GOVEltNMEN'l' OF INDIA

ARCHJEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

ARCHLEOLOGICAL
LIBRARY
ACOESBION N0 . ..., / ....... 7'-'6........_+...,..9 :.-------
0ALL No.
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THE HISTORY OF INOlA


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THE
HISTORY OF INDIA
As Told by irs Ow11 Historians
THE MUHAMMADAN PERIOD
THE POSTHUMOUS PAl'BRS
Ol'
SlR H. M. ELLIOT
17649
Edited by John Dowson

SUSIL GUPTA (INDIA) PRIVATE LTD
CALCU'ITA U
First Edition 1869
Second Edition 1958
CitURAL At<CH,,t::OLOGJGAI
UBRARY. Nt:.W >fU.Hl.
Aea. llo ... .... .. .tJ.k.'fJ... ..... -
o.. . . ..... l..f : .. (.f:r'f. ... . f. ...... , .. / ...... ..._._.
c, o :z- .:' --
N .. -..... . ....... - ... 7-
PubUtbcd by Sull Oupto for Susll Oupta Ondla) Pt. ltd. I
3S, Otlt1ara$n A.enue, c.Jeutlll-12, and printed by
Jmr,.Du Nm t>cr at Exn ass Pal>rmtl l'mvAn
Llld1TID, 20-A, Gour t.aba Street, Caleana-6.
PUBLISHERS' NOTE
The volume comprises nine articles dealing with minor
histories and histarians reproduced from volumes IV and
VII of tho original edition of tho work.
The Memoirs of Khawas Khan and Shuja'l Khan, the
Extracts from Waki'lltl Mushtakt, Tarlkhf Hafiz Altru antl
Tarlkh.f Mubarak Slwhl appeared In the Volume IV, and
the rest are drawn from Vol. VII of the original edition.
The Editor in .course of his prefatory rcmada

"The extraclli fi'om the WakJ' at i Mushtakl will show
the truo value of a wodc once often quoted, but now little
known. It Is a favourable specimen or the anecdotal
literature of the age, and though asserling to claims. to be
considered ns a consecutive .historical record. it contains
numerous interesting passages beucr worthy of attention
than many of the stories recorded by the professed his--
torians.
"The Tarikhl Mubarak Shahi now makes its first
appearAnce. It is an e.cecdingly rare work, nnd a knoW
ledge> of it bns long been anxiously desired, for lt covers
Ills l "hiatus of about sixty years"' which Col. Lees thought
it would be difficult to up from "contemporaneous his
torian.s." It is not a work or any literary prete_ns!ons, and
it can o:nly be regarded as a plain unvarnished chronicle
of the period over which it travels. Such as iris, however,
it is a contemporary record, and all hrter writers have been
directly or lndhecfly indebted to it for the history of the
troublous times which followed lhe invasion of Timur.
Sir}!. Elliot's MS. is incomplete, but as Nizam Ahmad,
the of the Tabokat-1 Akbari, made great use of this
WOik, and often quoted long passages verbatim, t.be defi
ciencies of the former have be,en supplied, by quoting
..
vi
from tbe latter suoh passages as were required to complete
lhe history of the Saiyid dynasty down to the end of rhc
rei gn of ' Aiauddin in 1450 A.D."
The following is n liJt of articles in th.is volume with
the names of tho writers.
I. Memoir of Khawas Kban-Sir H. M. Elliot. 2.
Death of Sbujat Khan-Sir 'H. M. E!Uot. 3. Wakl'at-i
Muslzataki-A Munsbi and Sir H. M. Elliot. 4. Tarikh
of lradat Kbao-Capr. Jonnth.nn Scott. 5. Tarikh-i
Babndur Shahi-Lt. Anderson. 6. Tarikh-i Shah AJam
Babndur Shnb-Editor. 7. Tbral Noma-Editor. 8. Tori-
kill Hafiz Abru- Sir H. M. Elliot and Edltor. 9; Tarikh-i
Mubarak-Sbahi- Editor.
CoNTHNTS
PAOli
).
Masnad 'A.li Khawns Khan
2
2.
Death of Sbuja'at Khan
5
3.
Waki'atl Mushraki
7
4.
Khan Jahan Lodi
11
s. MiaD Zaiilud din
14
6.
Khawas Khan
19
7. The Nobles of Sultan
Sikandar's Reign
20
8. Mugbula and the Raja
of Chnmparao
21
9.
Otl1cr nobles of Suhan
Sikandar's reign
23
10. Mian l,:la'rufFormull
24
11. Sber Shah
25
12. Sulan Mahmud of Mandu 28
13. Account of Suit !In
Gbl1u,d din Khilji,
Klog of Maodu
30
14. Tarikh-i lradat Khan ~
15. A'zam Shah
37
16.
Shah A lam Bahadur Sbab
48
17.
The sons o{Babadur Shah so
18.
Character of Bsbadur Shah :
His Courl
51
19.
Prince Kam Bakhsh
53
20. Ghaziu-d din Khan
Firoz Jang
54
21.
.Death aod Character
of Kban-khanan 56
22.
Death of Babadur Shah 57
24.
Letters of Aurangazab 63
viii
PAO
2S.
Tarilclr-111ahatlur Shah/ . ..
6S
26.
Tarikb i Sbab Alam
Bahadur Shah 68
27. ' lbrat-Nama
68
28.
Murder of Husain AU Khnn ... 7l
29
Hafiz A.bru 72
30. Tarlkh-1 Mubarak-SIIahl 77
31.
Reign of Sultan Feroz shah ... 78
32.
Reign of Tugbllk Sbab
90
33. Sullan Muhammad Shah 92
34. Su!U\11 ' Alau-d din
Sikandar Sbab 99
35. Sullrul Mabmud Shah 100
36. Mubarak Sba.h 125
. .

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1
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I
l

STUDIES 1N !NOlAN HISTORY
Vol. VI

l
I
MASNAD 'ALI KfiAWAS :KHAN
THER is no connected account of this officer in any of
the Afghan histories. Those who treat of him sepamtcly
611 their smtements with what to us are the most u11.
interesting events of his life. Thus, in the Tarilthi Khan
]allan (MS:, pp. 187-190), there is a ltmg eulogy upon
great uhammadan , iirlues, and especially b.is lavish
prodigaUty' in behalf o l:11.y fakir:. ';['he Waki'ati Mtllh
tahi (MS., pp. U217) gives these and other particulats:
b11t, nocwitlutanding its prolixity, is not complete even in
U1ese five long pagc.f, as au llaitu& occurs before we come
to the time of his d<ritth. The Tarikh-1 Dlt'lid.i (MS., I'P
.ag-7) nlso celebrates his inilimiminate liberality to 'these
sanclim.onious vagabonds .. nncl gives a.g an illustration that
he had no less than 2500 apartments in his palace, in eacb
of whlch 1 oo of these obese vermin wexe pampered at th.e
o two sil of corn per diem, great and small. Doubt
less, tl1e c.'aggerntion of numbers is enomwus; but admit
ing even one biUldrcdth part to be true, it again leads to
ll1e .refleCtion whlcl1 similar laudatioM excited-
What misery must have beea entailed upon the wretched
phlnder'ed people to supply the extravagances a.nd establiili
the piety and benevolence of these ostentatious "Patrons of
profeued' devotees.
With respect to his death, this work simply ..tells us
that he was !<illcd without hftving committed . any fault.
In short, all these authors dwell more upon the execellenee
and liberality of his cuisine, than upon his tragic end,
and the deUberate and knavery o the base king
at who.'!e instigation he was murdered. There is no
occasion to notice any of the political events of his life,
for they will be found frequently mentloned in the l"eigus
of Sbet Shah and lllam Shah ; but it is curious to remark
wUl be round r.ranstated in the annotations. oC1>r. Dorns
Hltory of t/1< pm U., FP Jo6-8. In "JIU!e boOk cntlllctl
the llfgliania p. 136). tlll& prolusion is aurlbutcd 10
Sher Shta.h, bw .be W35 tQO wiit and practiml u. m.an for suc:b,


STUDIES lN INDIAN HISTORY
that, on bu lint int.roduction to public life, when he
!uccccded to the title o Khawa$ Kha.n, upon the occasion
.of bis elder brother's being drowned ilL the ditch of the
fort of Gaur, he came into slight collision with his future
murderer lslam Shah, then Prince Jalal Khan. khawns
Khan urged. an immediate attack, to whidt Jalal Khan
,gave his reluctant cooli'mt ; but generously attributed the
.victory, when gained, to the COU(age and Cot:J:gy of Kllawas

lt hns been remnrked elsewhere, bow conftrsed is the
record of his career at the beginning of Islam Shall's reign.
It may, therefore, necessary ro mention. that, nftcr
flying from Mewar with nll his n1tlllery, in which he was
strong, he remained some time in Sirhlnd, wltither 'Azam
Rumayun against him by Islam Shah' s orders,
with 40,000 men ; but they had a secret understanding with
each other, and Khaswas l<han retired leiSurely on his
advance, and entered Rohll.khaod, whCJc, after for a long
time desolating the royal parg<mas at the foot of the
Kamaun hills, he joined the Niazi3 befote Lhe battle of
Ambala, and on the day of action dcsert.t!d Utcm on the
plea of their wishing to exclude any man of the Sur family
from the !Ucce&sion to the empire. Hi$ movements here
appear to hnvc been very extraordinary, for instead of
j oining Islam Sltah, to whom he had communicated bi6
intentions, and from whom be n;tight have expected to
the imroediat.e (CWard of his perfidy. he again
Tettrrned to his !taunts under the bills, and finally sought
the protection of the Raja of Kam:tttn, who conducted
himself with great magnanimi,ty during the events we s!:tall
now 1\ave to He entered the Raja's country by
the pass Qf Dabar. and fixed his residence at Albahi.
Ahmad Yadgar is the author who give$ by f.:tr the full.est
and most consistent of death in n passage
extending irol'n. pp. 336 to 342 of his history, which.,!' here
proceed to abstract.
' &:c "Shcr Shah", P. 74
J
'
STUDIJ!S IN IN.DIAN WSTO!tY
After the Raja of .Rajauri lutd presented a white
elephant, and so ingratiated himself with tb.e K.ing that
he was reinstated in hls territories, Idam Shah returned
from those pares, and remained some time t Agra.
Here inteiHgence was brought him by his spies, that
KhaWlls Khan had establiabed bimsel,f upon a lofty moun
ta.in in the domin.ions of the Raja of Kamaun, who bad
assigned him some villages fo> his support, as well ai a
daily allowance of cash. Upon this, Taj Khan Kiran.i,
who held the Suba o Sambhal,' was d.irected to use every
possible means to get Ule refugee into his power. "H bi,s
hand could not .reach there, be was to do. it by

promising royal as imperial cllslricts
at the foot of the hills, whleb would be made over to
h.im. :By holding ouL hOp<$ such as these, Tnj Khan might
be able to send him io chains to Court."
Several messages were despatched at the same time to
th<; Raja, who indignantly rcjilied, "l-Iow cnn I throw ioto
fetters a man who has sought my protection ? As long
as I have breath my body, !never ean. be guilry o,511ch
baseness." Islam Shah llitmelf theu wrote to
Khawas Khan, to say that he forgave him, and
wishecl that what had passed should all be forgotten
between them; that the Rana of Udipur had again raised
h.is and plundered several of the xoy:d possession!,
and carriecl olt the wives and children of Musulmaru; that
none of the nobles had succeeded in their measures agaiost
him ; ond that '\11 tbcir hopes were now oentred i1l
Khawas Khan. "All this is assertccl with nil the sinccrity
than can attath to an oath before God : and after that,
an and guarantee was ingrosseci. 'o)'l saffron
. >
Thla ungra.ltEul scou.ndrd had owed his ptdl!!'1'lllC'nl (o
K.h;m. Tn the !ub.scque:nc lilif.Otf. of the Afghans, we tlnd b1m In
reblllon hilf Jicge.lonl. an<L IU()porting his uturpallont by -
ha Sll!f'C of tying torgt-r)' w.bich he (Ound Jb
on tlus ooowon.
The Maltlli.awi AfgJrani te.pl'tsentt that the RBja !laid be wJa
.incapable of affording him [>r01ection any longer, llDtl that
Kh:tn carne hinuelf lO DchH and suucndc:red htmsclf.
.'lfl1Dli1.S IN JllS1'01L
coloured cloth, and despatched. And 'l:tl j Khan wns at
the same time instructed ro usc every k.uld of cajolery
and Hattery. ln order to lull that bird into security, and
entice him imo the net ; for the wounds which his con
duct l1ad ltnplanted in the King's breast could not be
hc:.led but by tlte salve of h!.s murder.''
On the receipt of these missives, Khawns Khrrn's
immediate impulse wa.s to obey them, but he was strongly
di.!lsuadcd by his adhcrcnt.s ancl the Raja, who Tcprescntctl
that the Klllg was perft<liou$, that lte hatl destroyed mit
of hb nobles, and how thezl could he allow Khawas Khau
to' Cllc:lpc, ,;,ho had been ret\ limes to him iu
battle ? These remonstrances were, however, of no avail.
When Taj K.h.an wrote to inform ,His Majasty dmt
J<hnwas Khan had rrn'ived within twcmy kos of Snmbhal,
"The king, who entertained i11 his heart the most inveterate
Jotgot his sacred promi$cs and oath before
Cod, and Wt'Ote, saying, 'The moment he arrive! slay him,
and hnviJ>g nuffcd his body witlt straw, despatdJ it to
Dchli.' ''
1
W.lien 10Jawas Kh;m anivcd at the town of: Sirsi, Taj
Kb.an advanced with !}is army 10 mc.ct him, and at night
sent his myrmidons w assassinate b.im. "On the morrow,
wben preparing to execute the royal commands, they
found, on U1c rcn10val of the sheet fr"Om his body, that
,was covered with about ten sirs: of nowcrs. Khan
was . alanncd at what lte bad done. Nevertheless, under
the prcre.Djptory instructiorts he had received, he cut. off
that head, which was the ornament of prostration in
pra)'er, and bound it on a spear-head, Ukc that of a
common malefactor or murderer, and sent it on to its
destfuadon accempanicd by the body stuffed w.ith st:raw."
iu arrival, Islam Shah ordered that it should be in)-
paled In the front of the Red Gate; and it is said, tliat
when 'tJill was done, a fllack wintl arose whlcl) darkened
'BriBgs 'aao:ribe< till! event to 957 (1550 A.l>). but not on
the authority of his original
STUDlllS It>' INDIAN HISTORY
5
lbc whole world, and sll1:h an earthqunke w:w (ell that
the loftiest buiJdi,ugs fell to U1e ground. From that date;
moreover, calumlcies befell the reign of !slam Shah."
He seems to b.ave been buried .in Pchli ; for the
Mall h1t1ni ll/gltani infOrms us that wllen, after exposure
for tlu:e.e s uccessive nighbl, a load of roses, notwitP<tand
in!\" the doubllng of tlie guard, was found to have been
thrown over the body, Islam Shnh was inSpired with
remorse; and ordered that he ahould be solemnly' interred .
. firishta also says that his corpse \vas interred ac Dehli
n(te.r h.is assassination by Taj 1<.ban ; that his comb is
frequented even at the prcsem da.y; and that the oommon
people, esteeming him to be a saint, go there toHltter
prnyCl"ll for" success itl their
But t have also h.ad his tomb pointed. out to me at
Khawaspur in c.be Upper Panjab, between the Jelam and
the Chinah. He is in thnt neighbourhood also held in
high. repute (or b.is piety and courage; and there arc
several populat songs sung in hls praise, under the ,appcl-
lntion of "Sakhi" or "generous."
DEATH OF SHUJA'AT KRAt'J .
We tc.,d so mudt respecting the acri!)ns of this
officer durit\g the reigns of Sher Shah and Islam Shah,
1
thlll 1.herc is no need here 10 expatiate upon them.
Most of the authors who have made any mention of !tis
death' concur in repreoenting it as a natural one, bul
as the following appear lti!(hly probable, and are
illustrative <!f the ignominy aud baseness which ptevailed.
at thi& period, I will abstract ltu aceounL of them from
Ahmad Yadgar (MS., pp. 845850).
Sh'!ja'at Khan. Gh:u.i Khan S!Uj and Iiajl ,Kban
were direi:j:ed by hlam Shah to lead an .expedition
' Aniortgn oUlcr r.nonunlentt Of hiS rule. It lhe town of 'Sh.ujat
wnlpnr, ncar Ujjain.
See Ma):h14ni (MS., p. ,,6), and Ta-rikli. KhaJ.
J'""' (MS .. p. Ut). iibht.a tllyt he dotd u Malwa ln. < " mil.
tho others -l.oo aay aft or the <Jelb of !Jiam Shh.
6
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
Surat Sing Rathor, whose principality Chonsu. Tile
.ole reason !or this wanton attack seems to have been
that he !tad a white elephant and a beautiful daughter.
The elephant, though .so remarkable for its docility in
the stable that even .chHdren .might play with jts trunk
and tusks. was equally celebrated in the field fof it& valou.r
and ferocity, insomuch that no strange dl'iver dare
approach it.
Sural Sing chnnced to be al Dwarl:.a when he heard
of the arrival of th4 formidable force ; but two
chicftaillS, Rumpa and Pampa, htving becrt lcfl behind
to manage tbc :un.y during his absence, collected ten or
t wclve thousand veteran soldiers, and crcctt'<.l an earthen
circumvallation round Chonsu, with a deep clitch, pi'O
tccted by in different places.
One day, afu:.r the anny of Islam Shah !tad reached
that neighbourhood, they carne suddenly upon the village
of Nal:.ar, where the Rajputs were standing negligently
in detached bodies, and had tal:.en no lllClU;tS for securing
their outposts in that portion of the dcfcr1ccs. T ltc three
nobles, after a short conSllltation, determined upon an
immediate au.ack_, and the lot fell. upon Shuja'al Kh:m co
leacl the advan,co, with 4000 cavalry and scvco or eight
elephants. Haji Khan and Ghazi Khan were to support
him respectively on 'the right and left. Tb.e Rajputs
maintained their ground against every att.nck of
Khan, !.hough. clirected with. the uunost vigour and
unf>etu6sity ; nnd at \he same time, "the two nobles
retired, both qn the right a:nd left, becatue Islam Shah
was ill-clisp06Cd towards Shuja'at Khan, though lte pre
tended to be otherwise, on account of Daulat Khan
Ujiab. the Khan's adopted .son, who was a of
1he King's. He had, therefore, directed them secretly on
the day of batUe to let h.im advance heedlessly, and not
give liim any support wh'en he required it, in order that
he might be slain." Coruequetttly, . when Sl-.uja'at Khan
fonnd himself deserted hy hi$ colleagues, being determined
to sell liis life dearly, he put himself al the nead of two

I
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
i
thousand of hls own cavalry, and astonished eveh hil
infidel opponents by bis deeds of gallantry, "until bi.t
horse fell covered with wounds ; when, being drive.n to
defend himself on foot with his bow a.od he made
every bolt which he sped send an infidel to hell."
"I:he next dny, the Hindus being defeated by the
other two generals, performed the i4tlllar, when one
thousand women became victinu in that sacrifice.
Immense plunder fell into the h.ands of the victors, and
O'casure was Clll'cied off which it had taken three or four
generations to amass. ''The King was bigbly rejoicccl
to near of Shuja'at Kban's death, and ordained a splendid
festival to be held. He recounted tO Daulat Khan U jialn
all lhc feats of valour which had been achieved by SbuJ!I'at
Kh.nn and in order to assuage his grief, elevated him to
the -rank which bad been enjoyed by hi$ adoptive
fathc.r.u
What a pltternal k.ing I What loyal and obsequious
nobles I
WAKl'ATZ MUSBTA.X/
TU author of this work, Shaikh Rizl.u.Jla Mwhtaki. IllS
born in 897 n., and died jn 989 n., (t4gs8 A.D.).' In
the body of the work he names his father Shailth Sa'dulla.
He speaks of ltinuclf in his preface as having associated
from early youth with the most learned meo of ilia age,
and having greatly benefited by their colloquies. l!rom
.
Defore thla (if we cxctpl Ujjn'h'l
1
wbjd1 hiJ !atJter wa.s com-
p<llcd to give up to bim) he npp<anl to have held no lpedllc rank,
but pcrhap1 took. precedence of all Lhc. nobles, :LS tbc personal
r-avoltrltc at t.he K.it1g. The Makllrani 11fghani te11s \ II be at
liberty to dnw nt any dmc: a Inc of ropee:s !mm the Treuun.
11llt youhg tutd favoured p-enon !l.ppenn, ' lrorn 10n1e ftW thit.
reCQrdcd of hlm. to ha:ve been better th;tn the genimt.l rnn ol hi
''ile conlcniponri.es .. Be waa -murdered
1
a.ftcr hb' fatbci' (katb, by
h.La perfidious brotbe:r Bnt Dah.adur, who has left bebJnd hhn t
name of celebrity in M>IWII.
Nt'mutull coliJ lilm Mautllll Mwbukt, glvlnr hi
name (Makluani dfgltoni, MS.. fol. r.).
STUDJ:r ..S IN lNDJJ\N HlSTOR Y
tbelll he used to hear several extraordinary relations of
l>ygooe dmcs, which, together with what he bad derived
from the CXCt'(.iSe of his ow.n powers o observation, he
used to recount ror the instruction and cdi!ication of his
friends. "!'hey we:re so much strucl\ with the murvcls he
related, :J,nd the value of Ills communications, they
would bring him pen and ink, nnd beseech him to record
in n more pctmancnt form Lhe result of his researches;
and nt la$1, upon a particular friend of his suggesting that
the uuthor should compile an hi.srorkl work_ fot the
advantage of those who wc.rc p:uriul ttl stu:h inquiries,
he undertook the task, and we have the result in the
Wnl<i' tLIA Mu.<btliki.
He is spoken of in terms of high commendation b)'
Shaikh '1\bdul Hakk anti Shaikh Nurul ,Hakk ill tht
Tarilthi Ffl!l<hi and tile Zubtlntrtl Tnllml'ii<lt , He
styled uncle by both these ;' bur a 'Abdu-l Hakl<
was the (aLiter of Nurul Hakk, he muSL necessarily stand
in n remoter relation lo ouc of them. He is reprcscJ\!ed
as a !,>TCat traveller, as b:.vittg mixed with rnnny celebrated
men, as an eloq ucnt and learned man, comistcnt and
pure in his conduct, moch devoted to spiritual exercises,
and especially .in the doctrines and practices oF Sufiism,
fully acquaimcd with the history of politics of his time.
and his conversation as very cngnging and replete with
wit, repartee, and anecdote. Jn his Pcnian. compositions
l:l:c nyl,ed hhmelf MushMk, in his Hindu] Rnjmr. Ele
posse"cd the' rare accompii.lhment at thnt 1.ime of con
knowlcc)ge of the Hindui language. He quote.\
distichs i\t the course of his history, and "his
]ob Niran.;an and oth<tr tzeatiscs in Hindi' nrc
celebrated Lltroughout the world." He had cight brothers,
all possessed of rare qualifications ; and as far grand
. R>kk's &lAy 011 lie< Lil.crary Jiisll>ey of De/Ill (MS ..
fol . o v.). ond N'urul Hnkl<.' Zubdolul (MS., fol. So r.),
nnd 4klnrrrcl 4Ahyor (MS., fol . 191 <.).
The dislinctfon Hindu and Rfud.i
1x)lh by
1
ADdu.) R11kk and Nmu-1 Hakk, but they arc tvtdontly
meant to apply to the same language.
S1'tl0li!S IN HISTORY
nuphew can be understood, it would appear that their
colltemporaries were ummimous in ascribing to them the
merit of having effected considerable improvement ia
the populnr language of t.he country. T11e family appears
to have bad a bins towards historical composition ; for,
indcpendeutlyof the lwo works noticed above, our a'ulhor's
grandfather, by name Shailili Flroz, who is said to h.1vc
c!xcellcd equally with his peu and sword, wrote an heroic
poem upon the war between Sultan llahlo! and Sultan
Husahi Sharki, 'Abdul Hakk mentions that he had It in
his: pos5ession, but had I04t it, leading us to infur tbnt
lt was very scarce, Shaikh Firoz died .in 86o n. ( 456
A.D.).' He app<oars to be enti tled to a portion ol the
snint.hip which attaches to the nnme of bu gtandwn, fot'
he was much devoted to spirilllal exercise$. indulged in
visions and ecstasies, ;mtl was cspeciJilly lcatncd in tltc
docll'incs and practlccs l)f Su.Jiism. His retigions pre
ceplor wa.1 Shaikh Muhammad Miskin, who resided nt
Kan.auj, ;uid wn much revered Pl' hi< credulous disciples.
It is related of him that when his house was dcsb:oyed by
fire, a store of rice wa$ burnL along with his other goods.
"It matters twt." said he, "the harvest of us who are
scorched ( wllh nrc as well as the light divine) will not
all be destroyed," nnd threw the gmin upon the ground,
when lo ! every seed of the grain, when they <:ame
reap it, was found to he double. When this marvellous
produce was brought before Sultan Sikandar. he devoutlr
thnnked Cod that s11ch men wet:c produced in his time.
Sultan Jlnhtol Shnlt
Snlnm S'kan<lu
Sultr.n Ibrahim
B:thar Datbhllh
Humyun lld>h.t
Al<bJU' llad.ttah
Akioyar (MS., oL ss v,),
Thete il o..n account of thls aaJnt fn t.bc Alcltbltful Alclrynr (MS .
fo1. tQI), :tnd at the end of lt lberc is a budalOtf notic:c o( MtiJII
l<ki. See nlso Tnbahnt l Sltnll-}nlmni (MS .. (ol. 37 \' ,) ,

STUDll-:S IN INDIAN lliSTOllY
Sher Sllah
lslam Shah
J)p. 95
1
'
1
I)J). UJI-irl
S\Jium Muhmm.l (' Adali) tmd Sur
dynnoty .. PP '4,t'46
Ghiyund din l(ltilji (M Molw) I'P
Nl\:nud diu Khil/'i ... .. pp.
Sultan MuUI[or S >oh (Of Gujorol) . .. pp. t08t67
Ml<<IIWOOUI Andotca .. pp. 168110
Sh;q-SmaU contofning .:uo pagea of 17 liues eaclJ.
Dut it is not to be mpposcd that the treatment or
the history is so methodical ns the above table would
leave one to suppose. On the contrary, the work ia very
long digressions urc frcqucutly introduted,
ond referenre ia ng:tin made to reigns wbkh hayc been
previously disposed of, and to matters whitlt he con!csscs
be had forgotten. Thus, in the midtllc of the :reign o(
[slam Shah, we have an account of some of the nobles of
lbrahlm Shah, and then of Sultan Sikandar, so as to
leave the impression, that hc.rc at lease there mu5t be some
error of the copyist or the binder ; for such a strange
transposition could scarcely bave mken place either by
design, or the mosc treachcrmas lapse of memory. Anec
dotes arc nho of the cclcb<ttted chiefs and
sainu of tbc time, and silly storie. of miracles, apparitions,
demons, enchantment, and jugglery the work-:-
exllihiting the extraordinary credulity Qf the uthor, ns
well as of the ngc in whiclt he It how
c;vcr, much that is iptcresting, and we nrc occasionally
favoured with a few illustrations of the manner., 11 the
times. It ajfords, therefore, n rather copioli!J field rm
extract, especially as it ia exceedingly rare. Many of the
!lodes attributed to tho author's heroes arc popularly
related of otb.er sovereigns.
llesidcs one in '"Y 0w11 pnsses5ion, I know of only
one copy of tltis work in India." and tbat is an cxcellcm
copy in the 11asklt character in the Moti 'Mahal library lit
It ;, strange that the Mmlltaki
reol. Lees hAd never seen 11 copy : :nul n_lthougb he bad &net
wlll fhe nunc o( ''ftl::..ulan:\ Musluak.i," .hc:2 dJd not know rhe lltlc:
<>( lo is book. Journ. ll. A. S .. vol. ill .. 11.1. , p. iMl
STUDIES IIi tNDtAN HI$TOIW
II
should be so uncommon, for it was much quoted by con-
temporaries.' and conto.ins abundance of trivilll torie..
well suited to the tastes and intellects of the p1esenl
generation,
K/lan ]ahem
IN giving an account of the nobles of Sultan Sikandar's
time, J shall not speak of those whom I not seen,
but only t.bose with whom l was personally acquainted.
I commence with those who were in his service while at
Agra.
Masnad 'Ali Husain Xhan, who was cllllcd
Jahan Lodi, had made it n rule tl12t whatever fixed
.;alary h<> gave to his soldiers, he never :my-
thing from it: but when, after the lapse of niuety years.
the sovereignty departed J'Jom the Afghans, their allow-
were stopped.
l t wa.< nlso his rule, that every one of his atuJdanl<
should be pre5ent whenever be was in bb camp ; but
when he was in his palace, if any pdrron went to him
Utecc, he would aak. him why lle came. Jf the Jll'at)
plied, he came to salute !tim, he would say, "You have
come of your own accord, th.ere is no necessity for your
attendance:, except when I am in tl\e camp. Now, thouglr
r arn at home, you &till come to me. It appears that you
hltVe no love for your own family. What must they
of you ?'' After saying this, be would immediate!)
dismiss him, even allowing him to &it down.
If any person died, his allowances were transferred
to IUs so.n. 1 he had no ann, they were given to bis
sister's or brother's son, or sonin-law, or any of hill rela
tion$ who survived him. If there was no such relation.
his wi.fe was ordered to bring her brother or nephew, and
the llllowancc was given to him. 11' she also had none.
Betides tho 'in.sHmces quoted nbove
1
see Nllo'\mud dt" AhmAd.
:T'abokali A kbari (MS., !ol. v.}. and Allbdrt Falti Sirhindl. A Abor
"""'" (MS .. fol. 1 v.).
lstlqam(ll :1 new of 1h.a w:otcf.
ruDlES lN tNDIAN to$TOR:t
ohc W!IS :1dvl.sed to adopt a son. from her other relations:
and if she bad no rcl:u.ion, then any wcll-bor.n child.
If she had nny fit slave, the was allowed to adopt him,
but she was en joined to send .him to school, and teach
him tl1e arts of archery and riding. ln short, in no
mlll1llcr WM any .fixed nllown.ncc ever stopped. If any
learned or religious man hru! a11 interview with. him, be
was favoured with. the gtnnt oE n village, n piece of Land,
or some pension. He always took care of his ncighliours,
and re.Paired Ute .mosques which had fallen into disrepair.
One morning, :Sandagi Minrt Ladnn Dnu.isbmand
wcnL to the Khan Jahan, an,d when he asked him what
bro11gbt hiln there so early, he answered tl1at he wished
to eat khichri, but tl1at he tliought he could not have ll
prep:trcd in. time; be bad therefore thought of some rich
man in whose bouse he could find it ready. He rcmcm
bcrcd Llie Khan, a11d irnmcdiatcl y came to hlm. The
Khan said that he never ate !tlticilri, but other thin!!'
1vcrc beiog ma.cle rcndy: if he liked kltic!tri, it should he
prepared for him. The Mian nnswercd, "The same
difficulty exists here ; while you arc getting lt ready, 1.hc
time for eating it will have passed. Th.c. Khan said,
"While it is getting ready 1 'Viii send for some sweet
meats for you from the bawr." The. Mian said, "Very
good. but tell the man to bring the money t Q rnc. L
will direct him wbRL he should bring." When the
noJey was brought, the Mian said to the man, "Give iL
to me, and you go and ptepafe the kliic/tri." ln. sb.orl,
wbcn ic was ready, and the Mian had. finished it, he said
he had eaten too freely, and l.t would be very trouble-
some for him lo st.and tl1e motion of a Utter. The .Kh.1n
asJ:cd, ''Why do you go in a litter, have you no h.orse ?"
He replied that a horse whi.cb goes uneasily i! worse
than a litter, and that his horse had very u.npleasant
paces. The Khan said, "I will give you one of my own
horses wh.il;h goes very easily." T he Minn exclaimed,
"Why should J not ride if there be such a horse at my
dispcal I " Tbe Khan ordered h.is men to bring a ccr-
S'fUOU!.S IN INDIAN Y
l j
taln horse, nod it was brought just as it stood in the
stable, with only its clothing on it. He ordered it to .be
made oyer to the Mian, who said, "ln of
my belley so full. 1 of the Vtter ; but
.now a greater dilficttlty hns arisen, for t Mver om ride
a llorse with a naked bad." The Khan smiled. and :oent
for a saddle, which brought and put on lhe l.torse ..
The Mian then naked whether be was to keep the anilmtl
at his howe, or send i.1. back. "Keep lC lit your hnuse,''
replied the Khan. The Mian said there WitS nobody ro
take care of it. On this he was told that a scrvao.t should
be employed. on monthly wages fot the pttrpQse. The
Mian ugn.in asked what it ate, and was told Lhat it
always ate rulsc, coarse sugar, and clarified bmter. The
Mian aid, "Where arc such things to be got in Lllis llOOr
mnn's bouse 1" So these '"ere also ordered to be given
to rum. Again he said, "When this saddle becomes old,
at\Oll)er will be required, ami n.ew doth.ing will also be
needed whe11 the old is worn .out." He was told to tru:.e
uway those articles al.!o. He then "[t wottld be
very troublesome to send the horse-keeper every day for
its food ; it would a grcnL favour if you were LO grnnt
me a village, lle- income of ivhicl\ wlll do for all Utesc
expenses nL once, viz., the wages of tho groom :tnd the
horse's food, a.n<l .its and its clothing, nnd its
green fodder." This request of his was also cotnplicd
with, and n villnge was gr.mted l'l.im in the district of
On his caking leave, he said he bad ll!ken hls
dinner and a horse :lnd u villnge, but tbe Litter
carriers wlw had brought bim there bad got 11othing.
On thls sornc money w.. given to them, and th,en . nt
last tl1c Mian tOOk bU depnrt11rc. Such wa) the ge1c!r()o
do/ of Jnhan Lodi I
When he died, his son, whose name was Ahmed
Khan, neither got the title of Khan Jhan nor bis fatber!s
rank. Mian Zai nud din a)ld Mian Zabaru-d din
two officers of the deceased Khan Jahan, and his anmy
and parganas were given over to t heir cl\arge. A ,r<>yal

STUDIES IN INDIAN HlSTORY
was also sent at tho samt time to the address
Zaimad din, infor ming b.itn that these privileges were
granted by His of his own free motion, and not
in consequence of Zainud din's connection witll Khan
J ah an Locli. From that time Zninud din took the
muster of the ;<rmy, and bad charge of lbe parga11as.
Tne jagir of tle archets was maint;lind, to bo enjoyed
by them. To Ahmad Kllan, son of Khan Jaltan, a u:act
was granted from the disarict of Kaithal, in the name of
his mother, besides an annual allowance of one of
ttwkat fol' the purchase of horses, one Inc of tatakas for
his clothing, and anolbcr Inc for betcllcaves and otbtr
rn.isccl lanemis expenses.
Miata Zailau-d di11
I slial l now mention some of moral qunlitics of Mian
7.:tinud din, in otdcr to sh.o1v th.o.t tne officers of those
were so ClXeellent even divines of the present
are llOt equnl to them. He rose early th.nt he
bathed and read ail his prayers and performed all his
religioUll duties bc{ore sunrlse. lu the daytime, he read
the ten divisions of lbe Kur'an, standing all the time on
his legs. He went over seventeen divi!ions of that book
ci'Cry day. and never sat down while he was performing
r.bi5 duty. Rc also read one of the ta/unilas of GbauSlts
and tlte whole of Iiisni Hn.ri11, besides other
ltliscellantous prayers, alld WC!lt rltrough five hundred
differeni postux;es oE devotion, all standing. hom mid
night tUl noonday . he W<IS. lilways employed in worship.
Ouring tltis time b.e never spoke on worldly subjects; if
there Wits anything necessary to be donL", he directed his
servant to do it by signs. '1>\'b.ile he wns taking ,hi$ mcab
he discoursed on scientific subjects. He dined always with
lwned and religious rotn, and took a llttle rest nfter his
dinner. !a the afternoon l1e used to speak on secular
subjects, and give direction$ respectiJtg household busiriess,
and other matters which it m\gP,t be necessary for hlm
to speak of. After this, he again attended his prayers,
STUJ)TES (N t:NDIAN RJSTORY
and redorJl1ed other religious duties. ffc then read the
pl'llyers, repea.ting them much oftener than is
en joined by his religion. He did not <;>btain leisure from
these religious performances till f<>ur hours and a half
of the night had passed : and then he sat a lirtle with
his friends, 1tnd took as a supper fruit or rice boiled
in riillk. Having done this he retired to his chamber.
None of his servants of either sex neglected to read Lhcir
prayers. Whenever he brought any slave from the market,
he first placed hlm vnder the care of a tutor, in ord.et
that .he might learn his prayers and become acquainted
with tb.c precepts of the Muhammadan law, till which
time he gave h.im no employment. On Friday wgh.lS,
from the time of evening pl'aycr, if tb.crc was any Hindu
in his assembly, he turned him out, and would not even
look on the face of a Huldu during th.at night. One day
three persons = &om the Sultan to c.all him, but he
would not go : and it was reported to His Majesty that
although three men had been sent for Miau Zainu-d din,
yet he had nnt chosen to come. The Sultan teplled that
it was Friday night, and he will not come; he may be
after he has done with his prayers. He kept fast
on Thursdays and Frida)"', besides the common fas.ting
days. He never neglected these duties in any season-
summer or w.inter. He :tlways. attended public prayers.
on Fridays, even if be was t.en kos off; His kitchen Wlts
so large that food was given to every one th.tec times
day, whether b.e belonged to his own people or was a
sttanger, and from whatoever place be came. [n the
,month of Rama1.l\n, rice boiled in milk was given to
every applicant in the evening, when they broke fast,
and also early in 'the morning. Whatever any pcr.son
Wt!nted to eat given to him.
Every yeor he. called all his relations, male and
female, from Dehli t<;> Agra, to sec them. On their
departure b'e nsked 'them all what they wished t& h;we,
and gave them they asked. Whenever. by way of
charity, he paid th.e expenses of a marriage eecemony,
IN INDIAN tiiSTOil\'
whether the bridegroom 1'13! b.i.< relalioll, ,,..
a stranger, be gave the bride money, clothes, n bed with
its appurtenances, and. also a pnllli i she were of sufficient
l'llnk. ln shorr, he did aU is required of a father.
If any guests came imo the house of those who lived
on !tis estate. he sent all kinds of food fat them from
hu OIV11 kitchen in such. quantity thnt not only wns it
sullici.:nt for them, bpl for their Set'lantls also. Dnring
the anniversary days of the l'rophet's death (may pe;u;e
be to him I) food -or the v-.Utte of two thousand ftmAm
was dail,y prepared during the L1vclvc d<Lys. On the fim
and last da.y of the festival, vict uttb o.F :ill kh1ds, and or
good flavour, and were ptepare<l in large quanti-
ties, at the expense of fout thousand lmthas. ft should
be considered what would now be the value of four
thousancl lttnkas o those days. At last, when Sultan
Sikandnr died, b.e lose his GovcromClH. Al1macl Khan,
son of Khall Johao and be both coorioucd withotl
"uy employment; and they had saved no money to Uvc
on.. Still many people continncd faithfully to acrve ltim.
and he nlso continued benevoltm co all, at:cording- to the
extent <>f his 1t1eans : but he w:.s often in wnnr of moucy
to meet his expenses!
One day Shaikh Sa'du-JI:., father of the writer of this
book. who from infancy was attached. to him. went to
him uncxpcctcdlt, and saw papers before him ho
tore one by one into pieces and gave to hi.s slave, wbo
steeped them in .n basin of water. The Shnikb asked him
wltat be was <foing. T he Mian repUed that some gre-.u J
anp . noble p=ons taken money from him which he
did not give tltetll with the imcntion of receiving
They, however, had seJ" him the bondt. Now tllat he
l"ns without emp(oyment or means of subsucence, he
th.c vid.ssltudet ot an fon1 :die:et na with no
l'<i)'IHJ>IlV'Y TJJC onJy c:xcugc thnt c:nn be :t.dvnuctd for lhis vt(:{ots
ll; tbat If did .not 6:p01d aU rheJr
Han1ne g_afnJ as fuc. as they were: nc:C')uared, t.hc would ,have
done Jt for theiD1
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
'7
11\ought thll ltc might not he able to resist the tempta-
tion of kuoving to be in possess.ion of these
l>onds; amounted in value to tbrce lacs of ta>1lrus;
and migbt wlsb to avail himself of them. Also that bis
sons after !tis death. might come forward and claim the
money, if he did uot these bond.< during his
lifedme.
t'l1s friends also had simjlat noble dispositions. My
athct, fo1 instance (may Go<;! be merciful to him I), had
a numerous family. When Zainu-d din's were
reduced, my fathers f.tmily and ,friends rcfnonstnted with
him (ol' continuing on his est:ablislunent, observing that
oilier persons holding or1ices of greater emoluments no
longer remained in tbe s.ervice of the Minn, whereM .he
tcmained for two or ilircc years, He replied that i t was
through the wise dispensatiot\ of God that he got his
employment, that people who are compelled to work for
their livelihood, if pay be wirhdx:awn. will no l onger
ser've, and tb.at what he wished was .moderate, and 'that
his d.esires w:ere satlsRed. He bad accun;tul.ated, he nid,
enottgb dttring bis service to enable him co maintain
himself and the Mia11 for two or three years. And upon
bis friends again remarkiog tltat they well lmc1v be had
nothing of hu own, he said he would S<lll his bouse.'
and books, he would have no care as long :u anything
re\nnined in h4 possession. So, without receiving any
salary, 1:\e remained ilirec yelltl with Mian Zainu-d din,
and after liis death, ow: years with his sons, serving the
family altogether for a period of G.fty-five ycats.
There wns a Mughal by name Mamon. Having
his situation at some other plnce, he entered the
of. Mi:an Znillud din. Soon after Sultan Si.kandar
hlei.l, <\00 me Mian became poor. the llfugbal temain!!(l
sill! nttaclcd to him, for b.e w;u a very good
man. 4i

One ilay, hi.! son was leading a mare lo tbe river . to
and in tl1e sand he felt wmething under his foot .

t8
s-TIJI>IJ;S IN INDIAN B1$1"0R Y
The boy took it up, and saw that it was :t scabbard of
gold. He brough.t it inunedhtel )' to his father, :md
showed it to him, saying that lte bad found i.t in the
bed of the river. Miinmn toOk the boy by the hand nnd
brought the "'cabbard to Mian 7.ailm-d din, reque<stitll(
him to make it ovet:' to its owner. The Mian sent it tn
the tva<i?':. office. In those days it a rule that if any
person found a thing I ying in any place, be was to bcing
it to the police, and lt was hung nt the arch of the cit)'
gate. U an owner nppcared, tLDd on inquiry cstabl!Bhed
l!ls claim, it was del.ive.rcd to him. tt appeared, thnt :1
Hindu named Jugraj, was passing through the gate, wbon
he rcoogruT.ed the scabbard. n.nd informed the poilcc tb.ac
it belonged to llim. Tb.cy asked him if bo remem.bercd
how much the gold oo it 11cighed. He replied li!tecn
loins. After inquiry the article was given over to him.
On ascertaiil.ing wb.o the discoverer was, Jugraj offered
hill! two hundl;ed 11111/uts, buL be would noL them .
riends advised him to take the money, because it
was offered Lo bim as a free gilt. But he
decllued to Yec.cive any remw1eratlon.
Orr every Monday the Mian repeated the prayers
khatam durud 200,000 times; and gave boiled rice wortli
four hundred lanAtU in afuu to th.e n.ame of the Propbct,
may peace be to him I On Thursdays he repeated the
ikhlas 1 oo,ooo times. and prepared sweconeats at the
of fou..- b.undrcd tanka.s to be of'fcred in the name
o(_thc S.ail)_t Snklain. These oblations were !"'ade
wilhou.t deViatipn. twice !!VerY wec.Jt, u fortu
nate 'time it w\u wli& the wa. so good, and the
officers so WO\'.thy of him 1
'Tl)e lleCOnd brother, whose 11\llllC M.ip.n
din, was also exc,eedingly pious. He gcncmlly lived
eight months to Dehli, lind four ilt Agra. As lop[
as he was in the former place be ever:y Monday invited. w
the Sha,...i Hall% an assembly of learned and
men, S.um; poeta, li.terar,y persons, singers, and mttnciims.
He had' a v<!Jy large and liberal kitchen, fl'om which vic
STUDIES IN INDIAN .HISTORY
tuals were freely distributed. On an assem
bly of the same people was convened in the monastery of
Sultanu-1 Mashaikh, on tb.e banka of the )amuna. In the
same manner the parry assembled every Thursday at the
place whe;rc the print of the J.>rophet's feeL lYllS preserved
iq one of the palaces in Firozazad. On Frid.-t}'ll b.e attended
the weekly prayers in the eity. Again, on Saturwys a;
party was colleclt!d in a palace at the village of Mulclla,
nnd there he amused hinuclf with bunting for two days.
He :Uso took there !ill female e5tablilhrocnt nod tent$
wlth him; but if he went to any place for one night only,
they never accompanied him

Khatva.r Khan
Khawas Khan. who was the predecessor ot Mian :Shua,
having been ordered by the Sultan to march towanh
Nngatkot, in order to bring tl\e I:UU country under sub-
jection, ucoeeded in conquering it, and having sacked
the in6deb' temple of Debi Shankar, brought :way the
stone wlllch they worshipped, together with a copper
umbrclht, which was placed over it, and 011 which a date
was engraved in Hindu ch.aracten. it to be
two thousand yean old. When the stone was sent to the
Xing. it: was given over to tJte butchers to make weight$
out of lt lot the purpose of weighing their meat. From
the copper of the umbrella, several pots were made, in
which water might be warmed, and -which were placed
in tlte masji<ls and the King's own palnce, so tba< every
one might wash b.is hartds, feet, and face in them, and
pe<form his purifications before praye['l;. PteviotlS to the
time when .Khawas Kh= was appoin_ted, the jagirs o
sotlle.opeople of that part of the country amounted to three
l11cs of ttmks. He increased them to fifteen lacs. When
he returned to the Coun, being seized by a .fatal sickncM,
be intimated that be had something to say to the King,
and 1vas aslted whether he would send lhe message, ol
wished lo speak himself. He replied he wished .to speali.
ITUD!f.S lN IUS'l'ORY
personally. The King s:rid i. be had strength enough to
come, he might, and if he himself would go to him.
Upon this, d1e Kh.nn came to Court, seated in his f>ttlhi;
and informed the King that be had brought the diroa!l',r
and b.is own accounts, and requested lhat somebody
might be ordered to ex.'Ulline them. liis Majesty rcpHcd,
"I had you my Viceroy, invested with full
power. What aocount.s llJlve r to settle with you 1 Wlutt
)'OU did WM just as if l done it myself." The Khan
agai11 said, "I have given some thi"b" tC) people wiUtout
yow: royal orders ; if you maintain the grnniS, it Is good ;
jf not, you may deduct their value from .roy pny;" There
were some mericorions people who had very little mainte-
nance, and some again were entirely clestilltte. Tbcir
provis.lon formerly amounted only t.o three lacs oj lonhas,
whic;h be bad increa>ed to fifteen lacs. His Mu jesty said,
"1 llave just told yoo tbat you were my Vicemy, and I
know that whatever was done, wns for my ad' 11ntage, ond
thetilare I readily sanction it." He theu ordered the
papers to be brought, and hnd tbcm nil steeped in wnter
:and obliterated,





The nobles of Sultdta Sikandar's reig1
Among the great nobles of Sultan Si.kandar's time was
Saif .Khan Acha-lthail. .Re had 6ooo horse under blm,
and was deputy of 'A7.am Humnytm, the jagirdar of Karra,
who used to buy ROOO copies 'Of the KmJan every year,
and bad '45,000 horse under his t;Ommand, and 700
elephants. Tllere were also Daulat Khllllkhani; who
.had 4000 cavalry; 'Al i Khan Uslii, who had 4000 abo;
Fircn Khan Sarwani, who had 6000. Amongsc other
'Dobies tllere were 15,000 more distributed. Ahn1ad Kltall
son of Jumal Khrul LOd.i Sar<mgkhani, when he
wa$ -appnirued to Jaunpur, had to,ooo cavalry under
him. Sultnn Sikalidar went twice against tbe infidle$'1 of
llhata_, wben the l'flja fled, and placed tlte river, between
STUDlliS lN INDIAN .!HSTORY tt
him aud. pwsuit. But bi:s country was ravaged before Ute
Impcri1tl tl'oops returned.
Mughula and the Raja of G liamparan
Mian Hu.<ain was jagirdar (makta') of Sarm and
Champaran, which are called Jal-khet, or lield of water.
l{e was a very brave man. nestde.s the villages compris-
ing his jogir (muwajib), he had 'taken villages from
the infidel&. At one time, when he himself was proceed-
ing towards the territory of Champaran to attnck the
Raja, nnd was encamped on the bank df tltc Gandak,
Mughnla Kirani, who wu one of his nobles, wanted to
know bow .w the Raja was from there. He was told
that he was in the fort on the other side of Lbc river. He
ag11in asked how many ko$ it was. The pcoJ?Ie said that
the riVtt alotle divided them, but thnt the breadth. the
stream was seven kos. Mughula, on bearing tbat only
the stream intervened, said, "The in6del chief is on the
other bank, :md I arn fitting on t!UJ. What kind of Islam
is this if I delay? He then made a vow that unu'i. be
had Oltacked him be would hold every 'kil)d of food and
drink. a& unlawful as a c:m:asc. Saying this he rose up,
and mounted his horse, exclaiming, "In the name of
God I" All the people advised him not to be so prccipi
tate, as the stream was seven ko1 in breadth. .He said he
would not mind even if it .were seventy kos, because he
ha.d taken a vow upou himiself. let the event be what it
may I He thea plunged his horse into the stream. In
orne places he obtained a footing on the bottom : in
others, where it was deeper, he wns obliged to. make the
awmal swim. His people also followed him in the satpe
manner. Haibat Khan. Bnhadur Khan, and Ikbtiyu
IQian, who were also nobles of the Kiranl tribe, when
they heard that Mughula bad thrown himself 'illtO the
rivc!r. followed the example, and all tbe soldiers fo the
army. wheresoever they were encamped, went and
ptUJJged into the stream.
STUDIES tN INDIAN HISTORY
Mian HU$3in, who was in his tom, the
uproar WaJ about, and was told that the whole army had
gone towards the river ; lhat Mughula hAd entered i t
first, and afterwards every person that heard of his eat
had emulated the example. The Mian also took horse,
and overtook Mogbula in lhe water, and urged him to
go back. He replied, "You employed me for service, and
now I shall do my duty. When tltc work cann9t be done
by a 3ervant, it is time for lhe mastet to take the trouble
upon himself. To-day yon shall see my exertion. Do yon
return in safcL)'-1 will not." Although ho wns much
dissuaded, he would not listen lo anylhing; ao tltc Minn
was also to go on, bccnuse the whole army had
thrown chcnasclvcs into tlu: water. At snnseL they
:tpproached the infidel Raja, 'rcpos.ing happy in the
tliongbr tbat a river was between hlm and his
enemy. arul that even in a whole year it would be im-
possible for them to cross it. Suddenly an uproar arose
in the cicy, for it reported from the watch-tower tllat
the Afghans had arrived, but the Raja would not credit
it; and engngccl in his pastintes when the Afghans
were upon him, uod forced llim to fly for his life. By chc
will o God, that clay Mughula became a martyr. Mian
liusain gTeatly lamented his lo>-, and said, "Would to
God th.at to-cla:y there had been no victory, for that and
the plun,der combined are no compensation for the loss
swtail)ed in the death of Mughula I"
' Th.us; after a diirat.i!>n two years, destruc-
tion ell upon tjle 'Jdngdo,m of the Raja; and all the
riches and t:reasutes whi.cb were amassed dUring that
period were dispersed in plunder. The shoes of chc
in.fidels who lost their live. in chis action were collected
Shaikh Daud Kamhu," who w:u a shikkdM of Mian
,,Ve find thb monatM mentioned ebewhere In tbe Woki'nFI
Mu.fllldki ... taking O\ll hi! da$$'"' and boasting tltll no '"" Lhl')l
aoJooo mc:ri hftd .fldlen its victuns, by W"f or intimidating tbC
of ChanderJ, wh.,.e be was emplovoo by Hula in 1oilul
lo sup.erintend b.iJ police '
STUDIES IN INDIAN IUSTORY tS
Husain ; and when mclted down no less tl>nn to,ooo
mohur.t of gold were obtained from them.
. " . . . .
0 thr 110bles of S!Aittm Sil<andm's reign
Ooe b.1lf r.be whole country wa$ assigned in jagir to the
l'armulli, and the other balf to the oil>er A!ghm tribes.
At tbi3 time, the Lob.mis and Farntulis predominated.
The cbief of the Sarwanis was 'AU>m Humayun, and the
prlndpal chieft:Uru of the Lodis were four, viz. M'ahm.uu
Khan, who had Kalpi ln jagir; Mian 'Al am, to whom
Ecawu and Chandwar WCI'C assigned ; Mul>arttk Khan,
wl\o9C jagir Wtl.S Lucknow' ; 'and Daulat Khan who held
t.ahore. Amongst the Sahukhnils, the clliefs were Husain
Khnn and Khan Jnlum, both descended from the same
ance>Wr as Sultan !lahlol ; llnhlol, so11 of 1\ala, son of
Hnhrnm : H usain Khan, son of l'iror. Khan, son of llahram;
anct Kutb Khan Locli Sahukhail, who 1Iouri.lhed in c.he
time o[ Sultan Bnblol.
I shall uow givo an accoUJot of the Farmulis. T he
disrricts of Saran and Cb:unparan were held by
Husain : Oudb, Ambala, and Hodhna, hy Mian
M11hamm"d Kaln Pahar; Knonuj by Mian Gndai :
Sh:miSabac:l. ;hnncsar, RJld Shohabnd by Mia11 ' (mad ;
Marnhra by T,atar lOtan, brother of Mum Muhammad ;
and Hariana. Dcsua, other detached pa'J!,nlla.r by
l<.ltwajagi Shaikh Sa'id. Each of posswcd surpass
ing brnvmy aod bw. the sons of Shaikh S:t'id
were prc-cuiincnt above all for t.heir teaming aml
Shaikh Sa'id :>lso hirnsclf, hcsidl!.! nobiUty,
possessed a great many exccllen<:es. He was a gnaL
favourite , of' Sultan Sikandar, who said one day, that Ar
Wlli tb.lrty years since the Rhwnjagi bad been assoCiated
with him, and yet he had never done nnyth.ing to offCJ'Id
him. He never iold 3ny story twice over; and every
difficult qutsll,on tbat he pur. to biro, alW!t)'S met with a
ready solution.

STUOXF.S IN INDIAN HIS"I'OI\ Y
Mim1 Ma'mf Famm/i
He wM a courageous, and generow From
the time of Sultan Dablol to thal of Islam Shah, he fought
in every battlefidd, but nlways escapJ wirJJont u wound,
He would acccpl of no reward or prescnL fro1n uuy king,
and would never eat food ' f1'QJD Lhe nouse of any Hindu.
At the time tbnL the Rann o Chlcor invlled Mian Ru$ain
Farmuli and other nobles to an c:mertninmeot, Lbc Ranu
took a favourite: dish, ond stood offering it to JIH:u1 M<L'ruf.
saying, "All the other nobles have honoured mo by pnr
taldng my viund5, and have eaten ; prny du you
me ;md do the same, by turning your hands towards this
repast.'' Rc replied, "1 never yet have eaten !'rom the:
bouse or a \::!.indo.'' Th.e Rana said, "Only be so kind as
to accept Ll1c hospitality of your 1,-le Teircratcd
his refli!al, "T.n the: whole of my life I have not <lone such
a thing, nor can I now consent to do so." Mian Ffusain,
addressing him in the Afghan language, said, "M1my
thittg3 should be done for expediency's 'I"oday,
there is an object in the concession ; so pul your hands
irlto the dish." Mian Ma'ruf replied, "You :ue my
saperi9r, it is ror you togrntily llim." AI lase, when all
the nobles vehemently pressed rum to comply, be took
up a with two of hi fingers and placed it in the
o his napkin, promising that be .-auld cat it. But
when .he departed then.ce, he opened the napkin and
threw its COI)[cnr.s upon the ground. So detcrmmed was
be; when lte had once taken n notion into his head.
Jn the action berween Sher Sh.ah 3.1ld Mal Doo, be
was wounde<l with n sword. At that time .be was one
and years ,old. One of the: anecdotes
related o( him on thi.1 occasion is illustrative of his
sel:-deni:d. Sher Shah sent him ltmkas M
compense for the IVound he bad received. Dut lJe senJ:o:it
back with the remark, thal he had never
rem11nera'tion from the King. and still ICS! could do so
S''rtltlll\S IN lNOIAN BISl' ORY
now, the inHi<:tion of a wound had .been sustn.ined
so!c1y in the cause of God.


Shi:r Sltah
During the :reign of Sher Shah many regulations were
made, and mariy fort$ built. He resumed the rent-free
tenures, and made new grants on h.i.s own part. No
person of b.igh or low 'degree who went into his presence
departed empty and without receiving something. He
fixed a da.Uy ,payment o 500 tnlcllos of gold uron the
poor-house (ltmgari fulutra), and night and day he w;u
considerate and liberal to tlte needy. He sct'tled allow-
ances upM the b1\nd and helplc!IS of eve>')' place :ll\d
village 11lld ci.t.y. Two institutions were 'kept up during
hls reign wi!lwnt' any interruption ; one, the roligioU$
cscab\ishments ('imarat i<haua/&), anu the other the ho1ues
for the poor : for these two illStitutions confer a geueral
betltOt. priv;lle kitchen was very extensive, lor
scvcrnl thousand people fed there day. Wltocver
w:mtcu food went to his kitchen and ale u11dcr an order
which he bad issued. He himsclf used to take his mcab
with learned men and .rhaikhs. There was such
Jn the countty during bU reign that tbefls and highway
.robbery were unknown. When a thing occl.ll'red,
the >llfiAaddttms of all the m:rouoding villages were
seized. and restitution for the robbcrr was exacted ftom
. thew. Examinations were b.eld in the villages, and pre-
cautions taken thqt tbe like should not occur again. From
Gaur to tl\.e confines of his dorniniQns, in every direction,
he had built sarais and halting places at every kos; and
pot$' of water were placed at the doors of the sarais for
tile 1J$e-- of Musulmans ancl aindus-. At every sarai a
mtLSiid, :l.OToyal chamber (khnah-i bad.rhalu), and a well
oonRtructed : .and to every mosque a mu'azzi11 (crier).
nn imam (priest), -and (manager) were appointtd,
and lands wrre itUotted a1 tbe plnce for their support.
I
STUDIES JN INDIAN HL'ITOR.Y
From Gaur ro the conliues o Ouab," a road was JJmde
baving gardens, ;u1d shady and frnit bc;rring trees.
, Another road wir.b gardens and sarais from .Benares to
the country of Mandu near to Another road
with g-.udens and snmi. Agr.l to J<rdhpur. Another
from Bayana to Jaunpur and to Ajmir. There I'Cre 170<1
and at every sarai there were pairs of ready.
so that new3 rravc)lcd goo ltos iu one day. [Here follows
the quoted in the nocc on puge 141 oE "Shcr Shah".)
Sh.cr Shah was occupkd night ;md day witiL tile
l)usincss of h.is kingdom, ancl ncv<!.l' allowed )limscJ( 10 be
idle. At the end of night he performed hi abltr
tions, and said bjs prayers. Afterwitrds he called in his
officers and managers to report all the occurrences or the
day. For four hour.s be listened to r.hc reading o
Otl the affairs of the country o.r on the business of the
.Gov:ernmenr. establishments. The orders which. he gave
were tednced to writing. and were issued '<tnd acted upon:
rhere was no Jtced of furlltcr d.iacussion. Thus he
remained engaged r.iU moming (fajar) arrived. When it
was for prayers, he performed his devotiotrs in a
large congregation, and wenL through all th.c forms <II'
prayer. A.ftexwards he received !tis nobles aud solwers,
ami m:tde inquiries as to the horses brought <o receive
their brands. Then he went om and made a personal
inspection of his forces, and settled the allownnces each
individual by word of mouth until all was ananged. He
then ntr.ended .to many alfairs and audited accounts.
Kc summooed to h.iJ presence tlte. offiecrs .. o every counrry
&om which he received n:vcnue and tribute. lllld received
their. accounts. Petitions "'ere reeeivl!!l from every
quarter. :tnd replies were sent: he himseH dictated them
in Persian. and tbe scribes commjtted th.em to writing.
perso11 who came r.o upon him was recei'{eJl
in..v.the palace; lie kept money (khat4na) and. reveque
(klfor:a)) in all parrs Qf his so that, if
r.eqcircd., soldiers and rnoncy were ready. The. chief
u Oudh (l>cnlnn).
STU.DJE.S IN 1NDIAN EIJS'l' OR Y
.,
1 rcMury was in Rohtas, under charge of lkhtiyar
Khan. In the country of Lhe Gakhats he had a fort upon
the top of a hill, and he maintained a large forte there,
to cite command of which the three gre.1t chiefs Mamad-i
'Ali Khawas Kh.an, Haibat Khan Niyazi, and 'Isa Khan
N.iyazi and other. a.mis were (at di(!ercnt llroes) appoint-
ed. He had gooo elephants in !tis sl:!lbles, :md the
wns daily increasing. The whole of the territories in his
poSS<;ssiou <:onuincd 13,000 parganas, for which shikllda>'.<
were appointed. liis forces were numerous, and. o every
kind of horse :md (oor. Every mnn who came was emer-
t:t.!ncd. infantry and /afgandarr were attach()d to
Ius person ; 7000 lafgamlars were in tl1e fort o Ha.odu
(Mnndu ?) : 3000 lafgtmtllii'S were at Cbito1 ; tSoo at
rort llf R:uttambhor: noo al fort of Bayana : 1000
lafgall4ars :tL Gwaliyar (GwaUor) : IOOil inf:mt1y a1
ll1u fort or Rohtas. It w:u know11 a suilnble ganison
was maintained in every fort in the country. The I<lrce
of hone under tlw royal command consisted of 15o,ooo,
sOJJle o.f appointed on. service, nnd others were
sent to their own homes. In every pargana there w:1s a
o munsij. a treasurer, a _pasian writer, :md a
Hinduwi nnd in every sarlutr there was a cl>cif
Shiklular and chief munsif. At the branding Lime C\'Cry
111an t1\JUC forward and showed his ho-rseu and rendered
his M.tmsifs were appointe4 for examining the
brands in armies on the frontiers, and tile King b.im-
self occasionally' made to pm-u for this
He olle nrmy in the upper coumry, ha<
been mentioned, one army in ncmgal, one at
Rol'ttas, one in Malwa, one at the fort of Chitor, one in
one in the country of one in
N'ago-r an(! JudbJ>ur, and in the foi't of Ranrambhor ana
Bajwar.Y. No fort in tl1e coU:ntry was wiihout a
or a comm:uidant.) See Vol. IV o(<thls series-She Shqh
by Abb:tS !than Sb.:uwa.ni..
n The word in ;he ')14raq amu ;' bur in ihe lnnsla.-
tion ft .been re3d 4:- ytwagl; 'a horse.
nUD!ES IN INDIAN HJSTOR.Y
Sulum Ma:hmud of Ma:ndtl"
[The beginning of this passage defecLive.] One day
a merchant arrived with a large company. Amin Shah,
according to his custom, demanded n presenL The
merchant replied that he was a trader under Sultan Firot,
who bad strengthened tne fot of .Kamal, and thnt he
was tak,iog grain thither. Amin Shall said, no m:u.ter
who lie was, lie must pny d\c regular due, :md go on his
1vay. The merchant told Amin Sh.nh he was going to the
King, and thnt if he would forego the duty, he (the
mC1'Chant) would induce the King to grant Jilin the
country of Mnndu, and to send him a horse and a robe ..
Did he prefc this or the custon duty ? Amin Shah said,
that if this were done, l1e also -woul<l become one of the
servams of the .King. and would se.rve him to the best of
his power. So he allowed the merchant to When
the mcwchant came into the presence of tl1e King, h.c
represented that there was a man by Amiu Shall ,
who was zamindar of Mandu, and hlid all the roads in
his power. tf t.he King were to send n {i1111W1I confcr.ring
on him of Mandu, whicl\ was .entirely deso
late, be would secure tranquillity. The King sent a robe
:md a horse by that same wh.o proceeded to
Amin Shah, and presented them to him, and CJ(pressed
his devotion. Fr01n this dny forth Amin Shall gave up
walking on foor, and took, to Tiding. He also made his
friends ride, enlisted horsemen, nnd promoted the culti
atlon of the country.
After hi.s death, his son .n'amed Hoshang succeeded
!li,m. He l>ccame King, nn'd assumed the style of royalty.
The cowut'Y o Mandu becrune prosperous, foru were
hnill at dilferenl places, and armies were raised.
A JllaJ1 hy name Mahmud Mughis Khilji came to
H'ol;hang, and entered his service. He advised him "<tp
confer eighteen in jagir on bis (the King's) eigbtee,n
ons. Jo tbat no str'!nger might obtain admission, that
ru 1hiJ: worlt. lhc:: i.'\ writttn Mandu, nol MAndu.
1N INDIAN lliSTORV
they mlght acquire power during the King's lifetime.
Hoshang acted nccordingly. T!Us Mo.bmud was a
trcacherom man, and aspued to sovereignty. He firsL
sep:unted tl!e King'< sons from him. Afterwards .lte
bcc:m'le !ill mluistcr, and gave .hit daughter in marirage
tO the King . .in ot'<lcr lo <ccurc :1 posilion by this relation
shlp. be !irst became minlstl!l', and a
relation of the Xing. Twelve ye:u:s be cherished Ws
scllemes without impatting them to any one. He con
suited only witlt himself. He had constructed a place in
his home where he used to sit. When. he came ftom the
Court, he went into it, and there he talked to
lLimsclf about whnl he bud done. and what he uust do
if the result were :u he expoctcd. One day his ather
remarked . t hat whenever Malt mud returned from the
JGng's Coutt, be to nothing. but wem
straight into titat room.. He was curiom to !:.now what
his sml did there. So when Mahmud went .into that
plllte, his fatller also secretly n paittd thither, and listen
ed to what be said. He heard lilin spt.-al:.ing o(
sovereignty. So the father stepped in, and struclc him on
the head with both his hands, demanding why he enteT
tained designs of J'oy:Uty, and nsk.ing if be wislied to ruin
himself and all Ws famil y. Mabmud said, " 0 ilnprudent
ma.n I you have cliseon.certed my scheme of twelve years;
and b,ave a throne." His father went out
from the place, ;lllO told the King his son's .insane design,
nnd warnecl biro against the intended treachery. Hcre-
up,on Mahmud feigned sickness, hung up curlluns h,is
ClOOl1t and tO his bed. Whet\ it was daybreak, the
sent, some serva!'lls to see bim. The K.ing sen't some
physicians to ascertain the !acts. Ma!unud cltew . the
cnrtnins close, and made the room darl<. & placed a
pot near him, and having caused an animal to be
butcltcrcd, he &ani\ its blood. When 'the physici:uu
came, he called them to him, but thcr could not see any
'thing througl1 the darkness. It is customary for physi
when they pay a visit, after wailing n little while, C'O
ao
lN lNDI.AN HIS1'0R I'
feel the pulse of the patient. As it was very dark, th.ey
required a Jiulc light tbnt they might see him and feel
his pulse. He arose hastily and asked for the bonn. Wh<Jt
il was placed before him, he forced himself lO vomit, and
then called Cor the lamp chat they might see what he hAd
throm up. fle then dtew back bead, a1\d rolk"l
about as i in pain. W'hen th.e lamp wns lighted, and the
basin was put before the physiciaTU, they saw it was filii
of blood. So they dirl nllt feel his pulse, but went and
told the King that he was io a. very bad scato. Whether
he was loy:tl or unloynl, he llad only a few mirlUtes w
live, for he must die in a shore time. The King SCilt his
wife co take a last look. of he-r fntbet. When she came,
he (Malm1ud} told her that Hoshang had n!lmero11.1 son.<,
and that What he had done was to obt;tin the throne for
his grand!on. She, however, must hql p him in one m:uter.
When she asked what that was, be said he must give
$Orne deadly poison to l:!oshang. She confessed httd
11uch a t:hing. and 1>romised to give it to him. So he cnt
her bacl:, and she went and pc(fotmed her task.
On the night when Sultan Hoshang died, Mahmud
and placing rus grandson upon h:is knee he scatCII
him upon tho throne. Re surrounded him with men on
wb01n he could rely, and raised the canopy over his head.
He issued a proclallllltion to the nobles, nnd hncl I'ObC$ of
honour prepared. 'lltcn he called them before hirn one
b . one. EveJy one that .recognized .him received a robe,
and' '\'Ia by another door; but every one that
. refused was. \.illecb thcte and tb:en, anrl his. body puc oul
of sight, liC> that at length his adversaries were remov
cd. After a time he killed' his grandscn also, and himself
became King. So he who bad been 1u.Wr was now King.
ln !:he course of his reign be made his eldest son, (after,
wtrd. ) Stdtan Ghiyasu-d din, his wazir.
of Sullan Ghiya.rtVd di11 Khilji,
Kir1g of M,andu,
He was a religious and righteous k.ing. lie w.as a careful
STtJDlllS IN (NDIAN Y
,,
observer of religion, but he also enjoyed the pleasures o(
the world. lt was his custont that he kept every night
some thousand gold molwrs under his pillow, and in the
day he gnve them away to d.eserving people. In his harem
thctc were seventy women who knew the Kw'an by
heart, and it was the rule that when the Sultan was
dressing they were to read it out, and. not to leave oil' till
be had ftnishcd putting o.n hia clothes.
One day a porson brought a hoof of an ass, and $aid
it was the hoof of the nss of Christ (may pe:u:e be to
Him I). He gave ltim J;O,OOO tonkas, and took it from
him. WcU. four persou.s brought four hoofs. He look
thcu1 all, und granted r.o,ooo ion/u.s to each OI\C of them.
Afterwards another person ouue and broul?h.t another
hoof. and the same sum was ordered to be gwen to hiro.
One o his cour1:ie.rs obsetvcd, "My lord, an ass has only
fom (eet, and ( nc.ver beard that it l\ad five, unless per
haps the ass of Christ had five." replied, "Who
? It may be that Lbis last map bas told the. tru.tb,
and oue o the others wns wrong. Go and give this mh11
al.!o 50,000 to.nltas."
He lu1d ordered 14 scnoanl$ and personal
attendant$ thaL when he was in the enjoymenl of pleasure
or CJJgaged in any worldly {'ursttit, they plare 2
pll!lbof cll>th !>clore him, and tell bim it was his coffin
shroud. This they did, and l1e took warning from it.
He would rise up, perform his ablutions, beseech forgive
ness from Almighty God, and then engage in worship.
fore Jlad nlso enjoined the attendants in h.is /zaram co
him from sleep ; and if he did not arise, tO throw
wlitel' on. /l,im, or pull him off from the bed, .,,!>' that
'1Jeglect the night prayers. io\oo; that if be
were eveu-sitfll;lg in a pleasure party, -ahd the time for
the nign.t pra:yer arrived, they should take hiin by the
hand an,d lead away: He never uttered 10 them any
. improper or qucrulo\a word$, Intoxicating liquors he
would nevtt look upon witli 1\is .eye nor hear of. One
s
STUDIY.S 1N INDIAN HlSTOLW
day a poxtion (rna' jw) was made !or him, and when it
was ready he was informed of it. He it was not to
be brougb.t to him w1til he had beard the names of the
ingredients in it. Accordingly, the list wa brought :wd
read to him. He heard it. There were three bundred
and n1ore ingredients in it, and among them was
drachm of nutmeg. He said 1.he medicine was of no use
10 him. More than lac of tanluu ha.d been spent for it,
but he ordered it to be brought thrown into U1c
drain. A persou begged that it migllt be given to some-
body else; !Jut he replied, what he could not nllow hil11
self to take, be not give to others. Ouc da)', tlte
horse on which be used to ride f.ell sick. On it being
reported to him, be ordered medicine to be given to it.
Next morning, the horse was well. He asked if it was
better, and the people replied yc.. He then nsked if iL
recoveted of itself, or if medicine bad been adminsitered.
He was told thAt had been given. He lhcu
asked what medicine. The people said, what the ph)'l'i
cinns prescribed. The King thought it might bt' some
thing that prohibited by religion, and rlu:reforc they
wouW not tell 'hat it was. He ordered the horse to be
turned Out of his stable, and left free ln lhe jungle. He
was LOid that such a horse should not be set at large lA
the forest. but should be given to The King
again said, why should he allow to others wh.at be did
not approve of for ltimscU. .
On one occuion one of tile neighbours o Shaikh
Mah.rnud Nn'man, who wa'li'wjth tlte Sulta.n, lc!t the city
of Deltll, as other people had left that city and had'
rerurncd successful. He told Shaikh Mahmud th;tl,
h01ving rernmubcred the King. he h.ad .come from Dehli ;
for lle' !tad. ltis daughter to mArry, and h..- waoLcd the
Shaikh co get the King to give him something'- 'I:he
Sbaikfi aaid be would him as much II! he
the man refused, sa}'lng that as other people li:W
received the King's bount)', he also h
0
ped t
0
oblmn'
something from liim, and that be would gain
STUD.ffiS IN INDIAN HISTORY
among the people ol' his tribe by obtaining ihe bounty
of tile K.ing of M:tndu. The Shaikh said, what he was
goiog to give, the recipient mJglu represent as having
been received. f)-om. the King ; fen: who would Jmow that
the King had rull given it ? The man replied that be
had set his heart upon gaining his object, and that ho
would do it himsel without the intervention of anotlter.
The Shaikh replied., the other people who come there
were the descendanlS of great men, and he hnd obtaioecl
property for them tlrrough their ancestors' names. or they
themselves possessed some merit which he couhl praise.
; But, said the Shaikh, ''You :u:e n.either noble nor.crn!nent.
How . can I recommend you to the King ?" The mDn
replied that he did not know, but that lte ha<l come to
the Shaikh, <\ntl thut he must by sonte means or other
introduce him to the King; for His Mn jest)' wns very
generous, and would give him fate bad ordain-
ed. The Shaikh was ip a grcnt difficulty. When. he went
to His Court, this man also went after him.
When ticacb.ed the palace gate, wheat wa$ being
perued in alms to fakirs and women. Tlie Shaikll said,
"Take n handful of wheat." 'I1u: man went and brought
it. The Shaikl1 gave him his handkerchief to l<.eep the
grains in .it, and the man took it and did accordingly.
When the Shaikh went before His Majesty, this man also
followed biro thither. The King asked who the man wa.s
that was standing behind b.!m. The Shaikh replied, he
had learnt the Kur'an by heart : that he bad como from
Dcbll, and had some grain$ of wheat, over each
of which he had read the whole Kur'an. Tlte King said,
"Then 1 ought to go to him : why have you brought, him
here ?" The Sllaikh replied l\tat th-e man was no!
worthy that Hill Majesty should' go to him. "t:et hiuL be
what saia the King. "but the present which he haJJ
br.9ught is; suclt that I should go on my head." The
Sliaiib observed tllal His Ma jest}t would act accordiog
./co his j!oodness, but tlJat, as a servant o hiS Court, he
"afr_,!fd .be Should be blamed by the of the
3
S'llJDlllS IN INDIAN HISTORY
for taking llis Sovereign to the house of :m unworthy
pers
0
n. The King told him not to consider the outward
appearance, but to have regard to what concerned rcli
gioil and the soul. At Jut t.he Shaiklt decided that lhe
man should be in the jami' masjid on Fdday, and that
His Majesty might rake the present from hiJn there.
This was approved of by the King, and on Friday the
man came. The Shaikh, when the prayers were over,
reminded the King, who ordered him to tell the 111an to
ascend the pulpit. When he did so, tile King spread out
the Jowur patt ol !tis garment, and the m.an cast down
the grains.
T .ARIK.Hl IRADA T KHAN
TJus is a good ltistory ot the Mughal Empire from the
elOISe of AurallZCb's reign to the commencement of
Farruklt S.iyar's. It laas beetl weU translAted by Captain
Jonathnn S!Xltt. lt first appeared. in a separate volume,
and was subsequcndy incorporated in tile second volume
of his "History of the Deccan," of which the first portion
w.as tr.anslated from Firishta.
We nrc told in the Maasiml umora that the authoJ;,
Mlr Mubarakullab lradaL .Khan Waza, w ~ the son of
la'hal:. li.han, son. of 'Azim l!:hnn. Both his grandfathet
a:nd: father were nomemen of hlgh rank. The forixler
was . Mir-bakluhi to the Emperor Ja)langir, and. the latter
held va.riow offices of irnportanro under Shah Jahan and
Aurangwb. He died soon after !tis appointment to the
government of Oudh. His title was also Iradat Klan.
One of his sons (our author) had his tide conferred o.n
him, and in the th.irtyth.ird year ot AJ.Jrang'l.eb was
al'pointed Faujdar of J agna, and at other periods of
Aurangabad and Mandu. In the reign of Shah 'Alam
Bab.adbr Shab. lle was governor of tb.e Doab, and the"
intimate friend of. u'azzam Khan wazi. He died in.
1
srunru lll TNDIAN HISTORY
85
the time of Farrukb Siyar. His abilitk-s as a poet
great, and be left a volume of poems behind him.
1
[The author opens b.is work with a statement of hU
removal from the command of the fort of lmtiyaz'gub.
(Adoni), and his su.b.!cqucnt appointment r.o the govern
mcm of Ahsanabad (Kulbarga), and afterwards to Ute
ki/a'dari :llld {aufdari of Mandu. He left {he latter place
co foliow the foxmncs of Prince Bcdar Bakht as detailed
in the follow-ing pages.
In his .Preface the nUI.hor says, "During t.h.c short
period. o my age, which bas this day arrived at tbc
sixtyourth year, and tbe 1126tb of the Rijra
( 1714 A.D.), such vicissitudes in worldly all'a.irs, the des-
tructiOJl of empues, the deaths of many princes, the ruin
of anciem houses and noble families, the Eal1 of wortby
meiJ nnd tbe rise of tbc tm.worthy, have been beheld by
me, as have not been mcntione4 by hi.5tory to ILwe
occurred in such nmnber
0
r suocessio1;1 for a thousand
yean.
"As, on acconnt ot my office, and being .in
these tranlactiom. I have obtained a perfect knci,willlge
of the sources ol' most events, and what to others even
information of must be di.fficult, was planned and executed
in my sight ; and as l was a sharer as well as spectntor of
all the daugen and troubles, I have tjlerefore r.eC?rded

"My intention, however, nol being r.o compile a
history o kings or a flowery worlc., but only to relate
such evelllS as happened in illy own Jmowledge, I have
therefore, pref.crably to a display of learning in lo.fty
and pompous metaphors, chosen a plain swle,
sud) as a ,friend wriiting to a friend would use, for the
purp<>se &j .Indeed, if propriety Js : cpnstilted,
loftiness 'of,'style is unfit for plain ttutb, which, eure in
its<lf, requires only a simple delineation."
.._ The anchor's account of his work ;s fair and accurate,
' Thi II tlll<en from !he J'refaee 10 SaiU's. tr.uulallon.
S'l'UDlP.S JN tNDIAN HISTORY
The book is written in a plain slf)ligl:ttfotward style, and
it never wnndcrs b!!f011d the sphere of the author's own
observation; but it is full of spiclt, and has all the vigour
and vividness of a personal narTative. lradat. Khan was
a good roldier, aqd was much trusted ; and not witboul
reason, for he evidently was clear-sighted, prompt, and
energetic, and he posscs.scd g:t"cat common s<!Dse a11d
UO.\o&ual veracity. ln his account of the battle between
Jahandar Shah nnd FatT11kh he observes, "Every
one knows that, after an engagement is once begun, it is
impossible for a single person co see more of the opem-
tions than those on the immediate qJOt of his own post ;
how then, can l say, I distinctly viewed e:very change of
two lines cove,ing ground of niiles in-extent? An nutllor
once read to Aurang7cb a long account of one of his
The ollserved at lhe conclusion, thl\t
he must certainly lulve b<;en upon a h.igh m.ountain
during the engagement, wb.ich be had seen so minutely,
as he b.imself, though commanding the line, and mounted
on an clcpllant, did not one-third of the pant.
cul.ars he bad described.''
The following, Extrads are tmn from Scott's transla-
tion, with only a slight ehaqge here and there of the
wording, The original work is divided into inany short
chapters, bot Scott did not main.tain the divisions in his
translation. At the end will be found two letters
by They were trallslated by Scott, and added
notes .'to his It i.s not aaid from whence
they were obt:tined, but 'thc:y are v.;ry and,
no doubt, authencl.c.J
EXTRACTS
Mv .auachmeht and regard to Hi. Majesty (Aul'angzcb)
"(!'fC so g:t"eat.. that observing his life drawing to a
I llid.'not wllil. to quit the On the eve.ning
before my departure, 'the Emperor, opening the window
of ' his sleeping apartment, ca1led m:e to hlin, and said,
''Separation now Jakes place between us, and our mt'eting
I
J
J
I
t
STUDlf.S IN I NOlAN .fOSTOll. Y
again u uncCtain. 'Forgive then whatever, wittingly or.
unwittingly, I l'nay done against thee, and pronounce
the words 1 forgivl! ! three limes wil:h sincerity of .heart.
As thou hast served me long, I also forgive thee what
ever knowing! y or otherwise thou mayest have don.e
ngninst me." Upon bearing these expressions, sobs bc-
cli.i.ne like a knot in my thllOat, $0 t11at 1 had not power to
speak. At last. aCter His Majesty bad repeatedly pressed
me, 1 made a 3hift to' pronounce the words I forgive !
three times, by heavy sobs. He shed many
tears, ;cpeated t.he words, and. after blessing me, ordered
me w retire.
Tb.e Prince Bectar Bttklu, being appointed to the
government of Malwa, J paid l'ny respect$ to him at
Ujjain. In a shon time such a friendship grew up between
us, that a greater between a prince and subjecL cann.ot be
oonr.eived. He would not be an instant without me : be
1vou!d not eat of but he senJ. me part of It : be
did nothing of importance without asking my advice, and
my opinion as religiously decisive. In short,
the particulats of his favour are beyond relation : but on
this account I became envied by aU his dcpendentll.
A'wm Shah
A'ZA.M Sbah, being , informed o the (death of Aur:mgzeb)
by his agents and the nobles who affected to embrace
his interest, a.rrived on the 8td of Zil hijja at the camp
at Ahmad nagar. Mnny of the chief Imperial servants,
as hnd a real att.cll ment lo him. Some neither.
lo,.,ed nor bated him, and n few, t.bottgh they disliked,
yet from inability to oppose prttdently submitted to his
alit.l}.ority. Three Mughal chiefs only delayed to COl)le
in tO 9ffcr tbeir allegiance-Firoz Jang, his son Ohio
Kalich .Khan. and Muhammad Amin Kha,n.
On the lOth Zi-llt.ijja, 1118, A'zam Shah ascended the
throne of etnpire amidst the Ullual rejoicing$, and con-
fcn:ed tavours on the nobility according to their station&,
but on few in a manner affording sali$faction. While
STUDli!S lN INDJAN HISTORY
he was only a prince, most of the nobility were attached
to him, and tcgarded him as posse.Wlg every apptoved
quality for empir.e ; but almost immediately after his
accession to the tlrrone, the general opinion was nJtered,
through his own conduct. He slighted tbe principal
noblllty, nnd betrayed great parsimony to tlte army, act
i.ng .., if fte had no occasion lor their services. This
proceeded from .a vain belief that none to oppose
him, nnd that !tis elder brother, Sb.nh 'Aiam. relinquish
i.ng to him such a vast eJnpire ns Hi.ndustan without n
struggle, would 0)' for s:tfcty to clime. At the
-same lime he y dcclnrcd hu jealousy of his own
son, Bcdar Daklu, wltosc favour with the late Emperor
had displeased him. He treated the old nobfllty .with
contempt, and would publicly thaL Lhcy were not 6t
for his service.
A1.an1 Shah proceeded wiLh Lb.e Imperial camp
towards Agra by regular stages, taking the route by the
ghat or Tumti. The route o Tumri was hilly,
full of woods, :llld for many long spaces void of water;
so tha1 dur.!ng two days Jlln.rch, great man,
women, d>.ildrcl!. and animals perished through wnnr o
water.
Bed:tr Bakht ft.1d the greatest ai1d most sincere affec-
tion for b.U grandfather, who equally loved b.im. l"
obedience to the orders of he departed rom
Gu jarat without delay, at ihc head only 3000 horse,
his. own dependents, and carried wilh him about thirty
lacs of rupees iu treasucc, p.rOpe(ty of his own, not pre
suming to touch twehty lacs in' the Imperial treasury, lest
it should raise suspicions o his fidelity in the mind of
his father. For the same rca:;on, be made not any addi
Lion. to hl$ force, though be could with e:LSC have raised
a great anny, and might hnve procured a k.ror of rupees
fro;n ana renters. On the eve o his
despatched a letter to me, and several
on hili'C!u.u;,; the couriers brougbt none to hand in
time; the public roads being {,'llarded by officcn who
STUDIES JN JNDJAN HISI'Oil..Y
39
had orders to search all messengers and inspect letters.
At length,_ on the lt Muhann:m, the Prince's letters
were brought to me all at once, lllld irumed.iatcly after 1
departed from Mandu. The Ptince was moving into
Ujjai1). .when he perceived me at a distance, and said
hls attendants, "Is not that Iradllt Khan that I see ?"
He iaropp<:d lili rtain, and opwring wi.de his arms he
cried, "Come, come, my !ricttd I in expectation of whom
my eyes have been $trained even to dimness."
Bedar Bakht did not enter the city and palaces of
0 jjain, btu piiched his camp on the baok ot the ri'ver,
at about a hos di$tant. Here he was attended
1
by
'Abdu-llah Khan, the Subada!' of Malwa, and cootmued
one month an.d twenty days expecting the anival o his
fatbcr, when tbat rash prmc:e wrote him the J'ollowmg
farma11 : "Why have you not hastened on, nor sunk the
bo:us iJl the Snl;lej. to prevent the approach of the enemy?
THough he dare not face me, yet you have been guilty
of high neglect."
J3edur Bakht, to the orders of his
moved towards Agra, aud was joined from the presence
by Zu-1 fikar Khan, Ram Singh Hada Zamindm of Kottl,
IU!d Dnlpat J3undcla, :tlso by Amanu-llah Khan, who
were seitt by A'x.am Shah w. much ro watch tbe Prince'&
motions as to him. Mina ltaja Jai, Singh, Khan-
'al:un, a .Dakshin chief, with his brother Munawwar
Khan, and other officers, also joined from tl1e
wlth about 6000 horse.
Prince Muhammad A'ilinush Shan, who had by
Aurangzeb's orders left his government of Bengal to pro-
to the presence, had reached the vicinity of .Agra
when heard the Emperor's decease; upon which
l1c marched to secure that city for (lili father) Shah 'Alam.
When lledar Bakht approached the banks o the
Ch:unbal, anil A'tam Shalt iu:rived near Gwalior,
A 'zim.usb Shan detached a considerable body !tom Agra,
under M uh cash am Khnil, to guard the .forclJ. J3ed.at
40
STUI>l.Es IN lNDIAN HISTOI:lY
.Bakht was fond of enterprise, jealous of IUs honour, and
bf hlgb mind, tempered with prudence. A rivalsb.ip Eor
glory had always subsisted between him :Uld his fatber.
A'zlun Sluh, wllo was of rash tourage, looked
beyond the present in his conduct. Like the whisker
twisting vaw)tcrs of Hindustau, if his son made any
delay on his march, he would jest and sneer, attributing
it to cowardice and dread of the enemy. 011 thi! uccouut
Bednr Bakht resolved to cross the Cllamb:tl immediately,
and attack the posts of Muhtnsbm Khnn; hut this pro
ccediog was strongly opposed by Zu-1 likm .Khan, an
cxperieuced t..-encr:tl of approved condm:t. A<
Zul filuor Khnn, in the Qpinion of some, was of
b:cachcry, they seized this opportunity to pcrmade the
l>rince that .ho corresponded with Shah 'Alan\, and wished
to delay engaging till bis approach, ia lo complete
!U.s designs of desertion to his cause.
The clay following, sud(ienly, before monting prayer
the march for battle wns sounded, and the Prince. com
plercly armed, mounted r.hc elephant whiclt be always
rode in c.llc day of bMtle. I speeded to aiLcnrt him. B:e
hal:l moved some distance from the tents 11Cforc 1 came
''P I foLmd him with an angry countenance, uttering
contemptuous attd reproach!ul terms oE
Zul ftkar Khnn as deceiver, traitor, false wretch and the
)lkc, to some servile attendants round his elephant.
In the diff.eren.cc between A'wm Sbah and hls son
:Bcaar. Bakht, justice was on the side o( the father ; for
Bcdar 1\akht was rival to his fatb.er, and waited oppor
tunity to dethrone Wm: As for me, ! was never in the
service of A'zam Shah, nor had ever u1ade him professions
of duty, being wholly devoted to 1\is son. .Dclng alone
with .Dedar Bakht one night, he suddenly threlv- his arms
about my neck, and boldiog down his h.ead upou my
llrca5t sald, "I a sovereign and parent seeks the li(e of- a
son, and tliat son. is truly informed of .his

liow
$h.Ould b.e act in acl-defencc ? .Have you a preceden't (or
it?" l Teplied, a question i.s unneCC!SSary. "rhe
STUDIES IN IND:IAN f.US'fOll.Y
behaviour of your to bU fatber is mflicient
precedent ; and sovereigns are forced to e.xpcdienLS whkh
are not justifiable 'in. other men." Conversation ot this
sort often passed between us ; and one evening he asked
mo how he might gain an opportunity oE seiling hls
father. I replied, "An opportunity will offer thus. When
he has the victory .over Shah 'Aiarn, you will be
tbe to congratulate him. The trOOps will then be
separated here and there in search of p!undcr, or looking
1!-ftcr the dead and wounded ; and as the tenu will not 'be
ready, your father will only be under a slamiyan'a
(canopy), surrounded by a few kanats (screens). You will
be :tdmittcd to audience, attended by 4Uch of your
foUowcts n.; may have deserved notice for their gallant
cootduct in action ; a11d at such a time they will be
allowed U>cir axms. Il is probable t.bat .your filtber will
not ttavc many persons with him between the kanats.
Then i5 your time .. " The Prince el!gcrly " You
have spoken well I Dare you at such a time strike the
blow ?" I replied that though the act was easy, yet a
.1>1cred oath rested On our family never to shed the blood
of a prince unless. by chance in battle, if in the
cause of u rival, when it would be excusable. 1 then
:;aid, "Your other opportunity will be thw, Should the
enemy Oy, an anny will be $Cnl in pursuit, and probably
uotdcr your while your father, setting :his mind
at case. wiU be employed, without swpicion, in pleasure
and l'Cjoicing. You may return 6uddeoly up011 him, and
g-.Un your Should this opportunity not occur, a.s
you are his eldest son and have seen much service, he
will certainly appoint you to t.he government of the
Dakhin. You will then have a powerful army your
duposal. A1s your father's behaviour is offell8ive to the
people, and many o the courtiers d4Jlke hint. they wlll
aid your pretensions. Use open force and try for wboin
Cod will
llednr llakht, having crossed the Cttambal at an
unobserved lord, the troops of 'Azimusb Shan, who.'werc
STUDIES lN INDIAN HTSTORV
stationed on the banks of ~ e river in another quarter,
left their arr.illery at the various poots and ./led tQ Agra,
happy to save 1.1\eir lives. Zu-1 !ikar, who had advised the
Prince to remain on the other side, seeing be had crossed,
now came up reluctantly, and congratulated him on the
success of his march .
Some days a!ter this, A'zam Shah approaching near,
ncda'r Bakht ntoved a kos in front, the spot he was Up<lll
being chosen tor his f.'tthcr's tents, ~ n d on the morning
of his arrival lte wcnJ forth two ltos from tire <-amp to
meet h.im. A'z."n Shah loved him as n son, though from
tltc attention shown b.im by Auraog-LCb he hnd regarded
.!tim as a dval. . When h.e now beheld him. after a long
absence, paternal fondness for the instant ovorcaroe his
jealousy, and he received him with strong marks of affec-
tion, conferring upon ltim a princely lthil'al, etc.
Empire hnv.ing been decreed to Shah. 'Alam. from
the agency of destiny, such vanity took possession of the
mind of A'1A1JU SlL1h, that he was convinced his brother,
though supported by the tnyriuds of Tur and Sallam,
dunt not meet him io the field. Hence those who
brought intelligence of b.is approach he would abuse as
fools nnd cowards, so that 110 one cared to speak the truth ;
as was formerly the c:uc with the Emperor. Humayun
during the rebellion of tlte Afgh:lll Sher Slutb. Even hi!
ch,ief officers feared to <lliclosc intelligence ; so that be
w ~ s ignorant oJ the successful progress o !tis rival.
J\t leogtb Shah 'Alan:t; having reached Matera, scm.
by a celebrated danvtsil the 'ollow.ing message to A'>.am
Shah : ''By the djvinc auspices, we inherit from our
ancestors an extensive empire; comprehending many
kingdoms. It will be just and glorious not to draw the
s'word against each other, nor consent to shed the blood
of the faithlul. Let us equally divide the empire
between us. Though ! am the elder son, I will leave the
choice iu .your power." .A'zam Shah, vain-glorious :md
haughty, replied that h:e would answer his lirotber on'the
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTOR:Y
morrow in the field, and upon this the m.easenger
d.eparted. A'zam Shah marched the .ncxL morning, and
encamped between Jaju and Agta, o.n a barren plain,
void of water, so that the army was mu& 'd:Utressed.
lntelli.gence auived during this day, thaL Shah 'Alam
was. encamped seven kos distant, and uuended moving on
tho. morrow, but to what quarter was not known.
I have already mentioned that my design .is not to
write the history of kings, but of my.self and what 1 have
Accordingly, of the bnllle between Lb.e two
brotliers, I shall. only relate sucll circumstancca as I wa.
an eye-witness of.
l'rince :Ued.ar Bakht, wb.o commanded the advance-d
corps of the army, having the necessary orders,
began hi., march. The main body marched nex.t, in
the centre of which rode A'zam Shah. We had not
yet lcanlcd the position of the enemy, or what was Lb.e
design of Shah 'Aiam. Bedar Baltht reached a
near wb.kb. was .a stream of clear water, and there was
some wells also around it. The troops at this time were
much scpurated, und evexy chief, inattentive to order,
moved as h.e ch<Me. Seeing which, I represented to the
Prince, thaL Lb. e main body waf far behind, that the
country .in .front was destitute of water tor some miles,
and t)le day promi.sed to 'be distressingly bot. WithOut
order, without inlclligence of the enemy'& motion&, where
\vould he hasten ? I rClllarked the scattered march of bls
Zu-1 fikar l<.han obliqued so far to the left as
scarcely to be visible, n.nd other chiefs' were equally dis
Lant in evety I observed that if he halted
till some news arrived of the enemy, Lb.ere was sufficient
water to refresh the troops; the artillery would come
up; the . Emperor would have time 1:o' join, and order
would 'be restored in Lb.e l.ine ; also, that should the
enemy advance upon hlril, be have the adVantage
of good ground and plenty of water. Ee replied, "Your
advice is just. Go and' infol'm my father 1 shall '
it."
STUDII!S IN INDIAN HISTORY
It happened ;Us() that Shah. 'Alam had no advice
the route of our army, and as there was but little water
where he was encamped, he had this morning despatched
his main booy under Mun'im Khan, while be, with. his
sons and personal attendants, hlloted along the bank of
t,q.e river Jumna. His peshkhana, with the wual escort,
'u11der Rustamdil Khan, was coming on in front .of our
army, in the same route 3$ ()ur line.
Opon delivery of my message to A'zam Shah, lte
replied, "Very well. GQ and inform my son I am coming
up." 1 returned to the promised place of halt, but what
did I behold ? TJte l'rince had on, and left the
village unguarded. J speeded after him, and upon gain
ing tbe line; ;t joyful scene Qf congratulation on
victbry. W!ien the Prince saw me, b.e eagerly exclaimed,
"l cougrnt.ulate you on victory." I replied, "How cumes
victory without a battle ?" Up,on which His Highness,
ltrrning to a courier, said, "Tell Iradat Khan what you
have seen." The foolish wretch then aflinned that
had seen the elephant of Shah 'Alam without n rider,
o.nd with but few attendan.ts, running off to Agra. The
ll.ri ncc then said our left wing had defeated enemy,
and taken all their baggage. The cause of this
vict<>ry was this. The adv3oced baggage of Shah 'Ahm,
falling in with. om: left wing, wa& attacled, and, the escort
being small, was soon taken. The clephant running
away belonged to Rustnm.diJ Kh:w, who commanded the
escoro.
T.he ,Prince, . however,- now ordered me to go and
inform his father o! the '>ictory. I decUned
and bbserved I would not car.ry intellig'Cl}Cc so very ridi
culous and groundleSs. Upon which the Prince was
angry, :md exclaimed, "What do you mean ?" I replied,
('Accidents will happen to the baggage of armies; artd
this .victOry is no more. Your troops have
plundered his advanced tents, bm woe to those who have
been thus employed t If important work should now
offer, they wiU be usele.ss, confused as they are and en-
L
STUDIF..S IN INDIAN HISTORY
Clunbered with spoil/' To these r.marks the Prince
angrily exclaimed, "You are always apprehensive and
ill." He thcn ordered Kasi.m, the da.-ogha o
hi3 .diwan, to carry the intelligence of victory to A'um
Shah.
Scarce hill 1t11 hour :Uter l.hls had efapsed, when a
dust nrose upon our right, Upon beholding this,
l .said to the .Prince, "Jleltold the consequence o our
vj'ctory, and the lliglu oi Shah 'Alamt Yon cloud pre-
cedes at least 50,000 horse." Just as 1 concluded, another
du&e arose, which certified a, second body of l:rOOp8
approaching. I desired His Higb.ncss to prepare fol'
action, while yet the enemy wM ar $orne distii1J.ce. He
then said, "W.ill you now go and inform my father of the
enemy's approach ?" To this I replied, "Though l wish
not to quit Your fliglrness's person, yet as I Rm ordered
I rnust obey," and having said this, I rode of{ with speed
to A'zun Shah. On my way r beheld st:r:mge disorder.
Amanu-llalt Khan, a reputed good officer, who acted as
ailvanccd guard to Princ;j! Walajah, I mel with only two
or three 'hundred straggling l.tor.sc. A:'zam Shah' Wll.! a
ho! and a. half farther in the ru.r, and hi& troops were
separated into tltrec divisions, so that I could not eailly
dlstingu.iSh the royal post, for the train of artilkry had
been left in the DakshJn. For when the commarulel'
applied for orders respecting it to A'zam Shah, he wa$
much enraged, and passiouatelr exclaimed, "Oo men
think that I will use cannon agamst a breeder of cattle ?
J will not even draw the swotd, but will bruise his head
with a .staff."
When A'zam Shah saw me, he a. signal for me
tO advance ; but sum was the crowd [ could scarce push
through it. At length, having come to hit Utter, I
alightc:d from my horse, and said, "The Pililce'
Your h-fajesty of the enemy's near approach. What shall
I say ?" N-za.m Shah, staning as if stung by a
with furious looks, eyes rolling, and, a.o was his custom
when angry, pulling t1p bis sleeve, exclaimed, "Coule; an
STUDIES IN INDlA.N ffiSTOR:Y
enemy to me I " Being ve.xed at his manner, I replied,
"So it appears." He then called aloud for b.is war
elepltant, and, in a frantic manner, whlrling a crooked
sralf, stood upright on b.is f.brone. and tauntingly said,
"lle not l am coming to my son." Hurt at tb.is
insult to the spirit of my prince, I said, "His Highness is
son to yourself, Asylum of the Wocld, and lmowcr.R not
fear. He only represents the enemy's approach, that
Your Majesty may advance with the troops, t.1kc the
post usnal fo.r the Emperor in tlte day of battk" Having
said r.hu, I rode off to rejoin Bedar .Bal:ht. Just ail
I reached b.im, n ball struck the breast of an attanc1.1nt
close to his pctsoa
The two bodies of the enemy bad now approached,
and halted within a rocket!s flight of our line. One of
these 1vas headed by the Prince 'Azimush Shan ; the
other by Mnn'im Kh!lll, with whom also were the Princes
Mu'izzu-d din Jabandar Shah and Jabo.n Shah. Om
1
line
was so pressed upon each fla.nk and in Ute rear by bag
gage elephants, Cltttle, and fullowas, as greatly to iru;om-
modc the trOOJ>s and render them useless. Shah 'Alam's
:u:tjllery played upon us incessant.l.y, and did great
execution, and . his sons advandng, fired showers of
mW!ketry, whiCh cll like hail. At length our troops,
grown impatient from tl)e g:>lling of Lhe enemy's cannon.
prepared to charge. * I saw Kban 'Alam move towards
Lhc enemy with great rapidity. As b.e advanced nearer
the enemy, his followers diminished, gradually lagging
behihd, and above SOO stuck by b.itn to the , charge.
Wb.en I saw this, I well lmew tbat all was loot. The
brave cliief, . however, penetrated to Lhe elephant of
'Azimu$h Shan, and burled his at the Prince; but
it missed him, and struclt the thigh o (fn attendant, when
Prince drew a.n arrow, wb.ich pierced Lhe he;trt of
.K:b.a,n 'Alam, and he died on the instant. A body of
the ' under Baz Khan now attacke(! Zul
fikar Khan, but was repnhcil with great loss, and thcr
chief badly wounded ; bnt by the decrees of
STUDll!S IN INDIAN IDSTORY
Ram Singh Jinda nnd Dalpat Rao Bundcla, on whose
valour and conduct most depended, were killed at the
same ilutant by a cannon-shot, upon 'vhich their l!aipUls
lost all .:onfidence, and fled with the dead bodies of their
chiefs. Zul fur Khan, however, )'Ct remained finn, with
his own followers : but on being charged by the whole of
'Azimu-Ah Shan's division, he left the conduct of the
battle to Saiyid. Muzafl'nr, and retired to the rear of A'zam
Shnh's post, with H:unidu-d din l<hiln, and Jtnving dis-
mounted fwm. his elephant, fled on horseback to Gwl\lior,
where he was by his father, Asnd Khan. !tis
flight determil\ed the rouL our nrmy.
The principal followl!rs nnd personal atrendariu of
A:am Shah now dismounted, and laying their quivers on
the ground, aat down to await .Lhc charge of the enemy,
and !ell l'bcir lives in de['ence of their patron. Salyid
and hi! brother, Husain 'Ali Khan, of the
illustrious house of .Badta, ever celebr3ted for valour,
ancestors had in every reign performed the most
gallant actions, if possible superior to their sires. des
cended from their elephants, and prepared to engage on
foot. The battle now raged hand to hand witb snbres,
and there was great slaughter on both sides. 'Ali
Khan received several wounds. and f,ell clown faint wjth
the loss of blood. At last a mus)(et-ball and several
arrows struck the Prince Beilar :Sa)<ht, and he sank down
dead on his elephant.
A'xam Shah., though much wotmded, was still alive,
when a whirl o du.sL winded towards him from the army
of Shah 'Alam. l!rom this now issued with a select b and
the Princes 'Azimu-sh Shan, Mu'izzu-d din Jahat\dat
Shall; and Jaban Shah. A'zam Shah soon received. a
wound from a musket-ball, and resigned bis soul
to Gteatot of Hfe. The Prince Walajah also sank
down in the sleep of death. l .n
0
w made my escape , to
Agra, not to go to the enemy's camp, where I
had many Eritnds who would have givau me protection.
Ru.uamodil Kl:ian, who commanded the escort of
STUDIES lN .lllSTOli.Y
Shah 'A lam' advunced tents, -when attacked in the
m\:i'rning by our troops, finding his escape cut olfr paid
his respt.'<:ts co A'zam Sllah, and had. continued uea; J his
clephant duri.ng lhe battle till his wjth. gren<
ness. Seeing him dead, he ascended the clephanr, and
cutting off the heatl of the corpse, remounted his horse
and hastened to the .camp Shah With e:wlting
llope of gtcat reward, h.e laid his prize at the Prince's
feet ; but the Shah 'Ahun, seeing the head
of his slaughtered brother in sllch disgrace, shc<.t tears of
affec:tion. and gave 'Rtllltnmdil nothing but {epronches.
He odcred the )lead to be bul'icd with propc1 respect,
and forbad the march of victory LO be beaten. Mun'lm
Khan rook charge of t lte bodies of the unfortu
nate Princes, and treated the latlies of their harems wiU1
the ulOJO$t resp<!ct and tenderness. Though lte had
received n dangerous wound, and sulfered extreme pain,
he concealed his situation, and continued on the fi.cld rill
late. at n.ight, to restore order and prevent plunder.
Shah ' Alam BahadtJ.r Shah
1 shall now relate some particulars necessary to be known
concerning Shah ';Uatn, his mJUch from Kabul, and other
proceedings to lhe day of witll .his un(ortu
nate brother A 'zam Shah,
Some time. before his death, Aurang-u:b had
appointed Mun'irn Kb.an to be diw.a11 to Shah 'Aiam,
who wu.i governor of Kabul. This nobleman was oi. great
abilities; act\ve in the capjoct, resolute .iJi execution, aid
Of uobeniling il1tegt!tyof mind. He11ooo ilie
all':rits, which, his coming into offici:, were
in confusion, o1qing to the ascendency of unworthy
favourites. A superfluo11S army was kcpr up, exceed-
ing dl.e abHity of Ute revenue, and. being con.sequcudy ill
paid, wus ever mutinous and discomcnrcd. * .Re
diminishe<:\ the Prince's at:llly, but took care to pay t.hat
on root regularly, so a.s to Ieiwe no room for
or excuse fdr licentiousness. When be hear4 of
S'TUDIES IN INDli\N HISTOl!.Y
Aurangztb's illum, ln order 1.0 prevent cabau in favour
of A'1.am Shah, he circulated. a. report that Shah 'Alatn
would not contend for empire, but seek protection from
his brother by Jlight to Persia. Shah 'Alam had himself
indeed made thu declarat ion. long before, and with such
appa.rtnt resolution that it was b.elitved and dreaded
even by his sons who resided with him. Mun'im Khan
tO me afterwards the following anecdote in these
words ; "Whc::n 1 perceived that my attachment, sincerity,
and abilities ,had properly impre!;.led Shah mind,
and that he was convinced I was a prudent, Eailllful, and
secret servant, being alone o.ne day with him corwersing
on the affairs of the empire, T tool:. the Uberty of thus
addressing hin1 : rt i reported ihat Your Highneu
inrcnds Ryiug to 'Persia, wilh so much confidence, that
even the Princes, your sons, assure me by Jacred oaths of
its truth.' He replied, 'In this rumour there lies con-
cealed a great design, to forward which I have spread it
abroad and taken pains to ma)<e it believed. First, be-
cause my father, on a suspicion of disloyalty, kept
me n.ine years in close confinement; and should he even
now mink that 1 cherished the smallest ambition, he
would immediately sttive to accomplish my nlin. Secondly.
my brot11er Muhammad A'zam Shah, who is my powerful
enemy, and valiant even to the extreme of rashness, would.
exert all his force against me. From Ibis report my
father is easy, and my broilier lulled into Self-security ;
but, by the Alm:igb.ty God who gave me life' (laying his
hand on tlte K uran by him), 'and on this holy book; I
swear, though not one friend should join me, 1 will meet
A{zarn Shah in single combat, wherever he may be. This
wbich I have so long and even .kept
from my own i$ c_nl(usted to your care .
.Be cautions. ti\ar rio instance Of' your conduct may
betray it I,.,.
When news - of Aurangteb'$ death reached Mun'im
'Khan at Lahore, 1\e wrote immediately by cxprells to Shah
conjuring him tomar& with the utmost e)(pedi

STUDIES rN INDtw HISTORY
tio."" towards r.he capital, without ot: preparation,
and he should find artillery and nil supplies ready at
Lahore. wise minister then prepared bridges over
the various rivers, so tbat not a day's delay wns occasioned
in crossing to the Prince's army, which at .Lahore was
joined by a powerful train of artillery with sufficient
dra:It. He also paid up all the troops, and advanced
wge sums to new levies. Shah 'Al.am soon arrived in
the ncighbouxhoocl of Dehli, and Mun'im Khan entered
the city with a select party. Muhammad Yar Khan,
the comnJmder of the palace, w;u; so awed with the
vunil's gallantry, and the nrrival ot Shah 'Alam, that he
saw no security for himself but in. resigning his charge.
He accordingly gave up the 'Pabce, in which were the
treasures of Hindustan cqllected. .Erom Lite da')'S of Akbar,
1\fun'im Khan then advanced wiLh some chosen
troops bclore the Prince of Agra. Baki l<.han, an old
Imperial tervanc, and governor of !he fortress wb.ich he
had refused to resign to Azimusb Sllan, being cetti.fied
that Shah 'Alam was approaching, did not choose to
resillt longer, but sent offers, that if Mw1'im Khan would
come 6rst into the ciLadel, he would tesign the
command. Mun'im Khan accordingly, without the lenst
dishust, entered over a narrow plank, only passable for
a single person, which was placed over a deep ditch from
a smaU wicket to admit him. After he
sealed up Lhe treasury, posted his people at the different
and about midnight went to visit 'A:timusb Shan,
who was encamped at the distance of six kos. Witlt-
out doubt Shah 'Alam's successes, and his attainment of
the empire, were owing ro eon.duct and valour of
this great minister.
Tha sons of Bahadur Shah
IT is now neces.laf'J' to say something of Lhe .four SOU$ of
Shah 'Ala,m, their dispositions and behaviour; boLh in
public and private. Mu'iz.zu-d din Jahandar Shah, Lhe
clde5t, was a weak man, devoted to pleasure, who gave
STUD.IES lN INDIAN Hl!i'I"ORY
himself no trouble about Stqtt: all"ilin, ot to gain the
attachment of any the nobility, as will. be seen 1\then
L come to _narr:ite his reign. 'A2imush Shan, the second
son, wa. a statC$1Illln of winning mannexs. Aurng7.cb had
alway$ pursued the policy of encouraging his granchons
a.nd employing them in public affairs ; tor as his soru
were ambitious of great JlOWCr, and at the head of armies,
h'c! thus prudently controlled them by opposingo to them
enemies in their own families, as Bedar Baklit to A'nm
Shah, and 'Azimush Shan to Shah 'Alam. To the latter
he had given the advantageous government ot the three
provinces of Bengal, Bihar, :tnd Orissa, from whence he
had now come with a rich tteasure and
anny; nll(L r.hough in the late battle he had
gteM service. yet be wa. by his ntlter and
dreaded a.s a rival ; but to relate the causes would be
useless prolixity. Rafi'u-sh Shan, the private companion
and o:vourlte of his father, was a prince of quick parts,
a goreat proficient in religious learning. a fme Wfiter, and
of much knowledge in the lnw, but at the same time
addicted to pleasure, pnrtieularly food of music and the
pomp o courtly show. Re paid no attention \o p\lblic
affairs or even Utose ot his own household. Khuji.stl\
ak.htar Jaban Shah had the share of the
I'cinces in the management o( affuirs, before hi$ father's
accession to 'the throne, and afterwar& the whole admin.is
!:ration of empire was inAuenccd by hint. He had
the closest friendship and connex:ion with Mun'im JC.han,
who, by his interest, wM appointed wa,ir.
Character of Ba,lladur Shah ' His Court
Sl!AH 'AJ...W: was generous and merciful, o,f a g_reat soul
with alfabilicy. of mer1t. He had
seen tbe strict exercise of power during the reigns his
grandfather and father, and been used to authority him
self for the last Ji#y years. Time received a new lustre
from his accession, and all ranks of people obtailted
favours equal 16, ij not.above their merits; so. tbat tlie
17649
ST11Dll!S lN JNDlA'N fiiSTOln'
publlc lorg
0
t tl1e excellences and gre;1t qualities of
Auiangzeb, which became ahsorbe<l in the botu1ties
bis successor. Some narrow-hearted persons, however, out
o ingratitude and envy, attributed bia general liberality
ro ill-placed eJ<travagance and profus(on ; but il is a fact
that the deserving oJ every profei$ion, and tlte worthy of
all degrees, whether among the learned or the eloqueUl,
the noble or the ignoble, received an attention from the
th:rone, wh.ich prior to this the eye of time bad never
seen, nor bad such been heard of before by the ears of
fame, His personal qualities and perfections, speech is
unable to relate. His valour was such that he bad rc
solved on meeting A'zam Shah, whose bravery was celc
brated, in single combat. His Jour sons, possessed of
power and considerable force_ he suffe1ed to be
co'nst:intly near his penon, never giving himself a
moment's suspicion regarding them, nor l?rcventing thCln
forming connex_ioru with lhe prime nobility ; upon which
mbjcct I, the humblest o.f his slaves, once ventured 1<>
present h.im a petition of a cautionary nature, th.i.uking
it my duty; as Thad often done so LO Auragzeb. To what
1 represented .be wrote a wi'! and just reply. He permit
ted the sons of those princes who bad fallen in battle
against him co appear at all rimes CQ.mplerely armed in
his presence. The infant children he let remain un
molested with their mother.!, while those nrrived a't man
hood daily accompanied him to the chase unguarded, and
sluoi"ed iri all his diversions.
Hi.s court was to a degree beyond that of
Shah Jahan. .Princes, .his sons, grandsons and
nephews, sal generally round his throne, in the manner
following : On his right hand Jahandnr Shall, his eldest
son, with his 'three soru; his third son, Rafi' ush Shan,
.wil h his three sons. and Bcdardil, son to his nephew,
;Bellar llal.<bt. On his left Muhammad 'Azimnsh Shan,
with his- two and }allan Shah with his son. 'Ali
Talibl!l'
1
the only sl;lJViving son of A'tam Shah, sat on
Lh'e right . hand of J\ilihush Shan ; and a to tht:
STUDIES lN . [NDJ.AN HISTOR '11
right, 3omewhat advanced, !.he two o Muhammad
Kam Ba.khsh. Behind the roynl Princes, on the right,
stood the sons of conquered sovereigns, a$ of Slkandar
'Ali Shah of :Sijapur, and Kutb Shah., King of Golkonda;
also a vast crowd o( the nobility, from the rank. of seven
to three thousand, such as were allowed to be on the
platform bcrwccn the silver mils. How can l mention
every particular of the splendid scene ?
On the ' irl.s and other festivals, His Majesty; witn
his own band,, gave the betel and perfumes to all in his
presence, according to their ranks. His gifts o!C jcweh,
dresses, and other .favours were trulJy roynl. Whel) in
private he dressed plaitt and humbly, like a religious
devorce, and daily. without fail, _prayed with many ht.
compa.ny. Frequently on nnd Fridays, when
travelling, he would read the prayers himself in the great
tent of audience, and rcpe:tl portions of the Kw-an, with
a tone and sweetnc.u which caplivatcd the mc.st eloquent'
Arabians: Fle never missed the devotions of the lauer
part of the night, and lrequently employed the whole in
prayer. ln lb.e early- p:u:t of evening b.e had
assembly of the religious or learned men. He him
self related tmditjons (of the Prophet), in the number of
which he excelled, :u well as in n knowledge of the Holy
Law. He h:td the different opinions of all sorts,
read the works .of all free thinkers, aDd was well ac-
quainted with the hypotltcses of On this :tecount
some overstrict dcvot<!C3 accURcd him of heterodoxy in
his rcHgious opinious, through mere envy of his superior
abilities. 1 lteard most of his tenets, and lamented tlte
ignorance of his vain critics ; !or it was as clear as the
&lln how just aud orthodox he was in his opinions o.n
points. :Rut how e>Ul l en.umeratc all his per
fections. I It would 611 volumes to recite but a smal!
part, therefore 1 will desist.
Kam Bakhsh
KAM BAKKSII was n. prince of an exrellent . memory : was
STUDIES 1N INDIAN HISTORY
learned and a pleasing possc=d ot nll outward
accomplisllll\ents in a high degree l but there was in his
mind a fiightincss that approached near 10 insanity. He
seldom rem:Uned a month in his father's presence, but
for 60me misbehaviour he wao -reproved, degraded
eonJincd ; and some acts were dcmc bl him, 10 mention
which would be unworthy of me. What follies was
be not guilty of, from the madn= of his mind and the
confidence he put in lying visionaries l His Jlatterers
h.aving told him that his eldest son would also at some
time become Emperor, he became jealous of d1e innocent
child, and f:rcq uendy meditntcd putting hi.m to death,
but witlleld from thnt cdmc by the dread be ha.d of
A urnnsrr.cb. .Ho1vever, he kept b.im constantly in .confine
ment, miserably clothed, and worse fed llian llie son ot
a wretched beggar, which was worse than death. From
the same cause, on illplaced suspicions, be infiictcd tor-
tures and uncommon pu:qisbmcnts on dte ladies of his
harem, putting ronny of them privately 10 deadt. To
his r.eniaots, wmpanions, and confidants, he often behaved
with outrageous ctueity, doing such acts to them as
before eye .nevct saw nor ear heard.
Gluuiud din Khari Piroz
GHAZitH> din Khan Firoz Jang, who had acquired a most
powerful inOaence in the Dakhin, and was chief of the
Turani Mughals, kept on loot a grcac army. He. had
withdrawn himself J'rom Shah, aud he was al60
much in dread . of Shah 'Alrun's rcscntlll.ent, because he
luid -advised dtat Prince's being confined when Aurnng
1eb was before Golkonda. He was an able statesman of
long experience, who, though blind of sight, could
perceive the mind of man ; th.erefore, whatever wishes
lle .might have to enjoy the honour of making an Emperor,
yet he soon saw the follies oj Kam llakbsh, and declined
hls cause as ruinous and los!. Mun'im Khan Kh.an-
Jihanan opened a correspondence with Ghaziu,d din, tb
whom he gave m.uch . conso.lation, assurances of favour,
STUDIIIS IN !NDIAN

and friendly advice. That experienced staterman, open
ing hill eyes on the vicissitudes of life, saw it was his
interest, .i His Majesty would .fOI"gct the past attd not
molest. him. in .fort une, lo bend hU bead in submU-
sion and retire from businl!lls to a life of devotion. RiA
onl y son, Chin Katich l<.hnn; had long agreed with
hin1, and his brother, Hamid Khan, whom lte had
appointed J1h. deputy in comman<l of the troops, bad
ticpru:ated from him ancl gone over to the preseme. The
Turao chiefs of his household also, when they saw his
fortunes on the decline, bad left h.i& service. All these
events :m.dc him glad to embrace the prqmhes . of the
minister and thankfully the s11bnt!ari of Ah.mad11-bnd
in Gujarat.
lntrigtl/13 of the four Princes
Tm: four Princes were constantly intriguing ngainst each
other, to obtain 1o1luc.nce in the management ot public
affain, which occasioned rnuch delay and confmion in
business, so that the Khankhanan thought it hnl'PY tO
steer his safe through four such great seas, and
could not act so independently as he wished, being
obliged to attend tO the CUpriCiOIIS lnterelits of Others,
among which he found it to .his own.
Among th!' remakablc occurrences was the decllne
of Jahnn Shah's inlluence with his father, and the rise
of that of 'Alimush Shan, o.f wholll till now the Emperor
hnd even. been suspicious. The Prince Jaban Shah lvaJ
of haugh.ty and .independent spirit, ready to take 6.re on
the smallest This, with the behaviour oJ bis
senrants, alarmed and dhpl.eased the Khankhanan, who
for his own safety watched an opporwnity tO destroy the
Prince's inD.ucnce in public n1Iai.rs : a task of no great
difficulty to .one well acquainted with the disposition of
Shah 'Alam, almost equally warm with his son, who l\act
more than once displeased him by h:l$ behaviour. The
Prince npon this to prove his disinterestedness
and independence by neglecting to frequent Ute dar/Jar,
STUOIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
-.md engage in business as usual. 'Azimusb. Shan, who
'had reaped experience in office, ;md was well versed in
.the intrigues of. a coun, perceiving coolness taking place
-between Jahan Shah "nd i!tc Khan-kllanan, paid so
.flat tering attention to tlte latter, that by degrees he gatned
his confidence. Tltis gave still more offence to Jahan
Shah, who had too much pride to expostulate, bnt
neglected the minl.ster i n return. He soon after !eU sick.
'l!nl:t ltis indisposition contiuuing a long time, gave
: Azimosb Sllan umple opportunities of acquiring influence
over Shall 'Ala]n. 'Arirnush Shan, having UlUs
gal11ed the credit he aimed at with. )tis father and the
.minisccx, employed it in softening the rigour o( goverJ\
ut<!llt ngainst ll!OSC wb.o Jabourcd under its d(spleasurc ;
thinking that, thus obliged t>y his .mediation, they would
readily return his fnvoul's, by embracing his . C'\\ISe, when
ever the denth of his father should give hiln a chtim to
Ue empire.
Deat h and Characlu of Khanl<handatl
TH1! Kban-kbaMn [lwuitlg invesld the fort to which /he
Sikhs luul cheaLod], sure of lla ving the Guru in his f.?Wcr,
gave order$ for his troops to cease r.heir alt:tek till r.hc
morning should enable him to finiall it with He
bad, however, uoluck.ily neglected to block up n' narrow
path leading from the fort to r.he hills, either because
he bad not perceived lr, or was satisllcd that it could
not lead bot to where tbe Imperial r.roops were posted.
" Dl"'intr the ..night f,be Guru changed his dress, nnd
Je.Et the fort .undiscovered. The l(han-khanan about
p!IWI\ renewed th.e attack, and gained the place a[ter a
short struggle. sword jn hand, exulting. in the certainty
of carrying lhc Gunl dcnd or alive to tll<: Emperor, whose
qisli'leasure at his disobedienro o orders would by this
be changed to approbation ; but who can relate
his wdght of grief and disappointment on finding
his promised prize had escilped, witllout leaving a .
, Ffe bad dl.rtet(:d nOL to nssault withoul
YTUDIES lN INDIAN KfYTORY
51
behind hirn ? He for an instant Jo,sc almost the U$e
nf faculties, which were absorbed in dread of lhc
J!.mperor's anger, not witllour As he was,
agreeably to custom aft<::r an important victOry, beating
the march of triumph Ot\ h.is way tO the royal tents, orders
arrived commanding !lim lO stop the drums, and not
dare to enter lhe He retired, drowned in des-
pair, to his own cenu. Shah 'A lam, reg-arding hiJ
form<::r 6el'Vices, received him again into ,favour after a
days; but this noble and faithful ntinistcr never
recovered from cJ1c effects of Lhe royal ingratitude. Tb.is
grief, ndded to the pain of seeing duee of the Princes
and the A miru-l llmwa using aU their nrts- to complete
his ruin, stuck like a poisoned arrow in his breast. :He
lost all atisfaction in worldly enjoyments, the emptiness
of which he 11ow so fully experienced, and rom the day
of his dhgraee declined in he.1lth, so thut not lmg
he re<1nccd to keep his bed, where he lingered a few
days, and tben resigned his soul to tbc angcl of death
(ll24 A.H., 1712 A.D.), who never in lbe uncounted ages
oF hill office seized on a soul more pure and less defiled
with the frailties of hmnan nature.
Dtntll of Shah
SHAll 'Alam Bahadur Shah died on the 21st Muharram,
1124 (18th February, 1712 A.n.). lt llappcned that
one day asJahandar Shah and 'Azimush Shan were sitting
ncar his bed, the latter perceiving under a corner of his
pillow a dagger of very exquisite workmanship, took it
up to admire tbc jewels with wh.ich it was adorned nod
llie water of the blade. Upon his drawing it from the
smbbard, J ahiuldar Shnh, jealous of his brother, wns
seized with a pllnic. He started up, and retired witll such
precipi.tation, that be struck the turban from his head
agrurut t.he door of Ute tent, forgot Ws sUppers at the
cntrnucc. and fell down over t:he ropes. Being assisted to
riS<:: and adjust h.is dress . 'by lii.s be rode oll
to his tems with all tbe speed and hurry possible. This
STUDit!S IN INDIAN HISTORY
occasioned much alann in the camp. I met the Prince
with liis a ttendanu, pushing on his elephant with frantic
ha3te, upon seeing Which 1 endeavoured to pass un-
o)>serYcd; but he knew me and sent a messenger to call
me. As 1 had previously attached myself to 'Atiluu.sh
Shan, I did not obey rhe mandate, but passed on to Lhe
Emperor's rents. Tbe Amint-1 wnara called for me,
and d<:Jired me to send my grandson 'lnayatullau to
'Atimu-sb Sl\an, to ask bin\ how l\e could serve hin\ on the
present occasion. 1 sent him, bUJ. he returned with a reply
laconic ancl slight M if from a nobleman of higb r;mk to
the commnndcr of hundred, written in the hnnd of. his
confidant as follows : "As tile Imperial servanu can know
no place of support but this Court, and most .huvc already
repaired to it, the .d-mi,!l um11ra mnsL abo pay !tis duty,
with assurance of a graciom reception in the presence."
When the Ll.miru-1 umara read this, he -shed tears, and
said to me, -with much emotion, ''You sec Lite mann,.,-s
of the Prince and l1is advisers. Alas I the cOTors of a
unacquainted with government often endanger
the very existence of tl1e mnster." After saying this,
h.e collected his followers, and moved his tents and effectS
to the quarter of :Prince Jahandar, whew he thought his
services most llkely to answer his own inte.rcst. He
had formerly been disgusted with 'Azimush. Shan, for
preferring to himself the Khan-khanan and MahabnL
Khan, and he now swore to assist the three brothel'S in
effecting his desnuction, and ln. making an equal divisjon
of the empire and treasures among them,
Shah
WHEN 1handar Shah, by the intrigues and support of
Ammtl umara Zul likar Khan, ltnd triumphed over
!u.s three broth.ers, ancl ascended the throne of empire,
Without the fear or dread. of a competitor, all Lhe customs
of time were changed. He was himself a weall man
clfeminately careful of his person, rond of case, indolent;
and totally ignorant of tlte arts of government. He had
STUDDlS 1lf INDIAN R.ISTORY
&9
also blemishes and vices unworthy of (oy:ilty, and
unknown among hi.l illustriout ancestors. He the
vast empire of Hindustnn an offering to the fooll$h
whims of a courtezan. The dclations, friends and minions
of the mistress usurped alolme authority in the State ;
and h'igh offices, great titles and unreasonable grantS from
the Imperial domains were showered profusely on beggar
ly musicians, Two krors of rupees atmually were settled
lor only Lb.e household expenses of the m.isu:css, exdutire
of her clothes ;md jewels.
Tb.e 4miro-! umara Zul li.kar Khan, seater, nay even
crenLor of ernpet"on, with .such a puppet of buma11ity in
!lis hands, became absolute and 6lld with pride. He
studied to ruin the most ancient CamUies, i.nvcming
pretences to put gl'cat men to d.eatb, or disgra.ce 'them
that he might plunder their possessions. Unhappy was
the person he sutpected to be rich, as wen) \;b and vexatious
accusatioris always accompanied each other. He es-
tablished such exactions and abuses as no prior age had
beheld, aod by which 11ow he is alooe remembered. He
took enot:mous. emoluments and revenue.! for himself,
while be disposed of money to others with a band so
. sparing 'that even his own creatures felt severe poverty
with empty titles, he never nllowed to any. 'fhe
min.ds of high and low, rich and poor, near and distant,
friends and strangers, were turned against him and
wished his destruction. Hindus and Mmulmllru agreed
in praying 'to Heaven the fall of his power; night and
day. Often does tho midn.ighl sigh of the widow ruin the
riches of a hundred years.
Kokaltash Khan, fostet'-brolher of Jnhandar Shah,
and brought up wlr:h him from his cb.ildbOO<l, was
honoured with the title of Khan-Jahnn. Ris wie,
daughter, and whole family also possessed great influence
with JahandnT, and claimed from him tbe pet"formnnce
of a promise be had oi tb.e office of wa::ir At Lb.e same
l:ime they and their adheront.s combined to work the
o_vcrtlu-ow of Zul nkar Khan A mirul umMil. With tbia
STUDIES JN liiSTOll.Y
vic'" all their relations and dependents were raised to a
high rank, and a great number of the nobility, distressed
by the pride and rapacity of Zu-1 fi.kar !Ulan, joined their
party. They iruinuated to the Emperar that the Jlm.intt
umara. entertained desigm too ambitious fot: a subject,
to attain which he would dare to shed the blood of princes;
that he bad .already detcnnlncd on a revolution, and
either to seize the throne for himself, or if he found that
too dangerous, to bestow it on one of the coo.fincd princes
more favourable to his will than His Majesty.
The weak Jahandar, uncndowcd wiclr the least judg-
ment or couroge, was o.larmed almost to madness with the
.frightful picture of Iris own situation ; but he had not
firmness to oppose the dreaded e.vils, nor $!!n&e to keep
his fears secret. The intrigues of Kokoltash Khan soon
becamo evident to tbe wl1ole Cotttt, and only served to
stimulate the \-i.gllance oE Zul fikar Khan, who took
meMures !or his owu sa!ety by removing his
Rusrnm-d.il Khan, Mukblis Klurn, and some others were
to death, and a great numbef of the n.obiliry cast
into confmemcnt on various prctettces. Tho family of
the late Kh.an-khanatt (Mun'lm Khan) was reduced so
low as .to want tbe common of life. In sb.ort,
the disposition o( the Amintl umma changed altogether
from gentleness to the higncst pitch of tyranny, so that he
now punished with CTilClty tb.c persons who had years
b.:ore
1
knowingly or otherwise, given him the slightest
causes of offence. L who bad di.llirred with him in opinions
during tbe. life of tl1e late Bedar Bakbt, .and frequently
warnccl the late Emperor against his aspiring views, had
also been the friend and confidant of his late mortal
enemy, the Rban-khanan, and of a different pany in the
late struggle, had not a hope escaping .from hi.\ bands,
or those of. Jahandar Shah. who bad commanded me 'to
be sca.rcbecl. and put to death.
Thinking it vain to attempt conce.1l.metlt i.u Lahore,
I wrote the fol lowing verses : "I am of th.e famil Y of
'Ali, of the famUy of which .thou art. b.ead: look
STUDil?.S IN INDIAN HISTORY
6
not on me, but upon our mutual auce1tors," and sene
!hem to him by my grandson, wbo was much in his
favour. He invited me to see him, . and upon his
solemn oath that he meam no injUI!y to me, 1 went
without dread. He received me in his private apartment,
ro which I was admitted armed as usual, and created tne
in avcxy wny with much l<indness, more than r had ex-
pected ; after which. he dismissed me wit.h 3S$ltrnnces of
protection. He the same day asked the Emperor's pardou {or
me, which was in1mediatcly passed; .but His Majesty obser
ved, that though .he !orgavc, he would nor on nny account
employ me in his service. The 4rn1rul um4ro, too, made
me promise that I would non accept any office in the State
othcr\vise than lhrough his patrOt'lllgc. I complied with
this desire without regret, as, independent of the obliga-
tions 1 owed to b.im., thete was n() Lemptatlon left t()
court employment in a state which. had in fact no head ;
for the ministry was a collection of petty tyrants and
of power.
In the height of his power and authority, all at once
a report was heard that the Prince Farrukb Siy'dr, roo
t() the martyred Azimu.,sh Shan, had marched b:oro
.Bengat towards .Bihar. intending to. revenge his (ather's
death and seitc the throne. Great numbers of the
Imperial Servants wished . secrelly for the lllcccss of tbi
tebclllon. Zu-1 fikar Khan advised jal>andar not tO
remain more than a week in Dehli. but. ro proceed to
Agr<l, and if n=sary to rhe eastern provinceS, as the
drea of his power would not be impressed .fully- in the
breasts of hi. mbjccts while Farrukh Siyar re{used to
pay allegiance. Jabandar Shall, on his arrival at Dehli,
fascinated by rhe various luxuries it afforded, forgot the
advice of his .minister, and chose to remain,. indulgin-g
himael .in low pleasnres, moving only !rom place to
palace, and gai'den to gard.en. Kolqtltasb Khan and hi$
party persuaded M:m. that IJ.miru-1 mnara .bad excited
this l'ebellioo, and !tad engaged with Earrul:.h
Siyar, to whom he would. deli.vcr Hi> 1\!ajesty a prisoner,
6
shoul.d he prevail upon rum to march from the capital.
'These idc:as served 1.0 increase (-ears of the weall
Jahaodar Shah. He would often exclaim, "1 did not kill
Azimu-sh Sll:m ; it was the A mind umara, who must
now go and answer the claims ot his son for satisfaction."
The other plans of an Emperor who was thus overcome
by (ear may easily be guessed, ancl need on explanation.
The Arniru-1 unan, offended at the .dist:tmt of his master,
did not attend as lto ought to business, but employed his
time also in pleasure, and forwarding his own immediate
ituerest.
Saiyid 'Abclu-llah Khan Barhn and his brother Husain
'Ali Kb.ao bad gained great honour by Uteir behaviour in
Ute service of A'zam Shah, after whose (Ieath they attached
thenuclves to Azimu-sh Shau; by whom they were
honoured, the former with the government of Allahabad,
and the latter with tb:Lt of the proviee of Bihar. 'Abdu-
llah. Khan pretendecl gratitude and obedience f,ot the
royal flLvours in order to avoid furth.cr trouble from the
Conrt, but which he b.acl resolved to serve no longer than
he formd necessary. When Farru\:h Siyar arrived in Bihar,
he was immediately joined by Saiyid Husain 'All Khan,
who was ,faithfully attached to him as the son o his
patron, 'Atlmu-sh Shan.
On the night of the 13th Zi-1 ka'da, intelligence was
received that tho Saiyids had by a countermarch of twenty
miles, gained the foro of Gao-gltlll, and crossed rhc river
wil.h. their advanced cotps and all their artillery; also
tliat Fanukh Siyar wll.h. his anny i)llended to follow
next day. A little after midday llie battle
Our troops leU back upon the camp, and great
confusion took place. Numbers fled, but the
Amiru-1 umara stood . fmn, and the enemy was
kept long at a stand by his gallantry and steadiness ;
llut he was ill $upported, though Saiyid Husain
'Ali Khan fell wounded in the field, and Chhablia
Ram was not more successful in his charge on Koklllta:sh
){han. It was now about five o'clock, when were
l
STUI))I!S IN lNDIAN HISTORY
thus doubtful ; but just thtm Saiyid 'Abdn-lla,h Khan
charged Jnhandm: Sbnh, who stood with his troops already
alarmed, some distance in the rea,r of the A miro-1 umara.
They scarce waited to be attacked, but broke their line,
and Aed in confusion on all side5. Thus, in lite
space of a..few llours, one government was des'r.royed and
artother became posscd of absolute authority. The robe
of empire gt:aced the august person of Furukh Siyar, who
sourided the joyful march of triumph_
Though. I was not in the service of any one, l
remained in tb:e field till the d.miru-/ m114m had reLired,
when, thinking it best to provide for my own safety, l
entered the city about a hmtdred persons who sought
my protection. In the morning I 'Ql'Ote to Saiyid
'Abdnllllh Khan.. with hom I was formerly on terms
of friendship, expressing my desire of leave to visit him,
and to be introduced to the new .Emperor. He replied
to my letter 'with kindness; and next =orning, when
Farrulth. Siyar entered the city, l was allowed to pay him
1ny
LETTERS OF
To Shah A.'zam. Sht1h
Hut.'rll to thee I My heart is near thee. Old age is
arrived : weakness subdues me, and strength bas forsaken
aU my Jnctnbcrs. I cam.e a stranger into this world, nnd
a stranger 1 depart, I know noU1ing of myself, wb.at I
am. or for what I am. The imtant which. ha,s
pused in power haU1 left only sorrow behind it. 1 have
not been the guardian and protector of the empire. My
.valuable time b.s been passed vainly. a patton in
my own. dwelling (conscience), 'but his glorioua light was
umden by rny dim siglit. Life is not lasting; there is
no vestige Of departed breath, :md all hopes &om futuritl'
are lost.' ' The fevtr has left me ; but nothing remains of
me but skin and bone. My son (Kam llal<hsh), though
.gone towards llijapur, is sLill .near ; and thou my son are
sTuDI ES IN IWV.N RIST<lRY
yet nearer. The worthy of esteem, 'Aiam, is far
distant ; and my grandson (' Azimull Shan), by tht
of C<>d. is arrived near HinduStlln. Tile camp and
followers, bel pless and alarmed, are like: my&elf, fuU of
alarms, restless u quicksilver. from their lord,
they 'know not iJ they have a master or not.
I brought nothing into this world, and.- C.l<ccpt the
infirmities of trutn, carry nothing out. 1 have a dread for
my Jalvatlon, uud with what tormenls 1 may be punished.
Though I have strong tclinncc. on the mercies and bounties
of Cod, yet regarding my actions. fear will not quit me;
buc when r am gone rellcction will not rcmtdu. Come
lllen what may, 1 have launched my vessel in the waves.
Though Pr()vidcnce will protect 1.he camp, yet,
appeat ances, the endeavours of my sons are indispensably
incumbent Cive my last prayers to my grant4on (Dcdar
Bakht), whom I cannot see, but the desire affects me.
The :Begant daughter) appears affiicted ; but GOd is
tlte only judge of heat'tS. The foolish tl\oughtS of womeu
produce not!ling btu disappi:ntmcnt, FarewelL Farewell.
Farewell.
T o t he Pri11cc Kam Bakhsh
My son. nearest to my hearc I Though io the height of
rny power, a.nd by God's permission, l gave you advice,
and tool:. with you the greatest pain.s, yet, as it '1\'a& not
the Divine will, you did not attend wltn tile car of
complia\tce. Now 1 depart a Btranger, and lament my
own insignific:mce, what does it profit me ? I carry w\th,
me the fruits of my sins- and imperefections. Surprisi.ng
Ptovidence I 1 came here a.lone, am!, alone I deparr.
The leadCJ of this caravan l:iath dcserced me. Tlte l-ever,
whlch troubled me for twelve days, has left me. Wherever
J loolt I .see nothing bot the Diviully. My fears for the
.-camp and foUowers arc great; but, alas I I !mow not I
myself, My back is bent with weakness, and my feet
have lost tht! powet of motion. The breath which rose
is gone, and ltas left not even ltope behlnd: ic. I have I
I
STUDIES IN I.NDIAN HJSTORY 6r,
c<Jmrniued numerous crimes, and know no\ with . 11ihat
punishments l may be seized. Though the Protector of
mnnkind w.ill guard the camp, yet care is incumbent also
on the faithful and my sons. Wheu J was alive, no ctre
was taken ; :l.lld now I am gone, rlte may be
guessed. The guardianship of a people is r.he trust by
God committed ro my sons. A'nun Shah is near. Be
cautious that none of U1e faithful are slain, or that their
miseries fall u po.n my head. I you, your mother
sou to God, n.s r 111ysclf am going. The ago1J.ies of
dcarh come upon me fast. Bahadw Shah is till where
he was, nnd his . son is arrived near Hindustan. Bednr
:nakbt is in Guj;,rat. Rayatu-n Nissa, who bas beMld
no affiictiom of time. till -now, is ftlll of sorrows.
the Beg'llm as without concern. Udipttr, your mor.her,
WIIS a partqer in my illness, nnd wishes to aetompany
me in death. ; but every thing l1us ill appointed time.
The domestices and court1crs, !:.aver deceitful,
Y!!l must not ,be ill-treated. It is necessary to .gain your
views by gentleness and .art. Extend your feet no lower
than yow skirt. Tlte of the unpaid
nrc liS before. Dara Shukoh, though of much judgement
and good understanding, settled large pensions on his
people, but paid them ill, and they wue ever discontented.
I am going. Whatever good or cv.il I have done, it w:u
for you. Take it not a.m.iss, nor remember what .eR'ences
1 have done unto yourself, that account may not be
demanded of me l1ereafter. No one ltas seen tlte depar-
ture of his own soul, but r see that mine is. departing.
TARIK.H-1 BAHADUR SHAHI
' .
i,s a small anonymous work extending from the
death. of Aurangzcb to the accession of Muhammad Shah,
written, tbe au_tbor states, forty_ years. after the death
of Amangzeb, .'!Ild in 1747 A.l). As its title
indicates, Bahadur is its leading subject, and the
the reign qf mo!Ufcb takes up abou.t ,half
5
STUDIES IN INDIAN .HISTORY
the volume. It is wrilterL in a prolix tedious style. The
reign of Bnhadur Shah was translated tor Sir B. M.
Jlliiot by "Lt. Anderson, 25th Native Infan(1'y," but there
is very lltlle in it which has not been told far better else-
where. A few shorL Extracts follow. 'l'herc arc tW(J
copies of tire work among the MSS. One a small Svo.
C)( lSS pages of nine lines each.)
F."'."rnAC'I'S
When the news of that "uumroidable event." the death
of the Emperor Aurangzeb, reacned Dcllli, extra
ordinnry commotion spccnd through Hindustan, nnd
wonderful even.ts followed. On U1c third day after it
bcaimc known in Debli, on the 21st Zil ka'da, 1 1.).8 of
the hcily Hijrn. (18th february, 1707), .after sunset and
before the cry to e1'oning prayCl', .such a noise arose on the
"est as migllt be taken as a siunplc of the noise thCl'e will
be at the day of judgmenL If hundreds of thousands of
men were co collect rogecher and simulmneou&ly raise
the mos dreadful there would be no resemblance
co that noise. It exceeds all my powers co describe it.
Ji'qrty years have passed up to this time, but that strange
noise is still in my cars, and whoever heard it must cer-
tainly remember it. The noi.sc lasted for allottt half RO
hour, and then subsiding. nothing was heard of it after
the lapse of two hours,
On acx:ount of the death .of Aut'a.ngzeb, and in con-
scqueuce of t11e confusion in Hindust:m, the price of
gra.in in aU provinces rColained unsettled. In some
places it was more, in others less. Thus in the first year
after tlto death of His Majesty, in 1119 of the Hijra; the
price of grain in Dehli became known to Asafu-d daula,
viz. the rate at whicl1 it was sold for ready money. Wheat
was twenty sirs per rupee; barley r.wcntyseven sirs; gram
twentyfive sirs: s11hkdas rice teu sirs; dal m11ng (a ldnd
of 'vetch) ftfteen sirs: masli (ptllse) eighteen sirs; motll
STUI)IES l.N INDIAN l'USTORV
lwenty si-s; '11das eighteen sir.r; ghi two si1.r; pUl)gent oil
(mughan-i tnllth) seven sirs; red sugar twlilve sirs.
When Bahadtu Shah aTrived at Burhanpur ,(on his
march against Ram Bakhsh), a. severe pestilence (ruaba)
brqke out amongst the royal troops. Those attaclted
suffered from .suc.h unnatural heat tbal they generally
died in the course of a week, and thO!e who lived longer
wan a weel:, undergoing great pain and tormeilt,
recovered. The army continued ita march towards
HaiW!rabacl Twenty rupee! WM the hire paid to lhe
porters for carrying a sick .inan for :1. march of tbree kos .
.Pioneers were sent on ahead of lhc camp to. dig
and when the army reached its oew camping ground,
the tents were filled on one side, and graves upon the
ower.
At the time t.he army was .mnrcbing southwards
towards :Burhanpur, Guru Cobiod,, one of the grandSQm
o Nanak, had con1e into these districts to travel, and
accompanied . the royal camp. He was in d:te habit of
cc;>nstanLly addressing assemblies. of worldly perSO!lli,
religious funatia, and aU 19rts of people. One day an
AfghM, who Ercquc.qtly auunded 'these meetingl, was
sitting li.uening to him, when certain expressions, unfit
for the ears of Lhe laithful, fell (rom the tongue of th.e
Guru. The Afghan w .. enraged, and regardless of the
Guu's dignity and importance, he gave him tWo or three
stabs wiw a knife and killed him.
The son . of Jahandar Shah was Sultan 'Azizu-d din.
The sons of 'Azimush Shan were Sultan Farrukh slyar,
Sultan Karirn.u-d dio, aod Sultan Humayun' Bakht. 'The.
sons of Khuji.sta Akhtar Jahan shah were Sultan Far-
.kh.anda Akhtar the eldest; the second Roiliaq Akhtar,
afterwards d:tc .Emperpr Mul)..1mmad Shah.; the third son
was Sultan Mubarak Akhtar, also called Achhi Miyan.
STUDlES 1N INDIAN RlSTORY
The son of Prince Rafi'u-sh Shan IVM Rafi'd Oaraja.
The son oE 'Ali Jab was 'AU Tabl\1'. The sons of BedaJ'
llllkht were .Bedar Dil, Sa'id Bal:bt, and a.,yatu-llah.
The of Prince Kam Bakbsh were Sultan Muhiu-s
Sunnat, and Y:1hyau-s Sunuat. Of th.e of Shah
Jahan and ron3 Dam Shukob were Dara Bakhsb.
YIUd;ln .Bakhsh, aod Sultan Sipihr Sbukoh.
TARIKRl SHAH 'ALAM BAHADUR SHAH.
OP
DANlSHMAND KHAN
(THts is another history of Shah, but it reaches
olly to tltc month of Rajab, ln th.e second ye:1r of his
reign. It is the work of Daillihmand Khan, already
In (Wakai', of Ni'a:mat Khan). The author is
besL known by his title Ni' amat Khatl, btlt in the present
volume he calls himself Danishmand Khan. and tells Its
that he had received the title of Mukarrab Klum in the
reign of Aurangzeb. lt appears also from this work,, that
he wrote a book called Badshah-nama; which was pre-
to the Emperor, .and fm: which be nn
augmemation of _his mansab. The work is divided into
months ; and .the two yean and few months fill 262 leaves
of fourt;,m lines Lo the page. It is written i1,1 an
tlous style, and with from the Arabic
and of Persia.n verse.]
'IBRAT- NAMA
Ol'
MUHAMMAD KASIM
T,ars work is sometimes called Tnri!t/1-i Baluuiur-Sholli.
1
It is a well-written history, composed by Muhammad
Kasim, who describes himself as a dependent of Amint-1
u,mara Saiyid Husain 'Ali Khan. It COJIJ,mences with the I
death o( Aurnngzeb, and terminates with the death of
t .PorbabJr . s:ame IU the rdt:rred t() 1rl Waltai '
o( Ni'lm.iu Khan. '
STUDIES IN !NDJAN lliSTOR.Y
Kutblll M11lk Saiyid 'Abdullah, the author having
nccomplh;hed lili pw:posc of writing a history of the times
of the two great Saiyids of Barba. One copy I have in
small octavo contairu 224 pages of clghteen lines to
page. Another imperfect copy of a work of the same
name, and by the same author, carries the history dowrt
to A.D 1786. The language al.lo occasionally varies, !0
that it is probable the latter may be a aecond edition of
the fru:mer, especially as it seems to be more elaborately
got up, and ta be written in a more polished style. There
are, however, several works known by this name, and
there is " later history bearing this title.
The following is a list of the contents, with the
number of occupied by each chapter :
R.easous of writing the 'lbratnama, 2 pp.-Cause of
the :onthor's becoming an atter.tdant in the Court of
l!miml U!Mt'a Saiyid. Husain 'Ali Khan the M'll'tyr, 9 pp.
-Acco1mt of 'the Death of Aurangzeb 'Alamgir. U pp.-
Happy Acccsllion of Bahadur Shah to the Imperial
Throne, II pp.-March of Muhammad A':zam Shah. with
the object of making war again!L Muhammad. Mu'azzam
'Bahadur Slial>. The aronies meet in tbe field of Haju in
the vicinity of Agra, 5 pp.-Battle between Muhammad
A'zam Shnh nnd Mub.11mmad Mu'azz:un Bahadur Shah
;md his sons. Victory gained by Ute latter, 4 pp.-
R.ejoicings at the victory of Muhammad Mu'azzam
Bahadur Shah. Rew!U'ds and gifts granted by him to hi'
old and new servants, attendants and relations, 18 pp.-
Oeparture of Bahadur Sha'h towards the Dakllin against
Muhammad Kam Dakhsh, 2 pp.-His return into
fUudust:in after gaining the victory over Kam Bakhsb,
bis younger brother, JS pp.-Disturbances caused by the
Sikhs io the Panjab. Ruin of Sirhind. Eulogy of Naoak.
Shah Fakir, .2 pp.-War of the four close to the
garden of Shalimar in Lahore, 42 tWo Princes
Jahan Shah and R.afi'uShan. W<U' with Muhammad
Mu'ir.zud din Jaltandar Shah, 12 pp.-Happy accession
of l\:l.uhn.tnmad Mu'i=-<1 din Jahandar Shah to tli.e
STUDIJ!S IN INDIAN a:ISTOR\'
lmperial Throne of 11 pp.- Muhammad Farrukh
Siyar, hearing the news of the battles of me four Princes
at Lahore, prepares to revenge for his and
brother, 7 troops of Sultan 'Aztu-d dll\, son of
fahandar Shah, defeated lry the two Saiyids. His Right,
10 pp,-Muhammad Ji'arruk.b Siyar's Accession to the
l'brone at Agra, 12 pp.-lsn Khan, Zamindar of the.Doab,
his fumlly and relations, all killed by Shahdad Khan, an
Afghan of Rasor, 19 pp.-C1use of disturbance in the
Govetunient of Farrukh Siyar, 8 pp.-Nnwab Salyid.
Husain 'All Khan appointed to the affair,\ of
the Rajput.< of Ajntir and of the great amirs, and to briog
Raja Ajit Singb'.s daughter to Farruk.b. Siynr, 6
Farrukb Siyar marries the daughter of Raja Ajit Singl1
Rathor on the banks of the Ravi, 7 pp.-The S11badari
of the Dalr.hin committed lO the charge of Husain 'Ali
Khan,. and that of the Eastern Division to Hamln 1laba
dur, 6 pp.-Muhrunmad Rali' u-d Darnjat raised to the
thron.e ; death of Muhammad Farrukh Siyar, 1 pp.-
Tumults and seditions al Agra. l'rlnce Neku Siyar rnl<od
to the throne; Saiyid Hwaio 'Ali Khan'a march to Agra
with Rafto-d Datila Shall Jahan the Second. Reduction
of the fort of Agra, 14 pp.-Accession of Muhammad
Ghnzi to me throne, by the- aid of the Saiyids, at Fath-
purJ 19 pp.-Oistmbanccs at Allahabad by Giridhar
:Sahadur, brother of Raja Chhabila ; Haidar Kuli Khan.
against him; departure of Raja Ratao Bahadnr,
pp.-Muhammad Shah's departure townrds the Dakl1in :
Sniyid Husain 'Ali Khan killed by the treachery of a
Mughal. 36 pp.- News of SaJyid Husain Kfuu.l being
killed received by SaJyid Abdullah Khan, liis elder
brother ; and his af!liction, 28 pp.-War between Mubnm-
m:td Arriin Khan and Saiyid 'Abdu.IJalt Khan Kutbul
Mufk ; capture of the aforesa1d Saiyid, IS pp.
Sire of one copy 9! inches by 7-108 pages of l2 lines
each.
. [There are four copies of this work nmong Sir }{. h.i.
Elliot's MSS.J
'
STUDTES IN INDIAN HISTORY
71
EXTRACTS
(Tbe ex:iltadoh o.f Saiyid$ ('Abdllllah and Husain
'Ali Kh;tn) exceeded all conception, nn'd ' passed the
bounds ot description. They became envied by many of
ibe nobles; aud their names were upon every tongue. Mir
.JumJa on his parr never los1 an opportunity of maldng
l:l:ilillCi'ons insinuations aud charges against Striyicl 'Abdu-
Jlab, ; and he especially complained that the Saiyid, in
pursuit of his own p leasure, had left all che controL of
business in the bands of Ramn Chand, who bad a maw
as insatiable as the nethermost nell for !!Wallowing gqld
nnd silver. Against tlte younger brother Amirul umam
Saiyid 'Ali Khan, it was that his bearing wa.'
proud and haughty, unbecoming in a subject. ny such
insinuations lhe mind of the Empet'Ol' was p<>i$oned.
Khan-dltut'rut wns ostensibly intimate and friendly with
lhe tWo brothers, but be cons.idered himself one of the
most IJ'USted connscllol'$ of !.he :Emperor. He was never
absent .from Court night or day, and whatever entered
liis mind, exalted or low, pleasant or unpleasant,
he imparted to tlte Emperor. It was ofr.en proposed
that the two brothers should be seized in the
private council chamber, and committed to
confinement.]
Murder of Husain '/Lli Khan
[The chie nobles having, according to practice, attended
the Emperor to hu whet:e retuming to their o'm
quarten. tlmiru-1 umnta )'fusain 'Ali, unmindful of the
desigm of Jili enemies, proceeded lus tents in a pa/J1i,
escorted by seven or eight of his attendants. Muhammad
AmiD Khan, Sa'adnt Khan, nnd some or:her of tltc con
spirators, were with him. Muhammad Amin resorted to
artifice, and pretending to be faint, he to lie down
on !.he ground. He wns brought round by means o rose
water and musk. Thereupon he directed that they should
bring to him Haidar Kuli Khan, the commander of the
artillery. They ran to fetch that caaEty partne.r in tbe
7
STUDIES IN INDlAN H!STOR\'
conspiracy. At this time there were only two or three of
tb.e attendants nnd valiant brothers of i:he Saiyid near
his palki. A mnn named Haidar Beg, from the $tation of
Muhammad Amin, accompanied by sever!LI Mugh;tls,
came forward complaining ot Muhammad Amin, and
desiring to present a petition. The attendanu wanted
to take the petition from his hands, but b.c would not
allow them. The Amiru-1 tfmara kindly told them to let
the man approaCh. Hnidnr Beg advanced to present \he
petition, and 11$ the tlmir took' it, the as!assin drew a
dagger from !.tis waist, ancl stuck the in the side, so
that he rolled out of the pallti, and . bis bloocl spurted
over the by-standers. Re called out, "WiU no one come
to my aid?" aocl as he lny with )lis bowels protruding,
he cried, "Bring me n horse, 1 will tide." A youth of
fourteen years of age, named Saiyid Mir Khan. liOn of the
dmir's elder ln-otb.cr Asildu-llah Khan Bahadm, was
wa!Jdng near the nnd as .1oon as he saw what was
pa.<sing. he cried out.. "Some rasca.lx nrc killing the
Nnwnb I" Th<ln he attacked Haidar Beg lierccly with
h is s!Lorl sword, and wounded him in two or thtec places.
strctclilillf lliru dead upon the gtound beside victim.
The otlter Mughals attacked the youtl, and slew hlm
'vith many wounds. The murdered Nnwab's head 'Vas
then cut off, and carried 10 Muhammad Amfo Khun. and
dwso wbo bore i L expected grcal rewards in fulfilment of
the promi6e$ made 10 them.]
Death nf Kutbttl 'Mttlft s'aiyid 'tlb<iullah.
[Tbe MugltaJs at length so worked upon the
emperor br their importunities and nrtilicc.l. thnt he
consented 10 the poisoning of tbe Saiyid.J
TARIKIH HAFIZ. ABRU
Nuru-d din bin Lutfu,.llah, known as Abru,
iVl!S born in the city of Himt, buJ. passed his infancy and.
')'OUth in ffamadan, where he received his education. He
artaioed by !tis writings a distinguished rnnli among ton-
STUDIES' IN INJ)lAN IU&TOR Y
7!
temporary authors, and was fortunate enough to secure
the esteem of Tlmur, who gave him numerous proofs of
hls consideration, admitted hjm to his intimacy, and
sought every occasion of doing him service. After the
death oi that tyrant, he attended the c;ourt of Shah Ru.lob,
and J'eceived from the young prince Mirza Bauanghar
every demonstration of k_iJldness and regatd. To him be
dedicated b.is great work, 'Under the name of Zubdahd
Tn1uarikh which contains a complete bu-
tOry of the wodd, and an account of the instilutions and
Tcligions of dilferent people down to A.H. 829' (A.n. 1425).
The author. died live )'Cats aftarwartls in the dey 'of
Zanjan.' A short noti.cc is given <f .him io the Tarikhi
ChaghMai.
The work is more knoWJl ns Tnrikh-i Ha[11.
Aim, llOtl under that name it is quutc<l by Haidnr R:u:i,
Mirkhond, Kbondnmir, and the 'rurilth-i A!fi, and by
Alm-J 'Fnd in the tlyil'l-i tl/tbai a.< n fabulist. D'Hetbelot
to it, Md Sir W. Ouselcy Tcqucrul)' quotes it in his
Travds a ;abounding in geographical details.
I hiwc ncvCT ocen the 'work, nor am I aware that a
copy c.ltists in India, i1 i.s fl'equcntly quored as an
authotity ou subjccLS connected with Indian .Hi!tory.
Tbc only in Europe wbicb arc spoken of arc those
in the Imperial Library of. St. Pctersburgh. and. in Sir
Gol'c Ousclcy's Collection.
[Sir H. Elliot sub!<lqucntly l)ad to a copy of
.tJli$ work uclongiug to .John Barcloc . Elliot; and
among his MSS, tl>crc is a volume containing extracts
'Sir \V. a,; editor of th<: .. Crillcal :J"!s$:ay on variou
MtnuscriJlt Worl:," . .says tJtal he hat examined n oopy t1f this
dated !\.H. 87 Fie alm llUtl 1\.!J R:tth Abn1 hnd &n\vellcd
in many 'J)3.tU ne AJCi,_ , hb "t:ttcmcnu... w'hic.b
numerouJ art wcll \\'()flb)' ur 1ltc ViennA. Jzahrbucher
lhc history i.!O c::mit:d down 10 A.JI. 8.!tr, . See S:ulik
Chrnn. Tflh. n . . 8!!). [IL c:ould noL Juavc been wrtucm drHC!r-.
for- lhc of 8how ab:u '' c:Xtcn<led bC!)'Qrld 8.rQ n,, ,.11d
it tptotes the Znfn,...namtJ, which 'wa.s Wl'ittcn ill 82'1 u.]
us pn!ild6n $Ct rn,lt.."X to 'VJH:.en8 JiiJloritt smuaJtdiarum,
p. u!!. ,.. 1Andsclum.
?1
STUDffiS IN lNDIAN Eli>'TOR Y
copied from it by a mu11s/&i al Patna.. These exU'l\ctS
comprise the jntroduc:tOry pan of the work and the por-
tio.u relating to the history of Kirman. F1om. this
volume the following synopsis o the Content!! and rbc
Extracts have b"en t-ranslattd. A large portion of the
work is coo1esscdly borrowed without alteration or ad<li-
r.lon fron1 historians, from Tabari, Rashidud din.
the Zafart.ama. The table of Contents give.l no clue
as to the extent and value of tbc purt devoted to India,
but the work is so frequently quoted by later writers that
the would secnt to l>c original and of
some lcngtl>. The Extract a spt-cimcn of l.hc alllhor's
method, and will all:ord tltc means of n juclg
mcnt ns to wortl1 ns a geographer.]'
CONTENTS OF TliE VOLU'MI!.
J'orm nf the cnrth.- T be Crcatlon.-Divisum into Climes.
-The
Couutrics of Ambln.-Countries of the West-Cities of
the in tbe Countries of tile West.-
Andalmin.- bL,nds of Rum and the Occan.-Counlrics
of Egyj>t.-Holy Templt'S.-i\rmeoja and Syria.-Ftrrn
gistan.-Mesopotamiu.-'Irak.-Kbuwtao.- Fars nnd its
provinces : Persepoli.,; Territories of Dnrnbjard, Arda
sltir, Shnbpur, !Uld Kubad.-Lslancls, Rivers. Seas, Valleys,
forts. :u1d of Fan;.--J<.ings :ll1d Rulers of )'ars,
Diluuites, Saljuks, J\tnhaks, Nobles of Cnangit Kl1au.
Rulers after AJ>u Sa'id.-Kll'tWiJl.-Rulers of Kinnnlt.-
Ahiwnrd...-.Countrics of Khtirosan..-Rulers of l(hurasan.
-Tlte Ummayicles. Preface, witlt a Map.
Volume for writing the his
tory ; Definition of b.i<tory ; Nature of the science, hene-
" Compare Ctll/, Or. rom r. P ciii .. JUHJ n. r. tv.
flislor. Cfut,t.nmti.tfnrmll,; pp. xiv. , 2J2, 227, Ccscll. t. Gofd Horde.
PI? XVI.. xxu. JV1tnJ }ohrb. N.o: pp. er,. I) A:ethc.lor,
Bbl .. Or. Tom. m. I' tis4ny, p. $4 Wl'khond,
$dfn, Vol. I /'' 8. F'rachn
1
TnrUcatlt.,u n,lltiogroJihiiJu.es,
No. t88. COl!Chc't ncr in ExLrnCIS fmm H'nidnr R:llJ. l)om'
Gr.ochidllc H:rji Klllllfa II "4 Itt 535 Jou'fl, des
.. ,T>J1, 8.17
IN lNI>IAN H!STO!t1/
76
fits of IW!tory.-List of the subjects treated of in the !69
secn.ions of this work form_dcd on the work of Muhamlllad
bin Tabar!, from the Creation down to the K.halifa
Mukta.6 billah.-:rhe remainder .of the
Kb.aUfas from the ]ami'1H To.warikll.
The hlnorics extracted . from tbe Jami'ttt Tawa>ikh
are comprised in t,vo volumes. 'l'he first containing the
Ta-ikhi Ghaum. is divided into two l3abs. The first aab
contains. four sections, and the second two sections, com-
pdsing the history of the various Turk and Mughal
princes, and of Khan and his clown to
Uljait-u Sultan Muhammad Khud.abauda. The second
13ab comprises the history of the Ghaznividcs, Dilam.iles,
lluwaihides .5aljuks, Khwarlzmsha.his, Sb.algbazis of Fars,
lsm'ailis in two chapters, Ughuz and the Turks. Khatai,
Children of [srael, Franks, lndiaus.
History of the kings who reigned in Tabriz, Baghdad,
those l'art.s from the year 705 A.H., wbieh closes tbe
hiatory of Rashidi. aa the events are related in the Zafnr
llama. and the Taril:li Hauat Saltanat Shi'ari.-IDjaitu
Sultan aud his successors.- Tile K:i.ugs who reigned in
Yazd, K.irmar1, Shirar., and Isfahan.-Prince!$ l>f Hirat and
parts of l<.bwasan.-l'riuces of M.azandaran, Sarbadaris
of Naishapur and Sabza.war.-Argbun Shall of Tus and
Mashbad.-'Usman, Murad; and .Bayn1jd of Rum.-K.ing_s
of Egypt.-Kings of tbe Fnmks.
History of Timur and his successors from the Zafar-
namo to tht of the year 820, 1o- be completed ftom
Qther source. to rbe end of the dynasty.]
EXTRACT
Rrvu Smo.- This rlver has its source in tbc skirts of the
mountains of Kashmir, and from 'the western side of
those mountains into the country of Mansura. It-s course
is from Jtortb 1:() south, the end tumitlg to UJ.e east. In.
the neighbourhood or MulLan, the river Jamd joins it,
and it flows into th.e Indian sea, wbich is called the
Babrul akbzar.
?0
STlllllS IN 11-JDI:AN J,llSTOIW
River Jamd.-The source of this river is also in Llle
uoul\tains of Kaslunir, on tl1e south side.-It runs from
north io south and passes into the land of Hind.-ltl
waten are usecl for agriculrure and gardeuing.-Agri-
culture in these is generally dependent on the rain.-
ln the ncigbbourhootl of Multlu> it joins the Sind.
falls into the "Bah:ru-1 akhzar.
Biyah.- This is n large river which risC$ to U>e
ea&t of the mounmins of KMiunir.-Ic runs into the
country of Lahawnr (Lahore), and to the ncighbourhood
of Uch.-lt r,.Jls into the sea in the CO<Uttry of Knmbaya.
Jamna.-This ls a large rh<cr which has its rise in
the Siwalik !\ills to the north of Dchli.-lL passes to th<
cast o that city and joins the Indian sea near Gujarnt.-
ln the reign of Suttan Feroz Shah, 760 the countries
(about this river) were very flourishing, for in tbe Doab,
which is the name given to the country the J unum
nnd the Ganges, there wc:re 80,000 enrolled a.1
pnying revenue to the exchcqucr.-Ic Juts been $:lid in
to this statement, that it with the author te>
prO\'C il.
Ganges.-This is n large river .in lndin to tbe east
of the the Hindi language it is called Gangu.
Its source is on 'the east of the couutty of Kanauj.-Thc
longitude qf J<anauj i$ 114 degraes 50 and tltc
latitude 2ti <k-grccs 35 minutes. Where the tiver passes
Kanauj, it is forty pa:rasangs from that city, this .adds
two more. When Sahib Kiran, the fire ot GOd
(Timur), formed the design of conqueriug Hindustan
in the yc:q- 801 Mr., after C'lpturing Dehli, he crossed
the Jumna, >tnd led his foTces through this country until
he l'c"chcd the Ganges. Crossing t11at river, he cume to
R cch:brate<l place of worship o{ the
(gabrnll) of Tntli.a, where he fought against tbc infidelll
n.nd slew mruy of them. Thc1c nrc other lnrge rivers to
the cnst of thi which are mem.iolted by men who have
trnvellecl in India ; but nam<!S, sources, and embouchures,
have not been accurately stated. So also there ace many
STUDIES IN INDIAN !IJS'fORV
71
large rivers in but li. It not known wlu:ther they
run to the ea.1L or t.o the we&t, nor where they rise, nor
whero they discharge. They are therefore (>assed over.)
Ti\.RDUH MUBA'RAK-SHAHl
OF
YAHYA BIN AHMAD
THE author ot this work, Ynbya bin Ahmad bin 'Abdu
llnb Sirhlndi,-or Sihrindi, the older from of tbe name
which he !AS<!$
1
- wrote thh work, as Firishta us,
with tho expreM object of recording 'the events of the
reign of MJJbnrak Sbab, whose nan1e be bas given to the
history. Tbe work with the tcign of Muham
mad Sam, the Ioutldcr of tbe Ghorl dyna.\ty, and the
only copy of MS. avallabk terminates abruptly in
the middle of i.be regin Sulta11 Saiyid MulWlllDad,
in 852 A.ll., (A.D. 1448); bow much, if any, later the
history extended. we have at pre&ent no means of deciding.
J n bis l'refacc the author infonns us tbnt he wrote this
work in the hope of pretenting an acceptable tribute to
his sovereign, for "no more worthy offering can be ma<!e
lo a king than a Tecord o the achievements of his
predcssors." Up to the time of the accession of Firo
Shah, he acknowledges his obligations to "various
hi1tories ;" fl'om and after that (>criod he wrote upon
''trustworthy information and personal observation." M
to his own poejtion aucl connex:ions be is quite silent.
Yahya bas no claims to be. ranked as a11 historian,
but he is a careful, and apparetttly atJ hon.est chronicler.
His work is lh.e source of nil .our knowledge of the Saiyid
dynascy. Nizamv-d din Ahmad refers to the Tarikh-i
as an authority in his Preface t<l the
TabaAM:/ .Akbari, a.nd his wb.ole accou.nt ot the Sa.iyid
pttiocl is a mere reproduction of the statements of that
work. very often copied verbatim. Badnuni ackno1vledges
his obligations to tbc work, and follows it very closely.
but .be uses language of his own, and rarely copies
S'rUDfi!S IN tNDlAt! ' HISTOILY
from his predecessor. Ji'irihta twice refet's to this bistQl')',
1U1d he often borrows its very words. So Yahya is not ot\ly
a w.ritcr; but the only original authority
available upon the times of the Saiyid5.
The MS. in Sir H. M. Elliot's library is a copy that
was made for him, a'nd bears no statement as to the
original from which it wa& rakCJ1. A note of Sir Henry's
in anol.bcr place seems to show that he received a copy
of the work from Madra.. Tl:>e MS. is in fair handwriting,
but it is fuJI of errors, the production or a mc.re scribe,
who brought no spccinl knowledge or intelligence to bear
upon his work. l t .is deficient in a few places, but this is
probn.bly O\ving to tlte original MS. having )lete and there
lost o leaf. A the work is thus defective a.nd ends '
abruptly a few before the extinction . of the Saiyid
dynasty, the Tabak.at-1 Ak..bari has been called p<>n to
repay a portion of its obligations. The missing pages
have bCM supplied from that work. and from it the
U11nslation b.'IS aLso been can:ied down to the close of
the Saiyid rule, completing al once this historical era.
T he ttanslation is the work of Lhe editox. The MS. is
a small octavo cons.lsting oE 26S pages o! thirteen lines in
a page.
l!.XTRACTS
Reign of Sultan Firoz Shah
IN the year 753 H. (1852 on. tbe 8rcl Jttmndal -awwal,
Prince Muhnmnmd Khan was bom in tlte capital (shdhr).
In this same year (the Sult:m) founded the masjidi
jami' near the palace, and the college at tbe top of the
luuizi lllmss; and Kiwamul Mulk Mnkbul, tlaib
tllllzir, bec:une wazir of the State, and ;received the title
of Khanl Jahan.
J:n the year 755 11. (1854 A.D.), the Sultan marched
with an arrny ngainsc La:khnami, leaving Khan:i Jahan
at the capital in charge of all. albirs of Stnte. When
he reached Xurakhur, A:di Singh waited upon him, and
ofl;er.ing a tribute of twenty lacs o tanltas in cash and two
STUDIF.S II'{ INDIAN H!STOR Y
79
.elephants, wasreceived into favour. On the 28th Rabi' u-
i awwal, be arrived at the fort of Ikdala, and some bard
figbtittg ensued. The Bengalis were defeated .. and many
were sl:un. Shah Dco, r.b.eir leader, with several others,
was J;illcd. On the 29til of the monr.b., the arnry march
ing rotn that place, encamped on l.b,e bnnk.& of the
Ganges. Dyas Haj i was sh.u.t up in the fort. and on the
5th nkhlr, he marched out 1vith hi.s countless
Bengali followers and forces. The SultaQ marst.1ed l.t:is
army, atld as soon as llyas Raji b<ihcld it, he was disn111yed
and Oed. Tho army (of the Sultan) made the attack ;
me canopy and. for.ty elephants were captured, and
.innumerable horsemen and .in.fantl'y became food for the
For two days after Ute Sultan remained en-
camped, and on the tb.ird he marched for Dehli. Some
months afterwards he founded the great city l'irozabad.
In the year 756 n. (1355 A.o.), the Sultan proceeded
to Dibalpur, .and conducted a stream Uui) from the river
(S!tl!lej), for :1 distance of forty kos as far as
j hajj:u:. In the following year he brought the stream
of Eirozabad from chc moun"tains of Mandati '($ic) and
Sirmor, and hnvi.ng thrown into it seven distinct streanu,
ltc cotu:luctcd it to Hansi. From Utence he lecl it tO
Ar:unan, and chcc he buUL a strong fort , which, l1e caOc<.l
Hi.sar Firozah. Delow the palace (lt.us/l/1.), he dug an
extensive ta.nk, and filled it wil.h tbe waters of that canal.
Re formed another canal from the "Kbakhar (Khagar),
to the fort oC Sarsuti, and from thence to Hatbikhir.
' Firishtn C:'Jc)SCiy follows our au,hor. Md helps us to under ..
Jtand him. There are &t:Ve.ral io:accuraclet ln the_ aJ given
tn U.riggs' uanalatloo, so jhe following 'Js of(erb.l as 11 rnorc oorrect
fl:ndcrfrig of the Utl-ogrnphed texl. .. lt\ the mouth Shn"bnn,
756 u. (the Sultnn) -wt:nc towa.rtls Dipalpur- hunting, 1111d hulng
dug a' large ea.nal (lw) fn)ln the rll'Cr Sutlej, he conducted It l.o
Jnnjhor, wrtyeight dhtaoL In 757 .ht cut a canol tmm the
river ;umns, In llllb of :snd Sirmor, ::md hiWing
Ulrue aoven other into it, he btoughi. It to Rant1, and from
then: to Aba$1n, where be built q, -&trong WTt which he
Ri$11t Firw.ttlJ. that f'orl and ncru" tf,1e pli.ce, ' Jaa
dug a tank. which be fUJed wilh the wtuen of th:tr.l canaL
Be formed a.nather canal from the ri.ver. Kh3g;tr, and condmting
STUDIJis IN HJSTOIW
Thue he built.a fortified place wllich he calledflro7.<tbad.
lie brought another canal from the Jmrma, and
threw it into the um]f. ol that city, from whence he
carried it ou farther.
(n the month of Zil h.ijja, on the day of the ' ldi
nzh(l, in the year \>efore 11amcd, a rohe of honour wd
a diplorM orrivcd fmru the Kruilifa :ol Hakim bi nmr-
illah. Abu :11 Abu Bakr Abu al Rabi' Sulaim1111, tbe
HindUJt:>.n .
Jn the year 759 .,, (1358A.o.) an nrmyofMugbals
c.amc ioio the negibbourhood of Oibalpur, ond Malik.
.Kabul, Lord o! the Bedchamber (sarbwiJnhtlnr), was
sent "gninst tbttn. Before bi$ forces tllc Mughals retreated
I<> their own cotmtry. At the end of this year, Tajud
din BeUtll, with stvet'lll other amirs, came from Lakbnauti
to Coun as envoys. bringitlg with them pcsents and
tribute, and lhey received a gracious reception.
In the year 760 a. (1359 A.D.), lhe Sultan marched
with a large a.rmy agninsr. Lakbnauti, leaving Khnnj
.Jahau in Dehli and Tatar Khan as Shilckdar at Mullan,
(to guard) the Ghazni frontier. When the Sulmn reached
Za!nra bod, r.he rains ca.me on, so he halted there. Hcrc
he was waited upon by Malik Shnikhzacla llwlami. who
had left ibe country by royal command. He brought a
robe of honour !rom the Kllalifa,' and the Sui1JU1 being
graciou$1y disposed towards b.im, granted him tltc title
of 'Azam Khan. Saiyid Rasuldar. who had come with th.10
envoys ftom Lak.hnaut1, \vas now sent back thilher, and
Sultan Sikandar llj;ain sent him co . Court with five
elepbant5 and rich ptc$tlltts. 1htt bciore he arrived,
'Alanr Khan came to Courl from l.ak.b.nauti, an.d he was
told (by the Sultan) rbat Sultan Sikandar was footish n.nd
J[ by the fort of SanlUJ, be brouglu lt tO the river Sar-kh:ttl h
(nalnY..I.&rKita!rttil) he rounded tbe city of Flr01abad. He
,aJso ... bro.ught a.norhc:r canal from Jnmna. and thre\of it imo the
Qf that city, " The word! ''river ol a're cleuJy
In lhe, lJ'tlnJiadon, whi.ch WOil matle &om MSS .. the name
is giVc;:n. li.S "Pert Kahn," wbic.h is more like thli' Harbikhir of
our text-.. Tb.t rd;l name it goumJy Hrui-khira.
' fjriJhat nya "Of .Egypt.
STUDlES tN WD!AN HIS't:ORY

in,cxperienced, and had strayed from the j>ath of rectitude.
The Sultan at lim had .no desire to draw the sword
against him i but as he !lad nat di.'!Charged the duties
o obedience, ne rmm now understand that the Sultan
was marching against him.
After the rainy seaso.n, the Sulta11 proceeded towards
Lak1mauti, and on the way PJ'incc },'ath Khan received
tbe of 1'0yalcy, such as elephants. A coin was
stiuck 'ln his nnmc, and tutorS were appointed for him.
When the Su.ltan reached Pandwah, Sultan SikancJar shut
himself up in 1kdala, wh.ere Sultan Sba.nuu-d din, hls
father, h.ad l,x:fote takc11 refuge. On the 16th Jumaclal.
awwal; 761 (5th. May, l860), the Sulra11 snt down against
lkdala. and passed some days in besieging it. T.he garrison
perceived that they could not withstand the assailants,
so they were compelled to captiulatc, and seck [or pence
by sending elephnnLS, treasure, and goods as tr.ibute. On
the 20Ut Jumadal awwal, the Sult au marched from Ikdala
on his return, and when he reached Pandwl\h, Sultan
Sikandar sent him thirtyscvan elcphailts and va!W>,hle
oiie.i nts tribute. By mai'che! he reached
Jaunpur, and the l11ins coming oo he rested there, After
Ute rains were over. in the monU1 Zi-1 liijja of the same
year, ht. marched with his victorious army by way of
Bihar to Jajnagar. Orders were issued that thi> baggage
animals (lashkar-sutm), women.. horses out of condition,
and weak men should not proceed.' Malik Kutbud din,
brother o Zafar Khan thE: wazir, was left behind with the
elephants and at Karra. The Sultan then
marched. When lte reached Sikra! he attacked it, and
the .Rai took to flight. There Shakr daughter
4-dayah,' w.u taken prisoner. The
' Siltkah ba-nam Dlilariland.
.. writes biayod bul it muu mean nlnynd .
no 1!p)Jnkpti.c-AAbati and FlciJbua "Sa.nkra, II Badarrui
has 1
11te Tob.aJc.at.J -4lttrnri giva .nDmc. oe tbe Ito/ llJ "Sant,,"
but l'iti5bta n>akO!I tit I Simi eoiiJ tile R:>.l ol'
Jjnagur. "Ada yah." See J'iro. S/1oh-l$tll M'ioknddm.
6
B
STUD:Il!S IN Th'DIAN HISTOR11 f.
Sultan placed her in the place of his daughters. When
he advanced farther, be left Malik 'Imadu-l Mulk one
&tage behind with the pri&oncrs and baggage. At this
place. Ahmad !{han, who had come up from LaUw.autl,
joined the Sultan in the hills of Ranthor,' and was
received with honour. 'l;'he Sultan then proceeded to lbe
city of :SanliTnsJ, which was the residence of the Rai.
Having left the MabJUutdi_ the ll.ai bad fled to Tilang:.
The Sultan pursued him for one day'a march, but whan
he found that the Rai was far in advance, he returned.
1n l.llli ncig:hhourhho<>d he hunted. Rni :Sir
sent some. persons to sue for peace, that his people migh1.
not be killed. The Sulta.n, according to his wont, cum.cd
aside, and (the Ral) sent in thirty-three elephants apd
rich ofrerings as tribute. From thence the Sultan feU
)>ack and bumed in l'adrnavati and the ckphant fields.
whae he killed two elep)lants. Afterwards be mD.rQhed
on to Kana, and from pro=ded to De\JU, which
be reached in Rajab, 762 fl. (1361 and entcreil ;t$
a conq ucror.
Some time afterwards he .heard there was in the
vicinity of llardar' a hill of earth, th.rougll the midst o
wbich a large river llowed and fell into th.e Sntladar
(Sutlej). This river was called Sarsuti. On the !tithe
side of the mo1mtain there was a stream called Salimah.
ll the mountain of ea.rth were cut through, the waters I
of the Sanuti would fall into lhar 1trearn ; which
flow through Sibrind" (Sir hind) and Mansurpur, and
from thenco to Sannam, keeping up a perpetual supply.
This reading of tl!e Ta/Jal'ciatl AAbari <eenu ID that
of MS., "Zln1hor.''
' Fizisht.a' writes the ruune in tbe mmt but the tnm.tatlc::m
baa "Ra.jab of Jkerbhoom,"
- hpa.rwar, . ]_ijJi.ahtrt.
111
"Sibrlnd" and "Ta.b:a,thindh .. are used inrlifferendy throughout
N tlLC nomes of tftc modern Sirhlnd. Th.e usc of r.hc lt:utec hu
o.lrendy been noted elsewhere, VCU'allA Mitra mcnti()tll Lhe
SaiL'iodhns, ar people of Sirindh3, a.s being fn this nejghborrthQOd.
See CUnniughah' Andtnl p. l fll. 5<:<: Ghilznivld4,
Cilor and Sfnw Dynestit,__>d, SraJ. p. 50.
STUDIES IN INDIAN EllSTOR.V
. '
The water was brought, but wme time was occupied in
cutting tb.rougn the hill. Sithind, tO 3$ far as within ten
l<os of Samana, was &eparatl!d from the shik/r. of Samiuu,
and'given intO tle charge of Malik Ziau-1 Mulk Shamsu-d
din Aburja, to bring iL into cultivation." A fortress was
built there, which received the name- of Flrozpur.
When. the Sultan saw that the excavation of the
mountaln was" p0$Sible, he le.ft the spot and went to
Nagarkot, and after conquering it, he proce<:ded .against
Thana. The Jam aod Babiniya were io ,P055eSSion o.F
Thatta. By dint of. grcnf exertion the plAce 'Yas invested,
and fighting went on for some time, but such a scarcity
of provender and grain arose in the Sultan's army, that
m.n.ny men died, so tliat of necessity, and nfter a great
struggle, he was obliged, to :retreat into Gujarnt.
After the (ainy season, b.e resolved aga.in to march
agalrut Thatta. The fief (ik.la') of Gujarat was placed
under Zafar l<han, instead of Niz.amu-1 Mulk, who was
dismissed and with b.is followers to the capital,
where he aftetwnrds became w!lZir of the State. on the
Sultan's reappeBJ;"ing before Tb.atta,- Jam and Babiniya
rnade their and waited upon him. They
were graciously received, but were carried off. with all
the chiefs of the coun.try to 0QhlL After l,l.aving l'
while shown obedience, r.he Sul.t.111 reinstated the Jam
i11 the lief (ik.to/) ot Thatta, and sent him there in &tare.
In the year 772 a. (1870.1 A.l>:), Khan-i Jal:>an died,
nnd his eldest son Jnunan Shah attained the dignit-y of
Khan-i Jahan. ln 775 Za!m- Khan died in Gujarat, and
hls; eldest SOil succeeded him in the fief. In 776, on the
12thJ of t.he month of Safar, Prince Fath Khan died at
K.anthur. The Sultlli> was great! y affected by his death,
and -constitution receive'd a mariifest lb.ock.
Tn 778 H. (1876-1 .(.1>.), Shams Damaghani offered
l l This pas:sage Ja Imperfect. in the MS. , and b.JJ been tno.sla.ted
wil.h the belp of l'lrWitJL
u Here the M.S. bas a neg:uhc, whld\ U ls necessary to .tuppress.
STUDIES IN lNDlAN "fi1SI'ORY
forly lacs of in excess. of the revenue paid lor
Gujar.r.t, l 00 two hundred Arab horses$ and
four hundred slaves, children oi Hindu chiefs (mukaddam
bachagau), and A:byssinians annually. Malik Ziaul
Mullt Malik Shamsud din Aburja '<as deputy (of the
governor) Gujarat. and an offer was ma,de to co11finu
it to him ,OP his

to t!\t.se enhanced tenm.

But he knew he could not pay them, and that Shams
Di\Piaghaui had mad :111 exq-avagani offc, so he refused
to accept. ShalllS Dnmnghnn! then received a goldcu
and a sil'(cr palankin, aud was nppointcd to Cujamt
as dcfiuty of Zafar ){han. When lte arrived ill Gtijnrar,
wild dreams aud fancrcs entered his brain, and he raised
the standaid .of rebellion, for he tbat ,hc could not
ralse the increased revenue :md tril:iutc w)1icb be lm<l
undertaken to pay. At lenglli the new arnirs (amir-i
saaah) of' Cujarat, such as Malik Sbaikhul Mull,(, 'Fakht:ud
din, rebelled against Sb.ams J)amagbanl In the year
?78 1r., and llaving 4lo.in him they cuL off his head, :utd
sent it to Court. Hi.s revolt was thus put down. During
the prosperous reign of this good and gracious sovereign,
his justice and equity bad such an cJfcct over every
q\Jarter of his territories, tlmt no rebellion had ever broken
.ollt, and no one had been able to turn his feet Jroro the
path ol obedience until the revolt oi tli.is Sluuns Dama-
ghani, and be qliickly the punishment of his
perfidy.
The frontiers (.rarhmi<C) o the empire were secured
by placing them under the chacrge 'Of great and trusty
nmirs. Thus oil the side of Hindu&tan. on the Bengal
frontier, the fief (ikta') ot Karra and Maboba, an<l the
.rltikk of Dalaruau, wc;e placed under 'the charge of
Malikus Shark (Prince of the East) Mru:dan Daulnt, who
l'cceivcd the title of Nasiru-1 Mu!k. The fie (i/tla') . of
Qudb and Sandila,
10
and the shikk of Kol were placed
under Malik Hisamu-l Mulk an.d Hisamud din Nawa.
" The MS. h " S>dld," btu Flrlshta givos the tight rc::tding,
!Oee post.
r
STUDIES IN Jffl>IAN I!ISTOilY
The fleE oi Jnunpur and Za!arnbad Iva.! gi.veu to Malik
llahruz Sultaui. The fief of Bihar t.o Malik Bir Mghan.
These noble5 abowed no laxity in putting down the plots
of ilie inlide!B, and in making theiz territories secure.
Th'us <had no anxiety about Lhe safety of these
parts:of his domin.ions ; but on the side of K:hurasan Lbere
was -no .nmir capable of witrutanding tbe aUacks of the
.He was therefore compelled to sununoa
Maliilus Shark Nnsit:ul M ulk rom Karra and M'ahoba,
and to send him to Mulr:nn, in order to put down and
tl1e assaulu of Lbese accut'lied. foes. The fiefs
(ik'ta's) of quarter were conferred upon him, and
the fief oi I:iindu.nan, is to say Karra and Mnhoba,
WM also ordered to be eonfinned to Mnliilu-s Shark
Shamsud din Sulaiman, son of Malik Mardan Daulat.
After tl;\e murder of Damaghnni, the fief of Gujaral w:u
granted to Malik. Mufarrih Sultani, who received the title
of Fnrb.atu-J Mul.k.
In the 'year 78.1 11. (1.879 ... ;n.), the SulJ.an nade a
towards Samana, and wheri he arrived there,
Malik Kabul Kuran 'Khwan, 4niir of Lbe privy council
and chief of Samano, presented W$ tribule, and the
Sultan showed him great favour. Passing from thence
tb.rough Alnbala and Shnhabad, the Sultan entered the
bills of Sahar:mpur, and after takh1g- tribute from ilie
Rais of Sirmor and the hills, he reltlrned to his capital.
J ust aL this Lime information came of the rebellion of
Khargu, the Hindu chief (muhaddflrn) of Katehr." This
Kl).nrgu bad invited Saiyid Muhammad, who held the fief of
'lfadaun, and his brother Saiyid 'Abu-d <lin, to a Ieast
'il.t Iii& house, and had then basely murdered them. ln
78!! u. ( 1880 A.D.), the Sultan proceeded there tlo
tbis inui;i!et', and ravaged Lhe district ot X.etch'r. Khargu
lied, arid took refuge in the mountains of Kam.iun, in the
country of the Mnthas.'" The Sultan also attacked them.
Every year he used to proceed to Kather, ostensibly
u Sec: note 75 infra.
"Mtzhtapn.
86
STUDIEIJ IN INDIAN tnS1:0RY
to hunt, and mat country became so devastated that
nothing. but game lived there.
In 784 H. ( 1382 A.D.), he built a fortress at Beoli,
seven kos from Bada1m, and called it Firozpm:, bllt the
people named it Pur,i (lkhirin (me town). The
Sulta>l now grew old and . feeble, for hiS age was nearly
ninety ye:trs, and Khn'ni Jahan, me wazir, cxerised un
bounded aumority. AD the affairs of me State were in
his hands, and the and amirs were entirely
subservient to him. If any one. opposed him, he got
him from the presence of the Sultan in any
1ay lle could. Some he killed, others he put in tonfine'
ment. At length it came tO this, that whatever Kltani
Jahan said th.e Sultan used to do. So me affairs o the
k.igdom fell into disorder, and every day some loss Qtcq:rred.
One day Khani Jahan represented to the Sul!lln tlj.at
Prince Muhammad Khan had allied h.imself to certain
nobles such as Darya Khan, son of Zalar Khan, omir of
Gujarat, Malik Ya'kub Muhammad Haji, master of the
horse [etc., and was on the point of raising a
rebellion. As the Sultan had given over everything to
the charge of the Khan, he, without thought or considera-
tion, gave tb.e order that they should be taken into custody.
When the prince heard this, he did not come to the palace
for several days, and although Khani Jab.an sent for him,
he made excuses. Then the Khan, upon the pretext of
balance of accounts, kept Darya Khan, son of
Khan, !'mir, of Mahoba, confined in his house. This
alarmed t.he still lllOle, and he made a statement
of. his position to .pis The ,gave orders
for the dismissal of Khani Jaban,. and for me release of
PJura Khan. Tbc prince having done this; Malik
Beg, mMter of the ho.rse, bro11gbt out all the
r9-yal horses, and Malik Kntbu-d_ din F,aramuu, kccp<!r of
the ' elephants, brought out the' elephants with their
.hpwgasr.lm<l JilOur, and took them. to the prince. The
slaves of Sultan Firoz, tb.e ami-rs, and other. people of the
city, also joined the prince.
STUDJBS IN IND1AN RJS'J:ORV
In the month of l.hjab, 789 Guly, Aug., J3S? A.u.),
being fully prepared, Lhe proceeded J:ue one nigb1,
with a 1arge body of men, to the bouse of K.bani Jaban.
When the Khan h.ea1'CI of their approach, he took Darya
Khan, wn of Zaf;u- K.han, out of pri.lon and put him to
death.. Then h.c =c out wiUt a few chosen followeu,
and was attacked hy the prince. Being defeated, h fled
to his botTSe, nod received a wound as he was entering.
Unable ro make further resistance, he again left his house
with. a few followers and Ocd into wb.erc be sought
refuge with Koka Chauba.n. aL Mahari. The prince
plundered Khani Jaban's house of all its gold and wealth,
and arms. horses and effects J he theo returned wiU1 Ius
followers LO cite palace. Next he caused Mnlik. Bihzad
Fath Khan, [1md S61JC1'4l otlte1 adllcu11ts of] Khani Jnhan,
to be brought to tbe palace and to be beheaded. When
these proceedings were reported to the Sultan, be gave
over his authority to Pdnte Muhatnmnd Khan, and the
inaliks and am irs and Sltives of Sultan F.i.roz, and the people
in gencrnl, rallied round the prince. Tb.e Sultan. was
old and' feeble, so of oecessiry lte gave to the prince the
reins of government, with aU the and elephants,
wealth and stnrc. He conferred upon him the title
Nasiru-d dio Muhammad Shah, nnd then b.e retired to
his ho11Se to serve ltis God. Itl all the chief mos.ques
Lbronghout the dominions the khutba was repeated in Ute
names of tbe two sovereigns, and in the month of Sh:l'bnn
of the inmc year Muhammad Khan. took his seat upon
the Ull'onc in the palace or Jahau-numa, The titles and
offices, fiefs, and allowances, pensions and gifts, and
,ofuatsoever had been enjoyed by any one during tbe late
rcigtJ, were confirmed. Malik Ya'kub. master of the hotse,,
was made Sikandar Khan. and TCceived the fief of
Gujarat. He was then sent with an army co Mahari
against K!tan-i Jahnn. Wheu this force reached Mabari,
the Koka seized Rb:m-j .Jaban and sent him
pri.loner to Sil!.andar Kbao, who 'killed him, and carried
his bend to Court. Sikandar K.hnn then departed to his
STUDW tN tNr>IAN JIIS'l"ORY
tie:[ of Gu jllrat, and the p_tince devoted himsel( to the
dnties of government.
In the month of Zi-1 ka'da of the same year, he
to the mountains of Sirmor, and there spent two months
io hunting- the rh.iooceros and elk. While thl.l$ engaged,
io'formation was brought to him of the death of Sikandnr
Kltan, whom Malik brought to him of the death of
Sikaodar .Khan, wl.tom Malik Mufarrih, amir of Kambay.
and the new nmirs of Gujarat, had risen against and
slain. 'l'he retinue thnt had marcb.cd with him from
Court, some of them wounded and some of them despoiled,
returned home with Saiyid Snlar. When Prhtce Muham-
mad Khan heard this intelligence, h.c became chougtuul
and an:<ious, and returned to his capitaL :Sut be was
young and inexperienced, and. be gave binucl up to
pleasure. For 1lvc motlths longer the old rules and
arrangements .kept. the alf:Urs of the kingdom i n order,
but at tcn!,lth great U:regularitics arose. The slavC-'1 of
the late Govern men L of Shah, of whom there wc(c
about a lfic in Dehli Md Firozabnd, stirred up
by the opposition shown by Malik Samau-d dio
ancl Malik Kamnlnd din, abandoned the pcincc,
nnd joined themselves to the late sovmeign ; hence.
arose contention and strife. When the prince became
aware of the facts, he !cnt Malik Zahi.rn-d din Loharl to
parley with the insurgents, w.hich bad assembled in the I
mnidar1; but they pcltccl him "'ith bricks and stoue.s, nncl
wounding him they made a display of their force
and rejected all ptoposition$ tor peace. Zah.inHl diu
returned wotmded to the prince, wbo was ready for action.
He proceeded with all his force of horse and foot, and
elephants, to the m4i<lan the rebels ; and when
h't attacked them, they fled to palace and sought
with the old Sultan. FiS'hdhg went on . for
d.li"flf .lt'hd l.m the third the pdncc to renew
the'

th.e Insurgent! brought out the 'Old
'
STUD!I!S IN INDlAN HlS'I'OR Y
Sultan from Lhe palace. The s.oldien and elephant
chivers, directly they saw the lace of their Sultan, deserted
the fide of the prince and joul.ed to their old
ma$tCr. Finding' that he could no longer maintain the
struggle, the prince turned and fled with a small band
of followers to the mountains of Sirmor. The insurgents
plundered b.ls house, and rhosc of his adherents. 'rhnt
day tranq-uillity was restored, and the people were satisfied.
The Sulutn then appointed Prince Tughlik Sllnh, his
!,'l'nndson, son of Fath Khnn, to be his .heir, and delivered
over nil the afTttirs of Government ro bim, Amir Rusaiu
Ahm:tcl tkbal, son-inlaw of the Sultan, who bat! separated
Irom lh.e party of the prince, was made prlsoncr, and
the prince had him beheaded be01e the cntran.ce of the
pabce. Ot'tlers were also sent to tile new amirs of
Snmana directing them I<> seize "A'li Khatt, the amir, and
bring !lim to C'..ourt. When he was brought in, the prince
sent hlm away to Bihar. and w:a<tted the fief of Samana
to Malik Sultan
On the 18th 190 11. (26th September.
1588 A.D.), Sultan Firoz died .. worn out with we3kness.
Verasious truthful chroniclers of venerable
age have recorded that since the days of din,
son. of Shantsu.<J. din Altamsb, ivbo was a second
Natl$ltirwan, there has been no king in Dcllli so jU&L ahd
merciful, so l<ind and religious, or &ucb a builder, Hi.!
justice won tor him the hearts o( his subjecl4. lf any
poor traveller, by the visitation of God, fell in the road
and dled. the feudal chiefs, the officers, and tbc
m!ilraddams having called together tb.c luuis and all
Mruul.inans, they e.'Cam.inCcl the body, and chew up a .report
urider tile of the ktzzi, ctrclfying. that no mal'l: bf a
wound was dhcemible upon Ute body, and after that
they buried iL Thus by inquiries of the l<a::is, all the
injucti01u of the law were fulfilled, and it was in no way
possible that during the reign of this Sovereign, any 1trong
man could tyrannm over the weak. God Almighty took
STUD!ES IN IN'OJAN HISTORY
this gentle, beneficent, and just king to his evetJasting
rest, after a reign of thirty-seven ye:u:s and rune mouhs."
Reign of Tughlik. Shah, son of Ji'tllh Khan, son of
Shah, the late Sultan
Tms Suh.;m, the concUil'ence of several of the amis
and maliks and SCTVnntll of the late Sultan, took !tis seat
upon the throne in the palace at Firozahad, on the day
of his predccssor's death, and took the title. of Sultan
Ghiyasud din. Malik-zadu Firo1.," son of M:iUk Taju-d
cUn, was made waxir, and was honoul'cd with the title
Khnni ]aha11. Kl1udnwand-zada Ghiyasu-d din Tu.munJ
wlUl placed over the armoury. 'Ali was taken out
of prison. and his fatl\er's office of sar-jandar wa.s conferred
upon him. The fief of Gu jarat was granted to Malik
Muiarrih Sultani, who held it updcr the late Sultan. The
various othe.r and :lppaintmems were confirmed to
the holdcts. l\ifalik Firot 'Ali and Bahadur Nnhit were
sem with n considerable force agairu;t Prince Muhununnd
Khnn. The amirs of the fiefs (ik.tll'l), such as Sultan Amir
Shah of Sa mann, Rai !Uun,1l u-d din nnd othcrJt, were sem
along with them. In the month of Sbawwal the amy
entered i.h.e mountnin$ of Sirmor, and Prince Muhammad
Khan relircd to Lite top of i.he mount:uns by hostile
till he reached rite fort of Daknari." The royal army
" He wa.s ,ninety yeal'$ of age. ''He: w:." huriecl by the: ddt
of the }1Ju:.-l ltlrius; a sple.ndicl dome (grm1l1ncl) w11s ct-ectcd O\'cr
hb gnwe, and h has become The TalmkDll
4,hbari giva ;: .summary of Ilia public wo.r:ks, whfch Firis.llln has
odopted. Mtlt. some altcrnt-ions. It ' at follow :-
11
15 C:u13.J1
{b4ndl ['Flri.<hJa .. ,. "50'1 : .4 'Mosques rFirl1llt3 .. ,. "4o"l ;
! O Coli'S' .. r 20 Monmerics (Man/call) ; 100 l>u!aces (kushk) 2bo
C>.rav11Jlso.J'11!J (rabal) ; !00 1'owns : ',Oinks (ha...,) ; ll'o'f>llat.': 100
Mausolea ; JO ,ll.1ths l tO Monumenml' .Pillars (rtiin(lrn): 150 Wells
100 Jlrldg_d ; a.nd gnr<lcns beyond number," The text ot
onpcs the "300 towns/ ' but the t.mndsuf9n st:lltes them u "toO."
be noted, llits agree : but there are some:
th.$0'cp:tncitt bettvem the 6l Ffrislna and Jlrl8g.s'11 mnsladon,
,. The text hU 'Firox Shnh/'
u Altbarl.. "Ba.kr:zrl."
STUDIES IN INDIAN' RISTORY
91
also entered the .mountains, and when it reached the
valley (d4rro) of Baknari, some litUe fighting followed,
but the place being strong, the prince was not subdued.
From thence he a!cended the mountains and went towards
Sa.l:.het. (Tho roylll army)" Uten marched. from Baknari
to the town of Aru, and encamped in the dc.ml. of Aru,
near to tbe station (chauJ:mc.) of Kimar. The prince
then left SaJthct, and went to the (orr of N The
roynl forces followed to the confines of Gwalt)'ar in
ptrsuit, but .tl1ey met with opposition on tbe lvny, so
M;1lik Firoz 'Ali and the ocher 11mirs, gave up the pursuit,
and returned. The prince secured himself lo Nagatkot.
Tugblik Sbnh was yo\mg and He
knew nothingof politics, had seen none of the wiles of
6ckle fortune. So he gave himself up to wio.e and pleasure.
The bushtess of the govc:rnmenl was entirely neglected,
and the o11icets of the late Sill tan asserted so renrlcssly their
power, that all control o the State was lost. The Sultan
juiprisonCd his brother Salar Shall without -any reason.
Abu 'Bakr Shah, aon of Zafar Khan, having Bed
lor refuge. Malik Ruknu-d. din Jnnda, t,leputy waz.ir,
and several other amirs and slaves" of the late
Sultan, made common cause with h.im, and raisctl
a .revolt. They desp:nched with the sword Malik
Kabiri, io the palace nt Firozabad, as he
retreating tlwough the door. A great Olltcry thereupon
atose in the palace, an.d the Sultan hearing it, cscapctl
the door opening on the Jumna. Malik Eiroz,
the tualir, was with him; but the traitor, Rulm Jo:nda,
being apprised of his escape, followed him with own
aclh!'Tenl.$, and with a party o the late Sult"!l's sloves.
When they reached the ford of the Jumna, they killed
Sultan Tughlik Shah and the prince Fit07.. Then they
Cllt off the.ir beads, and threw them down in front of
.... The .or this nominathe seems necessary t.be
unse.
t.JTb.c word to tnmale.ted is

)ite.ratly bo.nd11me-n
or alave!. It makes Ita . appeu-:ance h'eq1.1enLly .h.1 tllese pages.. ,
STUDll!S lN INDIAN HISTOI\ 11
t.he palace. This happened on tho 2 Lst 791 w.
{19th February, 1889 A.n.)
After this they brough Abu lln kr .Shuh out rom
his dwelling, and seating him upon an clepbant, with a
canopy over his head, they proclaimed him under tj,e
tillc of Sultan Abu Bakr. ltukn Janda. was mnde waw.
AfteJ. a few days, Rukn Janda conspired with several slaves
of the late Sultan Firoz, with the intention of aluyiog Abu
Bakr, and of making bJmsclf king. J3uc certtLin others.
who we-re unfriendly to him, anticip:tting his action, killed
him, and puc his confederates to the sword. Abu nakr
wns in possession of DchH, the royal elephants and
treasure were in his hands, an.d his power was day by
increaaing. Jmt at this juncture the new ami;s or
$amana treacherously slew Malik Sult.lln Shah Khushdll,
with their swords and daggcr3, at the tank of Sanna:m,
on the 4th Sa:br. Then, taking possession <>f Samana,
tl\ty plundered the houses of Malik Sultan Shah and slew
all his depcndeuts. They cut off the head of Malik
Sultan. and sent i t to Nagarkol, to l'riucc Muhrunmad
Khan. with oiicn of assistance. The length of the xcign
of Sultnn Tughlik Shah was sill months and eighteen days.
S!tllall Muhammad Shalt, youuger .toll of lite late Sttltan
Fi>oz Shah
Wni!N the intcllingcnc:e of the death of Malik Sttltan Shah
reached Mt!hammad K11no at Nagarkot, he . marched
thence to town of Jalandhar, and so into the disuict
of Samana. There, on the 6th of the month of Rabi'ul
akbir, of the year ;tbovc named, be. for tllo serond time,
mounted the throne of the empire. The new amirs of
Samano, and the mulwddams. of that disttict and of tile
'hills, all joined hi.in, and renewed their vows oi allegiance.
Several amirs and mali/<S also of Dehli deserted. Abu Bakr
Shah, and came to join blm. So there assembled round
him , in Samana abo.ut tweoty tb.ousand horse, and an
.innumerable host of foot. From Sa.mnna he inarthed to
STUDIES !N INDlAN .HISTOP. Y
95
I)eb.li ; nnd by the time he reached its neighbow:ltood, lhe
bOJ;se had increased to nbollt fifty Lbousaud. Abu
Sh.ab was informed of his approach, and the slaves of
Sultlm E'irot, having before oppo.1ed the new Sul ta tl , now
a!Ucd lhem.'le!vc.l w-ith Ab-u Bakr. -
On the 25th R.abl'ul akhir, 791 (23rd Apcil. IS89).
Stf.tan Mahammad took up his position at the palace of
Jahan-numa, and Abu Uakr aloo, with bh adherents and
forces, was :tt Firozabad. On Llt.e 2nd Jumada-1 awwal,
the adherents of Abu .B:tlq, having taken the streets nnd
w;ills of Firotabad. gnve battle to the forces of U1e new
SUltan. On tltat very day Bah:idur Nahi:r" came IntO the
city with a pnrty of his' follower!; and Abu llab 5_!1.-dl,
being emboldened by hiJI ardval, marched on the follow,
ing <L1y into.. Firoznbad with bJs horse and foot, The
battle bcg-jn, :mel by the decree of God, Sultan Muham
mad was clefcntett :Re Bed towards his own ten:itories.
With " puny of about two r.housnucl horse, he crossed the
.JUllllla, and penetrated rnto the Daob: From thence he
sent II(& second" son, Prince Humayun Khan, to Satnana,
tO a5lonble bis forces; and be sent with bim Malik
Ziau-d din Aburja, Rai Kamalu-d din !Yfian," and Rai
Khtd Chain" Bhntti, whose ftcfl were in that quarter,
The Sult:m himself took up bis position at the village of
Jalesar.'' on Lbe banks of the Ganges. The ami\s of
Hindustan, sucb as Malik Sarwar, governor of (be city
(shalma-i shaM). Maliku-slt Shark Nasiru-1 Mulk th.e
holder of MultJIJl, Kbawassu-l Mulk be holder of Bihar
[and others] ; and Rai Snrvar" and other rais and ronas,
making in nll about fift y horse. with an in
'The Mewa.id"-T. Dadnuni .
.. Flrisht.1 $aye "Ou' of, .. ond the T. Badotmi says "Jnto the:
m4ltf4,n. o( El:ror.abad ...
Litei-anf, tmiddte son. .
" Minll? " Probably Kul Chanit
"Th . e Text has "l aser" nnd "Ja'ter;' Dndnuni makes i.t
"Chetnr," but tho TaoMtl Akl>ari and Flr!shtll ln reading
"Jolcsnr.' ' Sec post.
u LCXl has "Sabh:;'' but. Firi!h.ta Ja)l4 Sec: ftos-t.
STUDIES IN INDlAN HISTORY
nllnieruble force of foot, joined lhc Sulthn. Malik.
Sarwat received the title of Khwaja-i fa/tan, and was
made wn.:.N. Malik Nasiru-1 Mlllk became Khil:r Khan,"
Khawassu-1 Muik. was made Khawas.s Kban, and. Samtd
din became Saif Khan.
In Sha'ban of the same year Sultan Mahammad again
marched against Dehli. Abu Bakr Shab came forth to
meet him, and encountc.red him at the viUAge o Kundali.
Both sides their forces, and a battle ensued. By
the will of God, the anny of. Sultan Muhamtnad was
defeated, and Abu Bal-r was victorious. His camp
equipage and fell into the hands of the victon,
who kept up lhe pursuit for three kos. Sultan Mallam-
mnd then returned, and took his abode at Jaksar.
Abu Shalt went back 1.0 Dehli.
On the 19th Ramazan the slaves of lhe Sultan Firot
who were lil'iug in the variou! districts and cities, as at
Multn.n, Lallor," Samana, and Hisnr, and the fort of
Maruri, we.te unjustly put to death in one day by the
chiefs and people of the different places, under the orders
of Slllcan M:rl.bam.m:td. 1n consequence of tile contention
among the Musul.mans for the throne, the HlOdu
infidels gathered strength, and gave paying the poll
tnx and tribute. They moreover tl1rcntencd the Muham-
mad:m towns.
[n th.e month of Mahan:run, 792 H. Uanuary, 1390
A.!>.), Prince Humayun Kha,n, collected the various
and amirs who bad been :.ppointed to net uttder
him, iucb as Gbalib Khan, /l.mir of Samann [etc., etc.],
pitched h.is camp at Panipat, and the environs
of Dchli. Wilen Abu Dakr Shah was informed o this,
he sent Malik Shahin 'Im.adu'l Mulk, with four thousand
ho:rse and guards :rnd many foot soldiers; towards Pani
pat ; ancl tb,e forces drew up in battle array at the
village of Dasina. near Panipat. The Almighty gave the
" The I'..:WItion ol Flrl!hta ern i" mking till title "Kho. 1"--i
Khan.*'
"' Invariably caUCd "!))bot."
STUDIES IN !NOlAN IDSTORlC
victory 10 Abu Bakr Shah, and the army of the prince
bcillg" defeated ftcd back towards Samana. His camp and
baggage and equ.ipments, all became the spoil of the
victors. T.hc for.ces of Dehli. under the grace of God,
being thus everywhere victorious, Sultan Muhammad and.
his army could no longer the enl!llly, ;mel he became
very much. depressed. in spirit. Still the maliks and the
soldiers and the people o.f tb.e capital were entirely on the
side of the Sultan, and Abu Dakr dared not leave the city
to pursue his defeated enemr.
Jn the month Jumada-1 awwal of the same year Abu
Bakr Shah collected hiS army and marched towards Jalesar.
He encamped about twenty from Dehli, and Sultan
uh.ammad, being informed of this, left his army and
ba_ggab>"C at Jalesar, and. started of!' with four thousand
light horse for DchlL Some guards who had bceu left
ln charge o the city shut themselves up at the .Badaun
gate, and made some shoiV of resistance; but the assailants
5Ct ftre to the gate, and the defenders Sultan Mub.am
mad entered the city through tb.is gate, and took up his
quarter$. at the Humaynn palace. All the the
city; high and low, and the bazar people, jomed b.im.
When intelligence of tll.i, reached Abu Dakr, he acl olf
early on the same day with a party of his followe11, and
entered the city by the same gate, aocl Malik Bahau-d
din, who had been left in charge of the gate by Sultan
Muhammad, was killed on the spot. The Sultan was in
the palace, unaware of what had l but when
Abu Bakr drew near, and he wM apprised of the fact,
he escaped with a sm.U party of followers through n ba.d
do_!!r. 9f the palace, and making- his way out of the city
by \he gate o the Haud kltnss, he renu:ncd to Jalesar,
to hiS anny and baggage. The nmirs and maliks an<).
' .J .-
soldiers who. were tmable to escape out of the city with
the Sultan ;were, .some of them taken pr.i&oners, and some
killed; Khalil Khan nai/iburbal< and Malik l&nu.'U, son
of the daughter of Sultan Fi:roz. Shnh, wete taken alive,
and wece put to death.
ST'ODIES IN INDIAN HISTO]\.
1.n the month o .Ramazan ofllle same year MubasJ1ir
Hajib'J Sultani, who had tbe title Lslalll :K.han, 'Vith
several old dave$ (baudagMI) of Sulta.n Firoz, lvith any
reason, rurned against Abu llakr !ihllh, and opened
connnn.mcations with Sultan Muhruu.mad. When t}lis
fact became known, Abu Baklo Shah was unable to over
come !hem, so be Jefr Dehli, accompanied by some of hi$
most devoted followers, wch as ll-talik Shahin 'lmadul
Mulk, Mali!<. Dabri, and Safdar ]\han Snlumi, and
proceeded to t11e kutlla" o( Babndur Nabit. On the l7tb of
the mom:h Ramaz.an, Mubashic Hajib und the old
Shnhi men sent letters to Sultan Muhammad, .inforling
him of the facts, and of the !light of Abu Jlakr Shnh. Tbey
placed 1\hnni Khanan, tb.e youngest son of Ll\e S11hnn, on
an elepllant, and. raising a canopy OVB' his bead, tltcy
conducted .ltiro to Jalesar. On the l.h.iJ;d day, the 19th
Ramazan, the Sultan start.ed from Jalesar, :u)d !)ntering
tbe city .he took his seat on tbe Lhrone in the pa,lace, of
.Firoza.bad. Mubaihir Hajib received the office of wa:tir,
and llid title of Islam Khan wns coufirmed to ltiro. The
old gunrds of Firoz Shnh nnd the people of the capital
joined the Sultan. After a few days, he lc(t Fil'or.abad, I
and went into the (hisar) or Jahan-pannh to tbc
Hllt!Uiy<m palace. He took the fron1 the charge
of the Firoz Sbahi slaves. nod placed under the old
elephan! keepers. This excited great discontent among
them; but ns rbe Sultan was srrong, and tlle elephants
had all been taken into the charge of bis servants, theY.
c<inld not wiUutand b im ; so they ned in the night, with
-'' Thf& b ace:onfiqg to bm the. text has "Jab, che
Akl>arl "l:lnt, " i'nd .Ba(lAuni
10
Qliap.'
0
1
* The word seems to be used here o common noun, not a
p.roper name. n li Invariably /tutiJ'l, not huf!iln. See 1101e In
'duloblopph1 of TimtV', p. 75. '
u Pilbantlni ltadint. To.%cn literally thiJ is unimellllilbiC!', Cor
,offldJtls of otder srand.lng than we 1-e(gn ol Iii= must hove
\'try few m number. It mw:t rncau lht\t Suh'ID
rtlnuated lhoae Officcrt who hdd tharge when -he before on
the throne i'n his father.'s t;lays.. See -:Fhi.llbta,
Sl:UDll!S IN INDIAN HISTORY
tb.eit: and children, and Abu Bakr Shah at
the lwtila of .Bah.adW' Nahir. Such o-f thtse old slave&
as in the city next morning received notice that
they mwt quit it within chree days, so the city was cleared
of chcm. The amirs and maliks of the various parts ol
me kiugdom (baladi mamallk} now came to Court, and
Sulta11's power and dignity increased. Prince
Humayun Khan, wilb !slam. Khan [and others], was sent
witb a powerful army to suppress Abu Bakt Shah and the
old Firot Shahi slaves. They had reached the to.,n Qf
and ln the month of Muhanam, 7,93 (Dec.
I 390 A.D.), Abu Bakr Shah, :Sahadur Nabir, and the old
Firo1. Sbahl $hves, bnving assembled. made a sudden attack
upOI\ tb.e royal forces c:uly in the morning, and killed
several men. But lslmn Khan niade ready h.is division,
and fell upon the assailants; the prince also mounteq
his horse, with his followers, nnd. defeated the enemy at
the first The royal ;u:my pnrsoed, and the bulk
of the defeated forces took refuge in the fort of K.utila,
but SOme were .killed, and some were taken prisoners.
Wheri the news of the victory re'hed lhe Sultan, he
nartcd off !or the scene of the conR.ict : arul arriving at
l(utila. he cncampod on tl;l.e banks of the Dahanc;l Abu
.Bakr Shah and Bahadur Nahir begged tor .mercr, and
came to meet the Sultan. Baha_dur Nahir received a robe!
and l'ias sent back. !Abu Bakr was carried away by the
Sulta.11 as !ar as Kbandi, from whence lie l"M sent to be
kept a at Mirat, and there he died. The Sultan.
proceeded to Etawa, and there be was waited upon by
Nar Singh," who received a robe, and was .sent
ro.s:ee9.iqg along the bank of the J wnnn, the Su.lta'l
nhived at ;Dehli. '
ln. '/.9.!1 ll. {1392 A.o.), Nar Singh abo.ve .mentioned,
ail'q and Jl!r llahl n, broke' ?ut itt
i Tbei Ms. v.,nd Lbe . Tabak4l-i .4Jtb4ri qtee Jn a.Ulng' l\im
" fir Sing," which fs nn improb>ble nnme. fuiobt& .. lli him
Nar' Singh.' whiCh P.ihfi> .roght; ' thbugh R>r Singh is poi!Sible,
"Thil ;., the of tli T<WtJfat-i Altb4ri, and ,..,..,.
probable.. Our t.c:xl lw \WI Adharnn/' two
7
gg
STODJES IN iNDIAl'l BISTOil\'
'I'he Sultan $ettl Islam against Nar Singh, and he
liimself marched to .Etawa aguinst S:ll'Vadhnrnn :md the
otlter infidels. The acG\ttsed .Nar Singh encountered the
of' Islam Khan, and, by God's. grace, wns defeated
and pul to lliglu. The victou pursued, rencfu1g many
infidels to bell, and laying their cotllltry. Nar
Singh at leogt.h sued for mercy, and came to wait on
alam Khan, who carried Wm to Dchli. Sarvadharan
2ttacked the town of Balaram," but when tb.e Sul,lan
reached the banks of the .Biyah" (sic), the infidel$ fted
and shut themselves up in Etawa. The Sultan continued
his maTch thither, und on the first day of his arrival some
liuJe fighting took pl.ace. In the night the rebels aban:
doned the (ore of Etawa and lied, and nc>et dny the Sulum
destroyed it. From tltencc he marched cowards J<.anau j,
and crossing the Ganges, he punished the infidels Qf
Kanauj and Dalrunau, and returning wenk t() Jalesar,
where he built a fortress which he called Mubam
roada.bad.
In the month of Rajab, a letter arrived from K.hwaja-i
Jaban, who was the Sultan's locum tenens in DC"hli,
bringing the information that Islam Khan wa.s about
to depart for Mult:.1n and Labor, wilh the object of
stining up a rebellion. The Sultan immedi;ltcly lefr
Jalesar, and proceeded to where be held u Court,
a.nd questioned !.slam Khan abou.L the intentions imputed
to him. He denied them. But an infidel named Jaju,"
hi$ brother's sou, a blld who had a spite against
him, gave falae evidence, and Islam Khan was unju'sUy
.:ondemmed to <!Mth. Khwaja:-i Jaban wu ma'd.e wll!ir,
*'S:tbir lhe na:ut'Sl. Adbaran." 1Irishr.as text h.u "Sanrndban
:'' and the tranlladon ''Sinodhun..''
11
This ls the name ac rvc:o by ou.r- text, and bf BW.auni and
f!riJbCll : but tl\e Tbakt- .4hban and the tnlnlataon of F!rUiu.a
make U 8algt'Olll or "Bilginm." Set! Elliot' Gtosaary, U., 290,
' '
1
" f;or' "tho banb oJ tho BiyaJa" tht TbAat.l 4.kf1arl h>J

"The text ha! f'Jaja.n." but the Akb.:Jri ,
W.bidl r.; confinnod bt FiriJbta, who i1.41 Haju, lhe It of which b
dear tn.Uukc.
STOJ>Il!S IN 'INDIAN l:llSTOR.'II
and Malik Mu.karrabnl Mulk was sent. to Muhnmmada
bad ia Jalesar, with an army.
ln the year 795 e. (1395 A.n.), Sarvadhar;ju and Jit
Singh Rahtor, and Bir llaiuln muluulda.m, of .Jlhanu
ganw, and Abhai. Chand muktuld4m, of Ohandu, bro):e
out .in rebellion." "The Sultan sent Mukarrabul Mulk
to put down this outbreak. When the two partie$ came
in of each other, Mukarrabu-1 Mulk adopted a
conciliatory course, and by promises and engageme\ts;
induced tlie.rais to submir.. He carried them witn him
to Kanauj, and the.re treacherously bad them put to
death; but Rai Sar (vadbarauJ es<:aped, and entered Etawa.
Malik Mukal:ral> then r.eturned to Muhammadabad. In
rhe month of Shawwal, the Sultan and l"<waged
Mewat. Having gone from Mubammadabad to Jalesar,
be there fell sic;k, Just at that time intelligence tcached
him thaL J3abadm Nahir had attacked and phmdeted
several villages in the vicinity of Dch!L Notwithst:uld
iog 4U wealmess, the .Sultan proceeded to Mew at, and on
reaching Kutlla, llahadur Nabir c:une our to light ; but
he was defeated, and took refuge in Ku.tila, Unable to
remain there, he fled and hid in ]bar. After this, the
Sulto.n proceeded tO Muhammadabad, in order to inspect
the buildings which he had there begun. His sickness
grew worse. In the month Rabi:u-1 awwal, 796 tr., he
Prjnce Humayun to march against Sltaikha.
Khokar, who had rebelled, and had gOt possession of
Lahor. Just as the prince was about to march, he received
intelligence of the death of the Sultan on the 17th R.abi'ul
awwal (15th Jan. 1594 A.o.); so he remained :u the
Sl)ltan Muhammad Shah reigned six years and
months.
Stdlan 'Aiaud din Sikarrda.r Shall
''Tm late ;SUltan's second son, Humayun Khan, remained
for three days engage-(! in 'the duties of mourning"; but
" Here tbe t.IS. is faulty. Probably a lc3E luu been IMt Ot
passed over,. What follQ.'!! from the Tabakat-1 Altbori,
whloh b .generally ln dose .oc.ord With l:bJ$ wor.k.
STUDlES INDIAN Hl$TOR'I'
on the 19th R..'lbi'u-1 <awwal, be ascended the thrtmc,
with the approbation of the arnirs aml m.iJJiks, the sniyids
and kaz.is, and all the great men of J)ehJJ. Kh waja-i
Jahan made wazir, and the various other officers WCJ' C
conl\rmed in lheir appol.ntmets. On the 5th J umada-1
:rwwal, be fell sick and died, after a reign nf one monU1
ilnd slxtecn days,
Sul!{ltl Mafm111d Sltah, yow1ges1 .<oil of Muhammad Shalt
"On Uta dealli of Sultan 'Alau-d din, otherwise known
a& Humnyun 'Kb.an. several of the such as Ghalib
Khan o Sama:na, Rai Kamal Maio, Mnbatak. Khan,
Malajun (?) Khawass Khat\' governor of lndri and Karnal,
were about to leave the city and procee4 to theit respective
terrirodes, lYithout cf Mahmud Shah.
But Khan-i Jahan rca:Yd of-their inrention, and. cncourgcd
thent to rerum to the tily. on tlie 20tb Jumada' l :lwwal,
by the elforts oi the amirs and maliM. and great men,
'Prince Mahmud was placed upon th.e tlu'one in the
Humayun lalace," and the title Sultan Nasint-<l din
Malunud Shah was gfven to him. T he office of wazir
confmncd to .Khwajai Jah;ul, MukatTabul Mullc
became Mukarrab Klllln, and was named heir-appcrenr of
the Sultan." 'Abdu-t Rashid Sultanl \1':1$ e.ntitloo
Sa'dat Khan, and received the office of Bmbak. Malik
Snrang was created Sarang X ban, and rca:ivoo the fief of
Dibalpur. Matik Daulat Yar, the dabir (secretary), was
created 'Elaulac Khan, and r<l(;Cived the oOice of 'imadu-l
mulk and lcirizt of the State: Through the turbulence of
rhe base infidels, 'the' affaits of <the lifs of Hindusum had I
Into coofusion, so Jahan received the
title of Maliku-sh Shari:: (King of the East) ; and the
administration of ill from Kanauj to Bihar,

,plac!ld i11 his charge. .ln month- of Rajab, 7Q6 .11.,

n"e pl-,l)cCcdCd- to H:industan, with twenty . and
"after Tepels gf J<ql, Kalutr!l.-.kanil,
, "'Tho lltld ltad4llni agr ' In lllfsi l>dt
Ptrithta A)'S he- ,v:w "Va-Ailt14 raltnriWc fand' Amlrut umara. n
STUDIFS 1N INDIAN fllSTORY
101
and the environs of Ka.nauj, he went to Jaunpur. .By
degrees he got the fiefs of Kanauj, {{arra, Oudl1,
Shadidah," Dalamau, .Bah.raich, :Bihar, and Tirhut, ipto
llis own po .. ossion. He put down m;my of the infidel;
and restored the fotl'l which they had desttoyed. God
Almighty blessed the arms of l.slam with power and.
victory. The Rai of Jnjnagar and the King of Lal:hnauli
now bq,'lln to send to Khwajal Jah:IJl the elephants which
they wed to send [a.r tribute] to nehli."
About the same time, Sarang l!Jlo.n was to
Dlbalpur, to get possession of the Jiefs, and to suppresa
the rebellion of Shaikha Khol<har. In the month. of
Sbh'ban, he proceeded to DjbaJpur> where he recruited
and discipli.ntd the soldie(s and olliccrs, and got possession
of the fie (iltta'). lo Zil lea' da, 796 n., having taken
with him Rai Khul Olaio ;Bhatti and Rai Daud Kamal
Main, nnd the anny of Multau, he crossed the Satladar
(Sutlej) neiu- the town of .Tirharah, and 11iyah, Pro.r
Dilhali, a.nd c-ame .into the country of Lll]lor. When
Sliaikha K:hokhar beard of Sarang Khan's adlauce, be
abo collected hls forca, and :Utaclled the neighbourhood
of Dibalpur, and laid siege to Ajodhl!n; but on being
inforried Sarnog Khan had pas.e.d Hlndupat, and
bad sat doWJJ [against La.hor], he left Ajodban in
mght, and proceeded to Labor. On the next day the
hOstife forces prepared for battle, and placed themselves
in array at Samuthalla, twelve /l.os from Labor. Snrang-
Khan obtained the v),tory, ancl Sbaikba Khokhar went
into Lahor. In the night, however, he coUecb:d his wives
and children, and Red to the Jud mountains. On. the
following day, Sarang Khan obtn.ined possession of
forl of Lahor, and giving his br9ther Malik the
title o 'Adil Khan, he him there, and hhruclf
returned to Dibalpur.
ln the mon.th of Sha' ban, the Sultan, t.al:.ing with
him Sa'dat Khan, went on an excursion to Daynna, Jeav
'
1
Svtdllo. ,
" Tbis wu the bqJinning- ol the S/1drl<i dynuty of Jauop11t.
102
STUDIES IN INDIAN HJSTORY
ing Mubrrab Kh:\n at the capital, in charge o the ele-
phants and royal famUy. When the Sultan approached
Gwallyar (Gwalior), Malik 'Alaud din Dlwwal, Mubarak
Xban wn o Malik Ra ju, and Mallu Khan brother o
Sar.mg Khan, farmed a. conspiracy 11gainst the latter ;
but he got information of it, and sciting MaUk 'Alaud
din and Mubarak Khan, he put them to death. MaUu
Khan fied, ,and took refuge with Muluu:rab Kh,an in
Dchli. The Sultan returing from his journey, encamped
near- the city, and Mnkanab Khan came forth to meet
him. He received the honour of an interview, but fear
and apprehension filled hiS heart, so he wenl back into
the city and mnde ready for WRJ:. Next day the sultan,
having plli.ced Sa'dat 'llian over aU mnlills, and
elephants, the 1wudan gate in battle array.
Mukarrab ,Khan hut himself up, and the fight began.
For 'three mQI\tbs t)ie war cootiriued, tlll at some
of the Sul.tan's frlends took bim into the city, in the
month of Muhnrram, 797 u. (November, IS91 A.D.). :But
then the depbants and royal horses, and all the
paraphernalia of government, were left in tl1e bands of
Sa'dat Khan. The position of Mukarrab Khan was
5tTengthened" by the presence of the Sultan, and !l"t day
he assembled th.e soldiers and bamr people, :rnd led them
out in' a sortie against the investing forces. Sn'dat Khan
got timely notiC<t of the sortie, and drew up his men in
thtl maidn.n. Sharp fighting followed, but M ukarrab
KhatL was worsted, and obliged to retreat into the city,
with hi$ men, greatly dislie:irtened. Still Sa'dat :Khan
aiuld hot take the .fort, 'a:ird fell bn.Ck. He encamped
near the haw..! kluw; and 1iriding the fortifications of
Dl:hli impregnable, and tlie rainr seAs<m coming on, be
raised the siege, ani! marched to' Firozabad. He collSpired
with the amirs, who supported him, to raise some one of
thoowru of the late Sultan Ffroz Shah to the sovereignty,
and' place him on th.e throne in Firozabad. Nusrat Khan;
son of Fath Khan, son of Sultan FiroL Snab, was in Mewat.
They brought him fotard, and in the month Rabi'ul
I
I
I
STUDIES IN INDIAN
awwal rnl$ed him to the throne, in palace- of Firoza
bad
1
under tb.e Iitle of Nasiru-d diu Nusrat :But
he was a. 'tllete puppet, and all the direction of affair&
wa$ 1n the hands of Sa'dnt Khan. Only a ew days had.
when s
0
me of the old Firoz Sbahi slaves, and
of eb.e cicphantkeepers, attached themselves ro Nasir.u-d
din, and while Sa'dat Khan was wlSuspicious or danger,
tltey- placed Nasi<u-d din upon an elephllnt, :uJd suddenly
nttacked Jilin, before he could gather his friends around.
b.im. Unable to resist, he escaped ,from the palace by
the door of the harem. Some oJ his. soldiers joined him
1
and with them. he lied to Dehli, and presented himself
to Mukar<ab .Xha:n, by whom, a few days afterwards, he
was u-eacuerously seized and lilted.
The amirs and molilts who remained in Foriubad,
such ns Mul1ammad Muzaffar, wa.:ir; Shnhab Nahi.t,
Malik Fad u-llall llalkhi, the old Firoz Shnhi slaves,
all joined Sultan Na.siru-d din (Nusrat Khan], and pledged
Utcir faith to him. Muhammad Muzalfa:r was made
wdziii, and the title of Tatar Khan,
Nabir became Sbabah Khan, and Fazlullah
Katl.agb. Khan, and Malik Almas Sultanj received
command of the royal slaves. He became sovereign in
Dchli and l"irozabad."
Mukarrab Khan had secured Bahadur Nabir and his
adberenrs, and had placecl him in charge o( the forttess
of Old :Dehli. Mallu was entitled lkb:U Kho:n, and
received charge of the fortress o Siri. At length fights
came to be daily occurrences between Dl!bli and F.iroza.
bad, Mwulma:ns shed the. blood of e-ach other, and neither
P,a<ty could obtain the mastery. The districts (.1hilck)
in the J)_o'ab, and the fiefs (lhta:s) of Samhhal, Panipat,.
jtuljhar, and Rubtak, io the possession of
Nasiru-d din [Nusrat Khn:n ], -while Sultan Mabmud held
no place th.e fur.ts above named. Th<' amirs and
41
'there is an error he\' e. true ven1on Is no '-
doubt lh:tz given in tl1e Ttt bokttti .. lo Dchli Ond Fircn.ablcJ
there wc:re two kings.'' .
'104-
6'1llDIS 11'1 INDIAN HlSTOR Y
mali/IJ of the oul.lying terrirories (bnlad-i mnmalik) set
up rulers, at their own pleasure, and kept
all the wealth and revenue in their- own brulch.
went on thus for three years. Deadly contests were of
daily oCcurrence between Dehll and Firotabad, and of
varying result!. Sometimes tlie men of Dehli had to
throw themselves into their fortress, sometimes they drove
their adversaries into the fort of Firozabad.
1n tbe year 798 H. (1396 1-:n.), Sarang Khan quarrelled
'with 1UUr Khan, mnir of Multan, and much fighting went
on betweetl them. At length son:te of tbc people (ghulam)
of Malik Mar.dan J3batti joined Saraog Khnn, and wir.b.
their aMistnnce be gt!t possession of the district (shil(k)
of Multan. Having nssembled a considerable force, he
in the m.onth of Rn1nazan, 799 (May, 1397 A.D.), marched
agnint Samima, and besieged the amir Ghnlib K.lian.
When be was. no longer able to hold ouL, Onalib Khan
A.ed, with a mall -party of horse and foot. to Panipat, to
join Tatar Khan. i\.1 soon as Sultan Na&ir Shah (N U&l'at
Khan) heard of this, he sent Mallk Nmaa, commander
of the slaves, wilb ten elephant$ and a small army, to
Tatar Khan, with orders to marcli against Samana. expel
Sarang Khan, a.nd to 'reinstate Ghalib Khan. On the
15th Muharram, 800 H. (9th October, 1!197 A.D.), n battle
was fought at the viUage of KutUa," and Tatar :Khan
gained the victory. Sarang Khan Red towards Multan,
and Tatar Khan pursued him. as faT as Talwandi, when
bl'! Rai K.amalud din Main in pumtit, and returned.
In ble month . of Rabi'u.-1 awWal, SOO (NoveJnber-
December 1597), Pir Muhammad, grandson of Amir
Tirnur, King of Kluiral53ll, the river Sind with a
numc;.rous army, and bid siege to Ucb. 'Ali Malik, who
held Uch for Sarang Khan $ustained r.be siege for about
:! rrlonth, when Sara.ng Khan sent his nib Mallk Taju-cl
-dit1, and some other amirs with 4,000 horse, to ass'ist
Pir Muhammad, on hearing of their left
U ch. ' and fell upon r.bis force at th.e village o!
u. See supra, I? 97.
STUDIES lN INDIAN !USTOR\' 10>
on the banks of the Biyah. Tbe attack was nneXJX:ctcd,
and .J.'ed!tance was unavailing ; many perished by tbe
swprd, and many threw rlJemselves into the river. and were
drowned. Tajud din fled, wilh a small party of horse .
tot Multan. Pir Muhammad punued him, and Sa-rang
f<.nan, being oppose him in t.l>e field, was of>liged
to shut himself up in the forlrw. The siege went on
for six montb.s, and then wam of forage and provisions
compcllccl Sarang Khan to surrender in the month of
Ramazan, 800. Pit Muhammad made Sarang Xhan and
his family and dependent., and nU the people of the city,
prisoners. He also took possession of the fortress, and
encamped rus army. there.
In tho month of Sbawwal, Ikbal Khan joined himself
to Sultan Nasiru-d [Nusrat Khan], and a compact
was made between tbcm at t he tomb of the Shnikhul
moshaikh Nlzamul ltakk wau-s sham [Kulbu-d din.
.lhk}l.tiyar 'Kaki]. He placed tbe Sultan [Nwrat Kb;mJ
upc)o ao elephant, and conducted him into the Jaban
panah. Sultan Mahmud, Mubrnb Kh'an, and
Nabir, were shut up ln Old Dehll. On the third 4ay,
Ikbal KlJ:m treachcrou.sly attacked Sultan Nasirud din
(Nusrat Khan1 who, bciug unable to resist, fled, wilb a
small party of tncn and elophanll!, to Firozabad.. J.kbal
Khan pursued with hls force1, and aU tho elephants. fell
into his hands. Th.e prince escaping to Firozabad, fled
from thence wllb his family and dcpcnclcn.ts, crossed the
Jumna, ;ltld went to Khan. Firma.bad then came
into the possession of lkbal Khan. After this, fighting
went on dally For two month.\ between Muknrrab Khan
and lkbal Khan ; buL at length som.c amirs, interf<:fed,
and made peace between them. Muknrrab Khan
entered Jahanpanab with Sultan Mahmud, and lkbal
Kb.an stayed in Siri. Suddenly lkbal Khan proceeded
with a party of hls Eollowen to the h.ouse of Mukarrab
Khan, took him, and slew him without mercy. He then
kept Sultan Mahmud io his power as a puppet, and
himself directed all matters of government.
106
STUDIES IN INDIAN HIS'fORY
In the month of Zil ka'du, Ikbal Khan marched
against T11tar Khan at Panipat: When informatio11 of
this reached the latter, be left his baggage and materials
o war in Panipat, and marched w.ith a strong force
against Dehli. Ikbal KhAn invested Panlpat, and cnptnred
p!Jlce .in three day. T atar Khan al&o attacked Uebli,
but notwithstanding his efforts, he could .not t.,ke it.
When he heard of the fall of Panipat, he gave up the
siege, and l!ed with h.is ann)' to his father in Gujarat.
lkbal Khan tool: the elephants, bo.rses, etc., from Pan.ipat,
and returned to Dchli. Malik Nasiru! Mull(, rclalion
(karib) of Tatar Khan, joined the victor, and received
from hw the title of 'Adil Khan, and a fief in the Doab.'
Ikbal Khan then devoted himsel! to afl'am of State.
In the .month of Safar, 801 u. (October, 1398 A,D.),
intelligence came that Amir Timhr, King of Khurasan,
bad attacked Talina," and was staying at :Multan, and
tllat lle had put to the sword all the soldiers of Sarang
Khan, woo had been l:;tken pdsoncrs by .Pir Mub.ammad.
This intelligence filled Ikbal Khan witb. dread and
anxiety. Amir Timur coninuing his march, besieged
Bbamir, took the mi Khul Chain prisoner, and put th.c
garrison to the sword. Front thence be marched to
Samnna, an<l many inhabitants of Dibnlpur, Ajodhnn, and
Sarsuti, Jlcd tn terror to Debli. May prisoners were taken,
and most of these reived the glory of 'martyrd(>m. T.hert
he crQSSed over the Jumna into the Doab, and .ravaged
the greater l>art of d1c country. He made a halt at the
t<iwri of Edn.i, and there he put to the sword all the
pris.oners whom he filt<l tllken between t he riven; Sind
and Ganges. in all 50,000 men, more' or less : Cod knows
the trudt. Such was Ut.e terror to$pired by him, that
Musulmans and Hindus Ocd before him, .some to the
mountains, some to tbc deserts, some to the waves of the
'l;he rabaMl-.1 lf.kbrm says. "Sain:ma u far m, tlu: :middle of
the 000)1."
Th_iJ ir $0 g{'en in tllc Tobaltati Altbari, and in
l3adauni. , 11
1
, .,,
STUDIES 1N lNJliAN liiSTOli.Y
107
rivers, and some to Dehli. Iil Jumadal awwal, having
crossed the! Jumna, he halted at Firozabad, and next day
he took up hjs position at the top of the Hauzi kJuus.
Ikbnl K.harl' came out wit b. his elephants, and gave baule
to Atn:ir Titnur in the maida.n. At the first charge, !he
defeat.ed by ,th.e wan;iors o Timur, and escaped
1\ th<!>USand clillk:uJties Wfth nis elephants intO
!he .. city. .But as lhey retreated into the city, many men
were crushed under foot and died, and heaps of dead
were left.. When came on, lJ<.bal Khan. and Sultan
Mahm,ud,. leaving lheir ,wives aud dtildren behind, tame
out of the city. The Sultan lled to Gujarat, and Ikbal
Rban ctossed the river Jumna and went to Baran, Next
clay Amir Timur gramed quarter to the city, and tool:
the ransom money front the inhabitants. On the fourth
day be gave orders that all the people in the city should
be made pris;>ners, and this was done.
41
Some days afterwards, Khizr Khan, who had fled in
o Timur. to the mpuntalns of Mewat, :Sahadur
Nai).itl, Muparak Khan, and Zirak. Khan, by the favour of
Tilinur, were admitted to an interview, but, with
tlte exception of Kbizr Kh3D," tbey were all put into
prison. From DchU, Timur tttumed. by the- skirts of the
hllls, and made prisoners o those people who had
remained in the hilLs. When he arrived at Labor, he
the. city, nnd be made Shaikha KhQl:har
prisoner, with hls wives and children, and all those who
bud taken refuge with him. 'I1tis Sh.atkha Khoklt:u:,
through enmity to Sarang Khan, had early joined Timur,
'' Nlttmud din Ahmttd, who is qllntcd by Fl.rl!h1n, U more
explicit in hb Tabai<atl lfkl1ari , Ho p : '"rimur 1.7llntc4
to the people of tlle- cJty, Dnd appomttd a mu_nbcr of pe:r
aons lhe nmom-mooey. Some Of the i-n:nsc:d by
llt'e hohhriw of the tollecton, r .. lttc<l nd killed several of them.
This da.ri.hg lndted the. !lnge.r of TimUT, and he gave orden to kill
or: mako pr.iwnen the people of lhe city. Oo Lbat day mr.:sny were
caplut'ed or 1lain, but l.t ltngth Timur was moved co pity and
i.uuM an edict o( mercy."
'' ""Whom TJmur knew 10 be n saiyid and n goOtt tnan. -
1't:baktUi lfkbari.
108
STUDII!S IN 1NDlAN KJSTORV
and had acted as his guide, in remxn for which he had
reccived mercy and favour. Timur granred the fiefs of
Multan aud Dibalplll' to KhiT Khnn, and sent him Lhither.
ThClL he .marched tluongh Kabul to his own territories,
nnd orrlved at his capital, Samnrkand.
After the departure of Timur, the neigbbourllood of
Oehli, and nil those territories over whicb. his armies had
passed:, were visited with pestilence (w11bn) and famine ..
Many died of the sickness, and mat\y perished. with hunger,
aud for two montlu. Dehli wns desolate. In the month of
Rajab, 801 (March, J 399 A.t:>.), Sult.:tll, Nasiru-d din Nusrot
Shah, who had :Bed from t.h.e malevolence of Ikbnl Khan
into the Doab, advanced with a smaU force to Mirat,
'i'here he was joined by 'Adll Khan, whO' brought ' (our
tMpliaots. craft be (Nusrat Khan) gor him into his
power, and tocik posse$ion of tl\e eli!.ph:inu." The
o[ the Donh, who had obtained deliverance fr'om the
bands of the Mugh.als, began to rnlly, and he entered
F.irozabad wic:b about 2,000 horse. Ochli, although ruined,
came into his power. Shnhab Khan came from Mewat,
with ten elephants and hls adherents; Mall!<. Alrna.s also
joined him from the Doab. :When <t large force had
collected round him, he sent Sba.bnh K ban to .Baran to
overpOI<er lkbal Khan. On .b.is '""Y a party of Hindu
footmen fell npon him in the night and killed ltim. His
follower; duperscd, and the elephants were abandoned.
Directly Khan heard of this, he hanened t()
spot, and got possession of the depbants. His p6oWer atid'
dignity inaeased dnily, and forces gatHered' iouna him,
while SultAn Na5il'll-d [Nusrat Khan] grew weaker
and
In the monlh o.f Rahl'ul-1 nwcval, lkbal Khan left
Baran, and proceeded wjth his army to DeWJ; the Sultan
[Nusrat Khan] theo left Firozabad, and went into Mewar.
Debli fell imo the power of lkbal Khan, and he rook up
"' Th.it i.s no1. i_n tbe Ttrbizkatl 11/tbnri, pr by
Gadauni. Jiirl&bta. confirms iL, but th6 fact doeJ not appear in the

SllUPl:ES. IN .INDIAN .EIIS'J'ORY 109
his.abodc in the fort of Siri. Some o! the people of the
city who hnd escaped. the Mughals, cnroe back and
rc$umed llteil: habitations. In a stlort time the forrt'ess
of Siri tleeame populated. The districtS (shikk,) in the
Doab, and the liefs in the neighbourhood of .the capital,
Clllll4 intO the possession of Ik.flal KllflJ1 ; bUL the \CEri
tor.les in geMTal remained 'in the power ol; the nmirs
1tml!"ks who lleld Lheln. 1:hus 'Gujarat, and all dis-
tricts ahd dependcncic!, was held by Zafar Khan Wajibul
M:ulk; the sllikk o Multan', Dlbalpur . arid parts of Sind.
by Khilr Kltan; the sltikk of Mahoba and Knlpi, by
Mahmud .Khan, son of Malik-mda Firoz ; the fiefs (ikta's)
on the side of Hindustan, sucli as Kanauj, Oudh, Karra ;
Dal.amau, Dahraicl\ , Rihal", and Jaunpur, wtte
h-eld. by :Kbwaja-i Jalum ; the sltiklt of Dhar, by DUawar
J<.ha.n; the shikk o.f Samana, by Gho.lih Kllan ; and the
.thihh. of .Uayann, by Sha>:JlS J<.han-into so many portions
were tbe territories of Dehli divided.
In themontb of Rabi'u-1 aw.wal, lkbal Khan marched
'Baynnn -again.st Xhan, wllo was 'at tho
rown ' 'Ofi N\th o Bat:aL" A battle followed, and fortune
(ikbal) fuvoured lkbal Kh.an. Shams Khan lled into
Bayana, leaviilg two elephants in tlte hands the victor_
Then Khan marched against Katehr; and after
exacting X!\Oriey and tribute from Ral Singh, he returned
to Dcbli. In . ihe year, KhWllja-i Jah.'ln ' died at
Jaunpur, and his adopted son, Malik Mubarak, became
king in his stead, assuming the tide of Mubarak Shah,
and taking possession of all c.be lief.s (ikla's).
, In , Jumada-1 awwal, 803 (December, I 400), Ikba.l
K.ban again marched towards Hindustan, lllld W!IS waited
upon by, Shams Khan, 6 Bayaita, and Mubarak Khan,
[son"of] Bali.adur Nabir. He carried them with him, and
in the same month be reached Pattiali, on the of
" N11li wa na.uJI ; Ba.ilaunl con6nrts this, but wrttes Ptu.al ,
lmcead of .Batal.
110
st:UDIES IN JNDIAN .HISTOl/.Y
the black river," Here he encountered Rai Sir" aod
.Other iufidels, with :t numei'Ous :u:my. On the fqllowing
day a ba1Uc took pi !lee, and God, who defends the
religion, gave the victory tQ lkbal Khan ..
The infidel$ ll.ed, and .he pursued them to the confines of
EtaW'I. killing many, and making many priAonen. From
thence he proceeded to the <futrict (lthitta) of K.anauj,
and Sultanusb. Sbarlc. Mubarak Shah came up .from
llilrldustan. The rivet Ganges flowed between the two
armies, and neither was able to cross. Thi! state of
afTain continued for two months, when each party retired
-to his own home. On his journey, IkbaJ Kltan became
suspicious of fMubarak Khan and] Shanu l;(ban, and
having got them into his power [he put them lo deaU1.)"
ln this year Taghi 'Khan Tm:lc.chi Sultani, on-Jn.Jaw
-of Ghalib .Khan, amlr of Samana, a$Se1llbling a consider-
able force, marched towards Dibalpnr, against K.hizr
Khan. When intelligence of this was brought to Kbizr
Khan, he prepared ior the attack, and marched with a
large force into the k!litto of Ajodhan. A battle w:ts
fought there Of\ the 9th Rnj:tb, on tlte banks of the
Oahanda. K.hi1.r Khan WlU victorious, and Tar;hl Khan
Bed to the town of Asahuhar." Ghalib Khan, and other
amirs who were with bJm, then treacherously killed him.
In the year 804- u. (1401), Sultan Mahmud left the
khittll of Dhar, and proceeded to Dehli. lkbal Kha11
came forth to give him a formal reeeption, and the Sultan
went to the Humayun palace in Jahan-panah . But tl).e
reins of govemme11r were i,n th.e hands- of Ikbnl Khnn,
aJJd so hatted sprang up hihl and' the Sultan.
i "A
1
bl .riyah, " oT cbc '' KcltJ"pnni. ,r B:ad>1uni end Firlahua
ngree in aaylng .. Ute G:mp.
n FirisJtta with th.e other :mthorlliC5 in rhlA n:1n1c, hut
the says, "tbe Ray of Sirlnu.gur, (the of
Bilg:anu:n, w!llcb was :U Umt lime a prlru:Jpalily)." But see suf>ra,
55 and 56, pp. 97-98.
"The nece$$;U'f words in bt:tcl:.et:s arc (r,om the TtJbaktHl
Ahbari.
"So In tbe MS. , btu the Tabahot-l Akbari has "ll;lbudar,''
ond Badolml "Babu,har."
STUDIES IN' INDIAN HISTORY I ll
lkb!LI Khan again went to Kanauj, and took. the Sultnn
with him. ln this year Sultan Mttbarak Shah (of Jaun-
pur) died, and his brolhcr, Ibrahim Shah, succeeded him
as king, tmdcr the title of Sultan Ibrahim. On hearing
of the approach of Sultan Mahmud and Ikbal Khan, he
marched out to meet them witb " large iorcc. When the
two arm.ies. lvcre near to each other, and tbe battle '\'lU
imminent, Sultan Mahrnud left the :u:my of l kbal Khan.
on lhe pretence of hunting, and went to join Sultan
lbrah.im, but Ibrahim paid him not tbc slightest attcn
tion, he departed, and wcrot i.nto lhe kllilln of Kan:tuj.
There he expelled Malikzada Harbu:l, who bad held the
place for Mubarak Shah, and irutalled himself in his
place. lkbal Khan returned to Delli!, and Ibrahim Shah
went to Jaunpur. At K.an:tuj all ranks of people joined
the Sultan, and tltc scattered guards and depc11dents
rallied round him. The Sultan himself was content with
this iltto' of K.anauj.
In }uiQada-1 awwal, 80-'i H (Dec. 1402), lkbal Khan
mnrclted again8t GwoJiyar (Gwalior), the fort of whith
place had been treacherously wrested &om the hands of
the Musulmans during llle Mnghal invasion by the
accursed Nar Singh. When Nur Singh died, son,
Biram" Deo, succeeded him in tbe possession of the fort.
!.L wM very strong, and it was impossible to take it by
a.ssault; so Ikbal Khan ret'Urtled, after plundering the
coun.try, to Dehli. Next year he again marclied against
it. The son of Biram Dco advanced to me.et lkbal Khan,
and fought with him at the fort Of Dholpur, but he was
defeated, and driven into tlte fort. Many of the infideh
were slain, and during tlte n.ight he evacuated the fort,
and 'vem off to Gwalior. lkbal Khan purscued tum to
Gwal,ior, and after plundering the open country, he
murneC! to .Dehli. Jn the year 806 R. (140S-4) Tatar
Khan, ami of Gujarat, basely sei.t.ed his own father, and
sent him pruoner to A.s:nval (A-hmadabad). He thctc
u Probnbly lh'ab.ma. Dto. nt ln the t.r.ansi11Uon or 'Firbl,ta. In
the text of it "Baram."
112
IN IND.IAN WSTORY
made bilnself king- wilh the title of Sultan Nnsiru-d dln
Muhamm.'ld ShAh. He collected a large army, wilh tbe
Object of attacking Debli. On his march thither he was
poi.lontd by Shams Khan and died. His father Zafar
'khan was brought from Asawal by night, and the wb.ole
army submitted to him.
1n 807 H. (11M A,.o.). lkbal Khan mnrched against
Etawa. Rai Snrwar.' the Rai of Gwalior, the ll11i of
Jalhar, and other rais, had rome there and were shut up
in Etawa. The siege was carried on aguiust them for four
months, but last they gave trilwtc and four clcph:mts,
on account of Gwalior, wtd so made peace. fn the month
of Shawwal, lkb:d Khan ptocccdcd C.wm 'Etnwa to Ktmauj,
and fought against Sultan (Mahmutl], but the place was
strong, and h.e could not take it, so he to Dehli
,
1n the .month of M'uhatl'am . 808 R. Guly, 1!1.05 A.n.),
lkbal Khan marched 31\".linst Snruuna. .Bahram Khan
Turltbacha," '"bo h:acl fought ugainst his nephew the
son of Sarong Khan," lied lhrouglt fc&r to Lhc moun
tains of Ikbal Khan proceccled to the town
of Arubar" in thetc mount.nins, and tbere .lmlted.
Finally, Ma.khdumtada Shaikh 'Alamud din, gra.nd.son
of l:fanat Sniyid Jalal Bulth:u;i, interposed, nntl relying
npou him, Da]u1tm :Khan call'lc to Ikbal Khan, and hl!kl
au interview. From. thence Ikbal Khan marched towards
Multan. When Jte reacbed Talawndi, Rill Kamalu-d dln
arrived, Hre he seizetl Bahrarn .Khan, Rai Dauti ltlamal
Maio, ao,d .Rni Hiro.u [son ofJ Khu1 Chain Oh the
thircl he Oayed .Bahram JO:i.anl and secutiog> rbe others, ltc
" s.e .upm. Pe 97-98.
u FirlahUl 5a}'l ftc W;J.S one o( the HKiihtuHtJdon ; Flroz;.shnhl,"
or J()tl of one of Flrpt Shab't Tmki $lnvo.
... Tlle 1'a/HJkat.-i A BAdnunl aotl Flrbhta, all In
I;Ofl"<{, Q!Otc lmpty Dnd "who hd fought pinu
Sa'rllng Khon."
" ".Halhor'' :md "Ra.dtU" In the MS., ''Dnhor" In Ffrisbta.
'' Ctoro t.bt: Tflba.AlLti , Akbori,
? . .
. ;.. '\lUll' Tnlodati Ahbarl 11gT<<s <ssenclalty, but li'lrishlll Sl\)'1,
,Kai Dud, K'ml llbattl, ond Rai Habbu,' ion of Rnl Ratl."
$TUPlES IN INPIAN HISTORY
liS
carried Lhcm with him. When he reached the banks of
the neJr the khitta of A jodl1an, he was met by
K.hiz.r Khan and a laxgo army. On the l9tb Jumndal
awwal, 808 H. (12th November, 1405), a battle was .fought
between chern. At the first charge, tkbal Khan was
dccnccd, and fled. He was pum1ed, and his horse fell
upon him and. wo11ndcd hint, so that be could not escape.
Be was killed, and his head wns cut olE and sent to
l!alhpur.
Daulat Khan, Ikhtiynr lilian, al}d olher nmirs, sent
a dcputnlion to Sultatt Mahm11d, urging him to take
Lhe govanmcnt. In the month Jumadal akbi, the
Sultlln left l<.anauj with a small Coree, and proceeded to
the ta)>ital, where be ll1e sovereignty. The
[amil y and dependentS of lkbal Khan we.re T<:movcd from
Dehll, and sent into the khiLin o( Kol. Dnulnt Khan was
made {aujdar o tho Doah; and ll:.htiyar Kha:n received
the gitt of the palace of Firozabad. Iklim Khan llahadur
Nab.ir bro\ght cwo elephants as no offering, and joined
the Sultan. l n the month of Jumada-t awwal, 809 a.
(October, H06), the Sultan went to K;tnauj, a:nd Dnulat
J{h'an Wll$ sent with on =my to- Sa mann. As the Sultan
approached Kanauj, Sultan tbrahim. threatened the city,
and crossing the Ganges, sat down ngai!Lit it. Due after
a time he retired co Jnunpur, and the Sultan returned to
-Dchll. As he pr_ocecdcd homewards, hls army
the men goin,g olE their respective fiefs (1/r.tc's). tbrahim
Shah (heard of the Sultan's retreat) as he was journeying
homewards, and immediately rdurned to Kli.nauj, and
there besieged Mahmud Tannati, who had left ill
command by Sultan Mab.mud. ae held out for four
months, but wl)en n9 one came tO the. rescue, he o
necessity . .iur.rendered. The fief o! Kanauj wtu then. given
to lkhtyar KhaO.. grandson of Malik Ya.r Khan .Ka:mpila.
Having pa55ed Lhe rainy ' season i,n Kanauj, he (!bra
him Shnb.) against Dehli in lhe month of
Jumadnl awwa), 810 n, (Oct9ber, 1407). Nusrat Khan
Gurgandnz, Tatar Khan son of Sarang Khan. and Malik
8
.sTODIES IN INDIAN RISTOR.Y
Math<\ba gltulam of lkbal Khan, deserted Sultan Mahmud,
and joined Ibrahim Shah. J\sad Khan Lodi was
{by lbrahim Shah) in the fort of On the
3ecood da:y he surrendered, <ind the fort was given by
):brahim to Tatar Shah. From thenre ll>rallim Shah
marched toWatds Dehli, intending co cross the Jumna al,
the ford of Kiehn. But intelligence was brought to him
1hat Zafar Khan had conquered the territory of Dhnr, and
having made Alp Khan, $On of Dilawrtr Khan, prisoner,
he Intended to proceed to Jaunpu.c. StartiiJg from the
forii of Kicltar, he (lbrahitn Shah) returned by regular
marches to Jaunpur, leaving Marhaba Khnn wilh small
force in the fort of Baran. ln. the montll Zi-1 ka'dn,
Sultan Mahmud marched from Oehli ngninst Doran.
Marhaba Khan cnmc forth to meet bim, and a battle
followed, in which tlte Khan was wonted and drivcrl
into the fort. The Sulmn's men pursued, and entering
tbc fort they killed Marhaba Khan. The Sultan then
proccrided to Sambhal, but before be came to tbe banks
of the Ganges, Tatar Khan evacu.1ted the fort and went
ol' to The Sultan left the place in charge o.
Asad Kltan, and returned to Delhi.
Daulat Khan Lodi had been sent against $amana,
which, after the murder of Bahram .!:{han
had been taken possess-ion of by Bairam Khan. On the
lltlt l,l.ajab, 809," a battle was ought betwcc11 . them
about two kos from Saman.1, and Daulnt Khan was
'\!ictoriou.s> Bairanl .Khan Red to Sirhlnd, but after a
time, Daulat Khil:n forgave him and 'patronized ' him.
l3airam Khan had previou!l)' made an engagement with
Klilir Khan, and had to serve him, so when
Kbizr Khan lleard of the capture of Samana, he proceeded
with a strong force agajnst Daulat Khan. On his teach
.ing Fathabad, Daulat Xhan fled across the Jumna, and
tbe amirs and maliks wh.o bad been connected with
him joined K,hlzr Khan. He confided the shikk- o Hisat
d rtu! Tabohotl Ak.bori am6nns thi date, but Firithla make$
it 810. wh.:ich to be the more eorreet.
STUDIES 1N UIDIAN Ji!STO.RY
Filozah 10 .Kiwnm Khan, and the fi.efs of Samann and
S;mnam wete taken from Baitam. Khan and granted tO
Zirnk Khan, the fief of Si.rhltld nod. some other parganas
were given to Bairam Khan, and Kh:hr then
returned to Fatbpur. Bayann, tbe Doab, and the fief pf
Ruhtal<, were a\1 that now rernained in the possession of
Sultan Mabroud.
In the montb oi Rajab, 811 H. (Decwnbcr, 1408),
Sultan Mabmud to Hisar Firotab, and besieged
Kiwam Khan 'in rlte fort. After some days Kiwam Khan
made proposals of peace, and acnl his son CO the Sultan
with tribute. The Sultan then tcturned through Dbatrath
to Delili, Khilr Khan, when he beard of this, marc.b.ed
quickly to Fatlubad and chastised the people wb.o had
joined the Sultan. On the lhh Ramatan, he (Khizr
Khan) sent Sbark Malik Tuhn with a nronl>
force to attack Dhatnttlt, and Fallt Khan ned willl. his
household into the Doab. Many of the people who
remained. there were pwtdered and made prisoners. lUllrr
Khao proceeded through Ruhtak to Dchli, and besieged
it ; Sulllln Milimud 'bcing in the fort of Siri, nnd IkhtiYJU
Khao in Lhe palace of Firozabacl A scarcity of forage
ensued, and Kl1iu Khan witltdrew across the J umna into
the Doab, but meeting with resistance lbcrc, he re-crossed
the river and marched to Fathpur.
In the year 812 H. (1409 A.o.), Baimn Khan Tw:k
bacba rnroed against Kllizr Khan, and joined himself
to ;Daulat !'<han. On hearing of this defection, Khlzr
Khn.n proceeded to Sirhind. Bairam J{ban sent - hj.s
into the rno1mt.1ins, ;md. proceeded hlmscl with
Iris Jorecs co join l)aulaf Khan at Ute ford of the Jumna.
pt!fsucd him, hal ted on bank. of
the river. 13afr'am )Ulan having no hope of escape, ft,lt
'himself vanquished and helpless, so b.e went [and submit
ted) l<! Khlir Khan, who to him his pargamu.
K11irr Khan then returned to Fathpur. During this year
the Sultan remained in lite capital, and made no
excursion.
116
lu the year SIS H. (1410 A.D.), Khizr Khan marched
co Ruh.tal:., and t}esicgcd ldris Khan in tlte fort. The
war wen.t on for six mondls, but at length being reduced
to extremity, ldris Kltan sent out a la.rgc swn o money
._, tribute, and his son as a hostage, and so making peace,
be-bound himself by e.ngagemems to Kltizcr Khan. Afte!'
this Khizr l<h.an returned through Samana to Fatbpur.
SUltan Mnhrnud went to Katchr, and after hunting tbcfc,
ll'erumcd to the capital, The whole business of the
Staie was fallen into the greaten disorder. The Sulr.:m
gave no heed to the o b.is station, and had nQ
core for the permimcncy of the r.hronc ; his whole time
was devoted to pleasure and debauchery
.J;t, 811 H. (141l . A.n.), Khlzr {{ban _Proceeded to
Ruhtak. Malik Idris noll Malik Mubnp1. Khan his
brother, received tbe khitta of Harui, and were Jionourcd
by [Icing allowed to kiss tlte feet." They received mnny
other favours. Atcr this IChil;l' Khan plunde.red the !own
of Namalll, which wa in the possession of Iklim Khan
.nnd lhhadur Nahir. The11 he went . to Mcwat, and
plundered the towns of Tajarah, Sarath, and Kharol, ancl
having pillaged other places to Mcwat, he returned, and
proceeding to Dchli, he invested the fort o(: Siri. Sui r.an
Mnhmud was in the fon, and lkthiyar Khan held the
pnlace of Firqzabad for b.im. The contest went on till
.Ikbtiyar Khan joined Khizr Khan, who then removed
before Siri, and took of the fort pf Firor.a
bil'd. Thus he becaine maste.r of tbe fiefs of the Doab,
:ind the of' the capitnl.
A., grain and forage were scarce, in Mub.atram, 815. K.
{April, M 12 A.o.), he proceeded by PanlpaL co Firoz
pur. In Jwnadnl awwal, Sultan Mabmud went co
J<,atehr, nlld niter spending some days there Jmnting, he
Teturncd to Dehli. On his way .home he was seized with
in the month of Ra)ab," nnd died. He reigned,
"fl)Us dJowa chnt l\lW:r Kha)a llntl urumed yegal uate .
.. Tile other a.mhoritics agree in sayill( ZLl k.a'dn.. '
STUDIES IN 117,
through all these many vicissitudes and misfortunes,
twenty yean and two months.
After the death of the Sultan, the amirs and maW:s,
and royal servanu, pledged the.ir faith to Daulat !than.
Mllbariz .Khan and Malik Ithi. abandoned Khizr Khan,
and went over to Daulat Khan. During this year, Khirt
Khan remained in Fathpur. and did not go to Dcbli.
In Multarram, 816 H, (April, 1418), Daulnt Khan
went 10 Katcltr, were R:li Har Singh and other rais- cnme
to wait upon him. When llc reached. Pattial.l, Muhabat
Khan, amir of Badauu, joined him. Intclligence was
now broug)u that Sultan lhrnhim was besieging Kadlr
K,han, ron. of Sultan Maltmud Khan [in Kalpi], but
Daul:tt Khan had not sufficient forces to nttempt to
rcl,ieve him. In Jumada-! awwal, K.hirt Kltan led b.iJ
forces out of Debli. and when he went to H:isar Flrozali,
all the amirs a11d maliks of that country gathered round
him. Siege was laid to the fort of Ruhtak, in which
ldris Rban wns living, and K.hi:zr Khan passing near,
went into Mewat. Jalal Khan, nephew of Iklim Rhan
:Sah.'tdur Nahir, came to Vfollt upo!l him. Turning
fr.om thence, he went into Sambhal, and laid the country
waste. In the month Zi;l hijja he proceeded lO Dehli,
and posted llimsel,f .in front of the gate of Siri. At length
Malik Lona a11d some partisans of Kh:izr Khan in the city-
conspired together, and [gave him such asSistance that]
he obtained possession of the gate of the ruw.bat-Jihanalt.
When Daulat Khan saw that his position was desperate,
he begged for quarter. Khizr Khan gave 1\im an inter
view, and then con.siguing him to the charge of Kiwam
Khan, he sent him to the (ort of Hisar Firou.h. Khizr
thus: obtained. possession of Delhi op. .the 8th
RitbJ'ul awwal, 817 H. (23rd May, 1414
Khizr Khan "
KH.tiR. KHAN WaS the SOil of Malikush Shark ali.k
" Tobollot-i d.ltborf.
" The tiLle cf Stdlo" oc- Radshn.h ia not given to K.hi1r Khan.
He wielded tbe sovereign power, but he proless<d and wuh<d to be
.118
IN lNXllAN BISTOilll
Sulaiman; who adopted in childhood, brought .up
by Malik Nasiru-1 Mull:. Mardan Historian
that be "as by descent a saiyid. The chief of the
saiyids, Jalalu-d dill l3oklutri, once honoured the house
of Malik Mard:m with a visit, and when food was
bdfore b.i. guest,. Mal ilt M:ITdan. ordered Sulaiman to
wash. the great saiyid's The Slliyid said, "Tllis
is a saiyid, nnd is nnfit tot such wo.rk as this". As the
great chief of the saiyids thm testified to Sultaiman being
a saiyid, there can ba no doubt that he was one. Another
proof of .his being a salyid is, that he was generous, l>rave,
merciful, coruidcrate; true to his word, and l<ind : these
are all virtues . which were conspicous in the Prophet,
and were manifest in him.
Wben. Malik Mardan died, Malik Shaikh his son
obtained the fief of Multan, but he died scion after, and
Malik Sulaimi!D succeeded him. He likewise soon
afterwards d.iro, a.nd .Khiz.r Khan then obtained Mullan,
cantfdcl'cd the vicegerent of Timur. wh0$C t.avour he had gained by
politic au,bmiuion while- tbn.t Cionquo:ror wa.s i:n India. 'To
suo for the w3:n.t of the tegal styfe, mme curious dUct are gi""CJ\ lo
him, Jndi'aadve o( his fealty [0 TiOlW' In c.he heading of thu chap.
ter the wottb Btutd4gi rttyllli 'all
1
"U.tvfce or tlu: oxal t.ed (or
imperial) Jtnndards," a,ra prefixed ta hia JUmtt:, ln other
before bit attaining thC he'-' ezHitlc;d MMnadi 'Ali,
"ilw.XIted thlvne." '!'he Tobaltll 4h/i<ltl atylcs ltlm Rayoll 'nil,
standards. '' Dadaunf pretm tltc Marn.adf 'Fi.t;Jhta
dOCA not CllllP.IOf. tl""" axpresslo<U, but ealls bin simply "Sn.lyld
Kbit.r R1Ul.n. ' The Tnbnkal-i Akbari gives the rotlowlng cxplana..
tion, which i&' quotcd by Fitlltta.. " 'Althougl he Kban)
'!oJulr<d, lbe dignity of sovtuelgn >nd the powm of ruler . J1c pro-
b'!ll"'lf !Ubordlnate to 'rhnuc, He would .riot oltow himself
u, be!' ...,uea Blhhtil (klng). but wliS addresled Jloytl ntl. AI
the -bqrlh_nitfg-ofbii teign. of TihJutf t4t.""' enfptclyed In 'rlu:
colnft and Jo the k]mt.ba sftc.Qvailis lbc trn.rrtedf Slt:ih llukh was
uJCd: but tu limgch Khiu Khan's nn.me
1
Introduced in tbc
khu.tbn, and prayc:rs tvere oflfrtd for tihn.." Flrl11ht.a n.dds. that
several yean ne cent appropriate: uibutc to Shah Rukh. As co
coins, aee T11omua "htbtm Kings, p.
u Tbo Tabahot-1 dkbari_, Badaun.l, ond Firbbta all agree
l\la!IJ< Sulnlman wM the ndopt<d son o( -Nasinll

t.lle .eon
text a.e our MS. accordi. The w()rdlng of this pwage, haw
ever, makes X.hitr Khan 10 be the ;idopted ton of Mardun, an evident
whiCh one Utde word in tbc text wo1ld cctlfy, ond which
been admitted in the uansha.ttorr. '
STUDIES IN' lNDli\N BlSTORY
119
with its dependencies, from Sultan ' Firoz ShalL God
Almigltt')' had chosen him for great work and n h.igb
and bi.s dignity iucreased daily. The events
of his campaigm and vktories, before be accom
pUshed the conquest of Deltli, have already been related.
On dte 15th Rabi'ul aww:tl, 817 (80th May, 141-1- A.n.),
he entered the fort o.f Sid, and posted his arm')' in the
palace of Sultan Mahmud.. The people of the city, by
force ot late events, .bad become impoverished and needy,
so be setlled allowance.s and made provision for thctn.
By tbi$ kindness, dtey all made ensy and happy.
He gave to M:tlilmsh Sltark Malik Tuhfa the rltle of
'Tajul Mulk, and made .him wlllir. To Saiyiil Salim,
chict of the saiyitl.r, he gave the ikto: and shi!tk of
Saharanpur, and all a!fail:s were set in order. He gave
to Malik 'Abdur Rahim, adopted son Qf the late Malik
Sulaiman, the tide of 'Alau-1 Mulk, and he confided to
him the ikla! and sltikk of .Multan alld Fnthpttt.
He made Malik Sarwar govempr (shaht1o) o the capital,
:1,\ld llls. lenen.r . when was himself absent.
Malik Khairu-d din was made
1
ariz-i inamalik (mu.,ter
:master), Malik J'<.alu ot the clepbilnts, Mnlik Daud
became secretary (dabir). l khtiyar l<:hnn was appointcll
Lo ll1e shikl< of the Doab. The Stare officials were
in the pargaruu, villages, nnd ihlt<' s, whlcb they
ha(,! held in the reign of Sultan Maluitud, a11d were sent
to look after them. Thus tbc affairs of State were all
properly nrrnngcd.
In the year n. (IU4 A.J>.), MaHku:sli Shar.k Tajul
tylulk wns sent out with tl:tc nr.my of Hindustan, while
himself l'c<mained in tile capi'tal, 'I'aju:J
M:IJlK crossed rbe Jumna, and went to tile town of Ahar.
'r'hen he crossed the Ganges into tltc country of Katchr,
and chastised and plundered the ioftdels of that coumry.
Rai Har Singh fled into the' mountains of Anw:tla."
U)..fS. !mlnvaci Aw..uala: Tabolud i Akb6rl durrat tmwtt14:
DarJaunf fang(i.lnnW<tltr. 'Pirbhta &a)' timpty Lbe ' ' hQhi#ttfl " (mot,m ..
taln). Sco note infro, pp. 12122
t20
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
When the army of Islam closed in upon him, he was
helpless, and 'paid taxes, money, and cribuc.e (mahsul o
mal o kltidmat). Multabat Khan, amir of .Baclaun, came
to wait upon Tnjul Mulk. After thi\ interview, Taju-1
Mulk the col.!rSe of the Rnhab, he anived at the
ford of Sargdwnrl, and there crossed the Ganges. He
cbastlsed the .inlidcls of Khur" a:nd Kambil
and passing through th,c tciwn of Sak.ina, he proceeded to
Badl:t.-un. Hasan Khan, amir of Rapri, and Maljl{
Hamza h.is IJrothcr, ' cantc to walt upon hlm, The inlictols
of Gwalior, Seori, rutd Chandwat,' brought Utch money
'and taxes (mal o inahsul), :llld bowC(l their necks to the
yoke of obedience. He w[{!Jited Jalesar from the po$scssion
of the infidels ofCb:mdwar, and gave it to tl1c Musul
mans, who had fonnerly !told it. He left his own officers
there. Then passing aloQg the .Black river, he chasli$ed
the infidels of Etawa, nnd returned to the capital.
ln tlte year 818 R. (1415 A.t>.), .Khizr Klllln gave to
his son, the e.xalted prince. Malikush Shark Malik
Mubark, who was wotthy to be 11 kin.g, the khittas of
l'irozpur and Sirhind, and alt the of the late Bairam
Khan. a-e gave him command over all the west coun,try,
a.nd sent Malik Sadhu Nadira to act as hi\ deputy.
When all tl1e affaits of that country were satisfactorily
arranged, the prince returned with Malik Sadhu Nadlra,
Zir'.1k Khan, of Samana, and other amirs and maliks,
to t.fte capital.
In 819 H. '(1416 A .. n.), Khizr Khat\ sent Malik. Taju-1
with a great army to Bay1111a :md Gwalior. When ' the
Malik entered thC country of Bayana, Mnlik Karimu-1
Mulk, brother of Shams Khan, gave -him a grnnd rcccp
tioll; From thence ltc pr<>cccdod t.O Gwalior and plun
dcted the country, ru1d having seized the .money aod
" k1town 1J Shllnu:ilind. "-TclmfuU-i AkbMI.
" RAprl, or and. Cband"awar are on abc Jvmnn a few
ml.le:J. belOw Agra, In a oountry full of and well c:oPa.we of
bc1ng defended by B ftw 1nen ngains:t thoua.,nd.s.-J!Uiot, edllion -of
.
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY 121
tribute of [the Rai o!J Gwaliox aud otb.er rais," he passe<l
the J umna oppos.ite Chanda war, and " 'cnt towards Karo
pila and l'attiall. Rai Har Singh, the occupier .of Katehr,
submiliSive, so llfter raking the revenue and tribute
from him, the Mnlik returned to the capital. Malik Sadhu
Nadira bad been sent to Sirhind as the representative of
Prince Mubatak. In th.e month of Ju.mndal awwal,
Turkbachns" of the family of Barinm Khan
treacherously soc Sadhu into their power an<l murderee!
him. They then. seized upon tltc fort of Sirhind. Khl.ZJ:
Khan sent Malik. .:Oaud, the dabit (s(;cretary), and Zirak
;Khat), to put cloWn these rebels. The Turkbachas Bed
across the Satladar (Sutlej}, and esctped ro the mountains.
Daud putsued then\ Lhithcr, and for two months carried
on operntions in the hills. But their mountninou.l
I'Circ:rts were strong, and he was unttblc to subdue Utcm,
so ltc returned. While tlus was pa,;.sing, intclligence
art'ived in the month of Rltjab thaL Sultan Ahmad of
Gujarat bad laid siege to tlte fo.rt ot Nagor. Khizr Khan
mnrchcd thither, passing between Tonak and Todah, and
when Sultttn Ahmad ltcard of his approacb, lie retreated
towards Dhar. l<.hitt Khan went to new city Jhain
(.rhari nan j/uun}." and llyas Khan, amir o( Jhaio, bad
the honour of an interview. RWinf> repressed the dis
turbances in. . that quarter, KILi1.r Khan Tfturne'd to
Gwallor, and besieged the mi in the f9rt. As the fort
was very strong, he could not take it, but be took money
nn(l Tcvcnuc on accoum of Cwalior, and lhen proceeded
to the kl1itta of :Sayana, wb.erc Shams Khan Auhadi
I n n rc Tnbakal-i Altbart says ... Jua.vlnK tal:.<:n lhc GJ'c:_ d tribute
from the Rai of CwaUor."
" See .rupr11, note S1, p. lJ2.
11
The Td5ak.f1ll Akbitrl h}'i, ''shtrh'f"rl tti'W'Afltl }hrrin. ''
St:tdauni luta sim!'ly "Jabl\ban,'' .FlriJhta Ja):"$, ".shahYi nafl
1
known
a.s anui jalutn. bddc of _ the WOrld)," and hi$ words 11tnw thnt he
meant jalum. an notJhriin, r.hough he may bnve misunderstood the
T411altfltl A_kbt.zri. The dtle of ' 'bride"' Was applied rn n virgin
(ort:re3,. See NOte to lhe Tran.ilation of lhe Tariltl1i Fir(n SlutM ol
d1n Bal-ni.
122
STU.OII!S IN INDIAN HISTORY
(amir of :Bayana) also- paid mone:y nnd tribute. After
th.ii he returned to Dchli.
In 820 II (141 7 A.o.), Tugban Rais and SWldry other
Tt4rl:-bac/UIS, who clain Malik Sadhu, hroke out in
rebellion, and Khin: Khan sent Zirak Klnu\, amir of
Samann, with strong fo"e, to put them down. Wlten
lte Samana; Tughnn, and the otlter Ttlrl:-bocluu,
who b.ad besieged Malik 'Kamal Bndhan, representative
o.( Kban7.:tda Mu'azzam, in the fort of Sirhlltd, wcm off
lo the mountains. Zirak Klan pursued t.hem to the town
of B:ul." Hl'l'e Tugltan Rrlis consented to tt fine. Be
rxpelled the Turk-bacilli omrdercrs of Malik Sndhu fr(lm
his IJu.od, and gave his sou as a hostage. Zirak Khan sent
the youth and the money to Debli, and himscJC returned
.to Samaoa..
ln.S21 11. (1418 t.:o:}. Kbizr Khan scm Malik Taju-1
Mulk _with a numerous army .to rc:press the rebellion of
Hnr Singh, of W.hcm this force crossed the
Ganges, Har Singh. laid waste lhe whole C()Ulltr)' of
Knlehr, and went iluo the juugk of Anwala, which
borders l11at country for n of kos.
The army ot blam encamped nc:1.r tlic jungle, Har
Singh being inclosed tlacrein, had to f)ght. The royal
forces Wl'l'C vi<:torious, and all the furniture and baggage
and arms and horses of the .infidcu fell into lhcir
Har Singh Red 1ownrds the auountalns of Kumayun. On
the following day abom twenty thousand horse 'wore scot
iu,_pursuit, whilst Taju-J Mulk remained stationary with
bis army and baggage. Ttae forces of Islam aossed-.lhe
Rnhab, nnd pursued r.he enemy into the mountains of.
Kumayw1. Har Singh pres5ed forward into the moun-
tains, nnd on the fifth day the royal foces retired, after
u name L1 given Boil and Afar'l ill the MS .. :md bf Lbc
Tolmkuli dA/Jdi. FlriJhrn snyt " Pail."
u 111e Hindu name ot. r.hc. pmsent pmrlr:u:c. of RnhiU:hand. At
ril"ll tho Muhnuunadan oonqne:TOn caltcxl All Lbe country to tbe eia:st
o( the 0.1ng .. Korchr. btu subsequontJr. when S.mhhol and ;Badaun
were t!'lada. $-Cp:trate go\emments Ute oountty beyond t11e RAmgnnga
noly w .. called by lliRI naonc.-EIIIot. edition of 1849. p. 1'92.
I
STUDIES IN INDIAN HJSTORY
123
having greot sp<iil. 'faju-l Mulk then fell
and passing near Badaun, he crossed. the Ganges at tl1e
ford of llajlana. l>f.uhabat Khan, amir of Bndaun, there
took leave of him, and h.e proceeded <O Etawa. He
ravaged that disttict, nnd besieged .Rai Sarwar," wbo held
ic ; b.ut the :Rai offered money and tribute, and so secured
peace. From <hence Taju-J Mulk returned iu the month
of :Rabi'u-1 akhir to Dchli. He there pre-
sented the tribute which he had brought to
Khan, and was most gracio'!sly received.
In 882 n. (IH9 A.o.), Klli2r Khan marcheil against
Katehr. FirsL be chastised the.- rebels in the country of
Kol, after that he scoured the of the Rahab and
of Sam.bhal, and overthrew Lhe rebels. From thence he
proccede<l, in the mo.n.Lh. of Zi-1 ka'da, towards Badaun,
and passed the Ganges ncar the town of Pattiali. When
Mubabat !Ulan heard of this, his heart wns struck witlt
dismay, and he. made preparations standing a siege.
In tile )ll'?;nth o Zi 1 hijja, Xhizr Khnn invested the fort,
an9- c;uried on the $iegc for six months, He wa.s just
uPPn !he point of capturing it, wl_>.en he received in-
that a conspiracy had been formed against him.
by some amirs and mtiWu of the late Mabmud Shah, wbo
had been overpowered by Daulat Khan. . Among Litem
were Kiwam Khan :u1d lkhtiyar Xban. As soon as thiS
qmc to liis knowlerlge, Kltizr Khan rni&cd the siege of
Dadaun, an'd marched townr& Dch.li. On hiJ march, by
the banks of the Ganges, on the 20th Jumada-l awwal,
H.
1
having Kiwam Khan, Ikhtiyar Khan, and
other officers of the laie Sultan Mahmucl, he put them to
in punishment oE their treason, and then repaired'

lriformation wn:s now given of an impostor who bad
name of Sarang Khan. It that a
mao QS$,Ummg the name of Sarang l(hnn" had appeared
''See Jupr4# Nor.c 28. Our MS. sUH calfs ltim .. Sa()ir. and
Firbhta here names him !Silmbir. "
., "W11o the dine of "Timur"1 lnvntion.'-P.iritllHn.
STUDtl!S I:N .INDIAN
io the mountain.s of Bajwnra," dependent on Jalandhar,
and had given himself O\lt to be Sarang Khan. Many
foolish ignorant people [believed him.. and he had
a.s.sembled a party around him. Khizr Khan]" gave the
ihta.' oJ Si.rhind to [Malik Sult:lll Slt:th] Lodi, and deputed
him to yepress the pretender. Malik Sultan Shah, in the
month Rajab, proceeded with his own forces to Sil'
hind. 'The pretender Sarang, with his rtJjtic adherents,
then sallied forth from Bajwara, and when l\e approach
ed the river Satladar (Sutlej), the people of Arubar
(Rupar) a4o joined him. I n the month of S,ba'ban, he
came near to Sirhind, and a battle was fought. Malik
Sultan Shah Lodi the victory, and the pretender
was put to Right. He lied to Lbe town of 'l'arsari," .one
of the dependencies of Sirhind. Khwaja 'All Indarabi,
ami> of the town of. ]bath, with bis dependents, joined
pretender. Zirak .Khan, amir of Snmnila; and 'l'ughim,
>"ais (cl\ief) o .th,e Tark,bachas of Ja.landhar, came for
ward to strengthen Sultnn Shah. Sultan Sbah entered
Sirhind, and U1c pretendt:r Sarang lhen fl.cd to Arubar
(Rupar). Khwaja 'Ali now deserted him, and joined
Ziral: Khan. Next day the 1:oya! army advanced to Aru-
bar (Rupar), and there halted, the pretender hav.ing ficd
to the m()untains. While this was passing Malik Khaku-d
din Khani was also sent with a stron&' force against the
pretender. In the montl of Ramazan, he arrived at
Arublll' (Rupar), and there the forces united, and march
Jnto the mountairu in pursuit of the imposter.
Satang Kb.an'& followers were vanquished ti.Ud helpless,
but the mountains were not 'easy of q>nquest, JSO the (royal)
forces retreated. . Malik Kh!Liruu dln proceeded to the
capital, and lilian went to Samana, leaving Sultan
u The Ta/)Qhall Akbtrri il.tld Dndauni read "DaJwarn," -but
.Eidmi makes it "Macbh oaJO,"
n There [S An crldertt break f_n our MS. here, about n line being
abs.enr. The fi nt tWO words are by the cpntCXJ. ; 1he ol.hct$
arc !liken fJ:om the 'l'abohatl Al<han.
"1'k<> T,lxlhati Ahbnri ho ':Lnhotl." Dadaunl and Firiahta
do nor give dte _J\a.ntt,
STUDIES IN INDIAN HlSTOl\Y
Shah Lodl with a force i.o. posseSJ<ion of Arubar. So the
"royal army was dispersed.
ln 823 tr. (1120 A..), the pretended Sarang Khan had
a meeting with Tughan, chief oi the Turkbaduos, when.
T ugban ttcaclterously got the impostor into Ws power,
and made him prison<lr. He afterwards killed hlm.
Khitt Khan .remained in the capital, but l>e sent Malik
Tajul 1\iu.lk with an. army ngainst Etnwn. Tlris army
marched through Lite town of llamn, and came: into Lhc
co1mtry of Kol. After .uppresslng the rebels in that
it advanced into Etawa, and there destroyeu the
vi.Uage of Dehli, the strongest place in the posscsslon of
Lhc infidels. From thenoo, lt .matc.b.ecl against Etawa, and
besieged Rai Sa.rwnr;" who at length made peace, and
paid his annual revenue and rribule. Titc urnty then
proceeded to the country of Chnndawnr, wbicb it phm
dercd, and laid wMte. [t tl1en marched imo Kntehr,
wltertt Singl), the possessor of that country, paid
furtltc:r revenue and ttibucc. A,ftcr char, Tnju-1 Mulk
returned to tbe capital. ln d1e .roontb 'of Rnjab, intdli
gc:nce. arrived tltat Tughan Rais had :1 5<:eond time
broken out imo rebellion, :u1d was besieging t he fort of
Sirhind, and Utat he had overnm the country lUI far as
Mansurpur and Ball" Khiu Khan again sent Malik
R.hairud din with an army to overpower him. He
marched to Samann, and there united his forcelt co thoso
of Majlis-i 'ali Zirnk Khan. then went in search of
the rebel, but he being informecl of their approach,
crossed tlte river Satladar (Sutlej), at the town of Ludhi
confronted the royal army !rom the other 5ide
of 1!he river. But the waters were low; 01nd the royal
forces Tughan then fled into tbe counay of
.Jasrill.b Khokhar. His fief (iilla') was given to Zirak
!Qla'\, 'and Malik Khairu-d din returned io Dehli.
rn 824 a. (1421 A-n.). K.lili1' &:nan ml\l'ched to Mewat.
Some of the Mewattii joined bim, and the others were
1
-, Stin "Sabif" in t,he MS., anrl "Suu'' In tho TnbaiUitl A.Jttutri.
See note 7.f, suprtl.
126
STUDll!S lN.INDlAN HJSTOIW
besieged in the fortress of Kotila [belouging to] Bab.adur
Notbir. Khizr Kh.an sat down against the fort, and the
Mcwattis sall ied forth to fight; but they were quickly
-defeated, the fort was taken, and they Oed to .the IIIOUn
tains. After destroying the fort. of Kmila, Khiu Khan
marched towards Gwalior. On the 7th Muharrnm,
824 a. (18th Janu:u-y, J421 A.D.), Malik Tajul Mulk died,
and the offlee of ruazir w.u given to his eldest son,
Maliku;sh Slln.rk Malik. Sibndar. When Khi7.r Khan
arriled in Gwalior, !lis forces invested the fort, and over
r3n the country, After realizing money nod tribute, he
proceeded to Etawa. Rai Sarwar of Etawa was dead, and
'his sor1 being unable to make resistance, paid his revenue
,and tribute money. Khizr Khan. was now takCI) ill, and
returned to Dehli. on the 17th Jamada-1 aWWlJI, 824 if.
(15th May. ) 421 A.D.), after reaching the city, he died, and
.Cod in his m:ercy took him.
Stdl1111-i 'CWlm tua Khudaigtirti mu'auam Mu'am-d dunya
waud ditl .M11barak Slinh."
Khizr Khan, three days before hls death, neminated his
excellent nnd worl.hr. son IU his bcir-app.arent. On the
19th Jumadal awwa, SH, with the approval of the amir.t
and maliks," Mubarak Sllah took his seat upon the
throne. Khan bciug dcud, the people in gcnernl
renewed their vows of allegiance to his throne. The
ami?;r and mali!IJ, the imam.J, saiyids, and /tam, and every
one else who held appointment$ and emoluments in the
lllte reign, were ronfirmed in their ikltJ's, pargantU, vii
. bgcs (dih), parcels of ground (kali1 and allotments
(maltdud), by the new sovereign. He even incre;ued them
of his own accord. The fiefs of the shikk of llisar Firouh.
"Mub;mk ShAh, lih .b!s tAUter, b l:n thio work nucly tAUed
Sult:Ln. He is commonly .spoken of Klludawand Jalum-pt:mall; "the
lmd. t.lle ylum of tho WOTld... -
" D.r:ia:RJ {firisJua,. i.; seea irt this a prOof- of the .inctCits&
of -Lht'! ariatocr.acr. : but lhc: :came 1mru fiave been i9 des_ ...
cribiog: the of mony of ttfubarnk Shah's ptede.ce&sors
1
\ (iel '
so no 1nference a.n be drawn from rhem.
1
STUDJS IN INDIAN ' HISTORY
127
and of Hansi were taken .from Malik Rajah Nadir
t,<iveu to Mal.iiu-sh Sllnrk Malik: 8ndith, tllc Sultan's
nephmv. Malil:. Rajah reccived the :fiefs of the .1hikk of
News OQW arrived of the rebellion of Jauath
Shail(tia Kb.okhar and Tughan Rais.
The cause of Lhis outbreak was, that in 823 H; (1420
A:n.), Sl.lltan 'Ali, King of led his army into the
count.ry of Thalta, but as J1e returned,, l'lc was encounter-
ed hy Jasrath Khokhar. The Shah's army was scattered,
part being srill in Thatta, and part having come out.
Incapable of the attack; it broke and fled.
Shali 'Ali himseU' fell a prisoner into the hands' of Jnsnth,
and all h4 bugg11ge nod stores were plundered . . Jasratb,
Khokhar was ;m imprudent rustic. Intol<;icated with
vicuwy, and elated with the so:ength of his forces, he
beg:m to hllvc visions about Dthli.. Wb.en llC heard of
the dt.>ath of Khizr !titan, h.e passed l.h.e rivers .Biyah and
Satladar (Sutlej), witll a body o horse and foot. and
attacked Rai Ka:ma.lud dJn Malo, nt Talwaudi. Rai
F'irox Jled before him towards Lhc desert. Jasra:th ncx.t
plundered the country, front the town of LudJ1iyana to
the neighbourhood of Arubar (R.upar), on the Sutlcj.
Some days after, h.c re-crossed the river, and proceeded
Lo Jalandhnr. Zirak Khan withdrew into the fort, and
Jnsrath Khokhnr pitched his cnmp three hos from the
town, on tllC ban.k of the Beni Negotintions wcnL on
between them, and tcnns of capitul:ulon Were agreed
upon by both pucies, Th.e fort was to be evncttated and
given into the charge of Tughan. M:ljlisi 'ali Khan
w:u to take a son of Tughan ro wait upon the Sultan, and
Jasrath wu to send tribute, and return home. On Ute
2nd Jumadal akhir, Zirak Khan carne out of the fort of.
Jalattdhar, and was conducted to J asrath Khokhar, wbo
was drawn up ready to receive him wi_th h.i& whole (ora:.
When Jasrnth saw Zirak Khan in his po;cr, he forgot
his promise, and cardully guarding him, carded him oft'
pxisoner over lh.e Sut.lej, to the town of Ludhiyana.
From thence he marched on the 20th Jumadal akh.irJ tc>

STUDI&S lN INDIAN HISTORY
SU:hind, where he arrived in the middle of the rainy
season. Malik Sultan Shah Loru cook refuge in the fort,
and although Jasratb made great exertions, God guarded
the fortress, and Jasratb failed to take it. When Malik
Sultan. Shah's appeals for a,ssistance reached the ea.rs o
the Sultan. he, notwithstanding the raim, marched om of
the city iu the. month of Rajah, and procee.ded. towards
SirhiJ;ld. :He reached the town of Kohda, m the
I)Cighbourhood of Samaun, anti Jasrntll. hearing of his
approach, ra4ed the siege of Sh:lund, on 1he 2'7th 'Rajah,
and retrellted to Lndhiyana. He l'elcascd Majlisi 'ali
Zirak Khan," who then returned to Samana, nnd jolnetl
hi.s sovereign. The roy-.1 army then ad vanccd to
Ludhi yallll. and Jasratb Kltokhllr crossed to the other
of the river, 1IJet'C he encamped in full view of
Sultan's for<!es. He bad got possession of all the boats,
so the royal army was unable to pass. For nearly forty
clays they thus remained posted UJ sight oE each ocl\er,
until Canopus rose and the waters felL Tbe Sultan then
:retired co Kabulpur, Jasr4th Khokhur, keeping to
the bank of the made n simil:tr movement. On the
lltb Shawwnl, the sent Sikahdar T uhfa, Majlis-J 'ali
Zira)o( lChnn, Malll<.u-ili Shark Malunud Hasan, Malik
Kalu, and several other amirs, witli a strong force and sl.x
clep1L1uts, to cross the river biglter up at Rupar. Early
in the m.omlng they crossed the river by a ford. On t.he
same day, the himself matchcd to the plaC<! wltere
they had crossed. Jasratb Khokbar also, still, holding t.o
the bank of tbc advanced by a parallel march ; but
when Jle that some forces had crossed the river, be
was alanned, and cook up a position four hos distant
from the ford. The Sultan then passed with his whole
army, and hastened co meet him. As soon as the royal
(orcel cam.e in sight, the rebels !led fighting,
leaving all tbcir baggage behind. The royal foxces put>
sttcd, and many horse :utd foot men were killed.
Dad3.uh.i agrees tb"t he ' \WI relt.ued, but Firbht:a !lay; he
eK11pe\l! Ttic 'Tabdotl ,tf<bari >imply "Y' he tlio
STUI)IES, lN lNDU.N ffiSTORY
129
fled. hastily with some l.ighthorse, to the town ot Jalan
dhar, and on the ae<.'Ond day he crossed the When
the royal army reached the :Siyah, he made oil' tO the
RavL The Sultan crossed the Biyah 3t the foot of the-
reached the Ravi, near the town of Jlhowa. He
continued his pursuit across the river, and Jasrath then
went over the Janbava," 11nd to in
lhe hills. Rai llhim, the chief of J ammu, was honoured
in an interview with the Sultan, and he then tmdertook
to. act .ns guide. He crossJ:d tile Janha.vn, nnd. conducted
the Toya.l army to Tclchw, whith was his tJastatll Kho-
khar's]" strongest place. 'Dey destroyed the placr:r, and
made many of thooe who bad there sougl>t refuge pri
SOI\CJ'S. The royal army then xcrired vic.torious towards

In Muttarram, 825 H. (December, 1421}, the Sultan
entered tbe ruined city of Lahor," in which no living
thing except the owl of ill omen bad its abode. After a
whil,e ltle S.ultan turne<lnis attention to the restoration
of the city, nnd under his royal favour 'building was
recommenced. He stayed there encamped by the side of
the Ravi fOr nearlya month, engaged in repairing the fon
and the gates. When this wol'k was completed, he g11VC
the ficl of Lahor to Malikush Shark Malik Mahmud
Hasan. He gave him also two thousand horse, and
luviog made preparation for the maimeoanee of this
force and of tbe fort, he lefc them in hls chnrge, and then
returned to Dchli. ln Jumadal akhir of this same year,
Jasratb Shaikha crossed the rlvers Janbava and Ravi wilh
a large force of horse and foot, and proceeded to Labo.r."

" So )n ihe tcl<l : Dnd>unl hu "Cl1blnao." The Chlnob IJ
-me2fll. SeC 'TtJrlfth .. i Firoz Shahi.
11
So In t11c text : The TabaAat i AkbtJri nJnnkar/' a.ncl
-Fir:istua says, "'BeecuV' but .nwuu is on the
'R..tvi.
n Tt.Lbahati 'Akbtffl.
n He cilh it Jh4hr!i mafm1m, ''Lhc; ba.ppy cl.ty"-:rathe.r :u
with his .(lCJcriptio.n of: it.
"''ShiJhr-i maimun Afpbaralt..abad." The oa.m.c of lts rettorer
.hlttf thus been given to tbc: ''happy city,."
9
uo
ST UDlES' 11'1 TNDI'AN ImTORY
.He pitched hi& camp near the place (tomb) of the Shailtbul
Mashaikh Shail<h Hasan Zanjani, On the Uth Jumada.l
akllir, an engagement was fbuglu in the mud fort (llisari
'kilarn), and l>y Cod's grace Jasrath was repulsed. The
royal forcef came out of the fort in pursuit, but did not
far,, so that tho opposing forcea maintained
tl:lcit-:respective pmitiohl. On the next day j uratb held
his ' giound, buQ on the oltowing W.y he wei:lt down the
Ravv. 'Vhere llaving .assembled the men (''Uiaill11),
hef on the 117th of the month, ell back one ltos from
llahor. Cl>n the 21st he returned' and again attacked the
lm;t, but the arms of Islam were once mdre: vktorloua.
The assailant& '14'ere driven back and pursued, and Jasratb
Tcuumed to. his armf' In this way for a month and
five days fighting went on outSide the fort, but at length
Jasrath [()<retroat towards Ka.tanor. Rai
Blii.m bad como into tb.o fort of K:lla:n:or, 'With' tb.e
of rendering assinance to he royal forOOI. He tiad
(already) excited the enmity of Jasratb; and when
latter approach.ed, constant figltting went oo, but neither
party could prevail. So tile strife. continlJed ; but
ubsequently, in the 100ntb of Ramuan, they made peace.
:Jasrath then went towards tne Ravi, and there he gathered
together all the people of the territory o the Kholtbats-
who were in alliance with him. Silcandar Tuhf'll now
arrived at the ford o.f J3uhl with a Jargc force to support
Malik Mahrnud Hasal\, who had been scm by the Sultan
Jasratb. Unable to resist these forces, Jasrath
Red aaoss the Ral<l aqd Janhava with his followers, and
procee<kd to 'Xe,khar." Malikusb Shark cr<med the
lliyah at tbe ford of J3uhi . and on the 12th Sbawwa),
he ,arrived at Labor, Maille Mahmud Hasan came tbrec
ko,s oUI of the {wt to meet him.
Previous to dii.i, Malik Rajah, atnir of Dibalp!ltj
Malik Sultan Shah Lodl. amir of Sirhind, and 'Rai- Firor
MaJ.n, joined Malik Sikandnr. The :mny (of Sikandar
Tuhfa) marched alolJg the Ravi, and croS<ed tlla,t. 'river
" Hcl'C called T ellar.
between Kalanor and .. the town of Bhob. On reachiDg
the confmes of Jammu," they were joined by Rai Bhlm.
Aiter ellis, some Rhokhars who had separated from
Jasrath, at !he river ot Janhava, were defeated, and the
.army returned co Labor. His Majesty now gave or<lers
ll(aliku-sh Shark Mahmud Hasan should go to the
of Jalandhar, and having got ready (his followers),
!lbould return and join him. Malik Sibl')da:l' was placed
in r;bnrge, of Labor, and in obedience to the royal order,
he proq:cclc<d with his anuy into the fort. lfu Majesty
baviog Mabmud and the otl\er llrY!irs, removed
Malik S).k:andar from the office of turt.tir, and appointed
as his successor Maliku-sh Shark Sarwar, then governor
of the city. The son of the Iauer succeeded him in the
office of governor.
In tho year 826 u. (1423 A.o.), His Majesty made ready
his :tmy, and deu:rmined co march towards Hindustan.
I n the mouth pf Moharram he entered the cettitory
>. an!! colle<;ted the re11enue _and taxes (mal o
mah.r1il). At this time Muhabat .Khan, who bad f!!lt
.himself in danger . from the SulL:tn's father IU>ir.r :Khan,
was acbnitted to an and forgiven. From thence,
the Sultan ttoS!ed the Ganges, and attacked the country
of the RabtOl'S, putting many of the infidels to the :rword.
He remained for some days encampe_d on tile Ganges,
and then he le1t Malik Mubaraz, Zirak Khan, and .Kamal
Kha:n with ;, detactunent i,n the fort of Ka:mpila, to pnt
down any .oucbreak of the Rabtors. The son of Rai
$arwar, wbo had joined His Majesty. and had followed
in bls >:;etinue, llOW took alarm and went off. Maliku-sb
.. ,
'S_9ark KhaiJ:ud din Khnn was sent in pursuit of him
but could not C()ll)e up !lim. He,
his. country. and upoJ?.
'9\e SuiJ:lln marChed and JOlllCd .JPtairud
di11 ln Etawa, when the injidel, rulb- o that country shut
hiin.'lclf up in hl.i'fort. .But he was unable to hold out,
and so this son of Rai . Sarwar ina de ius submission, and
Here called "Jamun."
I

STUDU!S IN INDIAN mSTO:RY
paid lhe revenue and tribute wbicli was owing. His
Majesty then returned victorious to Uehli, where he
arrived in Jumada-1 akhlr, 826 R. Malik Mahmud Hasan
came in wilh a. large body of followers from his ftef of
to wait upon lhe Sultan, and was xecelved with.
great distinction. The office of 'ariJi mamalik was taken
from Malik Kb:riru-d din Khanl and given to Mahmucl
Has;m. This worlby and righ man was a faithful
serva11t of the SlJII.l\ll_; he applied himself diligently ro
business, and bis dignity daily. increased. ln
awwal of t.his same yenr, there was fighting between
jnsratb and Rai nhim. The rni wat' killed, and
the grcMer portion of his horses and anns fell into the
bands of Jasrath. On ascertaining the dl';:ttl\ Rai
:Shim, J:13rath a mihll army of M:ughals with his
oin, ana ' attaCked tlie terri toties of DjbaJp'Ur and Lahor.
M'alik i)mnctliately marched after hiln, bur
Jasrath fell back, and crossed over the Jaohava. About
this time imelligence arrived of the death of Mallk ' Alnul
Mulk, amir of- Muh:an.
Accounts were also brougltt in, that Shaikh 'Ali,"
lieutenant of the prince the son of Sar-'atwasb, was
advancing witlt a large force from to att.1ck lbe
tel;l'itories o Bhakkar and Biwisran. To reputes this
auack and overlltorw the accursed invaders, His Majesty
placed the districts of Multnn and S1wistan under the
charge of Mulikush Sbnrk. Malik Mahmud Hasan, an,d
sent him with arm.y, and with all his family
and dependenr.s, tq Mu)tnn. ,Witen he arrived tltere, he
tranquill}ty among po}>ulation, 'an,d
Ill g. m pcnSJ.ons, and he made tl:ie
people Joyful and happy. The both of the
city and country, felt secure. .He repaired the fort wllich
had been damaged in tbe struggles (/111disaJi) witli tli,e
and be collected a strong army around 11001:
" Firiatu.a ''otte af tht nolllts or Mim Shah 'Ru,kh, ltho
was cmbliohed at
STUl>l5 IN ll'IDIJ\111 HISTOlW
News now arrived that Alp Xhan," amir oE. DhaT,
had rnai:ched against the Rai of Gwalior. His Majesty
hastened thi..th.er with a large army, bur when. he l\l'ri-ved
nt diurict (khittli). of Bayana, the of Auhad Khan,
atnir of Ba}'lloa, wbo murdered his
tincle, Mubarak Khan, rebelled against the Sultan . and
the fon, retired to the top of the hill. His
Majesty sat down with his nrmy at the foot of the hill,
and after a time, the son oi Allhad Khan, being reduced
to extremities, paid his revenue and tribute, and pla:ced
bii neck in the collar o! obedience. Hi.s Majesty then
continued his march toward$ Gwalior against Alp K.b.a.n.
T l'tis chief b.cld the fords of the Chambal, but
anothe1 ford was accidentnlly fotmd, and the royal
passed over. Malik. Mabmucl Hasan and some other
amlr:r, the Mewatlis, and Nusrat. Khan, with their
horse and {oot, plundered the baggage Alp Khan, and
brought many of mm, both b.orse and foot, back as
p.ri.spners. H.is Majesfy considering that both partie!
Musulmans, spared the lives. of the and .. set
them free. Next day, Alp Kbnn sent messengers to
Majesty to make proposals of peace. The Sultan seeing
that 'be was reduced to a state of impotence, consented to
makt peace, on conditiO(! of Alp Khan sendinw in tribu te
and retiring from Gw:tlior. On the following day
1
Alp
.Khan for"larded his tribute, and marched back towards
Dnnr. 'His Majesry tem':uned for some rime encamped
on the banks of tbe Chim\bal, levying revenue and taxes
from the inlid.e!S of ' the negbl>ourhood according to old
custom, after wltich he returned to DehlJ, where be arrived
iii :Rnjltb, 827 H., md devoted himself to the business of
the State.
ln ' Muharrarn. 828 Ii. (Novemer, 1.424), .H.is Majesty
resolved on going to .Karehr. On reaching t.he banks ol
" OW' MS. nd BocLumi give du: nome as "Alb (Alp) llb.on,
but thQ Tabllhdti Altbi rl has "Alaf Khan .(whfdl is a common
crrw fo:r "Oiugh K.hatl'.-,, aru1 adds ltu\t he w:u.knovrn :u "Sultan
.f!uahang," calls .him, ."Sultan Elu<honj;, prince (waiQ
ot M:Uwa,''
IU STUDIES IN iNDfAN BISTO.llY
!he Ganges, 'Ral Har Singh came 1;0 pay his and
was received wilh great condescension ; but as he bad
not paid his toxcs (lnahml) for lhree years, he was detained
for a while." The royal army !hen crossed the Ganges,
and .having chastised !he of the neigltbourhooa,
J]fOCeedcd' to the hills of Kumaytin. ' Titere it stayed f6r
a pme, but when the weather became hot, ' it tnllrched
by the lianb of the :Rahab. Crossing the
GB,nges at ' Gang, 'the intention was to ,mardl to Kanauj :
but there was a terrible famine in lhe citieS of Hindus tan,
ap.d cOO$equcntJ.y the army advanced no ,farther. News
was brought that the Mcwattis had broken out into
rebellion, so the Sultan marched into Mewat, whWt ht
f!lyaged and laid waste. The Mewattis hAving driven off
alf ,the icfuge ln rt"C mountains Of")
J_a/p'a, was, great tronghold. Tb1s was
IJ1lpregnable, and gram and fodder were scarce, s-o the
Sultan returned to Dehli. :He arrived there in lh.e momli
of Rajah, and took up his abode in !he palace. The
amir.r and maliks were dismissed to their own estates, and
the Sultan gave himself up to relaxation and pleasure.
In 829 H. 1425), he' again marched
against Mewac. Jallu and Kaddu," grandsons of Baha
dur Nahir, and everal Mewattis who had joined them,
laid waste their own terri.tories, and rook up a position in
!he of Andwar. They were attacked for
days by the royal fprces, who drove them out of'
Aildwnr, an'd tbep. !hey went to lhe of Alwar.
Next day His. /lfajesty lhe fortified p<>St . o!.
Andwar, and Alwllf., When Jallu anij
.,. The Altbari ia rnore exolict[ :
1
'ln Of
!he due ror lhrce , . .a.... he ,;.. kep't lor lome . d)'S in
COnfinement : but then ha.vfng pa!d tht money; he wa.a. set .at

liid Wilte and depopnhue'd Lbaf:r country."-
Tai!\Jh<iti AlilxrH.
"Taliiii<P.Ji
" The Tabdiat-1 Akbali ond 'Fbishta P.;, In "'""'
For the 6rsc of these names our MS. gives Khalk. ''
ST.IJDlllS :.tN dNDJ...\N li!STORY 155
Kaddu posted tltemselv.S there, the royal forces followed
them. At length they were reduced to distress, and were
compelled to surrender. His Majesty granted them
quarter, and .afterwards graciously gnve Kaddu a
<OO!ption. ' '
"The Sul tan having wasted the countTy of Mewat,
returned home. Fourteen monthl alterwarcl.$, on t11e lith
Multarr.un, 880 ll. (12th November, 1426 A.D.), he
proceeded to Mewat, and aflet 'j)unishing the dJ.salfected
in that quarter, he marched to .Ba:yana. Muhatmuad
K:han, son of Auhnd Khnn, ruler of .Bayana, retired to the
top of the hill, and for sixteen days kept up his resitancc.
Some of .bJs men joined the Sultan, and when be could
no longer hold out, he came forth from the fort in tl;e
month of .Rabl'ul al:hir, with a Tound !tis neclc, and
made his submission. The horses and arms and good
all sorts which were in the fon, be offered as tribute.
By order of the Sultan, his famJly and dependents were
brought OUt _of the fortress and re'nt to Dehli. Bayana
w.U givan to Mukbil Khan. Sikri; whith is now known
Fathpur, was entrusted to Mnlik R:hairu'd a!n 'Tub&.
His Majesty then proceeded towards Gwalior. Tlie :Rai
of Gwalior and [lh<t .Rai$] of Bhan!Pr nnd Chandawar,
made nl) rcslsrance, bur paid their revenue. according to
the old rule.
"The Sultan returned to Dehli .in the month Jumadal
awwaL He then changed the territory Mahmud
Hasan, giving him charge o Hisar Firotah, and trans-
,fcrring Mulran to Malik ltajab Nadira. Muhamm.ad
Kl)an [son of Au bad Khan] h;ving escaped with his family,
<fled to Mewat, where severo! o bJs scattere\:1 fOllowers
rejoined him. There he learnt that Mn.l\k Mulc.b.il [the
;, Tho Tabohnti AIW4r1 and Firihta ogroe iu .. yiug tltJ.t :be
(or th.:y) wert! !mpri.!oned.
1
"\ :tile 'MS. 11 deficient nO mt!ntlo'n ot the )'eAT 8!\0, A hu:unR
OCXU!$ jns,t at 'hia evidtu;cd, by the abrnp1 nf
the and by the omf:ufon of all account ccru.iu cventt
Te<ordcd by other , writC)lJ, What follows,. mukcd by in9orll'tl
commas, is taken from ihc Tabnhali Jtk'bari.
STUDiES IN INDIAN EIJSTOR Y
governor) bad marched Witl\ his <lrmy tow<lrds Mahawan,
leaving Malik Khairud din Tuhfa in the fort, anll the
town empty [of soldiers]. Muhammad Khan seitr.d the
opportunity, and being supported by several uzmindars of
Bayana, he went there with a sm.nll force. Most of the
people of the town e,nd country joined him. Unable
to hold the fort, Malik Khairu-d ditt capitulated, and
went to Dehli.
"Mubarak Shah then gave Dayana to Malik MubarU,
and sent .him against Muha.nunacl Khan. The rebel shut
bin)self up ill the fort, and Mubnrit took possession
the country and began to .manage it. Muhammad Khan
then left n p:u-ty of his adherents in thl' forr, wlill!' he
himself . escaped, and all speed went to join Sultan
lbrahim S!w'ki. Sul[<\n Mubarak Sbab summoned Malik
to aC1;0UJ1t for escape of
Muhpmmad Khan, pnd in pcrsoru.g;tinst .B:\yana.
On his way, a letter reached biro from Kadir Khan, the
governor of Kalpi, informing him that Sultan Ibrahim
Shnrkl was coming up against Kalpl with a strong force.
The Sultan therefore deferred his march to Ba,Yana, and
turned to meet Sultan Ibrahim Sharki. Meanwhile the
fo1ces of Sharki had attacked tb.e town of Bb.u.kann,>t
<1ud were marching upon :Saclaun. Sultan Mubarak Shah.
then crossed the Jumna, ancl attacked the village of Haroli,
one of the well-known places of Mawas. From thence
he to Atroli."
His Majesty was now infonncd that Mukhtass /(han,
brother of Sharki, .had entered the territory. of Etawa
with a Jargc army. and m.any. clephant:s . . He immediately
nnt olE Malikusb. Shark Huan, with ten
.thousand brave and experienced horsemen, against Mukh
tass Khan. The malik marched with this force, and came
ro the place where the Sharki army was encamped. When
Khan heard of his he retreated, and
[Ibrahim Shah] Sbarki. Malik Mahmud Hasan
f-irishla agrees w,lt.h this reading, BQdauui hM llhUn
kannn.
O'TUDli!S IN INDIAN HISl'ORY
rcnained there ><>me days, seeking to take hi.-> opponents
unawares ; but they we.t:e on the alert, and he c:ou ld DOt
fll\d an opportuniry. He then renu:ned -and joioed his
own arm:y. "' [Ibnlhim Shah] Sbarki now advanoed
the banks of the to itt lhe
of Etawa. Hi& Majesty marched ilgains1. him from
Atroll, and arriver at the town of Payirt-kor.al\,
10
' .vhere
the two armies were only a short di$tance aparL When
Slla.Yki saw 1.be mab'llificence and the bravery of His
Majesty, and 1.bc strength of his anny, lie retreated in the
month ' of Jumadal awWal, and went towards Ute town
u[ Rnpri. Tb.cre he crossed the Jumna to Gochang, and.
on, he encamped on the river of Katehr. His
Majesty crossed the Jumna at Cbandnw;u- in pursuit, and
encamped our kos distant .from the enemy. The royal
skirmishers made conStant attacks upon all points, nnd
tltl:ricd off prisoners, cattle, and ho>scs. About twenty
days passed in this manner, the two nonies being i n. cl011e
On l.he' l7lh Jumadal akhir, Shnrki , drew
l<p ;all his lorces, horse and foot and elephants, in battle
urray. Ells Majesty, Malikn"Sli Shark Sarwa-rul Mulk,
Saiyid Salim chjef of the .srtiyid.r, and several other great
amirs, remained in the camp in. safety, and some others
were sent against the enemy. such as Maliku-sh Shark
Malik Mabruud Hasan, and Khan-i 'azam Fath Khan son
of Sultat1 Muzaff-J.r, Majlis-i 'ali Zirak Kh.an, Maliu-sh
Shark SultJUl Shah. who had lately tceei.vcd the title of
of lslnm Khan, Jamnn, grandson of the late l<.han-i
Jahan, Kalu Kh;ull, of the elephnnu, Mnlik Ahmad
T uhfa, an,d Malik Mukbll K.ban. The batde began and
'went on from midday till evening; but aa night cll, the
withdrew to their respective peitions. Neither
side turned their backs, but remained fighting till the
k!r. T-hel'e were many wounded in the army of Sharki,
"' Titat is, the royal army.
UJ ''A'bi si'jl1h.n meaning tbe Kalinad.l.
tw The &h.bari ond l'lrts.Jua
"Malikota. ' ' '
IBS
S't<ODlES .IN JNDIA.N HISTORY
so thao when. ncxn day he saw the mength o the royal
forces, , he retreated towards the Junma. On . the 17th
Jwnada:J akhir, he crossed from Gudraug to Rapri, and
from tbeoce marched to b.is own conDO')'. The Sultan
pursued him to Gudrang; bon .as the combatants on both
. side wer.e JMu.rolmans, His. Majesty yielded to the inter
aeuion o ,his no.bles, and gave up the pursuit,
He \IAcn JIUnrcbed to I4:ath-kant, whe.re be took rcveuue
anll taxes and tribute, according ro old custom, from
the Rai (){ Gwalior, and other rnis. Turning homewards,
he .proceeded along the Cbrunbal, and entered Bayana.
Mubrunmad Khan Auhad! had joined Sharld, and
consequently being n.frnid, he shut himself up in lhe
fo.rt. The Sultan invested the fort, 'vhkh was very lofty
knd strollg, and was deemed impregnable. But the
garrison was unable to ,make a successful deenceJ their
lunds wer.e poweF!css against the,oamila.nts, -and their, Jeec
we.(e unable to O.ee. So they were compelled to capitulate
and ask for mercy. His Majesty, full o royal mercy and
compnssion for Mmulmans, forbore to punisli Muhammad
K.han, and granted him forgiveness. He directed his
fO!'CCS to remove from the fort, and on the 261h Rajab
lie =chM out with hi$ followen, and went of towards
MewaL His Majesty remained there for some day' to
et in order the wasted dty; tbcn lie took e!l'ectual <'are
to preserve the district and fort(es.s, by apf.ointing as
their governor Malik Mahmud, who ltad eldtibitcd gTtat
and. loyalty in Lh.e government and protection
1:1f :p&ov[[\ces, :md )lacl successfully accomplished many
great duties. Thus, in th.t:t . beginning of the reigu, he
lmd fought against Jasrath K.hokhar; a11d when he held
tb,e command at Labor, he luld successfully con ten!lcd
against. the ptince:<leputy of the Prince of Khura.an,"'
and had him from coming to Multan. He
was now appointed to command the fort of !!ayana, ancl
to manage the territory, and that ikttt afld all its
dependencies were ; placed under nis charge.
m Tbc general of Shan ltukh.
5'I'UDIES lN JNDIAN IDSTORY IS9
His Majeny then departed homewards, and proceed
ing along llie banks of the Jumna, he reached Dehli on
the 15th Sha'ban, 831 a. (-80th April, H28 A.D.), and> cook
up Ws residence in Siri. Then dismissing the amin ;..nd
mdtlks' to their fiefs, he gave up to pleasure anq
In the month of Shawwal, be seized
thei M=atti, for ILwing allied llimu:l to Sultan
tlbr.ihim Sharld], and for baving kept up a correspondence
Mlh him : after\vards heMd him put to death privately.
HiS Majesty the.n !l<!ni sarw:rrul Mulk with an army
to Mewat, to repress the of the people and
settle the country. The inllllbitants laid waste several
of their town.< and vi)lages, places nourishing In the
desert, and then retreated into Lb.e mountains. Ja1al
Kh:ut brother of Malik Kaddu, and some other chien,
including Ahm.nd Khan, Malik Fakhru-d din, and several
other tn<llik$ related to them . collected all their horsemen
and footmen, and assembled in. the fort of Alwar. When
Malik Sarwarul Mull: sat down against the fori, the
liisiege<l saw fbJit it was hopeless to resist, so tbcy made
J?topows for peace, . engaging to give. hostages Cor the
payment o their n:\lenoe. In accordance with this
engagemcm, having- received tire revenue (mal), taxes
(tnllltsui), and hostages, SaYWru:ul Mulk rctur.ned with his
arniy to Dehli.
in the Illonth of ill ka'da, intelligence was brought
that J asrath Kl'aokhar had be$1eged the town of Kalanor.
Maliku;h Shark Malik Sikandar Tubfa matthed from
Lab.or to relieve the place, but Jasrath, quitting his
,p9Sition before Kalanor. advanced some kos ro meet him.
?': followed, in wh\tb Jamltlt was victoriotb;
M'lilik S:ikandar retreated with his forces to 'L:llior.
Jlasilig, by KalanQ\', croSS<!d the .Biyab, and a(bCked
Jalanahar ; 'but the place was strong, and' he was
to take it, so lie retreated to K.alanor, carrying off the
peot>le ot the h'eighbo'!thood as prisonezs. When His
Majesty was informed of these occurrences, he ordered
iliirak 'Khan, arilir o. Somana, .and Islam Khan, amir of
140
STUJ>ttS IN INDIAN HISTOllY
Sirblnd, to unite theit forte$ and advance to reinforce
Malik Sikandar. .But before they reached Lab.ot, MAlik.
Sika:ndar had gone to Kalanor, and there unititlg with
bis own forces all the horse and foot belonging to Rai
Ghallb of tOwn, he marched after Jamth, and met
him near .Kangra. on the banks the Biyah. noth
armies drew up in battle array, :rnd the fight began. The
forces o! Islam were yictoriou&. Jasrath being defeated,
all tlle spoib which he bad gained at Jalnnd.har fell into
the hands of the victors, and he retreated to Tekbar.
Malik Sikandat than returned to Labor.
1n Muharrrun, 832 IJ, (OctObf:l', 1428 A.D.), MalikuSh
Shark MAhmud Hasan h?-ving sttppt'CS!Cd the rebclllon
which M ubammad Khan Auhadi had stirred op among
the infidels ot. he q,uitte<l district and went
to wait 11pon His in' Dehli. He was received
with great favour, and the 'net of 'liisar l'lrozah was
grn.nted tO him.
,ais Majesty detct:minecl to march into the :mountains
cf Mewat, and the royal camp was pitcned IlL the tOp of
the Haur-i i<hass. The amits and m(Jiif<l from all pans oE
country joined. it. Marching !rom the Sultan
procz:edecl ro the p!!lace of aindwari, and resu:d there for
a while. Jalal Khan, Mewatti, and other Mewattis, ucing
reduced to extremities, broushc in the money, contribu
tions, nnd tribute according to old rule, and o them
wpe granted the honour of paying Iu the
<>f Shawwal . the royal 8tandards returned safe and victori-
out to tb.e capital. Nothiol\' else of importance was done
iliis year.. Ab.out this time, intelligence. was received of
t!te dqaili of Malik. Rajah amir of Molran, al\d
U1e fief of Mulcan was restored to MaliJmsn Shark
Map mud HMan, wno received. tbe tide of 1madul Mu1k;.
'l.n.cl was sent to Mult:>;n with a large army.
Jn. the year 833 H. (1429-30), the Sultan led his
to Gwalior, and pa$8ecl ilirougn the country of .Baf.ilna.
'Having punished t11e rebels of Gwalior, he proceeded tb
S'fuDI11.S lN INDIAN HISTORY
Hathkant. The R:U of Hathkant was defeated, and he
fled in ro the mountains of J.Ubar. l'Iis C.(/unc:ry was
pillaged and laid WMte, and many of its infidel inhabi
t.anuo wexe made priscmexs. from thence the army
proceeded to Rapri, and the lief of Rapri was taken from
rhe'Jon of Hasan I<ltattand given to Malik Hamza. The
army then returned to i n the month of
Ii>uxmg the lllltrclt, Satyld SalllD 'liltS attacked by illness
and died. Hi! b<><ly was placed rn a coffm, and .carried to
Dcbli with aU speed. and butiect. S<uyid Salltn. was [for
t.b.irty yea.rs, one o.f the great nobles in the service .of]'"
the late Khizr Khllil, al)d be held many fiefs (ikla's)
and in the DoalJ, besides the .fort of Tabarhindh
(Si.rbind). (i.is Mayesty had nlso grnn.ttd to him the
khill<t of and the ikln' of Am.rohn. The late
Saiyid 'vas n very avaricious .man, and in the course of
time bad amassed no immL'llSe sum of money, nnd vast
quan.tities of and s\nfl's in the fort o Tabarhindh
(Slrhind). After his death, .nl.l the ih.ta's and parga11a.r
were. gfven to b.is sons. The eldest son teceived the title
of Saiyid Khan, and the other wns entitled Shuja'u-1
mu.lk. In l'he month. of Shnw\val, Pulad Thrkbacba,
slave of Saiyid Salim, came into the fort of Tabarhindh,
at the instigation of the Salyid's sons, and there began ro
prer.are for rebcllion, His Majesty imprisoned the
Saiyid's. two sons, and Yuruf, Si!tub and Rai Hans-a
.Bhatti, to conciliate the !lbovementioned Pulad, and to
get possession , of l.he late Saiyid's weal !.h. When they
came near the. fort 61 Tabarhindh, on tbe first day, 'Pulrul
1net them and conferred with them in the most friendly
way; b,e also sent them provisi.ons,, and made them feel
at e;a$11. .Nellt day he sallied out of the fort. with IUs men,
and made a sudden attack"' upon iltem. Malik Yusuf
and Rai fla.usu <liere informed o his treachery, and
l .. Tl\CU:: 'WOrdl, wanting 'n L.he MSI, are taken fro_an the
Tabakati Akbari.
u
11
$1t.ab-k1wn. ' ' Rtymologtcally tbil o. nigllt btlach.
and II ao expla.ined by the Dictiorut.r.iu, but it ieetns lO be used
(Or any sudden Ondauiht.
1'2
S'l'UDJBS !N INDIAN fllSTORX
their fol'ces ready to meet !tim. 1\Jtb.ough !he
men wete all covered with iron, yat they could
not 5tand before the infamo!IS Pulad."' At the first
onset they were scattered like drops, and he pursued.' them
for a partuar,g.. Tjlcn be and took. pooscSSion of
tlieir baggage, rents, . money, ,goods. and whatever they
hlld Jtft behind them.
The' Sultnn, wber\ be heard of dill, was much
ofiacted, and started for Tabarhindb. He nrrl ved at
Sanuti, where the amirs and malihs of those p:u:u joined
the' royal standard: Pu1'ld had n:w,tle many preparations
for the siege, and had strengthened Wmsd! in the fort.
Majlisi 'ali Zirak Khan, Malik Wu, keeper of the
. elcpbanrs, Islam Khan and Kamal Khan invested the fort.
?vfulil<.u-sh Shark 'lmadul Mulk, ami,. of Multan, was
summoned to come from Multan and advise upon the
suppressiott of Pulad's rebellion. In tbe month of Zil
hijja, 'Imadul 1\hlk left Ws atmy in M ultan, and pro-
ceeded hastily'" to Sarsuti with a small .(lrty, -where he
wat admitted to .an lnterview. But befor'e this, Pulad
bod said to b:iriuelf that he could depend upon the pro-
mhe and protection of 'lmadu-1 Mulk, and that if
l.b.rough Jilin be co'uld Ws object, be (Pulad) would
return to Ws obedience, nnd would hope for .llie honour
O.E being received into the royal prcseoce. 'Imadu-l Mull:
was sent forward to Tabarhindh tn excite his expecta
tions. Pulad came o'ut of tile fort, and had an interview
wilh 'lmadu-l Mulk and Malik Kalu in front o the
gate.U "l'ulad, however, talked and made
,_. Pufad or ful.ad meant Jtttl.
1
'"' The wo1'd UJed. lt "jarmftf.'' CO w-hlch the DlctJonilrio giyc
of ,. nume:rot.n or cnrumbe:rod army... In a pfevfot.J
, pwagc It cmcd to have the meaning of <<fJ.,..,., qul<l; and
J.fJ cJcarJy the mconing of it bcrc. The whole )>:usage runs
W,h(UJha hhcsh ''*" ilcr. t.lloll<ut gUiAJittl '""'"'"
da.r hho.J4h J:CJf"Ut/ O:rnJ.Id. lt ill evidcqtly, \quJvalent
1rl<!a.
'" .i3o:ic ,:lgllin there 1.t bteak In tbe MS. What- fOlio,..,
with invefled cotomas. Js (tom the! .4./tbfUi.
but determined to persevere in his revolt.'" So 'Imadu-1
Mulk retirrhed ' 11ntuccessM. [n the month of Safar, the
Sultan ordered' 'Imadnl Mulk back to Mullan, and . .he
hin1sel returned to Dehli.
"The ' Sultan tefL l6lam Khan, Kam.a[ Kltan, an.d Rai
Main to. carry on che siege of Tabarbindh. 'Imadul
Mulk ,instructed chese ofli.cers as to the siege opemtiom.
and then departed. {or Mult!J'o. Pulad held out for six
months. He then sent a sum of money by che bnnds of
some u:usty adherents to. Shaikh 'Ali Beg, ilt Kabul,
citing his liSSlst;mce."' In the month of Jumada-1 awwal,
Shaikh Ali wen.t to Tabarhindh. When he oune 1Vlthin
ten {t.os distance, Islam. Khan, KamaJ Khan, and aJl tile
ocher amirs abandoned the siege, and went to their own
homes. Pulad then came out of che fo.rt, and 'Md an
inte1-vicw with Sh.a.ikb 'AU, to wh.om be paid the two lae&
of tanlt4S he had promised. Shaikh 'Ali, wit{ him
the family a! P,ulad, started on hls retuJ;tl. Passing
through jala11dhar, be went to Lahor. Malik
SU.andar gave him the mollCy which he paid JQ him
;,mnually, and sel;lt him away. From thence, Shaikh 'Ali
prQCeeded to Talwara, and endeavoured to destroy it.
'lmadul Mulk now marched to Tulamba, in order to
oppose 1\.isu, and Shaikh 'Ali not being strong enough to
meet him, went off to Khatibpur. Orilers now arrive(!
for 'Imadul Mulk to leave Tulamba and go to r,fuhan.
On l.hc 24th Sba'ban, he accordingly prO(;eeded to Mol
tan, mld Sbaikb 'AU being emboldened, crossed the Ravl
Khatibpur, and laying all waste along the banlllt of
the Jhilam, which is w<ll known as the Jinl)b (Gbinab},m

Multan. .when he arrived iu: l\ vUlage

:>. !;as. from Mill tan,. 'lmar.l.ul Mulk sent o.ut Sultan
tn(Bauaunt.: t 'more ex:pUdt. Ht .Pubd ''came out Qnd
11aw -bul he did not feel 1usurcd: l'<> being t[l'aid.
he. went back to die tort. and 'COntinued the war.''
'b .. SBilkh govemot of Kabul on tlle of
Shah Rukb ,M'iQ.3.' '-Baq_auni nnd F'ui$hta. .
. m b tlti stlltbncnt of tbc tat, 'ind J.i'U:bhh\
t:Op1et ll.

STUDIES IN ,lNDIAN RISTO'RY
Shah Locll uncle of Bahlol "l,.odi to oppose him. This
officer m.et b.is enemy unexpectedly, wns His
anny was put to 6igtu, and tl1e men returned in small
partie., to Multan. On the 3rd Rama.zal), 1he Shaikh:
OCc\'(>iCd Kh:>.irabad, D<!M Multan," On th!! 25th of
'" Shaikh 'Ali a'dvantl:d with nll his
Mulmn, to make an nssault; but the
of"'lm':ulu-1 Mulk and lhr 'cititens sallied fort11 to
him. A 6gbt took place in chc gardens, and tbe
1i5sailall:t:s were driven back, with the loss of all the pro
v'iSrons they hao brought with them. On the 27th
Ra1nazao, they again made an attack. in great force. nis-
mounting his in order to push through the
gates of the city, 'lmadu-l Mulk feU upon them witJI his
bors'e and foot, and they, unable to support Ius ntr.ack,
Some were killed, some in tll
irik bitcl: ro the ma,in' 'll'OC!y. Being thus af.lln defedt<!d,
they dared not make :tn)' further attac'k upon: the place.
Wlten the report of the:.<e re:iclted che ears (>f
the Sultan, he sent Majlls-i 'ali Khan-! 'azam Fath Khan
son of Sultan Mmalfar Gajarati, Ma jlisi 'ali ZirJJ.k Khan.
Malik. Kalu keeper of the elephMts, Kh,ani 'azam Islam
JU1an, M:Uik 'lusuf Sarwaru-l Mulk, Khan:-i 'aznm Kal
Khan, nn.d Rai H.'\nsu K.bul Chain .Bhatti with a large
army. to rei.u!orce Mallk.u-sb Shnrk 'lmndu-J Mulk. On
the 26th Shnwwal, this army arrived in the hhilta o
and remained enC'Imped for some days. On
Ftioay,' , 3rd Zi-1 ka'da, it and apyroachiilg
tbe prnyer-house (7tamtt<-gah), endeavoured to o;nter tlie
hutila of 'Aia-1 Miilk. Shaih 'Ali w11s inforlne1! of thi.l,
and he drew up all his ho'* arid l!lOt jn opposition. The
royal forces also were roar!haUed ready f&r the fight:
Maliku-sh Shark Mulk 'was in lhe centre i
Ma jlli-i 'all Fath Khan, Malik usaf, and 'Rai HariJu on
the right; and MjlJ1is-i 'all Zirak Khan, Malik Kalu
1
Kb.;m,i. 'azam.Islam Khan, and ll.lwll 'azam ll:amal Khan
. , .
, .. The ploces thu evtnt on
n1ontb. and the toltowl-ng one on the ''27th.'' .
STUPIES lN JNDMN HISTORY
145
on the left. At the .Jight, even (1'0m a .. o the
approach of the royal .forces, the hearts of enemy
; and when r.he warriors made a general
cbatge on them, they broke and Bed. So precipitate wns
thcir night, that they never looked behind them. Several
of tlicir geq.erals liilled endeavouring to escape, and
tbe .rest of the army took refuge iu fortification which
had bl!e11 raised round Ute baggage. Tlte victorious army
preSS<:don to tbc fortillc:ttion.s, !llld the enemy, unable to
withstand the attack, were driven h1to llte Jlulam. M:.ny
were .drowned,'" and those who escaped the waves were
killed or mndc prisoncn. Hnji Kar wns wounded, a.nd
among the drowned. Shai.kh 'Ali a)ld Amlr
Muzaffar crossed the river in safety, nnd proceeded with
a few horsemen to the towrt of Shor. uo All their anus,
baggage. and equipmcuts fell into tltc hands of the
victon. So g.tcat o h.ad never befallc.>t on army
at any fol'mer time, or under any reign. All wb.o tool:. to
the. water were drowned, and all who resisted on the
battle-field .were killed.; neither !light nor fig)lt awlled to
save them. To return to our .narrative : Malik.tl-sh
Shark Malik .'Imadu-1 Mulk. that is, Malik Mab.tnud
Hasan, and the other commanden, on 1th Zil ka'da,
pursued Shaikh 'Ali to the town of Shor. Am.ir
Muzala'rllf prepared himself to stand a siege in the fort
of Shor, and to figlu it out. Shaikh 'Ali, defeated and
disoouraged, fled with a small body of followers toward$
Kabul. At this juncture, orders arrived from the Sulran,
in accordance wit.h which aU the ami'l"s who had been
)eft the fort of SbOr, and proceeded to the capital.
ln consequence of th1l business, the il!ta' of Multah was
frcful ,Malikil-sh Sbar'k, aud given to Malik Kbairu-d
din K.han1. .But tJili trarufer was made inconsideratdv
and impuden.tl.)', and b.ence g)leat trottbles and dlsturti-
J
11
P41Fittlri blfirtn,l.n lfnhl liifas1Jhar.l Firaun f'a.tfdand.
u Sometimes written "Sor," ttncl sometimes
41
8eof"' or


t)le TaboknN say. "Shor." Flrlthtll unci
dn "Sewac."
1
of. SJ\&ikh AlJ."'-ToboluUi Akbnrt.
10
STUDlES IN lNDlAN HISTO.R.Y
ances .arose in the khitt'- of Multan, 'vhicb will ltavc to
Ire narrated in subsequent pages.
In the year 835 a. (1481-2) it ws rcporlcd to the
Sultan that Malik Sikandar Tuhfn bad marched toward!.
Jnlnndbar.
For Ja.uath Shail<ha Khokbar l1ad come dowJJ
with a strong force rom the mountains of TeUtar, and
having crossed lbe Jhllam, Ravi and lliyah, had come
near to Jaiandbar on tl1e river Pani, Malik Siknndar
was incaution!, and encountered him with a small force-.
At. the- first charge he was defeated, and by. the decree o
fate feU into the hands of Jasrath. Khokhat. Some of
Malik Sikandnr's men were 'killed in the fight, ar1d some
Red to Jasratb carried off SiJ<anclal' and sotne
othen who had been made prisoners with him, and
marched in triumph to Labor,_ to which fort:res! he laid
siege. Saiyid Najmu-d din, Lieutenant of Sil:andar, and
Malik Khwh-khal>r, his shwe, held the fort, and carried
OJJ a cotiStaol fight with. the besieger5. While th:is was
passing Shaikh 'Ali collected a band of accursed wretChes,
and-attacked the n-on tiers of Multan. He made prisoners
of the people of Khatibpur, and 4everal other villages orr
the banks of the Jhilam, as be descended that river. On
the 17th Rabi'ul nwwal he reached Tlllamba, and ha\ling-
got the people of the town tO surrender, he kept the
chiefs of them prisoncn. Then be gave his accursed
foUowers pe1:.mission to tale possession of the fore. Next
day, :ill the became the prisoners of the un
clean r1,1thle# ioJidels. .Mthougb many good men of tl1c
place imams,- sa.iyids, and iuis; no respect fo'r the
MuJ\llman religion, no fear of God, oould 'l'ettrain th.nt
.accursed wretch, devoid alike of feeling and shame
Women, youtlu, and little children were ail dragged to
his house. Some of the .men were killed and rome- were
set at liberty. . The fort of T ulamba, which was very
strong, he enused. toJ?e destroyed.
About this time PuT ad. Tu.rk' bacba came out ;bf
Tabarbindb with his foUowcrs, and attacked tbe country
STUD!J!S IN HISTORY 147
of R:ti F.iroz. As soon as the rai heard of t.h.ls, he marcned
wilh IUs horse and foot to oppose him, and a battle
followed. The rai was shun, and the victorious l'ulad
cur off hu head and carried it to Tabarlriodh. He also
secuied many horses and a supply of grain. Wilen
the Sultan received in.formatlon of these evenu, he him
&elf marched towards Labor and Multan, and he sent
Malik Sarwar on in advance wllli a strong force to repress
the rebellion of Pulad. When the at:my came near to
Samana the infamous Jasrntn Khokhar abandoned the
siege of the fort, and wcut into the hills of Tollutt, carry
ing with him Malik Sikandat". Shaikh 'Ali also, fearing
the royal :u:my, retreated towards Bartot."' The fief of
Lahor was taken ftom Malil:.ush shari:. Shamsu-1 Mulk,
and given into the charge of Khtuli 'azam Nun-at Kbau
GarS"nndn%. M:tlik Satwat br ought the family of Shamsu-l
Mulk out of Labor, and sent them to dte capital. Nuual
Kh11n U1u.s became ponessed of me fort of Lallor and the
fief of J nlandhar. Jn the monUt of Zil hljja Jasratb
Rhokhar came down with hill followers !'rom the hills,
and 11tt!lcked Nu.snt Khan at Labor, but, in the end. he
was wowed aod returned to the hilli. The Sultan
pitched his royal camp on Lhe tiver Jumna. near to lhe
i<ltitta o Panipat, ttnd there be remained for a time.
From ilience, in me mouth of Ra jab, he sent Maliku-sh
Shark 'lmadul Mull: with a strong force to Bayana and
Gwalior, with orders to pu.nislt the rebels and infidels
of those parts. He llimself then returned to the capital.
ln 856 .a. in ilie month of Muharram (Sept., 1.432),
the king 1Jlarcbed from Dehli to Samnna, to punish lhe
disaf(ectcd in that neighbourhood. He proceeded as far
aJ. ]'l'tws was then brought . that. Mak.bdumai
qrc>dler, was very ill. He .ihimediately .returned
to 'the' tapital. leaving )li! army and baggage in charge
of the amirs .and ma/iks. A days after his return
his .tnoilier died. After perforll)ing her obsequies be
m .. Ma.r:tot.' '-Tabak4u-i Akbari.
148
STUDIES LN INDIAN ll!STORY
umained for a day ln the capital, and then returned to
his al"J11y. On his arrival he ordered Malik Sarwar to
march witb an army, appointed for the purp=, against
the fort of. Tabarbindll, where Pulad Turk-bacha. had
made himself stronger- than he was before, having thro1<11.
into the fort all the arms and implements and 'gt'a:iri whim
be. had gathered from the eounuro Rai Firoz. The foxt
waJ.jnvested and opernlioos were begun. Malik Sarwnru-1
Mull<., when the dispositions were made, left Majlis-i
:all Zlral< Khan, Islam Khan, and Malik .Ka,hun Raj in
command. a.od procccd,cd with a $mall escort to join the
Sultan at Panipat. The Sultan having given up !tis
design of poceeding on his intended expedition, took
the fiefs of Labor and Jalandhar (rom Nusrat Klmn, and
gave them to Malik Allah-dad. [When Malik Allah-
dad arrived Jalandhar, Jasnuh Sha.ikha the
Biyah and attacked him.]"' Jasrath was victorious and
the Mali!< being obliged to .nee went into the mountains
of .Kothi. 1n ibe mouth of llabi'ul awwaJ Lhc Sultan
marched towards t11e mounraltls ot Mcwar, and arrived
a.t the town o[ Taoru.
110
Jalal Khan Mewnttl, on hea.r-
rng of his advance, shut himself with n large in the
fort of Andaru,
11
1 is tl1c sttongcst place bclongit1g
to the Mewauis. Next day the Sultan prepaxcd to
atta'k the place, but before hls forces dxcw near, Jalal
Khan set fire to the forr, and making hls way out he wcnL
cifl' towards Kutil:t. T he greater part of the provisions
and materials and grain, which had been collected in
prospect of lh!' fell inro the ban!ls of the woyal
forces. H'IS Majesty then away, a.nd encamping
:u the town of Tajara, he devastated the greater
part of the country of Mewat. Jalnl Khan, being
distressed and helpleSll, .returned to hb allegiance; and
payil)g his revenue and taXCIJ according to old rule,
ti The w-Ord! tn bra.clcct.s are c:aken :rom the .Tabakt.U-i ilhba-ri
tupPI)'.';:r maJtiest f'\ra.nt in ou:r MS: ' '
111
TabW.ti .4kbttrl uya ''N11clir."
m Sec supra.
STUDlF.S IN INDIAN HISTORY Hll
gave up his ram and was parrloned. Malik
'Imadul Mulk joined the Sultan at Tajara l'.itll a strong
Coree of .horse and foot from The Sultan sent
Malik Kamalul Mull:: and all the amirs and mali!ts from
T>tja.ra to coerce the infidels of Cwalior and Etawa, and
he biwel remrncd with an escort to the capital, which
he reached in tbc month of Jumadal awwal.
After he had been tbere a few days, the intelligence
arrived tbat Shail:.b was marching witb a large force
againSt tbe amirs who were engaged in the siege of
Tabarhindll (Sirhind). Tnis troubled His Majesty, for
he feared lest these amir.r, alarmed at the news, mould
raise the siege, as it had bem raised before. He tberefore
sent Malik 'lmadu.l Mulk to support them; and when
that chief arrived, lhe officers in command were
encouraged and strengthened. Sbaikh 'Ali, marchiug
quickly .from Shor, ou entered the country on the banks
of Lhe niyal1, and after making prironers of many of the
men o( and other villages, he on to
Lanor. .l)!alik Ywuf Snrwar, Malik Isma'il nephew of
Majllsi 'nli Zi.rak Xhan, and the SOil Bihar K,lian,
had been left in charge of tbe fort of Labor. They now
closed 1he fort, and opposed tbe assailantS. The people
o the ciLy were negUgcnL o their watch and ward;
consequently Malik Yusuf and Malik Isma'il left tbe city.
by night and lled. Shaikh 'Ali sent a force in pursuit.,
Mlmy of the horsemen fell under the auaeks of the
accursed punuea, and many were taken prisoners,-
including Malik. Raja. Next day the accursed Shaikh
'Ali made nil the Musulmans of the ciLy, both men aod
women. prisoners. This g;ra.ccless fellow had
no. object or occupation to lay waste the seats
of laJ11 jlnd .to make MusulmaJ:IS a.ptive. Arter making
prisoQt:rs of the men of Lahor, he remained there for
.some days, and repaired the walls of the !ortress which
ut The MS. of thif :Badnunf nnd an write
"Shc-wa:r: o.r "Sewar," but tbe Tabalutti llltbari correct in
giving "Shor."-See IUj>ro.
STUDIES IN INDIAN HISTORY
had been damaged. Then leaving about 2,000 men,
horse and foot, behind, with the of standing a
siege, he marched towards Dibalpur. Malik Yusuf
Sarwaru-1 Mulk was about to abandon tht: fort of Dibal-
pur: arid flee, as be had abandoned that of Labor ; but
Maliku-sh Shark 'Imadul Mulk ac Tabarhindh, being
informed of his intention, sent Malikul umara 1\{al:ik
AJIIJ.lad, his brother, with a body of men, to hold the
fort. Shaikh "Ali had (onnerly) escaped alive witJ1 a
thousand troubles from before Maliku-sb Shark, and
dread of Lliat chief still ruled in his heart, so be was
unable to go to Dibalpur.
ln Jumadal akhir the Sultan receiv('(} int<:l)igence ot
movements. The b:rave monarch, prompted only
by hill courage, and with<>ut hesitation, marched with the
limited force which was ready at hill command to Sarnana.
There he waited sorne days for Maliku-sb Shark Kamalu-1
Mulk: When that chief, with tJtc force un.der hls
command, joined the Sultan, he left Samana and marched
to Talwandi (belonging to) Rai Firoz Main, he
encamped. Here .he was joined by Maliku-sh Shark
'Imadu-1 Mulk and Islam Khan Lodi, who bad been ser>t
to Tnbarhindh. Giving o-rders to hu other amirs not
to delay the investment of the fort, he hastened on and
ao<JSed (the Ravi]
0
' at the t<?rd of Pohl. When the
enemy heard of these movements, he was alarmed, and.
tool: to l)ight. The royal forces arrived in the neighbour-
hood of Dibalpur, and, crossing the Rnvi, encamped .oil
the other side, when the accur$.ed foe had already ct0$$ed
the Jhilam. Maliku-sb Sbatk Sikal'tdar Tullfa now
received the title of Sbamsu-1 Mul'k, with the liefs of,
Dibalpur and Jalandhar.'" The Sultan marched oo
unopposed towards Shor, which was in the possession
of the enemy, and. crossed the Ravi near the town of
Tulamba, sending on MaUku-sb Shm-k in pursuit of the
1
" Badauni , I
..,,. There ls 3 brokcm ientenu bctt wbid\ .is not supplied by rhe
otller wri[et1.
I,
t
srunmsm mntAN. msroRx
161
toe. But he fted precipitately, never staying ro look
behind him, and many horse1 and much baggage and
good:> which he llrul got in boats fell into the hands of
the viGton. Shaikh 'Ali's nephew Amir Muzaffar, was
in command of the fori. of Shor, and hald out for nearly
a month; but he was at length compelled to capitulate
in Lhe month of Ramnzan. He gnvc his daughter to
the king's son, and paid a laTge siom of .money .u tribute.
The band of Mughals who were in Labor capi
tulated to Mnliku-.th Shar.k Shamsul Mulk in the month
Shawwnl, and he thcot took pooession of the place ....... ..
Maliku-sh Shark 'Imndul Mulk bad bcett succes.sul in
several lrnpottant charges, so the Sultan took the fiefs of
Dibalpur, Labor, and Jalandbar from Malik Shamsu-l
Mulk and gave them tO 'lmadul Mulk : he also gave the
6.ef of :Bayana wnich 'tmadud din had held to Snamsu1
Mulk. Leaving his elephants ond horses, his army and
baggage and followers, in charge o Maliku .th Shark
Kamalu-1 Mulk, the Sultan hastened with all speed to
Dellli, which he reached on the day of the 'ld [of Kurban].
On the 1st Zil hijja Knmalul Mulk also arrived
with the army. The duties o diwan and warir were not
effectively discharged by Sarwarul Mulk; so as Kamalu-1
Mulk had shown in nU his duties to be trustworthy,
capable and loyal, tne lliwan i a.shraf was transferred tO<
him, and the of!kc o wo.U, only was colt6=ed to
Sarwarul Mulk. They were both ordered to carry on
1:he affairs of the State in concert, but they acted falsely
to cac!l other. [K:unalu-d din wns the more competent
man],'" so tbe govemnocnt officials consulted him about
their all:nirs. SaTWllrul Mull<.'s thoughts were now turned
tOw blood. .Bis deprivation of the fief of Dibal pur
had rankled lilr.e a thorn in Ws heart, and bi3 mind
now set upon efl'ecdng some revolution in the St.1tc.
Some villainous inlidets, such as the of Kapgu and
Kajwi Khatri, whose families, from the days of their
m TiJbtzkati .dltbati.
152
STODIIIS J:1o/ JlWIAN HISTORY
ancestors,. had been patronized and protected b) the royal '
house, and had become masters of many servant$ I
Rnd followers and much territory and power ; &ome
Musulmans also, Miran Sahib, deputy of the
'arir..i mamalik, Kaii 'Abdu-s Sam11d Khan Hafib and
ot:l:tm, conspired with Sarwaru-1 Mulk, and were intent
llpon their design [of lcilHng the They did
not lin.d an opportunicy, but no fear of God or shame of
man restrained their hands rom this wick_cd and sensclc.-.
deed.
The Sultan had determined to build a ciry on the
banks of the ]umnn, ..had on the 17th R;tbl'u-1 awwnl.,
837 tt. (31st October, 14JlJl}. he laid the foundation of a
ciry at Kharababad,"' nnme given to that iU-omcnecl
city was Mubatakabacl He knew not that the fouada
tion his exstence>' wa$ shaken, ,and that his life had
turned ii.\ fate towarcls departure l:lc devoted. much time
and care to the direction of au. building. .AJ. this time
intelligence was btoqght of UH! reductio1t of the fore o
Tabarhlndh by the autits who lurd been sent against it,
and or the death of the evil Pul.ad, whose head had been
Cllt olf and sent to the Sultan by. the- bands of Miran
Sadr. The Sultan now set out, as it fat hunting, to
settle and make quiet the country of Tabarhindh. After
staying there a few daf", he returned in good health and
spmu. aild went to the city o Mubarakltbacl SubsequenL-
Iy he proceeded tow:uds Hindustan; for }je had heard
of bavingbro:Xcn out bct1yeen Sultan 1brab.itn and
Alp Khan, on account of KalpL He had previou.lly
contemplated _leading his armie5 in d.irection; and
on this lntelllgence, hi! course WIU decided.
were se1tt in every direction for of the
capital, nnd the malilts of every. country, to gather. their
tu Badaua.i and !lriaht.a..
"' Neither the T<tbaAnli Akbarl nor Fi:risbta a.nyLhJug
-about Khuababa.d. smt.e1ne1tt is di.l[erent. founded
iL cilywbith he ailed Mubarnkabad city}, but wbfch m
reality, wu Kh1111babad (ruJned city), '-See Tlli>mu's "Chronicles
of the Palhan Rings.." p. SS2.
;
STUOJ.E.S lN h'IDIAN I:USTO:R Y 151
forces with the greatest celerity. and to join His Majesty.
WbJ,1t a lai:ge army was assembled, iu the month. of
Jiunad:tl akhlr, the Sultan ltft the city to bcgln his
march to Hindustan, and he encamped for a few days at
the chautara, o.e Snirgah. Thence h.c proceeded with
only a small escort, and without ceremol)y, to Mubarala-
bad, in ordct to sec the progress of the buildings. The
UIIW!)rlby Sarwarul Mulk had been watching his oppor
tunity, and he now set the vile inftdcl$ and the traitor
Miran Sndr to wor-k, lest his aecrct plots $hOuld be<:ome
disclosed. .t. time of privacy what his plans .tC\)Uircd.
On rriday, the 9th Rajah. 887 1<. (19th January, 1434),
the Sultan had rcdtcd Mubar:llt.abad with his small
:lnd was preparing or J;>rnycl'1, when Mirall Sadt: craftil y
removed the mnir$ who were on. guard, and like a runn
ing lox and hloodthlrsty jachl, broogllt in his wretched.
infidels nrmc<l and mounted on horseback upon pretence
of taking leave. Sadharun J(.nngu stood wiih his party
outside tba door, tO prevent any one from going in to
the reSl.-ue. The conJiding sovereign, having full cofi
dcncc in them, took no notice of these preparations. He
had bun cJ<ccedingly kind and gcnaous to thee foes of
God :mel enemies of himself. Sidhu PAl, grandson of
K:ju, from his antbush, dealt the king such a blow ttpon
the head with b.is sword, that b.is life'$ blood Bowed upon
the ground. .Ranu the black, :wd tltc other conspiratpn,
then r ushed out with loud helliSh crie8, alld respatched
tllat rjghteou$ sovereign. Mubarak Shah reigned
thirteen years, three months, and sixteen days.
Muhammad Shah bi>t Fr<rid Shah bi11 Klti11' Shalt
. and sovcrigu. full of excellent
qUalities .. . When august Mubarak Shah bad received
his martyrqom, the vile infidels and the trliUor Miran
Sadr hastened to Sarwaru-l Mull:, and infol'l!led him of
the completion of their work, which filled him and th.cm
with jo)' and exultation. Then, with the :uscnt of the
mnil's and malilts, imams a.nd $aiyids, soldiers civilians,
IM
STUDIES fN INDIAN mb'TOlW
on the $arne day, Friday, the !ltll Rajab the new
Sultan ascended the throne. Sarwarul Mulk,
be gave his 10 the new sovereign, was still intent
upon his own designs, to such an extent indeed, that
he kept the treasures and _stores, the horses and clepb..;nb,
and the arsenal under hu own command. fie rC(clVed
th.e title o( ]ahan, and Miran Sadr was ennobled
as Mulk. The vllc infidels (assassins) grew
conceited and anognnt, and in all thing$ they sought
their own advantage ; but in the end they got their
deserts. Milikusb Shark .l{amnlul Mulk, a man versed
in the business of government, was outside of the city
with .,u the amirs and the soldiers, and the elephanu.
and the roya] stud and .ervants ; but be came in, and
pledged his fealty to the king. Revenge was hjs object,
for he was resolved to k.ilJ Sarwarul M\lik and the other
as they had slain Mubarak Shah. Dut he
could not get an opporrunity, and so
ve nge:mce to the Lord, who in time worked such a.
rctributlorL as has never been rehearsed in tale or history.
To return to our narrative : Next day, Sarwarul
MuU:, under p1etence of requiting vow of allegiance,
summoned several of the officials of late king, all of
whom were men of position and importance. He
apprcllended them all, anli pm Malik Su, amir of Koh.
to dea1h on cbe maidarr. Malik Mnkbdttnl, Malik Muk
l>il, Malik Kanauj, and MaUk Dira lie put in prison, and
exerted all hls powers to uproot lhe family of Mubnrak
Shah. Some of the ikln's and ('arganlLI of the co\intr'y he
kept for himsel(, and rome, sud! as Amroha,
Natnaul, Kubram, and some pargattas in the Doob, he
gave Lo Sidh.i Pal, Sadharan, and their relations. Ranu,
t.he black, a slave of Sidl.li Pal, was sent with a numerous
band of turbulent followers, and h.is fRmll y, to t.a.kc
possession of :Bayana. 1:k approached :Bay;ma in the
montiL of Sha'ban, and on the 12th. of that month he
entered tile district. {jnlting -o.r Ute night, he wanted to
get possession of the fort, and next day he went forti\ with
I
S'l'UDIES IN INDIAN IDSTOR Y

aU forces i.n weat .an:ay. Yusu .Khnu. had
been informed ole hill approach, and draw>ng hu
out of the town or Hind wan, he boldly marched w1th a
sttong body of horse and foot to oppose him. The
opposing force met ncar the khatir o{ the prince, u a?-d
being drawn up in array the battle began. The vde
infideLs were unable to make .a stJUld, but broke at the
fiut chatge. Ranu the black, and many others, were put
to the sword. His foul b.ead was cut ofF and suspended
over the gate, wd all family, hill wives and children,
(ell inro the hands of the army of Islam. God Ill Lhe pro-
tector of the religion of Islam, and He gave the victory
to Yuauf Khan, enabling bim to avenge the dcarh of
Mubarak Shah on thut vile heretic.
The noise of the perfidy of Mulk, aud o{
his leaguing with base inlidcls, spread through nll the
country, and many amis and moliks who had been .reci-
pients of the bounty of the late Khizr Khan now with
drew from tl1eir obedience. Sarwarul Mulk being dis ..
affeCted Jikc them, strife aid disturbancs arose. Malik
Allah-dad .Kaka'" Lodi amir of Sambhal, and Ahar
Miyan holder of lladaun and grandson of the IUL'lnf
Jab.an, Amir 'Ali Gujarati and Amir Ka1nbal Turkbacha
(had formed 11 party against Sanilaru-1 Mulk who,],. on
being informed of their proceedings, t>pointed M3likusb
Shuk Kamalu-d din antl Khani 'atam Saiyld Khan, son
of Saiyld Salim, to repress their rel>cllion. Mnlik Yusut
son of Sarwaru-1 Mulk, and Sadharan K.nngu. were sent
alo,ng with them. In the momb of Ramazan, his forces
being in readiness, he (Kamalu-d dln) marched otU and
entamped at tb.e top of the hauz, and a few days after-
'vards :lie proceeded to the banks of the J umna. Crossing
the river at tile. ford of Kicha, he auived and ltalred aL
:Baran, intent upon schemes of vengeance. On being
apprised of his approach, Malik Alhih-dad, desirous of
'u KhaUrnhi:thahlJJd.e.b. Ut Kala. "-TabQkat
4
i Ahtmri,
" ' Tbe MS. ts 'here deftctive In .more than one p.asH.ge. 'tire
wordJ in brodell ate borrowed rrom the Talmhnt-i Hborl .
156 Sl1JDIES 1N L'IDlAN H.IKl'ORV
avoiding an action, was about to cross the Ganges and go
clscwhere; but when he was. enlightened as to Kamalu-d
din's real ..intention of exacting n full revenge, .he was rC
assured, and halted at the town of Ahar. Sarwaru-1 Mulk
got intelligtmce pf these proceedings, <U1d sent hi$ slave,
Malik HWillynr, under the pretMce of assistiog Kamalu-d
din, (but in reality, to ascertain his treachery, and watch
over the safety of. Yusuf.) " In a short time also. Malik
Cbaran drew out his forces in .Sadnun, to assist Malik
Allab.-dad, and joined him .at the town of Ahar. Malik
usu and Hushyar and Sadbaran wcr.e suspicious of
Kamalud din, -and new their apprehension$ grew stronger.
Wavering like a ball tossed rom hand to hand, their
fears prevailed, and iliey lied to the capital. On the last
d<ly of Ra:mazan, Malik Allah-dad, Chaman, 1\lld
the olher amirs with th'!l)l, joined Kamalu:l Mulk.
Having thus. drawn a large and imposing force . around
him, on the 2nd Sh.aWwal, be cr05sed (the Gange'!] at the
ford of Kicha. On hearit>g of his approach, Sar.waru-1
Mulk, although in a foilorn condition, made every prepa
ration for st:ulding a siege. Kamalu-1 Mulk advanced
and sat down against the pla.ce. 'The vile infidels and
the wretched Husbyar sallied forth a11<1 joined light ; but
they soon turned their backs, and rctreared to the forti
6cations."
1
. Many were killed, and many were made
puioners. Next day, K.amalu-0 din pressed on against
the fort of Siri, and many amin and rnal.ih.r o.f the
ue)gbbouthood- him. Puring the mont!!
Shawwal, life p1ace was so clOsely that it ,was
impossible for a.ny one 10, ,Jlh'IJ<e. his oot. But
although the besiegers made d;i,i)y upon the forti-
ficalloru, and effected breaches in places, it held
out for three months. In the month of Zil hijja, Zink
Khan, amir o Samana,- died, and b.is fief was granted to
hh eldest son Mub.nmmad Kh>IJ1:. Altllougb His Majesty.
Ul nle author here tndUlga 1n nourishes. w11ich :.re
suppressed in. tbe

l
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f
!
STI}Dil!S TN lNDIAN H1$TORY
in &ieudly to Lhose in the fort, he was
in teality de.,iroiU of taking revenge for the mnrder of
the late Mubarak Shah, bllt he did not find the oppor-
tllllity. They on tb.eir side were in the greatest appre-
hension lest the Sultan $houlcl beuay them. Thus, both
parties 'Were suspicious of each other.
On the 8th of Mub.arram, BSS A . H. (14-tb August,
1484 .A.n.), the traitor Sarwarul Mulk and the sons of the
pcrl;idious Miran Sadr proceeded ITith treachcous inten
ti
0
ns to tl1c residence of the Sultan. llut he was rcacly.
md on guard. S:mvarul Mulk w3S .killed wit)!
blows of the sword attcl dagger, and the som of Miran
Sadr were taken prisoners and put to deat)l. 'before tbe
darbar. The vile infidels, being mformcd of these events,
shut Utel'l'ISelves up ln their houses and plepared for
resistance. The Sultan conveyed i.11.fOr111tion to Kmltalu.U
din, directing him to come into tlte cily with a party of
ltjs followers. Knmalu-1 Mul.k entered by the gate of
Baghdad, with other amirr and malik.s. Sidhi l,'al, the
accuxsed, set l'irc w 1\.is house, making his wives and
chilmen fuel for hell. He himself co.m.e our nod died
fighting. Sadharan .Kaugu, and tlte band of kltatris who
were token alive, "ere taken to tltc klturi..a of the mat-
tyrcd SuLtan, aud there put lo death. Malik Hushyar and
Mubazak Kotwal were taken1>risoners, and were beheaded
before the Red gate. '
Next day, Molil<.ush Shark Kamalu-1 Mulk,, and all
the other amirs 'nod malilts who were outside (the city.}
renewed lltcir oalh.s of allegiance to the Sultan, and he
.again, with general consent, took Ws seat upon tb.e throne.
Mulk was war.ir, with the title of Kamal
Malik J illjan received the title of GllaziUI Mulk,
and:. !feu of Amroha and Badaun were cot'lfu::med to
him. Malik Allah-dad Lodi would not take any title
himself
1
but obtalned the title of Darya Khan for his
Rrotller. Mubarak. Kba.ni received the
tide ,of Ikbal f<han, an.d the lief of Hisar Ffrozah wrueb
he held was confirmed in his possession. All Lhe amlrs
158.
STVDillS IN INDJAN HISTO.RY
were favoured with great honours a.nd rich giff4 ; anct all
men who held offices or flefs, o>; villages or grants, or
pcnsiom, received coufirmation, and even an. increase or
their .possessions. The eldest son of Saiyid Salim was
entitled Majli.si ;\li Saiyid Khan, and the younger o.nc
Shuja'u.J Mulk. Malik Madh 'Alam, h.is nephew, lvas
entitled 'Alall-1 Mulk, and Milik Rululu-d din was called
Nasiru-1 MnJk. They also received golde.n gitdlcs, and
splendid head-dresses and fiefs. Malikush Shark Ha ji
Shudani was made governor of the capital. Having thus
-atrang<!d for the adruioimation of the kingdom, the
Sultan determined on going to Mult!l1l. In the month of
Rabi'u-1 >kill,, he encamped at the chautara of Mubataka
bad; and gave orders to the omit-s and malilts co make
re-dd}' their forces ru1d join !tim. Ma1iku-sli Shark
flmadul Mulk]"' came and wair.ed upon the Sultan. He
received rich presents and 8""t ho.J)ours, and was con-
'lirmed in many dignities. [Those omirs and mnlif<s who
delayed their .coming--FxNis].
o.u "Mlthrunmad Shah, after visiting tbe holy men o.f
Multan, :tncl having left Khan-i Jahan there, returned to
l)ehli."
"In the r= 840 *' (1436 A.i>.) the Sultan himself pro-
' tceded r.o SamJtna, and sent :m army against Shaikha
lChokhar. The country of this chief 'waJ ravaged, and
.tile Sultan then returned to Dchlf.
"11\ 841 H. (l43( A.D.), intelligence anived. that
aruu.:hy prevailed in Mullan, in q, the . in-
subordination of the tribe' of L;mgabs. <!,
was also brought that Sui tan Ibrahjm Sbar1<1 tal:! seized
upon several pttrganas, The titi or GWalior, and othef
ralr, ceased to pay their revenue. Still. the Sultan took
-no meas!lTcs t.o secure .his but gave himself up
ut .Tabnkoti Akb4ri.
"' The fOllowing Ex.tmcu, completing Ute IU.10ry of the Satyl\1
dynasty. ue taJctn !rom the TQbaJu.JlJ' IIN.bari, the 1V0rk baa
so fl'equen'Uy bafn dcmn upon to su-pply the Cltficiencies {a the
.MS. of the TariRhi Mubam1i:Jh{1hi.
STUDIES IN INDIAN HLSTOR'( 159
w indulgence and negleGt. All men's heads were c:rnzy,
and every heart was anxiaus. Some amirs invited Sulca11
M.ahmud l<.bllji, King o Malw<o. and in the year 841 R.
(14.40 A.D.), be proceeded towards Debli. Muhammad
Shah equipped his army, and sent it forth with his son,
IWl<;i.er the command of J3ahlol Khan Lodi. On the other
side, Sultan Mabmud Khilji sent his two sons G.hiY'dSud
<lin and Kadllt' Khan to meeL them. The battle raged
from morning till night, when both withdrew to
respective pootions. Next day Muhammad Slulh
proposals oi p!l!CC. Just llt this time Sultan Malt
mud was in('Onned lltal Sultan Ahmnd Gujarati was
m.arching against Mnndu, so he immediate! y accepted
terms of peace and returned .11omc. This peace degraded
Muhammad Shalt still lower in the estimation of all men.
As Sultan Mahmud of Malwn was retreating, J3ahlol Lodi
pursued him. anrl carried part of his baggage and
valuable e(fects. This success of Bahlol Rhaa's delighted
Sultan. Muhammacl; he honourc!L Bahlol with great dls
tinction and favour, and called h.im son.
"In 845 (1441 A.D.), .the Sultan went to Samana. He
co11ferrcd upon Bahlol Khan the country of Dibalplir and
Laltor, and sent him against Jasrath Kltokhar. 'l'hcn the
Sultan returned to Dchli. Jnsrath made peace with
Bahlol Khan, and Jlattered hlm with hopes of the throne
of Dehli. &piratlons of sovereignty now inspired Bahlol
Kbao and he became Intent on forming a party. He
-called together Ute Afghans from all parts a.rouod, and
cnlistccl them, so that in a short time he assembled a
large force. He also took possession of all the surround-
il)g f><trg!'nas. On a slight pretence he declared 1rar
' S.ultan Muhammad Shah, and mlU'ched ag!linst
Dehli great force, and it for some time. but
was everitu<llly obliged tO fill back unsuccessful The
busjness Qf the State day by day fell into greater conf'u
sion, and affairs came such a pass that amirs
at Lwenty kO$ from Dehli who .shook oJf their allegiance.
and made. pretensions to independence. At length, in th.e
150
1N INDIAN liiSTORV
yw 849"' (1445, .<.n,); Sultan. Mub;nnmad Shah died,
after a reign ?f teo years and some
Sultan ' Aiiut-<l din, son of Mul11tmm11d Shah, .1011 of
Mubarak Shall, stm of Khi:r Khan.'"
''Upon the deadt of Muhammad Shah, the amirs and
nobles assembled a:nd raised his son tp tbc throne, under
of Sultan 'Alaud din. llablol and all the
amirs proffered .allegiance to him. Jn a very short time
it became evident that the new Sultan was more
and mCOJ!lpetcnt than his father in the duties !)f goverrt
ment, and the mnd ambition of Malik gtew
stronger. Jn 850 r!. ( 1.446 the Sultan wem towartls
Samuna : but as he was on road, news arrived thal
rJ1'e king oE Jaunpur v.;as on the march against Dclrli : on
hearing wlticb. the immediately to Dehli.
Khan, wntit: of. State,"' and in the
absence, then rcpre&ented to Lhe Sultan, io was
unworthy of a sovereign to .retum upon hcar:l.og n .fu.lse
report of the approach of an enemy. This i'cmark went
against the Sultan's feelings, and wow1ded him deeply.
"In 851 H. (1#7 the Sultan went to Badaun,
und after staying there some time, returned to Dcbli ;
when he said that he wa\ much. pleased with }ladaun, and
wished to my there always. Hlsam Khan, in all sinccrlw.
him that it was impolitic to leave Dehli, and to
make Badaun the capital. This aniWCI' incensed the
king still more, :ui.d h.e separated the watir {1'011:\ him,$elf,
and left .him in Dehli. lcle .mnde one of his wife's 9,1ytbei:S
governors of the capit.al, and to other be ga.v., _the Litle
<> amir.
"!11 852 I:L (1448 A.D.), be again went to Badaun, and
.gave lrimsel up to pleasure, xesting satisfied with Ure
litde territory that remained to him. After a time, dis-
. u.1"fae MS. IQ.)'S "84'-" -which is dearly wron(r. Jladaoni
makes h "il47" ; buL FlrjJhL1 comet Jo making u "Si-!t. ".
, .. '):hiJ beadlns fs ro:rn Badaunt, t.hat ira !he
beJnr, "CTJ' dereccivc.
. Slc, infra.

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I
STO'DlS IN lNDfAN li!STOllY
'taL
&<'ruions btoke Ol!t between hiS wife's two brothers in
made war .ag>tinst each other, and one was
killed. Next dny the citizens killed the otber brother in
xevenge, at the instigation o HJsam Khan. Disaffected
-men now incited the Sultan to kill Hamid Khan; the
wazir of the Stare.'" The Khan took to flight, and pro
ceecling to Dehll. be, ;vith th<! cohnivanco' of HiSI!n\ Khon,
cook poS!ession of the city, and inyited Malik Babl.ol to
the sovereignty. Full par\lclllars of these tran
4actions nrc given in the history of the .reign of .Bnltlol.
The result was, d1a1 Malik Bahlol Lod.l came 10 Dehli
with a large force, nnd took polSes&iot of it. After a
abort time, lte lclc a party of )lis adhOl'ents in Dehll, and
went to Dillalpur to organize an army. Then he wrote
to the Sulllln, stating that his opposition Wll.t really for
the Sultan's benefit and that he was hls devoted servant,
To this din replied, 'My father called you hit son,
and I have no means of resisting ')ou. l wi.ll contcn't
11\J.S.el! with the single ditttict of Badaun, and resign the
5overeignty to you.' Thus successful, ?.1a.lik Dahlol
clothed biJruelf with tho garment.1 of roy:llty. Leaving
Dibalpur, be proceeded to Dehll, and the
throne with the title of Sultan 'Sablol. The nobles wlto
remalned wlth 'Aiau-d din were confirmed in rbcir priv'i
After a while, 'Alaud din died, and the wclrld
went on according to the wish of SuHan Bahlol. Tbe
length of the reign of Sultan 'Alau-d clin was eight yeat'S
nod some months."
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nu n r 11'Hf
CENTRAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIBRARY , I
r1 NEWDBLEI
- - -- 176LQ
Catalogue No. 954, 02/Zll/Dew.
u i l i o ~ Elliot, H. M.