201O International Conference on Mechanical and Electrical Technolog (ICMET 2010)

Analog flters using simulated inductor

D.Susan
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
SASTRA Universit, Thanjavur- 613 401, India
e-mail: d _susan@ece.sastra.edu
Abstract-This paper deals with simulation of passive
component the inductor and the application of the simulated
inductor in analog flters. The analog flters use active
component the operational Amplifers, resistors and the
simulated inductor. The design of various analog flters is
based on the basic LCR resonator circuits. Various types of
flters are realized and the frequency response are obtained
using the analog simulator PSPICE
Keywords- Simulated inductor; operational amplifer; analog
flters;
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of inductors in analog circuits has many
disadvantages, mentioned in the paper [1]. One among them
is that the analog flters using inductor works well at high
fequencies, however, in low fequency applications that is in
the fequency range (0- 20 k), the inductors cannot be
used for the reasons [2]

The size and weight of the inductors are large

and physically bulk and the qualit factor
becomes ver low

Their characteristics are quite non-ideal

Inductors are impossible to fabricate in

monolithic form and are incompatible with any
of the modem techniques for assembling
electronic systems.
So, it is required to design the analog
flters without the use of inductors. One of the possible
methods is the use of inductor less flter. These analog flters
are based on the op-amp-RC resonator circuit obtained by
replacing the inductor L in the LCR resonator by a simulated
inductor.
II. INDUCTOR REPLACEMNT CIRCUIT
The inductor simulation circuit is obtained fom the
Generalized Impedance Converter (GIe), which consists of
two-operational amplifers, and fve impedances consisting
of RC components [3]. The equivalent impedance Z of the
GIC circuit is given by Z = Z\Z3Z5/ Z2 Z4. From this basic
circuit the passive inductor is obtained by replacing Z\ by RJ.
Z2 by R2, Z3by R3, Z4 by C4, and Z5 by R5 .The circuit will
become as shown in fgure. I. This is the Antoniou inductor
simulator afer its generator A. Anoniou [1] shown in
fgure.I. I uses two op amps, fve resistors and a capacitor.
The circuit exhibits input impedance of an ideal inductor
whose input impedance is given by.
978-1-4244-8102-6/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE 659
S.Jayalalitha
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
SASTRA University, Thanjavur -613 401, India
: e-mail: sLinstru@eie.sastra.edu
Figure 1. Antoniou Inductor simulation circuit
Z
I
~
V
~
sC4R
I
R3R
S
I
I
R
2
which is an inductor L given by
L ~
C4R
I
R3R
S
R
2
(1)
(2)
The analysis of the circuit is done with the basic
assumptions for the operational amplifer

The op-amps are ideal

Virtual short circuit appears between the two

terminals of the op-amp

The input currents of the op-amp are zero

By selecting R\ = R2 = R3=R5 =R and C4= C, leads to L=
CR
2
III. WH INDUCTORS ARE NOT USED IN LOW
FREQUENCIES?
To design a notch flter with 60 H fequency and with
C= 1.6uF , the value of L becomes 4.42 H. So, a large
inductor is required. That is the reason why passive flters
are not practical in low fequency applications. Hence the
LCR resonator shown in fgure. 2 can be used to realize
diferent flter tpes afer replacing L by the simulated
inductor circuit as shown in fgure. 1.
2010 International Conference on Mechanical and Electrical Technolog (ICMET 2010)
IV. BASIC LCR RESONATOR CIRCUIT
The basic LCR resonator of second order shown in fgure.
2 can be used to realize diferent flter tpes
L
R
x
Figure 2. Basic LCR resonator circuit
The resonator is excited with a current source I connected
in parallel. The response fnction in terms of impedance is
given by
(3)
Equating the denominator
lS
2
+ s( (
0
/ Q) + (
0
2
J
leads to
to the standard form
2
1
(
0
~
ILC
f
_ YR
(
0
~
Y LC
and Q
~
f
o CR
V. REALIZA nON OF FILTERS
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Using the basic LCR resonator circuit, the nodes x, y, z
can be connected in diferent ways to obtain all tpes of
flters. The Table. I shows how diferent flters are realized.
Here Vi is the supply voltage.
TABLEr.
Node x
Vr
gound
gound
Vi
FORMATION OF FILTERS BY CONNECTING LCR BASIC
CIRCUIT IN DIFFERENT MODES
Node z Node y Resulted
flter
g
round
g
round LPF
Vi
g
round HF
ground Vi BPF
Vi ground Notch at _
660
A. Realization of low pass flter
In the basic LCR circuit for low pass flter, L is replaced
by the Simulated Inductor [6] as shown in fgure.3. The
fequency response of the low pass flter thus obtained is
given in the fgure 4
Simulated L
+
V
l
Vo
Figure 3. Low pass flter
The transfer fnction of the low pass flter circuit is given
by
(8)
where K is the de gain
J

\
-
`
1
'\

\
\
I
\
\

M
Figure 4. Frequency response of low pass flter
B. Realization of high pass flter
Similarly for high pass flter, L is replaced by the
Simulated Inductor in the basic LCR circuit as shown in
fgure.5. The fequency response of the high pass flter is
shown in the fgure 6.
2010 International Conference on Mechanical and Electrical Technolog (ICMET 2010)
Figure 5. High pass flter
The transfer fnction of the high pass flter is given by
(9)
where K is the high fequency gain

J
Figure 6. Frequency response of high pass flter
C Realization of band pass flter
The same LCR is modifed to get band pass flter as
shown in fgure.7 The fequency response of the band pass
flter which is simulated is given in fgure.8.
661
Figure 7. Band pass flter
The transfer fnction of the band pass flter is given by

.
.
|
.
' i i i
' '
I
I

| I
/ I
I
I
I
I

I
I
Figure 8. Frequency response of band pass flter
D. Realization of Notch flter
(10)
The notch flter can be obtained in te same manner as
shown in fgure.9. The fequency response of such notch
flter obtained is given in the fgure.10.
2010 International Conference on Mechanical and Electrical Technolog (ICMET 2010)
Simulated L
r-
C
+
V
I
Figure 9. Notch flter.
where K is the low and high fequency gain

--~~

Figure 10. Frequency response of notch flter

VI. CONCLUSION
The fequency response of analog flters for low
fequency is obtained using simulated inductor. The
simulated results obtained using PSPICE for low pass,
high pass, band pass and notch flter are presented. This
replacement of inductor using simulated inductor has the
disadvantage that it is suitable only for grounded inductor
[5] and not for foating inductor [4]. In such cases the use
of Frequency dependant negative resistance (FDN gives
the solution for it
662
REFERENCES
[I] Umesh Kumar and Sushil Kumar Shukla, "Analytical study of
inductor simulation circuit"active and passive Elec.comp 1989, vol.
13, pp 211-227
[2] Dutta Roy, S. C. , "A High Q Inductance Transistor Ckt and a tuned
oscillator for Microminiature applications", Int. J. Electronics 1963,
18, pp. 1-16.
[3] Sedra ad Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Fourh Edition 2002,
Oxford University Press.
[4] Sergio Franco, Design with operational Amplifers and Analog
Integrated circuits Second Edition, 2007, McGraw Hill Interational
Editions
[5] Dutta Roy, S.C. , "Operational Amplifer Simulation of a Grounded
Inductance: General characteristics and a critical compaison of
various circuits", AEI, March 1975.
[6] R. Cuppens, H.J. De Man and W.M.C. Sansen, "Simulation of large
on-chip capacitors and inductors", IEEE J. solid state circuits, vol.
SC-14, no. 3, pp. 543-547, June 1979.