = BHP 20.15
13. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding 20.15 to
each side reduces the equation to

0.79 + 20.15 = BHP
14. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan BHP
equal to

BHP = 20.94 BHP
Conclusions For this example, the required fan RPM is
1028 RPM and the brake horsepower is 20.94 BHP at standard
conditions. The brake horsepower, 20.94 BHP at standard
conditions (70F at sea level), is also referred to as the cold or
starting brake horsepower.
To determine the BHP at operating conditions, multiply the
BHP at standard conditions by the conversion factor for these
conditions:
20.94 x 0.848 = 17.76 BHP
at operating conditions
The fan performance information for 23,500 CFM, 3.0" SP,
at 0.06364 lb./ft3 is
1028 RPM
17.76 BHP at operating conditions of 0.06364 lb./ft3
20.94 BHP at standard conditions (70F at sea level)
3.5" SP at standard conditions.

Capture Velocities (or Airflow) For Exhaust Hoods


Exhaust hoods are critical devices used
to protect workers from pro-cess fumes
or dust. Exhaust hoods induce airflow
from the work station to the hood to
remove contaminants or particles from
the work area. The capture velocity
is the air velocity required to move the
contaminants from the work station to
the hood. Capture velocities and hood
designs depend on the type of fume or
dust being removed. Hood designs include canopy hoods, downdraft hoods,
booth-type hoods, slot hoods, etc. The
chart at right shows the capture velocity
and hood design for a given process.

Note: The flow rates and velocities


shown in the charts on this page are
based on standard air density. For conditions not at standard density such as
high temperature, moisture or elevation,
convert the operating conditions to standard air conditions using the correction
factors found in the Temperature and
Altitude Correction Chart on page 4.



PROCESS
TYPE OF HOOD

Abrasive Blasting
Downdraft Hood

Crossdraft Hood
Auto Parking Garage
2 Level
Bag Loading for Grain
Canopy Hood
Elevators, Feed Mills,

Flour Mills
Ceramic:
Enclosure Hood
Dry Pan
Local at Die
Dry Press
Local at Die

At Supply Bin
Spraying (Lead Glaze)
Booth Hood
Cooling Tunnels (Foundry)
Enclosure Hood


Core Sanding (on Lathe)
Downdraft Hood

Under Work
Crushers & Grinders
Enclosure Hood
Degreasing; Evaporation From Tanks Canopy Hood
Forge (Hand)
Booth Hood
Furniture Stripping Tank
Slot Hood
Metal Cutting Bandsaw
Booth Hood
Metal Spraying
Booth Hood






Outboard Motor Test Tank
Side Draft Hood
Packaging Machines
Booth Hood

Downdraft Hood

Complete Enclosure
Paper Machine
Canopy Hood
Pickling Metals
Canopy Hood
Plating Metals
Canopy Hood
Restaurant Range
Hood Against Wall

Island Type Hood
Spray Booth
Booth Hood






Steam Kettles
Canopy Hood
Varnish Kettles
Canopy Hood
Wire Impregnating
Covered Tanks

AIRFLOW OR
CAPTURE VELOCITY
60-100 CFM/ft2 of Floor
100 CFM/ft2 of Wall
500 CFM/Parking Space
100 CFM/ft2 Open Face Area
500 FPM Maximum
200 FPM Thru All Openings
500 CFM
500 CFM
500 CFM
400 FPM (Face)
75-100 CFM Per Running
Foot of Enclosure
100 FPM at Source
200 FPM Thru Openings
50-100 FPM
200 FPM at Face
45 CFM/ft2 of Tank Area
225 CFM/ft2 of Open Area
a) 150 CFM/ft2 of Face Area,
Non-toxic
b) 200 CFM/ft2 of Face Area,
Toxic
200 CFM/ft2 of tank openings
50-100 FPM at Face
95-150 FPM Down
100-400 FPMOpening
200-300 FPM at Face
200-250 FPM
225-250 FPM
80 CFM/ft2 of Hood Area
125 CFM/ft2 of Hood Area
a) 200 CFM/ft2 for Face Area
Up To 4 ft2
b) 150 CFM/ft2 for Face Area
Over 4 ft2
150 FPM at Face
200-250 FPM at Face
200 CFM/ft2 of Opening

From American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Industrial Ventilation (ACGIH): A


Manual of Recommended Practice, 22nd Ed. Copyright 1995, Cincinnati, OH. Reprinted with permission.

Minimum Duct Velocities For Conveying Materials


After the exhaust hood removes the
fumes or dust from the work station, the
velocity downstream of the hood must
be high enough to prevent the material
from clogging the ductwork. The velocity downstream of the hood is defined
as the minimum duct velocity and is
determined by the type of material being
conveyed through the duct. The table
at right shows typical duct velocities for
various materials.



AVG. VELOCITY

MATERIAL
TO CONVEY

MATERIAL (FPM)
VERY FINE LIGHT DUST:
25003000

Cotton Lint, Wood Flour, Litho Powder
DRY DUSTS & POWDERS:
30004000

Fine Rubber Dust, Jute Lint, Cotton Dust, Light Shavings, Soap Dust
AVERAGE INDUSTRIAL DUST:

Grinding Dust, Buffing Lint-Dry, Wool Jute Dust-Shaker Waste, Shoe

Dust, Granite Dust, Silica Flour, General Material Handling, Brick
35004000

Cutting, Clay Dust, Foundry-General, Limestone Dust, Packaging &

Weighing Asbestos Dust in Textile Industries
HEAVY DUSTS

Sawdust-Heavy & Wet, Metal Turnings, Foundry Tumbling Barrels &
40004500

Shake-Out, Sandblast Dust, Wood Blocks, Brass Turnings, Cast Iron

Boring Dust, Lead Dust
HEAVY OR MOIST:

Lead Dusts with Small Chips, Moist Cement Dust, Asbestos Chunks
4500 & Up

From Transite Pipe Cutting Machines, Buffing Lint-Sticky, Quick-Lime

Dust
From American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Industrial Ventilation (ACGIH): A
Manual of Recommended Practice, 22nd Ed. Copyright 1995, Cincinnati, OH. Reprinted with permission.

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

Air Change Rates for Ventilation


The volume of fresh air (CFM) required to a given area can
be easily estimated by the air change method. This method
is recommended for standard commercial type applications
where environmental control of hazards, heat and/or odors
is not necessary.
Other items to consider when determining the number of air
changes required are:
Local code requirements on air changes.
How the space is used.
The type of climate in the area, e.g., hot, moderate or
cold.
The air volume (CFM) can be estimated by using the following
equation and the chart at right that defines the number of air
changes for given area.

Volume of Air =

Room Volume (ft3)


No. of Air Changes (min./change)

AREA TYPE
ASSEMBLY HALL
BAKERY
BAR
BOWLING ALLEY
BOILER ROOM
CAFETERIA
CHURCH
CLASSROOM
ENGINE ROOM
FACTORY
FORGE SHOP
FOUNDRY
GENERATOR ROOM
HOSPITAL
KITCHEN
LABORATORY
LAUNDRY
LOCKER ROOM
MACHINE SHOP
MILL
OFFICE
RESTAURANT
RETAIL STORE
RESTROOM/TOILET
TRANSFORMER ROOM
WAREHOUSE

MINUTES PER CHANGE


3-10
1-3
2-4
3-7
1-3
3-5
4-10
4-6
1-3
2-7
1-2
1-5
2-5
4-6
2-3
2-5
2-4
4-15
3-6
3-8
2-8
5-10
5-10
2-5
1-5
4-10

Velocity-to-Velocity Pressure Conversion Chart


Values based at Standard Density,
0.075lbs/ft3.
Calculated by the formula:

V

VP = 4008.6

For other densities use the formula:

) x Density

V

VP = 1097.8

Where:
V is velocity in ft./min.
Density is in lb/ft3.


VP-VELOCITY
V-VELOCITY


PRESSURE
FPM

IN. WATER
100
0.0006
200
0.0025

300
0.0056

400
0.010

500
0.016

600
0.022

700
0.030

800
0.040

900
0.050

1000
0.062

1100
0.075

1200
0.090

1300
0.105

1400
0.122

1500
0.140

1600
0.159

1700
0.180

1800
0.202

1900
0.225

2000
0.249

2100
0.274

2200
0.301

2300
0.329

2400
0.358

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

VP-VELOCITY
V-VELOCITY


PRESSURE
FPM


IN. WATER

2500
0.389

2600
0.421

2700
0.454

2800
0.488

2900
0.523

3000
0.560

3100
0.598

3200
0.637

3300
0.678

3400
0.719

3500
0.762

3600
0.807

3700
0.852

3800
0.899

3900
0.947

4000
1.00

4100
1.05

4200
1.10

4300
1.15

4400
1.20

4500
1.26

4600
1.32

4700
1.37

4800
1.43

VP-VELOCITY
V -VELOCITY


PRESSURE
FPM

IN. WATER

4900
1.49

5000
1.56

5100
1.62

5200
1.68

5300
1.75

5400
1.81

5500
1.88

5600
1.95

5700
2.02

5800
2.09

5900
2.17

6000
2.24

6100
2.32

6200
2.39

6300
2.47

6400
2.55

6500
2.63

6600
2.71

6700
2.79

6800
2.88

6900
2.96

7000
3.05

7100
3.14

7200
3.23

Definitions of English & Metric Units


C
cfm
cm
F
ft
fpm
g
Hg
hp
hpm
hr.

= degrees Celsius
= cubic feet per minute
= centimeter
= degrees Fahrenheit
= foot
= feet per minute
= gram
= mercury
= horsepower
= metric horsepower
= hour

in.
kg
km
kPa
l
lb.
lbf
lbm
m
min.
mm

= inch
= kilogram
= kilometer
= kilopascal
= liter
= pound
= pound force
= pound mass
= meter
= minute
= millimeter

N
Nm
oz.
psi
rpm
rps
sec.
W
wg

= Newton
= Newton-meter
= ounce
= pounds per square inch
= revolutions per minute
= revolutions per second
= second
= Watts
= water gauge

Pressure Equivalent Chart


This chart shows pressure values in inches water gauge and the equivalent pressure in other commonly used unit.

INCHES
WATER
(IN. WG)

INCHES
MERCURY
(IN. Hg)

OUNCES
PER SQ. IN.
(oz./in)2

POUNDS
PER SQ. IN.
(lb./in)2

PASCALS
(Pa)

KILOPASCALS
(kPa)

MILLIMETERS
WATER
(mm WG)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

0.0736
0.1471
0.2207
0.2942
0.3678
0.4414
0.5149
0.5885
0.6620
0.7356
0.8092
0.8827
0.9563
1.0298
1.1034
1.1770
1.2505
1.3241
1.3976
1.4712
1.5448
1.6183
1.6919
1.7654
1.8390
1.9126
1.9861
2.0597
2.1332
2.2068
2.2804
2.3539
2.4275
2.5010
2.5746
2.6482
2.7217
2.7953
2.8688
2.9424
3.0160
3.0895
3.1631
3.2366
3.3102

0.577
1.154
1.731
2.308
2.886
3.463
4.040
4.617
5.194
5.771
6.348
6.925
7.503
8.080
8.657
9.234
9.811
10.388
10.965
11.542
12.120
12.697
13.274
13.851
14.428
15.005
15.582
16.159
16.736
17.314
17.891
18.468
19.045
19.622
20.199
20.776
21.353
21.931
22.508
23.085
23.662
24.239
24.816
25.393
25.970

0.0361
0.0721
0.1082
0.1443
0.1804
0.2164
0.2525
0.2886
0.3246
0.3607
0.3968
0.4328
0.4689
0.5050
0.5411
0.5771
0.6132
0.6493
0.6853
0.7214
0.7575
0.7935
0.8296
0.8657
0.9018
0.9378
0.9739
1.0100
1.0460
1.0821
1.1182
1.1542
1.1903
1.2264
1.2625
1.2985
1.3346
1.3707
1.4067
1.4428
1.4789
1.5149
1.5510
1.5871
1.6232

249
498
747
996
1245
1495
1744
1993
2242
2491
2740
2989
3238
3487
3736
3985
4235
4484
4733
4982
5231
5480
5729
5978
6227
6476
6725
6974
7224
7473
7722
7971
8220
8469
8718
8967
9216
9465
9714
9964
10213
10462
10711
10960
11209

0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.49
1.74
1.99
2.24
2.49
2.74
2.99
3.24
3.49
3.74
3.99
4.23
4.48
4.73
4.98
5.23
5.48
5.73
5.98
6.23
6.48
6.73
6.97
7.22
7.47
7.72
7.97
8.22
8.47
8.72
8.97
9.22
9.47
9.71
9.96
10.21
10.46
10.71
10.96
11.21

25.4
50.8
76.2
101.6
127.0
152.4
177.8
203.2
228.6
254.0
279.4
304.8
330.2
355.6
381.0
406.4
431.8
457.2
482.6
508.0
533.4
558.8
584.2
609.6
635.0
660.4
685.8
711.2
736.6
762.0
787.4
812.8
838.2
863.6
889.0
914.4
939.8
965.2
990.6
1016.0
1041.4
1066.8
1092.2
1117.6
1143.0

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

English & Metric Conversions


AREA
MULTIPLY


2







ft2





m2

in

BY
0.006944
0.0006452
645.16
144
0.09290
92903
10.76
1550
106

POWER
TO OBTAIN
ft2
m2
mm2
in2
m2
mm2
ft2
in2
mm2

DENSITY
MULTIPLY

lb/ft3

kg/m3

BY

TO OBTAIN

16.02

kg/m3

0.06243

lb/ft3

LENGTH
MULTIPLY


ft





in





m





mm





MULTIPLY


lbm






oz




grams




kg


BY
12
0.3048
304.80
0.0833
0.02540
25.4
3.2808
39.37
1000
0.003281
0.03937
0.001

TO OBTAIN
in
m
mm
ft
m
mm
ft
in
mm
ft
in
m

MASS
BY
16
453.59
0.45359
0.0625
28.35
0.0283
0.002205
0.03527
0.001
2.2046
35.274
1000

TO OBTAIN
oz
grams
kg
lbm
grams
kg
lbm
oz
kg
lbm
oz
grams

MOMENT OF INERTIA
MULTIPLY

- 2
lb in

2
lb-ft



2
kg-m

BY
0.0069
0.0002926
144
0.04214
23.73
3417.2

TO OBTAIN
lb-ft2
kg-m2
lb-in2
kg-m2
lb-ft2
lb-in2

POWER
MULTIPLY






HP





















ft-lb/min


ft-lb/s

KW

BY
33000
550
745.7
0.7457
76.04
0.0000303
0.0167
0.0226
0.0023
0.0018
60
1.3558
0.1388
0.00134
44.254
0.73756
0.1019
1.34
44,254
737.56
101.90

See page 12 for


Conversion table.

TO OBTAIN
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
W
kW
kg-m/sec
HP
ft-lb/s
W
kg-m/sec
HP
ft-lb/min
W
kg-m/sec
HP
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
kg-m/sec
HP
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
kg-m/sec

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

MULTIPLY




kg-m/sec

BY
0.01
434.78
7.20
9.81

BY
27.68
2.036
6894.8
703.07
51.715
0.06805
68.948
0.03613
0.07356
249.089
25.4
1.8683
0.002458
2.49089
0.49115
13.595
3386.4
345.31
25.4
0.03342
33.864
0.000145
0.004015
0.0002953
0.10197
0.007501
0.0000098692
0.01
0.001422
0.03937
0.002896
9.8067
0.07356
0.000096784
0.098067
0.01934
0.53524
0.002896
133.32
13.595
0.001316
1.3332
14.696
406.78
29.921
101325
10332
760
1013.25
0.0145
0.40146
0.02953
100
10.1972
0.75006
0.000987

Temperature

TORQUE
TO OBTAIN
hp
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
W

PRESSURE
MULTIPLY






psi












in-wg













in-Hg















Pa












mm-wg















mm-Hg












atm













mbar





expanded

TO OBTAIN
in-wg
in-Hg
Pa
mm-wg
mm-Hg
atm
mbar
psi
in-Hg
Pa
mm-wg
mm-Hg
atm
mbar
psi
in-wg
pa
mm-wg
mm-Hg
atm
mbar
psi
in-wg
in-Hg
mm-wg
mm-Hg
atm
mbar
psi
in-wg
in-Hg
Pa
mm-Hg
atm
mbar
psi
in-wg
in-Hg
Pa
mm-wg
atm
mbar
psi
in-wg
in-Hg
Pa
mm-wg
mm-Hg
mbar
psi
in-wg
in-Hg
Pa
mm-wg
mm-Hg
atm

ROTATING SPEED
MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN


0.0167
rps
RPM

0.0167
Hertz


60
rpm
RPS

1
Hertz



60
rpm
Hertz

1
rps



TEMPERATURE

F = 9/5 C + 32
C = 5/9 (F 32)

MULTIPLY


lb-in



lb-ft


N- m

BY
0.083
0.11298
12
1.3558
0.73756
8.8507

TO OBTAIN
lb-ft
N-m
lb-in
N-m
lb-ft
lb-in

VELOCITY
MULTIPLY



fpm








fps








in/sec








m/s








m/min



BY
0.0167
.2
0.005080
0.30480
60
12
0.30480
18.288
5
0.0833
0.02540
1.524
196.85
3.2808
39.37
60
3.2808
0.05468
0.65617
0.0167

TO OBTAIN
fps
in/sec
m/s
m/min
fpm
in/sec
m/s
m/min
fpm
fps
m/s
m/min
fpm
fps
in/sec
m/min
fpm
fps
in/sec
m/s

VOLUME
MULTIPLY


ft3





in3





l





m3

BY
1728
28.317
0.02832
0.000579
0.01639
0.0000164
0.03531
61.024
0.001
35.315
61024
1000

TO OBTAIN
in3
l
m3
ft3
l
m3
ft3
in3
m3
ft3
in3
l

VOLUME FLOW
MULTIPLY



CFM








m3/sec








3
m /min








m3/hr








l/s









l/min



BY
0.0004719
0.02832
1.6990
0.47195
28.317
2118.9
60
3600
1000
60000
35.315
0.0167
60
16.667
1000
0.58858
0.0167
0.0003
0.2778
16.667
2.1189
0.001
0.06
3.6
60
0.03531
0.000016
0.001
0.06
0.0167

TO OBTAIN
m3/sec
m3/min
m3/hr
l/s
l/min
CFM
m3/min
m3/hr
l/s
l/min
CFM
m3/sec
m3/hr
l/s
l/min
CFM
m3/min
m3/sec
l/s
l/min
CFM
m3/sec
m3/min
m3/hr
l/min
CFM
m3/sec
m3/min
m3/hr
l/s

Friction Loss Per 100 Feet of Round Duct


Data is for duct roughness of 0.0005 feet. If a special duct material is being used, please contact the duct material
manufacturer for the friction losses. Friction loss in inches H2O.

VEL.

2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000

CFM
175
192
209
227
244
262
279
297
314
332
349
367
384
402
419
437
454
471
489
506
524
541
559
576
594
611


VEL.

2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000

14"
CFM
FL
2138
0.39
2352
0.47
2566
0.55
2779
0.64
2993
0.74
3207
0.85
3421
0.96
3635
1.08
3848
1.20
4062
1.34
4276
1.48
4490
1.63
4704
1.78
4917
1.94
5131
2.11
5345
2.28
5559
2.46
5773
2.65
5986
2.85
6200
3.05
6414
3.26
6628
3.48
6842
3.70
7055
3.93
7269
4.16
7483
4.41

10

4"
FL
1.85
2.21
2.59
3.04
3.49
4.00
4.52
5.10
5.68
6.33
6.97
7.69
8.39
9.18
9.95
10.80
11.63
12.50
13.45
14.37
15.39
16.38
17.47
18.52
19.68
20.80

FL
1.11
1.33
1.57
1.83
2.11
2.41
2.72
3.07
3.43
3.80
4.21
4.62
5.05
5.51
5.99
6.49
7.00
7.54
8.10
8.67
9.26
9.88
10.51
11.16
11.84
12.53

DUCT DIAMETER
7"
CFM
FL
535
0.92
588
1.10
642
1.30
695
1.51
748
1.74
802
1.99
855
2.25
909
2.53
962
2.83
1016
3.14
1069
3.47
1123
3.82
1176
4.17
1230
4.56
1283
4.95
1337
5.36
1390
5.78
1443
6.22
1497
6.68
1550
7.15
1604
7.65
1657
8.15
1711
8.68
1764
9.22
1818
9.78
1871 10.34

18"
CFM
FL
3534
0.29
3888
0.34
4241
0.41
4595
0.47
4948
0.55
5302
0.62
5655
0.71
6008
0.79
6362
0.89
6715
0.99
7069
1.09
7422
1.20
7776
1.31
8129
1.43
8483
1.55
8836
1.68
9189
1.81
9543
1.95
9896
2.10
10250
2.25
10603
2.40
10957
2.56
11310
2.72
11664
2.89
12017
3.07
12370 3.25

DUCT DIAMETER
20"
CFM
FL
4363
0.25
4800
0.30
5236
0.36
5672
0.42
6109
0.48
6545
0.55
6981
0.62
7418
0.70
7854
0.78
8290
0.87
8727
0.96
9163
1.05
9599
1.15
10036
1.26
10472
1.37
10909
1.48
11345
1.60
11781
1.72
12218
1.85
12654
1.98
13090
2.11
13527
2.25
13963
2.40
14399
2.55
14836
2.70
15272 2.86

5"
CFM
273
300
327
355
382
409
437
464
491
518
546
573
600
627
655
682
709
737
764
791
818
846
873
900
928
955

6"
FL
1.39
1.67
1.97
2.30
2.65
3.02
3.43
3.85
4.30
4.77
5.28
5.80
6.35
6.91
7.53
8.14
8.78
9.47
10.16
10.88
11.62
12.41
13.19
14.00
14.87
15.73

16"
CFM
FL
2793
0.33
3072
0.40
3351
0.47
3630
0.55
3910
0.63
4189
0.72
4468
0.82
4747
0.92
5027
1.02
5306
1.14
5585
1.26
5864
1.38
6144
1.51
6423
1.65
6702
1.79
6982
1.94
7261
2.09
7540
2.25
7819
2.42
8099
2.59
8378
2.77
8657
2.95
8936
3.14
9216
3.34
9495
3.54
9774
3.75

CFM
393
432
471
511
550
589
628
668
707
746
786
825
864
903
943
982
1021
1061
1100
1139
1178
1218
1257
1296
1336
1375

8"
FL
0.77
0.93
1.10
1.28
1.47
1.68
1.91
2.15
2.40
2.66
2.94
3.23
3.54
3.86
4.19
4.54
4.90
5.27
5.66
6.07
6.48
6.91
7.35
7.81
8.28
8.77

10"
CFM
FL
1091
0.59
1200
0.71
1309
0.83
1418
0.97
1527
1.12
1636
1.28
1745
1.45
1854
1.63
1963
1.82
2073
2.02
2182
2.23
2291
2.46
2400
2.69
2509
2.93
2618
3.18
2727
3.45
2836
3.72
2945
4.00
3054
4.30
3163
4.61
3272
4.92
3381
5.25
3491
5.59
3600
5.93
3709
6.29
3818
6.66

12"
CFM
1571
1728
1885
2042
2199
2356
2513
2670
2827
2985
3142
3299
3456
3613
3770
3927
4084
4241
4398
4555
4712
4869
5027
5184
5341
5498

FL
0.47
0.56
0.67
0.78
0.90
1.02
1.16
1.30
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.96
2.15
2.34
2.54
2.76
2.97
3.20
3.44
3.68
3.93
4.20
4.47
4.74
5.03
5.32

22"
CFM
FL
5280
0.22
5808
0.27
6336
0.32
6863
0.37
7391
0.43
7919
0.49
8447
0.55
8975
0.62
9503
0.70
10031
0.77
10559
0.85
11087
0.94
11615
1.03
12143
1.12
12671
1.22
13199
1.32
13727
1.42
14255
1.53
14783
1.64
15311
1.76
15839
1.88
16367
2.01
16895
2.14
17423
2.27
17951
2.40
18479 2.55

24"
CFM
FL
6283
0.20
6912
0.24
7540
0.29
8168
0.33
8796
0.39
9425
0.44
10053
0.50
10681
0.56
11310
0.63
11938
0.70
12566
0.77
13195
0.84
13823
0.92
14451
1.01
15080
1.10
15708
1.19
16336
1.28
16965
1.38
17593
1.48
18221
1.58
18850
1.69
19478
1.81
20106
1.92
20735
2.04
21363
2.16
21991 2.29

30"
CFM
9817
10799
11781
12763
13744
14726
15708
16690
17671
18653
19635
20617
21598
22580
23562
24544
25525
26507
27489
28470
29452
30434
31416
32397
33379
34361

FL
0.15
0.19
0.22
0.26
0.29
0.34
0.38
0.43
0.48
0.53
0.59
0.65
0.71
0.77
0.84
0.91
0.98
1.05
1.13
1.21
1.29
1.38
1.47
1.56
1.65
1.75

CFM
698
768
838
908
977
1047
1117
1187
1257
1327
1396
1466
1536
1606
1676
1746
1815
1885
1955
2025
2095
2164
2234
2304
2374
2444

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

Area and Circumference of Circles




CIRCUMDIA.
AREA


FERENCE
(IN.)
FT2
IN
FT

IN2
1
0.785 0.005
3.14 0.262
2
3.14 0.022
6.28 0.523
3
7.07 0.049
9.42 0.785
4
12.57 0.087 12.57 1.054
5
19.63 0.136 15.71 1.31
6
28.27 0.196 18.85 1.57
7
38.48 0.267 21.99 1.83
8
50.27 0.349 25.13 2.09
9
63.62 0.441 28.27 2.36
10
78.54 0.545 31.42 2.62
11
95.03 0.659 34.56 2.88
12
113.00 0.785 37.70 3.14
13
133.00 0.921 40.84 3.40
14
154.00 1.07
43.98 3.66
15
177.00 1.23
47.12 3.93
16
201.00 1.40
50.27 4.19
17
227.00 1.57
53.41 4.45
18
254.00 1.77
56.55 4.71
19
284.00 1.97
59.69 4.97
20
314.00 2.18
62.83 5.23
21
346.00 2.40
65.97 5.50
22
380.00 2.64
69.12 5.76
23
415.00 2.88
72.26 6.02
24
452.00 3.14
75.40 6.28
25
491.00 3.41
78.54 6.54
26
531.00 3.68
81.68 6.80
27
573.00 3.97
84.82 7.07
28
616.00 4.27
87.96 7.33
29
661.00 4.58
91.11 7.59
30
707.00 4.90
94.25 7.85
31
755.00 5.24
97.39 8.11
32
804.00 5.58 100.53 8.37
33
855.00 5.93 103.67 8.64
34
908.00 6.30 106.81 8.90



DIA.
AREA


(IN.)
FT2

IN2
35
962 6.68
36
1018 7.06
37
1075 7.46
38
1134 7.87
39
1195 8.29
40
1257 8.72
41
1320 9.16
42
1385 9.61
43
1452 10.08
44
1521 10.55
45
1590 11.04
46
1662 11.53
47
1735 12.04
48
1810 12.56
49
1886 13.08
50
1963 13.62
51
2043 14.17
52
2124 14.74
53
2206 15.31
54
2290 15.89
55
2376 16.49
56
2463 17.09
57
2552 17.71
58
2642 18.33
59
2734 18.97
60
2827 19.62
61
2922 20.28
62
3019 20.95
63
3117 21.63
64
3217 22.32
65
3318 23.03
66
3421 23.74
67
3526 24.46
68
3632 25.20

CIRCUMFERENCE
IN
FT
109.96 9.16
113.10 9.42
116.24 9.68
119.38 9.94
122.52 10.21
125.66 10.47
128.81 10.73
131.95 10.99
135.09 11.25
138.23 11.51
141.37 11.78
144.51 12.04
147.65 12.30
150.80 12.56
153.94 12.82
157.08 13.08
160.22 13.35
163.36 13.61
166.50 13.87
169.65 14.13
172.79 14.39
175.93 14.65
179.07 14.92
182.21 15.18
185.35 15.44
188.50 15.70
191.64 15.96
194.78 16.23
197.92 16.49
201.06 16.75
204.20 17.01
207.35 17.27
210.49 17.53
213.63 17.80



DIA.
AREA


(IN.)
FT2

IN2
69
3739 25.95
70
3848 26.70
71
3959 27.47
72
4072 28.25
73
4185 29.04
74
4301 29.84
75
4418 30.66
76
4536 31.48
77
4657 32.31
78
4778 33.16
79
4902 34.01
80
5027 34.88
81
5153 35.76
82
5281 36.64
83
5411 37.54
84
5542 38.45
85
5675 39.37
86
5809 40.31
87
5945 41.25
88
6082 42.20
89
6221 43.17
90
6362 44.14
91
6504 45.13
92
6648 46.13
93
6793 47.14
94
6940 48.15
95
7088 49.18
96
7238 50.23
97
7390 51.28
98
7543 52.34
99
7698 53.41
100
7854 54.50

CIRCUMFERENCE
IN
FT
216.77 18.06
219.91 18.32
223.05 18.58
226.19 18.84
229.34 19.10
232.48 19.37
235.62 19.63
238.76 19.89
241.90 20.15
245.04 20.41
248.19 20.67
251.33 20.94
254.47 21.20
257.61 21.46
260.75 21.72
263.89 21.98
267.04 22.24
270.18 22.51
273.32 22.77
276.46 23.03
279.60 23.29
282.74 23.55
285.88 23.81
289.03 24.08
292.17 24.34
295.31 24.60
298.45 24.86
301.59 25.12
304.73 25.38
307.88 25.65
311.02 25.91
314.16 26.17

Equations: Area = r2 (r = radius of circle)



Circumference = 2r or d (r = radius of circle; d = diameter of circle)

Gauges & Equivalent Metal Thickness


Steel Sheet Gauges & Weights


GAUGE


1"

3/4"

5/8"

1/2"

3/8"

5/16"

1/4"

3/16"

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

Twin City Engineering Resource Guide

THICKNESS
IN.
MM
1
25.4000
3/4
19.0500
5/8
15.8750
1/2
12.7000
3/8
9.5250
5/16
7.9375
1/4
6.3500
3/16
4.7625
.1793
4.5542
.1644
4.1758
.1495
3.7973
.1345
3.4163
.1196
3.0378
.1046
2.6568
.0897
2.2784
.0747
1.8974
.0673
1.7094
.0598
1.5189
.0538
1.3665
.0478
1.2141
.0418
1.0617
.0359
0.9119
.0329
0.8357
.0299
0.7595
.0269
0.6833
.0239
0.6071
.0209
0.5309
.0179
0.4547
.0164
0.4166

WEIGHT
LB/FT2
41.829
31.372
26.143
20.915
15.686
13.072
10.457
7.843
7.500
6.875
6.250
5.625
5.000
4.375
3.750
3.125
2.813
2.500
2.250
2.000
1.750
1.500
1.375
1.250
1.125
1.000
0.875
0.750
0.688

KG/M2
204.379
153.280
127.73
102.187
76.640
63.867
51.093
38.320
36.644
33.591
30.537
27.483
24.429
21.376
18.322
15.268
13.744
12.215
10.993
9.772
8.550
7.329
6.718
6.107
5.497
4.886
4.275
3.664
3.361

11

Fractions to Equivalent Decimal Values


FRACTION
1

64
132
364
116
564

3
32
764

1
8
9
64

5
32
11

64
316
1364

7
32
15

64

1
4
1764

9
32
19

64
516
2164

11
32

DECIMAL

FRACTION

23
64

3
8
2564

13
32
2764
716
2964

15
32
3164

1
2
33

64

17
32
3564
916
3764

19
32
3964

5
8
41

64

21
32
4364
1116

.016
.031
.047
.063
.078
.094
.109
.125
.141
.156
.172
.188
.203
.219
.234
.250
.266
.281
.397
.313
.328
.344

DECIMAL

.359
.375
.391
.406
.422
.438
.453
.469
.484
.500
.516
.531
.547
.563
.578
.594
.609
.625
.641
.656
.672
.688

FRACTION

45
64
2332
4764
3

4
4964
2532
5164
1316
5364
2732
5564
7

8
5764
2932
5964
1516
6164
3132
6364

DECIMAL

.703
.719
.734
.750
.766
.781
.797
.813
.828
.844
.859
.875
.861
.906
.922
.938
.953
.969
.984
1.00

Temperature Conversions






































C
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3

F
40.0
38.2
36.4
34.6
32.8
31.0
29.2
27.4
25.6
23.8
22.0
20.2
18.4
16.6
14.8
13.0
11.2
9.4
7.6
5.8
4.0
72.2
0.4
1.4
3.2
5.0
6.8
8.6
10.4
12.2
14.4
15.8
17.6
19.4
21.2
23.0
24.8
26.6

C
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

F
28.4
30.2
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0

C
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73

F
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
122.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4

C
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155

F
165.2
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0
221.0
230.0
239.0
248.0
257.0
266.0
275.0
284.0
293.0
302.0
311.0

C
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345

F
320
329
338
347
356
365
374
383
392
401
410
419
428
437
446
455
464
473
482
491
500
509
518
527
536
545
554
563
572
581
590
599
608
617
626
635
644
653

C
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
650
700
750
800

F
662
671
680
689
698
707
716
725
734
743
752
770
788
806
824
842
860
878
896
914
932
950
968
986
1004
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
1112
1202
1292
1382
1472

TM

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