AGL Fiberglass Structural Shapes Design Guide 2014

18T@11"=16'-6"
2'-9"
2'-7 7/16"
3'-5 1/2"
2'-11"
3'-6"
0'-7"
3'-0"
0'-8"
3'-7 1/2"
EQ
19R@6 1/2"= 10'-3 1/2"
3'-0"
EQ
C10
L3 x 3/8
C1
L3 x 3/8
"
/16
13
W6 x 1/4
C8
6'-6"
L4x3/8
W4 x 1/4
7'-0"
EL. 11.25
3/
8
3/
x
L3
L3 x 3/8
W8 x 3/8
EL. 17.00
1
'-1
L3 x 3/8
"
'-4
18
10'-10 5/8"
4'-0 1/2"
3'-6"
L3
EL.11.23
EL.11.23
STRUCTURAL SHAPES
DESIGN GUIDE
American Grating, LLC
8
3/
x
L3
L3 x 3/8
L3
3/
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AMERICAN GRATING, LLC
Company Over view 4
1 INTRODUC TION
Advantages of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics 6

Pultrusion Process 7
Constituents of FRP Pultrusions 8
Resin Systems 8
Typical Coupon Properties 9
Vinyl Ester Threaded Rod Properties 10
2 GENERAL TOLERANCES
Cross Sectional Tolerances 12
Flatness 13
Straightness 14
Twist 15
Angularity 15
Cut Lengths 15
Squareness of Endcut 15
3 SEC TION PROPERTIES

Notation 18
Equal Leg Angle 19
Double Angles 20
Channel 21
I Shape 22
W Shape 23
Square Tube 24
Square Bar 25
Round Tube 26
Solid Round Rod 27
Embedment Angle 28
4 BEAMS
Notation/Assumptions/Properties/Formulas 30
Lateral Support Requirements 31
Uniform Load Deflection Tables 32
5 COLUMNS
Notation/Angle/Square Tubes/I & W Shapes 70

Allowable Axial Load Tables 71
6 CONNEC TION DETAILS

Connections Notes 102
Typical Connections 103
7 CORROSION RESISTANCE GUIDE

Chemical Resistance Guide 110
INTRODUCTION
AMERICAN GRATING, LLC
COMPANY OVERVIEW
American Grating is a premier manufacturer, designer and fabricator of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) structural
products and systems. From the manufacturing of molded and pultruded gratings and structural shapes to complete
structural design and fabrication, American Gratings business has been built through providing its customers with
unmatched product quality, rapid delivery and customer service that is second to none.
HISTORY
American Grating, LLC (AGL) was founded in 1992 in Los Angeles, California and in 2006 relocated its corporate
office, main warehouse and fabrication facility to Henderson, Nevada.
Since its founding, American Grating has manufactured top quality molded and pultruded gratings, pultruded
structural profiles, handrail and ladder systems, and hand lay up custom components. Today, American Grating is
the only U.S. company in the structural composites industry with 100% control of its product manufacturing.
In 1999 AGL achieved ISO 9002 certification and in 2000 it achieved ISO 9001 certification which provides
international guidelines on quality management and quality system elements. In addition to ISO certification,
American Grating has also achieved US Coast Guard ENSF 61, DNV, and ABS certifications with many of its products.
American Grating's products are utilized in a broad range of end use markets including:

Aerospace
Automotive
Aquariums to Zoos
Chemical Processing
Food & Beverage

Mining
Offshore Oil & Gas
Plating
Pulp & Paper

Transportation
Water & Wastewater Treatment
Water Park Structures
Ladders, Stairs & Handrails

Non-Conductive Floors
ADA Ramps
Public Access Walkway
Solid Covers for Tanks & Trenches

Pedestrian Bridges
Catwalks
Screening Walls
Applications Include:

Chemical Storage Floors

Docks
Access Platforms
Equipment Supports
STRUCTURAL SHAPES
American Grating manufactures all standard shapes
used in structural design. Our wide selection of angles,
channels, wide flange beams, hollow tubes, rods, and
embedment angles is designed to fit the requirements
of any project. These structurals are manufactured in
premium isophthalic resin (standard color is dark grey)
and in chemically resistant vinyl ester resin (standard
color is beige).
Square Tube
Wide Flange & I Shapes
American Grating LLC - Structural Shapes Design Guide
www.americangrating.com
Angle
Channel
Round Tube
Embedment Angle
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
[FRP]
ADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS

Fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), is a composite material consisting of fiberglass reinforcements in a plastic
(polymer) matrix. The variations of both reinforcements and polymers allow an incredible range of physical
and mechanical properties which can be developed specifically for the performance required, unlike traditional
materials such as wood, metal, ceramics, etc.
Fiberglass reinforced plastic composites are strong, lightweight, corrosion resistant, thermally and electrically
nonconductive, RF transparent, and virtually maintenance free. These unique properties of FRP, make them
suitable and desirable for a wide range of product applications.
FRP Advantages include:

Strength and Durability

Versatility and Freedom of Design
Affordability and Cost Effectiveness
Unique Physical Properties
FRP is an attractive, lightweight, and durable material with one of the highest strength to weight ratios available
for component fabrication. It is also highly resistant to environmental extremes. FRP does not rust, is highly
resistant to corrosives, and is able to withstand temperature extremes as low as -80F (-26.6C) or as high as
200F (93.3C).
Fiberglass reinforced plastics can be tooled, molded, and fabricated into almost any shape or design. There are
few restrictions on color, finish, shape or size. In addition to its versatility, FRP products are very affordable and
cost effective solutions for almost any application, component or part. Once molds have been created, parts can
be easily duplicated at extremely cost effective price points.
FRP products are chemically inert, thus will not react chemically with other substances. FRP products are also
structurally stable and exhibit the least amount of expansion and contraction with temperature fluctuations
when compared to traditional materials.
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INTRODUCTION
PULTRUSION PROCESS
UNI-DIRECTIONAL
GLASS ROVING
SURFACING
VEIL
GUIDES
HEATED DIE
RESIN BATH
CUT-OFF
SAW
PREFORMER
PULLER
CONTINUOUS
STRAND MAT
Pultrusion is the continuous processing of raw materials by pulling resin-rich reinforcements through a heated
steel die to form profiles of constant cross section of continuous length.
Pultrusion gets its name from the method by which the profiles are made. Raw materials are literally pulled by
what is called the puller. The puller is the machine made of pulling pads, which grip the product, and a drive
system that keeps the product moving. The puller is located just before the cut-off saw.
The process starts with the reinforcements. Typically, unidirectional glass roving begins the process. This is the
fiber that runs along the length of the profile. Then, the fiberglass mat is added, which is a multidirectional
reinforcement. Next, the glass reinforcements are wet-out with a thermoset resin, typically polyester or vinyl
ester. Finally, just before all the material is pulled into the heated die, a surfacing veil may be added to enhance
the surface appearance of the final product.
Next in the pultrusion process is the curing of the composite. The curing or hardening occurs while the wet-out
reinforcements are being pulled through the heated die. The heat from the die causes the resin to cure and by the
time the part exits the die; a hard part in the exact shape of the die cavity has been formed. The final result is a
solid, rigid profile with all reinforcements laminated within.
The puller then pulls the product exiting the die to the cut-off saw, which cuts it to the required length.
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CONSTITUENTS OF FRP PULTRUSIONS

FRP pultruded composites are composed of two main constituents- resins and reinforcements that can take on a
number of variations.
INTRODUCTION
Resin - The resin (polymer) system imparts the properties of corrosion resistance, fire retardance, and elasticity.
Although, American Grating offers a number of resins tailored to specific environments, the majority of FRP
components use two systems most often: polyester and vinyl esters. Polyesters offer excellent service in most
environments. Vinyl esters are selected for more severe environments where optimal chemical resistance is
required. All American Grating resins also include UV inhibitors. Consult our Corrosion Resistance Guide (Page 110)
when selecting a resin for your particular application.
Reinforcements (Fiberglass) - Depending upon the manufacturing process and strength requirements, a number
of fiberglass reinforcements will be utilized.
Rovings - Rovings are unidirectional continuous filaments of strands of fiberglass. They are utilized in all
pultruded products and molded grating products. They are the rebar of FRP, providing longitudinal tensile
and flexural strength contributing to stiffness.
Mat - Continuous strand mats are the additional reinforcements in pultruded components and some hand
layup components. These components offer transverse strength.
Veil - Veils are used to enhance surface characteristics of pultruded components and some hand layup parts.
This constituent is applied to the outside of the part, allowing a resin rich surface to form which improves
corrosion resistance and results in a more hand-friendly part.
RESIN SYSTEMS
CORROSION
RESISTANCE
FLAME SPREAD
RATING ASTM
E84
STANDARD
COLORS
MAX.
TEMP.
Superior Corrosion
Resistance and Fire
Retardant
Excellent
Class 1, 25 or Less
Beige
200 F
Industrial Grade
Corrosion Resistance
and Fire Retardant
Very Good
Class 1, 25 or Less
Dark Grey
150 F
RESIN TYPE
RESIN BASE
DESCRIPTION
Type VFR
Vinyl Ester
Type IFR
Isophthalic Polyester
Vinyl Ester (VFR) - Developed to withstand frequent and direct contact in the harshest of chemical environments.
VFR is Beige, ideal for use in acidic and caustic environments such as chemical plants, waste water treatment, and
plating applications.
Isophthalic Polyester (IFR) - Industrial grade resin great for environments where grating may occasionally be in
contact with harsh chemicals due to splashes or spills. IFR is Dark Grey, perfect for outdoor applications.
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TYPICAL COUPON PROPERTIES

The values listed below are test results from coupon tests performed in accordance with designated ASTM Test.
METRIC
VALUE
ASTM
UNITS
Tensile Stress, LW
D-638
psi
30,000
MPa
206.8
Tensile Stress, CW
D-638
psi
Tensile Modulus, LW
UNITS
7,000
MPa
48.2
D-638
10 psi
2.5
GPa
17.2
Tensile Modulus, CW
D-638
10 psi
0.8
GPa
5.5
Compressive Stress, LW
D-695
psi
30,000
MPa
206.8
Compressive Stress, CW
D-695
psi
15,000
MPa
103.4
Compressive Modulus, LW
D-695
106 psi
2.5
GPa
17.2
Compressive Modulus, CW
D-695
106 psi
1.0
GPa
6.9
Flexural Stress, LW
D-790
psi
30,000
MPa
206.8
Flexural Stress, CW
D-790
psi
Flexural Modulus, LW
Flexural Modulus, CW
Modulus of Elasticity, E
10,000
MPa
68.9
D-790
10 psi
1.8
GPa
12.4
D-790
10 psi
0.8
GPa
5.5
2.8
GPa
19.3
Full Section
10 psi
Shear Modulus
----
10 psi
0.45
GPa
3.1
Short Beam Shear
D-2344
psi
4,500
MPa
31.0
Punch Shear
D-732
psi
10,000
MPa
68.9
Notched Izod Impact, LW
D-256
ft. - lbs./in.
25
J/mm
1.33
Notched Izod Impact, CW
D-256
ft. - lbs./in.
J/mm
0.21
Bearing Strength
D-953
psi
30,000
MPa
206.8
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
ASTM
UNITS
VALUE
UNITS
VALUE
Bar Hardness
D-2583
----
45
----
45
24 Hour Water Absorption
D-570
% Max
0.45
% Max
0.45
0.062 -0.070
g/cm
1.72-1.94
Density
D-792
lbs./in.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, LW
D-696
10 in./in./F
10 cm./cm./C
12
ELECTRIC PROPERTIES
ASTM
UNITS
VALUE
UNITS
VALUE
Arc Resistance, LW
D-495
seconds
120
seconds
120
Dielectric Strength, LW
D-149
kv/in.
35
kv/mm.
1.37
Dielectric Strength, PF
D-149
volts/mil.
200
volts/mil.
200
Dielectric Constant, PF
D-150
@60hz
@60hz
FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES
ASTM
UNITS
VALUE
Tunnel Test
E-84
Flame Spread
25 max.
Flammability
D-635
----
Nonburning
UL
94
----
VO
NBS Smoke Chamber
E-662
Smoke Density
600-700
LW = Lengthwise
CW = Crosswise
INTRODUCTION
ENGLISH
VALUE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PF = Perpendicular to Laminate Face

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VINYL ESTER THREADED ROD: ULTIMATE PROPERTIES
INTRODUCTION
Below are test results for minimum ultimate properties of FRP Threaded Rod. Properties are derived from ASTM test
method shown. Premium Vinyl Ester Resin only with Ultra-Violet Inhibitors added. Fire Retardant to ASTM-E-84 Class 1.
DIAMETER - THREADS PER INCH (UNC)

3/8 - 16
metric- 9.5mm
ASTM
UltimateTransverse Shear
(Double Shear)
B-565
Longitudinal Compressive Strength
D-695
Flexural Strength
D-790
Flexural Modulus
D-790
Flammability
D-635
Fire Retardant
D-570
Longitudinal Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion
D-696
Ultimate Thread Shear

using fiberglass nut
__
Ultimate Torque Strength fiberglass nut

lubricated with SAE 10W30 Motor Oil
__
Rod Weight
__
Nut weight
__
3/4 - 10
1-8
15.9mm
19.0mm
25.4mm
lb.
4,200
6,800
10,000
13,400
24,000
18,680
30,240
44,480
59,600
106,750
psi
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
MPa
344
344
344
344
344
psi
70,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
MPa
482
482
482
482
482
psi x 106
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
GPa
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.2
Self- Extinguishing For All
__
Class 1
% max.
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
106 in./in./F
10 mm./mm./C
11
11
11
11
11
lb.
1,200
2,400
3,600
4,000
8,200
5,337
10,670
16,010
17,790
36,470
ft. - lb.
16
35
50
110
N-m
10
21
47
67
149
lb./ft.
0.07
0.14
0.2
0.3
0.5
Kg./m
0.104
0.119
0.297
0.447
0.789
lb.
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.14
gm
4.5
9.1
18.1
27.2
63.6
in. (square)
x in. (thick)
.68 x .45
.86 x .56
1.06 x .69
1.24 x .82
1.63 x 1.1
17.2 x 11.4
21.8 x 14.2
26.9 x 17.5
31.5 x 20.8
41.4 x 27.9
mm. (square)
x mm. (thick)
Color
10
5/8 - 11
12.7mm
E-84
Water Absorption (24 hr. immersion)
Nut Dimensions
1/2 - 13
Grey
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GENERAL TOLERANCES
CROSS SECTIONAL TOLERANCES
SHAPE
TOLERANCE % of
NOMINAL
MAXIMUM OR
MINIMUM
TOLERANCES
t = thickness
10%
0.010" min.
b = flange width
5%
0.094" max.
d = depth
5%
0.094" max.
t = thickness
10%
0.010" min.
b = flange width
5%
0.094" max.
d = depth
5%
0.094" max.
t = thickness
10%
0.010" min.
b = flange width
5%
0.094" max.
d = depth
5%
0.094" max.
t = thickness
10%
0.040" min.
b = width
3%
+ 0.094" max.
0.187" min.
DIMENSION
GENERAL TOLERANCES
ANGLES
CHANNELS
I, W SHAPES
FLAT BAR STOCK
12
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DIMENSION
OUTSIDE DIMENSION
CONDITION
TOLERANCES
Under 1"
20%
1" and up
15%
Under 1"
0.020"
2" and up
0.040"
Up to 3"
0.010"
ROUND & SQUARE TUBE

t = thickness
od = outside dim.
od
od
GENERAL TOLERANCES
SHAPE
ROUND ROD & SQUARE BAR
od = outside dim.
od
od
FLATNESS
Flatness is measured in the center with the weight of the profile minimizing the deviation by contact with a flat surface.
STRUCTURAL SHAPES RODS, BARS,

& FLAT SHEET
ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM FLAT

WIDTH
ALL THICKNESS
Up to 1"
0.008"
Over 1"
0.008"/in.
HOLLOW SHAPES
ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM FLAT

WIDTH
THICKNESS
0.125" TO
0.188"
THICKNESS
0.189" AND OVER
Up to 1"
0.012"
0.008"
Over 1"
0.012"/in.
0.008"/in.
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STRAIGHTNESS
Straightness is measured in the center with the weight of the pultrusion minimizing the deviation by contact with
a flat surface.
GENERAL TOLERANCES
ANGLE, BEAM AND CHANNEL
ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM STRAIGHT
All Widths
RODS AND BARS
2
ROUND, SQUARE, AND
RECTANGULAR TUBE
FLAT BAR STOCK

DIAMETER/DEPTH
PER FOOT
Up to 1"
0.020"
Over 1"
0.040"

DIAMETER/DEPTH
PER FOOT
Up to 2"
0.020"
Over 2"
0.030"
All Thicknesses and Widths
14
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TWIST
Twist is measured with the weight of the pultrusion minimizing the twist.
ALL PROFILES
WIDTH/DEPTH
PER FOOT
PER PIECE MAX.
Up to 1.499"
tan 1 x width
tan 7 x width
1.500" to 2.999"
tan 1/2 x width
tan 5 x width
3.000" and over
tan 1/3 x width
tan 3 x width
GENERAL TOLERANCES
ALLOWABLE TWIST
ANGULARITY
ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM SPECIFIC ANGLE
ALL PROFILES
Thickness up to 3/4"
tan 1 1/2 x width of flange in inches
CUT LENGTHS (STOCK)

ALL PROFILES
ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM SPECIFIC ANGLE

Up to 20'
Over 20' to 50'
-0, +1/2"/cut length
(accounting for the cutting blade width)
-0, +1"/cut length
(accounting for the cutting blade width)
SQUARENESS OF ENDCUT
ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM SQUARE
ALL PROFILES
All thicknesses
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SECTION PROPERTIES
ELEMENTS OF SECTIONS OF STRUCTURAL SHAPES

The section table values on the following pages have been calculated from nominal dimensions. All shapes shown in
the tables are available, but not all are stocked. Availability information is noted on the individual uniform load tables.
SECTION PROPERTIES
Notation
A
Cross Sectional Area (in.2)
Width of Section (in.)
Depth of Section/Diameter of Rod (in.)
Length of Angle Leg (in.)
Moment of Inertia (in.4)
od
Radius of Gyration (in.)
Section Modulus (in.3)
Thickness (in.)
tb
Thickness of Width Dimension (in.)
td
Thickness of Depth Dimension (in.)
Wt
18
Outside Diameter of Tube (in.)
Weight of Section per Lineal Foot (lbs.)
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EQUAL LEG ANGLE

SECTION DIMENSIONS
WALL
X - X/Y - Y
Wt
x/y
in.
in.
in.
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
in.
1.00
1/8
0.23
0.18
0.02
0.05
0.30
0.30
1.25
1/8
0.30
0.23
0.04
0.05
0.38
0.36
1.50
3/16
0.53
0.41
0.11
0.10
0.46
0.44
1.50
1/4
0.69
0.54
0.14
0.13
0.45
0.47
2.00
1/4
0.94
0.73
0.35
0.25
0.61
0.59
3.00
1/4
1.44
1.12
1.24
0.58
0.93
0.84
3.00
3/8
2.11
1.65
1.76
0.83
0.91
0.89
3.00
1/2
2.75
2.15
2.22
1.07
0.90
0.93
4.00
1/4
1.90
1.51
3.04
1.05
1.25
1.09
4.00
3/8
2.86
2.23
4.36
1.52
1.23
1.14
4.00
1/2
3.75
2.93
5.56
1.97
1.22
1.18
6.00
3/8
4.36
3.40
15.39
3.53
1.88
1.64
6.00
1/2
5.70
4.45
19.91
4.60
1.87
1.68
SECTION PROPERTIES
DEPTH
SECTION PROPERTIES
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DOUBLE ANGLES
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION DIMENSIONS
X-X
A
Wt
(2 angles) (2 angles)
RADII OF GYRATION AXIS Y-Y
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
in.
1/4
1/2
1.84
1.46
0.68
0.48
0.60
0.58
0.85
0.94
1.04
1/4
2.84
2.26
2.36
1.08
0.91
0.82
1.25
1.34
1.43
3/8
4.18
3.32
3.40
1.60
0.90
0.87
1.27
1.36
1.46
1/2
5.40
4.29
4.47
1.97
0.91
0.91
1.39
1.46
1.52
1/4
3.84
3.08
5.88
2.00
1.23
1.07
1.66
1.74
1.83
3/8
5.68
4.62
8.52
2.96
1.22
1.12
1.68
1.77
1.86
1/2
7.50
5.72
11.12
3.94
1.22
1.18
1.70
1.78
1.88
3/8
8.68
6.88
29.70
6.76
1.85
1.60
2.49
2.58
2.66
1/2
11.44
9.28
38.76
8.92
1.84
1.66
2.51
2.59
2.65
in.
in.
in.
1/4
s, BACK TO BACK OF ANGLES IN.
3
Y
y
X
X
h
s
Y
20
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CHANNEL
SECTION PROPERTIES
X-X
Y-Y
td
tb
Wt
Ri
Ro
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
13/16
1/8
1/8
0.50
0.43
1/32
3/16
0.64
0.43
1.04
0.03
0.04
0.22
1/8
1/8
0.93
0.68
1/32
3/16
0.73
0.77
1.05
0.05
0.08
0.22
1/4
1/4
1.13
0.88
1/8
3/8
1.27
0.85
1.06
0.08
0.12
0.27
1 1/2
1/8
1/8
0.72
0.95
1/16
3/16
1.43
0.95
1.13
0.12
0.13
0.35
1 1/2
1/4
1/4
1.38
1.07
1/8
3/8
1.75
1.16
1.15
0.28
0.27
0.45
1 1/8
1/4
1/4
1.44
1.12
1/8
3/8
2.87
1.44
1.41
0.13
0.16
0.30
1 3/8
3/16
3/16
1.20
0.93
1/8
5/16
2.62
1.31
1.48
0.19
0.18
0.40
1 5/8
1/4
1/4
2.19
1.71
1/8
3/8
10.19
3.40
2.16
0.43
0.34
0.44
1 11/16
3/8
3/8
3.23
2.52
1/8
1/8
14.55
4.85
2.12
0.66
0.53
0.45
2 3/16
3/8
3/8
4.36
3.40
3/16
9/16
35.77
8.94
2.86
1.53
0.92
0.59
10
2 3/4
3/8
3/8
5.38
4.06
3/16
9/16
69.90
13.92
3.60
3.14
1.48
0.75
10
2 3/4
1/2
1/2
7.25
5.66
1/4
3/4
92.48
18.50
3.57
3.99
1.92
0.74
12
1/2
1/2
8.50
6.63
1/4
3/4
154.71
25.78
4.27
5.40
2.34
0.80
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION DIMENSIONS
3
Y
d
X
Ri
b
Ro
Y
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I SHAPE
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION DIMENSIONS
X-X
Y-Y
Wt
in.
in.
in.
in.
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
1 1/2
1/4
1.38
1.08
1.75
1.17
1.13
0.14
0.19
0.32
1/4
1.88
1.46
4.41
2.21
1.53
0.34
0.34
0.43
1/4
2.88
2.24
15.87
5.29
2.35
1.13
0.75
0.63
3/8
4.22
3.29
22.35
7.45
2.30
1.71
1.14
0.64
3/8
5.72
4.46
55.55
13.89
3.12
4.03
2.02
0.84
3/8 - 1/2
6.61
4.90
63.80
15.42
3.09
4.72
2.41
0.84
1/2
7.50
5.85
70.62
17.66
3.07
5.41
2.70
0.85
10
3/8
7.22
5.63
111.63
22.33
3.93
7.85
3.14
1.04
10
1/2
9.50
7.41
143.29
28.66
3.88
10.51
4.20
1.05
12
1/2
11.5
8.97
253.96
42.33
4.70
18.11
6.04
1.26
18
4 1/2
3/8 - 1/2
10.88
8.48
498.15
55.35
6.77
7.67
3.41
0.84
24
7 1/2
3/8 - 3/4
19.69
15.36
1876.82
156.40
9.76
52.83
14.09
1.64
3
Y
d X
Y
b
22
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W SHAPE
SECTION PROPERTIES
X-X
Y-Y
Wt
in.
in.
in.
in.
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
1/4
2.13
1.64
3.17
2.11
1.22
1.13
0.75
0.73
1/4
2.89
2.15
7.94
3.97
1.66
2.67
1.34
0.96
1/4
4.39
3.40
28.28
9.43
2.54
9.01
3.00
1.43
3/8
6.48
4.90
40.17
13.39
2.49
13.52
4.51
1.44
3/8
8.73
6.49
99.19
24.80
3.37
32.03
8.01
1.92
1/2
11.51
8.70
126.96
31.74
3.32
42.74
10.69
1.93
10
10
3/8
11.06
8.74
198.53
39.71
4.24
62.54
12.51
2.38
10
10
1/2
14.51
10.90
256.20
51.24
4.21
83.42
16.68
2.40
12
12
1/2
17.51
13.20
452.45
75.45
5.08
144.11
24.02
2.87
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION DIMENSIONS
Y
b
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SQUARE TUBE
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION DIMENSIONS
24
SECTION PROPERTIES
Wt
in.
in.
in.
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
1/8
0.44
0.34
0.06
0.11
0.36
1/4
0.75
0.59
0.08
0.16
0.32
1 1/4
1/8
0.56
0.44
0.12
0.19
0.46
1 1/4
1/4
1.00
0.78
0.18
0.28
0.42
1 1/2
1/8
0.69
0.54
0.22
0.29
0.56
1 1/2
1/4
1.25
0.98
0.34
0.45
0.52
1 3/4
1/8
0.81
0.63
0.36
0.41
0.67
1 3/4
1/4
1.5
1.17
0.58
0.66
0.62
1/8
0.94
0.73
0.55
0.55
0.77
1/4
1.75
1.37
0.91
0.91
0.72
3/8
2.44
1.90
1.13
1.13
0.68
2 1/4
1/8
1.06
0.83
0.80
0.71
0.87
2 1/4
1/4
2.00
1.56
1.35
1.20
0.82
1/8
1.44
1.12
1.98
1.32
1.17
1/4
2.75
2.15
3.49
2.33
1.13
1/4
3.75
2.93
8.83
4.41
1.53
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SQUARE BAR
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION DIMENSIONS
I
Y-Y
r
Wt
in.
in.
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
1.00
0.88
0.08
0.17
0.29
0.08
0.17
0.29
1 1/4
1.56
1.37
0.20
0.33
0.36
0.20
0.33
0.36
1 1/2
2.25
1.98
0.42
0.56
0.43
0.42
0.56
0.43
SECTION PROPERTIES
X-X
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25
ROUND TUBE
SECTION DIMENSIONS
SECTION PROPERTIES
od
SECTION PROPERTIES
Wt
in.
in.
in.
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
3/32
0.27
0.22
0.03
0.06
0.32
1/8
0.34
0.25
0.03
0.07
0.31
1 1/8
1/8
0.39
0.33
0.05
0.09
0.36
1 1/4
3/32
0.34
0.27
0.06
0.09
0.41
1 1/4
1/8
0.44
0.32
0.07
0.11
0.40
1 1/4
1/4
0.79
0.61
0.10
0.17
0.36
1 1/2
1/8
0.54
0.45
0.13
0.17
0.49
1 1/2
1/4
0.98
0.79
0.20
0.27
0.45
1 3/4
1/8
0.64
0.51
0.21
0.24
0.58
1 3/4
1/4
1.18
0.94
0.34
0.39
0.54
1 7/8
3/16
0.99
0.88
0.36
0.38
0.60
1/4
1.37
1.08
0.54
0.54
0.62
1/4
2.16
1.70
2.06
1.37
0.98
1/2
3.93
2.98
3.19
2.13
0.90
26
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SECTION DIMENSIONS
SECTION PROPERTIES
od
Wt
in.
in.
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
0.2500
0.049
0.044
0.0002
0.0016
0.0625
0.3000
0.071
0.062
0.0004
0.0027
0.0750
0.3125
0.077
0.067
0.0005
0.0030
0.0781
0.3500
0.096
0.083
0.0007
0.0042
0.0875
0.3750
0.110
0.095
0.0010
0.0052
0.0938
0.4375
0.150
0.133
0.0018
0.0082
0.1094
0.4720
0.175
0.150
0.0024
0.0103
0.1180
0.4800
0.181
0.160
0.0026
0.0109
0.1200
0.5000
0.196
0.172
0.0031
0.0123
0.1250
0.6250
0.307
0.270
0.0075
0.0240
0.1563
0.7500
0.442
0.397
0.0156
0.0414
0.1875
0.8125
0.518
0.460
0.0214
0.0527
0.2031
0.8750
0.601
0.534
0.0288
0.0658
0.2188
1.0000
0.785
0.697
0.0491
0.0982
0.2500
1.2500
1.227
1.094
0.1198
0.1917
0.3125
1.5000
1.766
1.571
0.2485
0.3313
0.3750
SECTION PROPERTIES
SOLID ROUND ROD
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EMBEDMENT ANGLE
SECTION PROPERTIES
SECTION DIMENSIONS
X-X
Y-Y
Wt
in.
in.
in.
in.
lb./ft.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
1 1/2
1 1/2
1/4
1.20
1.10
0.51
0.33
0.65
0.51
0.33
0.65
1 1/2
1/4
1.33
1.13
0.88
0.54
0.81
0.51
0.33
0.62
1/4
1.58
1.86
1.25
0.63
1.18
0.54
0.41
0.77
SECTION PROPERTIES
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BEAMS
ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOAD TABLES

The following load tables were generated based on 3-point bending tests conducted on full sections of structural
shapes, as well as the formulas, properties and assumptions listed below. Tested were American Gratings Channels,
I-Shapes, W-Shapes and Square Tubes.
BEAMS
Notation
Assumptions
Aw
Area of Web (in.2)
Modulus of Elasticity (lbs./in.2)
fb
Actual Flexural Stress (lbs./in.2)
Fb
Maximum Allowable Flexural Stress (lbs./in.2)
fv
Actual Shear Stress (lbs./in.2)
Fv
Maximum Allowable Shear Stress (lbs./in.2)
Shear Modulus (lbs./in.2)
Adequate Lateral Support
Moment of Inertia (in.4)
(Full Lateral Support for Channels)
Span Length (in.)
Maximum Moment (lb.-in.)
Beam is simply supported at both ends
Uniformly Distributed Load
Load is applied perpendicular to major axis
Part Weight Deducted In Tables
Section Modulus (in. )
Vertical Shear Force (lbs.)
Uniform Load (lb./in.)
Poissons Ratio
FaCB
Allowable Critical Buckling Stress For Laterally

Supported H & I Beams (lbs./in.2)
Safety Factor of 3.0 Applied for Both Flexural and

Shear Stress
Properties/Allowable Limits (F.S. = 3)

E
= 2.8 x 106 lbs./in.2
= 450,000 lbs./in.2
Formulas
fb Fb = 10,000 lbs./in.2
fv Fv = 1,500 lbs./in.2
v
= 0.33
Density = 0.062-0.070 lb./in.
30
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LATERAL SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS

The table below gives the recommended maximum lateral support spacing required to produce the full bending
capacity of these members.
LATERAL SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS - FRP STRUCTURAL SHAPES

LATERAL SUPPORT SPACING
MEMBER
LATERAL SUPPORT SPACING
C6" x 1/4"
48"
I10" x 3/8"
60"
C8" x 3/8"
60"
I12" x 1/2"
84"
C10" x 3/8"
60"
W4" x 1/4"
60"
C10" x 1/2"
60"
W6" x 1/4"
84"
C12" x 1/2"
60"
W6" x 3/8"
96"
I4" x 1/4"
24"
W8" x 3/8"
108"
I6" x 1/4"
36"
W10" x 3/8"
156"
I8" x 3/8"
48"
W12" x 1/2"
168"
BEAMS
MEMBER
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C3 x 13/16 x 1/8 CHANNEL

BEAMS - ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOADS (lbs./ft.)
Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.50 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 0.64 in.4
Wt. = 0.43 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 0.43 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
317
Fb
201
200
167
125
83
178
Fb
135
80
75
56
37
114
Fb
71
47
39
29
19
79
Fb
41
27
23
17
11
57
Fb
26
17
14
10
44
Fb
17
11
34
Fb
12
10
28
Fb
BEAMS
This is not a stocked item.

The mill run on this item is 1500 ft.
Orders for less than mill run quantities will be subject to set up charges as well as premium per foot cost.
32
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C3 x 1 x 1/8 CHANNEL
Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.34 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 0.73 in.4
Wt. = 0.68 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 0.77 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
539
Fv
340
227
189
141
94
404
Fv
153
102
85
63
42
323
Fv
80
53
44
33
22
252
Fb
47
31
26
19
12
185
Fb
30
20
16
12
141
Fb
20
13
11
111
Fb
13
10
90
Fb

BEAMS
Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.63 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 1.27 in.4
Wt. = 0.88 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 0.85 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
624
Fv
591
394
328
246
163
353
Fb
267
178
148
111
74
226
Fb
141
94
78
58
39
157
Fb
83
55
46
34
23
115
Fb
53
35
29
21
14
88
Fb
35
23
19
14
69
Fb
25
16
13
10
10
56
Fb
18
12
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C3 x 1 1/2 x 1/8 CHANNEL

Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.34 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 1.43 in.4
Wt. = 0.95 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 0.95 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
591
Fb
415
346
259
173
394
Fb
286
191
159
119
79
252
Fb
152
101
84
63
41
174
Fb
90
60
50
37
24
128
Fb
55
36
30
22
15
98
Fb
37
24
20
15
10
77
Fb
25
17
14
10
10
62
Fb
19
12
10

BEAMS

Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.63 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 1.75 in.4
Wt. = 1.07 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 1.16 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
617
Fv
511
425
319
212
346
Fv
236
196
147
97
221
Fb
189
126
104
78
51
153
Fb
112
74
61
45
30
112
Fb
71
46
38
28
18
85
Fb
47
31
25
19
12
67
Fb
33
21
17
13
10
54
Fb
24
15
12

34
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Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.88 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 2.87 in.4
Wt. = 1.12 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 1.44 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
874
Fv
812
676
507
338
532
Fb
381
317
237
158
340
Fb
308
205
171
128
85
236
Fb
183
122
101
76
50
173
Fb
117
78
65
48
32
132
Fb
79
52
44
32
21
104
Fb
56
37
31
23
15
10
84
Fb
41
27
22
16
11
BEAMS

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Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.68 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 2.62 in.4
Wt. = 0.93 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 1.31 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
435
Fv
296
244
Fv
211
141
156
Fb
153
115
76
108
Fb
92
68
45
79
Fb
71
59
44
29
60
Fb
48
40
29
19
48
Fb
34
28
21
13
10
38
Fb
37
24
20
15
10
BEAMS

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Laterally Supported
Aw = 1.38 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 10.19 in.4
Wt. = 1.71 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 3.40 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
536
Fv
405
269
371
Fb
332
249
165
272
Fb
261
217
162
107
208
Fb
179
149
111
73
164
Fb
127
106
79
52
10
132
Fb
93
78
58
38
11
109
Fb
107
70
58
43
28
12
91
Fb
82
54
45
33
21
13
78
Fb
65
43
35
26
17
14
67
Fb
52
34
28
20
13
15
58
Fb
42
27
22
16
10
BEAMS
This item is stocked in 20 ft. lengths.

Other lengths available in mill run quantities.
The mill run on this item is 1,000 ft.
For special lengths less then mill run quantities, please call to check on pricing and availability.
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C6 x 1 11/16 x 3/8 CHANNEL

Laterally Supported
Aw = 1.97 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 2.52 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 14.55 in.4
S= 4.85 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1178
Fv
928
773
579
385
895
Fb
857
570
475
355
236
657
Fb
560
372
310
232
153
502
Fb
384
255
212
158
105
396
Fb
274
182
151
112
74
10
320
Fb
202
133
111
82
54
11
264
Fb
152
101
83
62
40
12
222
Fb
118
77
64
47
31
13
188
Fb
92
61
50
37
24
14
162
Fb
74
48
40
29
18
15
141
Fb
60
39
32
23
14
BEAMS

38
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323

Laterally Supported
Aw = 2.72 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 35.77 in.4
Wt. = 3.40 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 8.94 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1627
Fv
1235
822
1271
Fv
1261
1050
787
523
932
Fv
845
705
527
350
713
Fb
590
491
367
244
563
Fb
426
355
265
175
10
455
Fb
317
264
197
130
11
375
Fb
364
241
201
149
98
12
315
Fb
283
188
156
116
76
13
268
Fb
224
148
123
91
59
14
230
Fb
180
119
98
73
47
15
200
Fb
147
97
80
59
38
16
175
Fb
121
79
65
48
31
17
155
Fb
101
66
54
40
25
18
138
Fb
85
55
45
33
21
19
123
Fb
72
46
38
27
17
20
111
Fb
61
39
32
23
14
BEAMS

1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
39

Laterally Supported
Aw = 3.47 in.2
BEAMS
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 4.06 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 69.60 in.4
S= 13.92 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1627
Fv
1356
903
1355
Fv
1245
933
620
1161
Fv
1065
887
664
441
1015
Fv
781
651
487
323
902
Fv
884
588
490
366
243
10
811
Fv
681
453
377
281
186
11
737
Fv
535
355
295
221
146
12
640
Fb
427
283
235
175
116
13
545
Fb
345
229
190
142
93
14
469
Fb
283
187
155
116
76
15
408
Fb
234
155
128
95
62
16
358
Fb
196
130
107
79
52
17
317
Fb
164
108
89
66
43
18
282
Fb
150
99
81
60
39
19
253
Fb
139
92
76
56
36
20
227
Fb
120
79
65
48
31
21
206
Fb
104
68
56
41
26
22
187
Fb
91
59
49
35
22
23
171
Fb
80
52
43
31
19
24
157
Fb
69
45
37
26
16
25
144
Fb
61
39
32
23
14

40
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323

Laterally Supported
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 5.30 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 92.49 in.4
S= 18.50 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1869
Fv
1802
1199
1601
Fv
1239
824
1400
Fv
1177
882
586
1244
Fv
1037
864
646
429
10
1090
Fb
781
650
486
322
11
900
Fb
600
499
373
247
12
755
Fb
709
470
391
292
193
13
643
Fb
565
375
311
232
153
14
553
Fb
457
303
251
187
123
15
481
Fb
374
248
205
153
100
16
422
Fb
310
205
170
126
82
17
373
Fb
259
171
141
105
68
18
332
Fb
219
144
119
88
56
19
298
Fb
186
122
101
74
47
20
268
Fb
160
104
86
63
40
21
243
Fb
138
90
74
54
34
22
220
Fb
119
78
64
46
29
23
201
Fb
104
67
55
40
25
24
184
Fb
91
59
48
34
21
25
169
Fb
80
51
42
30
18
BEAMS
Aw = 7.02 in.2

1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
41

Laterally Supported
Aw = 5.50 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 6.63 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 143.5 in.4
S= 23.90 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
2285
Fv
1714
1957
Fv
1799
1197
1712
Fv
1296
862
1409
Fv
1282
960
637
10
1140
Fv
972
727
482
11
941
Fv
903
752
562
372
12
790
Fb
712
592
442
292
13
672
Fb
569
473
353
233
14
578
Fb
462
384
286
188
15
503
Fb
379
315
234
154
16
441
Fb
315
261
194
127
17
390
Fb
264
218
162
106
18
347
Fb
337
223
184
137
89
19
311
Fb
288
190
157
116
75
20
280
Fb
247
162
134
99
64
BEAMS

42
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
C6 x 1-5/8 x 1/4 CHANNEL BACK TO BACK

Laterally Supported
Aw = 2.75 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 20.38 in.4
Wt. = 3.42 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 6.80 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1072
Fv
810
538
742
Fb
664
498
330
544
Fb
522
434
324
214
416
Fb
358
298
222
146
328
Fb
254
212
158
104
10
264
Fb
186
156
116
76
11
218
Fb
214
140
116
86
56
12
182
Fb
164
108
90
66
42
13
156
Fb
130
86
70
52
34
14
134
Fb
104
68
56
40
26
15
116
Fb
84
54
44
32
20
BEAMS

The mill run on this item is 1,000 ft.
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
43
C8 x 2 3/16 x 3/8 CHANNEL BACK TO BACK

Laterally Supported
Aw = 8.46 in.2
BEAMS
SPAN
(ft)
I = 71.5 in.4
Wt. = 6.40 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 17.88 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
3254
Fv
2470
1644
2542
Fv
2522
2100
1574
1046
1864
Fv
1690
1410
1054
700
1426
Fb
1180
982
734
488
1126
Fb
852
710
530
350
10
910
Fb
634
528
394
260
11
750
Fb
728
482
402
298
196
12
630
Fb
566
376
312
232
152
13
536
Fb
448
296
246
182
118
14
460
Fb
360
238
196
146
94
15
400
Fb
294
194
160
118
76
16
350
Fb
242
158
130
96
62
17
310
Fb
202
132
108
80
50
18
276
Fb
170
110
90
66
42
19
246
Fb
144
92
76
54
34
20
222
Fb
122
78
64
46
28

44
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323

Laterally Supported
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 8.12 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 139.20 in.4
S= 27.84 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
3254
Fv
2712
1806
2710
Fv
2490
1866
1240
2322
Fv
2130
1774
1328
882
2030
Fv
1562
1302
974
646
1804
Fb
1768
1176
980
732
486
10
1622
Fb
1362
906
754
562
372
11
1474
Fb
1070
710
590
442
292
12
1280
Fb
854
566
470
350
232
13
1090
Fb
690
458
380
284
186
14
938
Fb
566
374
310
232
152
15
816
Fb
468
310
256
190
124
16
716
Fb
392
260
214
158
104
17
634
Fb
328
216
178
132
86
18
564
Fb
300
198
162
120
78
19
506
Fb
278
184
152
112
72
20
454
Fb
240
158
130
96
62
21
412
Fb
208
136
112
82
52
22
374
Fb
182
118
98
70
44
23
342
Fb
160
104
86
62
38
24
314
Fb
138
90
74
52
32
25
288
Fb
122
78
64
46
28
BEAMS
Aw = 6.94 in.2

1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
45

Laterally Supported
Aw = 14.04 in.2
BEAMS
SPAN
(ft)
I = 185 in.4
Wt. = 10.60 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 37 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
3738
Fv
3604
2398
3202
Fv
2478
1648
2800
Fv
2354
1764
1172
2488
Fv
2074
1728
1292
858
10
2180
Fb
1562
1300
972
644
11
1800
Fb
1200
998
746
494
12
1510
Fb
1418
940
782
584
386
13
1286
Fb
1130
750
622
464
306
14
1106
Fb
914
606
502
374
246
15
962
Fb
748
496
410
306
200
16
844
Fb
620
410
340
252
164
17
746
Fb
518
342
282
210
136
18
664
Fb
438
288
238
176
112
19
596
Fb
372
244
202
148
94
20
536
Fb
320
208
172
126
80
21
486
Fb
276
180
148
108
68
22
440
Fb
238
156
128
92
58
23
402
Fb
208
134
110
80
50
24
368
Fb
182
118
96
68
42
25
338
Fb
160
102
84
60
36

46
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
C12 x 3 x 1/2 CHANNEL BACK TO BACK

Laterally Supported
Aw = 11 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 13.26 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 287.0 in.4
S= 47.8 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
4570
Fv
3428
3914
Fv
3598
2394
3424
Fv
2592
1724
2818
Fv
2564
1920
1274
10
2280
Fv
1944
1454
964
11
1882
Fv
1806
1504
1124
744
12
1580
Fb
1424
1184
884
584
13
1344
Fb
1138
946
706
466
14
1156
Fb
924
768
572
376
15
1006
Fb
758
630
468
308
16
882
Fb
630
522
388
254
17
780
Fb
528
436
324
212
18
694
Fb
674
446
368
274
178
19
622
Fb
576
380
314
232
150
20
560
Fb
494
324
268
198
128
BEAMS

1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
47
I 3 x 1-1/2 x 1/4 I SHAPE

Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.63 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 1.75 in.4
Wt. = 1.08 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 1.16 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
468
Fv
355
237
197
147
98
311
Fb
190
126
105
79
52
216
Fb
113
75
62
46
30
158
Fb
72
47
39
29
19
121
Fb
48
32
26
19
13
95
Fb
34
22
18
13
10
77
Fb
24
16
13
10
BEAMS

48
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
I 4 x 2 x 1/4 I SHAPE
Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.88 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 4.41 in.4
Wt. = 1.46 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 2.21 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
655
Fv
542
451
338
225
524
Fv
449
299
249
186
124
408
Fv
271
180
150
112
74
299
Fb
175
116
96
72
48
229
Fb
119
78
65
48
32
180
Fb
84
55
46
34
22
10
146
Fb
61
40
33
24
16
11
120
Fb
46
30
25
18
12
12
101
Fb
35
23
19
13
BEAMS

1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
49
Laterally Supported
Aw = 1.38 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 15.87 in.4
Wt. = 2.20 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 5.29 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
823
Fv
759
569
379
685
Fv
576
479
359
239
587
Fv
575
383
319
239
158
513
Fv
400
266
221
166
110
433
Fv
289
192
159
119
79
10
350
Fb
214
142
118
88
58
11
289
Fb
163
108
89
67
44
12
243
Fb
126
84
69
51
34
13
206
Fb
100
66
55
40
26
14
178
Fb
80
53
44
32
21
15
155
Fb
65
43
35
26
17
BEAMS

50
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
Laterally Supported
Aw = 1.97 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 22.35 in.4
Wt. = 3.29 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 7.45 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1178
Fv
1074
805
536
981
Fv
813
677
507
337
841
Fv
813
541
450
337
224
735
Fv
556
376
313
234
155
610
Fb
407
270
225
168
111
10
493
Fb
302
200
166
124
82
11
407
Fb
229
152
126
94
61
12
342
Fb
178
118
98
72
47
13
291
Fb
141
93
77
57
37
14
250
Fb
113
74
61
45
29
15
218
Fb
92
60
50
36
23
16
191
Fb
75
49
40
30
19
17
169
Fb
63
41
33
24
15
18
150
Fb
52
34
28
20
12
BEAMS

1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
51
Laterally Supported
Aw = 2.72 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 4.46 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 55.55 in.4
S= 13.89 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
2035
Fv
1744
1627
Fv
1094
1355
Fv
1083
721
1160
Fv
993
744
494
1015
Fv
849
707
529
351
901
Fv
622
518
387
256
10
811
Fv
704
468
389
291
192
11
737
Fv
542
359
299
223
147
12
638
Fb
425
281
234
174
114
13
543
Fb
338
224
186
138
90
14
467
Fb
273
181
150
111
72
15
407
Fb
224
147
122
90
58
16
357
Fb
174
122
101
74
49
17
315
Fb
154
101
84
61
39
18
281
Fb
130
85
70
51
33
BEAMS

52
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
I 8 x 1/2 x 4 x 3/8 I SHAPE

Laterally Supported
Aw = 3.34 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 4.90 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 63.80 in.4
S= 15.42 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1665
Fv
1250
831
1426
Fv
1375
1145
858
570
1247
Fv
978
814
609
404
1108
Fv
1079
717
597
447
296
10
997
Fv
810
538
448
335
221
11
844
Fb
623
414
344
257
170
12
708
Fb
489
324
269
201
132
13
603
Fb
389
258
214
159
105
14
519
Fb
315
209
173
129
84
15
451
Fb
257
170
140
104
68
16
396
Fb
213
141
116
86
56
17
350
Fb
179
118
97
72
46
18
312
Fb
151
99
81
60
38
19
279
Fb
127
83
68
50
32
20
252
Fb
109
71
59
43
27
BEAMS

1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
53
Laterally Supported
Aw = 3.50 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 5.85 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 70.62 in.4
S= 17.66 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1744
Fv
1383
920
1494
Fv
1267
949
631
1307
Fv
1082
901
674
448
1161
Fv
793
660
494
327
10
1044
Fv
897
596
496
370
245
11
949
Fv
690
458
381
284
187
12
812
Fb
541
358
298
222
146
13
691
Fb
431
285
237
176
115
14
595
Fb
348
230
191
142
92
15
517
Fb
285
188
156
115
75
16
454
Fb
236
155
128
95
61
17
401
Fb
197
129
107
79
50
18
357
Fb
166
109
90
66
42
19
320
Fb
141
92
76
55
35
20
288
Fb
121
78
64
47
29
BEAMS

54
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Laterally Supported
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 5.63 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 111.63 in.4
S= 22.33 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1481
Fv
1305
868
1295
Fv
1270
951
632
1150
Fv
1141
949
711
472
10
1035
Fv
871
725
542
359
11
940
Fv
678
564
422
279
12
861
Fv
808
537
446
333
220
13
794
Fv
649
431
358
267
176
14
737
Fv
529
350
291
217
143
15
656
Fb
436
288
239
178
117
16
575
Fb
363
240
199
148
96
17
509
Fb
305
201
167
123
80
18
453
Fb
258
170
141
104
67
19
406
Fb
220
145
120
88
57
20
366
Fb
189
124
103
75
48
21
332
Fb
164
107
88
65
41
22
302
Fb
142
93
76
56
35
23
275
Fb
124
81
66
48
30
24
252
Fb
109
71
58
42
25
25
232
Fb
96
62
51
37
22
BEAMS
Aw = 3.47 in.2

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Laterally Supported
Aw = 4.50 in.2
BEAMS
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 7.41 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 143.29 in.4
S= 28.66 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1921
Fv
1681
1118
1680
Fv
1635
1225
814
1492
Fv
1468
1222
914
607
10
1342
Fv
932
932
697
462
11
1219
Fv
725
725
542
359
12
1117
Fv
1038
573
573
428
283
13
1030
Fv
834
460
460
343
226
14
956
Fv
679
374
374
278
183
15
841
Fb
559
307
307
228
150
16
738
Fb
466
255
255
189
124
17
653
Fb
391
214
214
158
103
18
582
Fb
331
180
180
133
86
19
521
Fb
283
153
153
113
73
20
470
Fb
243
159
131
97
62
21
425
Fb
210
137
113
83
53
22
387
Fb
183
119
98
71
45
23
353
Fb
160
104
85
62
39
24
324
Fb
140
91
74
54
33
25
298
Fb
123
80
65
47
28

56
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Laterally Supported
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 8.97 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 253.96 in.4
S= 42.33 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
2348
Fv
1715
2054
Fv
1922
1278
1824
Fv
1463
972
10
1641
Fv
1514
1134
753
11
1491
Fv
1434
1193
893
592
12
1366
Fv
1147
954
713
473
13
1260
Fv
929
773
577
382
14
1170
Fv
1147
762
633
473
312
15
1091
Fv
951
631
524
391
258
16
1022
Fv
796
528
438
327
215
17
962
Fv
673
445
370
275
180
18
862
Fb
573
379
314
222
153
19
773
Fb
491
324
269
199
130
20
696
Fb
424
279
231
171
111
21
631
Fb
368
242
200
148
96
22
574
Fb
321
211
174
129
83
23
524
Fb
282
185
152
112
72
24
481
Fb
248
162
134
98
62
25
442
Fb
220
143
118
86
55
26
408
Fb
195
127
104
76
48
27
378
Fb
174
113
93
67
42
28
351
Fb
156
101
83
60
37
29
327
Fb
140
90
74
53
32
30
305
Fb
126
81
66
47
28
BEAMS
Aw = 5.50 in.2

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57
W4 x 4 x 1/4 W SHAPE
Laterally Supported
Aw = 0.88 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 7.94 in.4
Wt. = 2.15 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 3.97 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
654
Fv
522
347
523
Fv
483
402
301
200
435
Fv
300
249
186
123
373
Fv
297
197
163
122
80
326
Fv
204
135
112
83
55
285
Fv
146
96
80
59
38
10
230
Fv
107
71
58
43
28
11
190
Fb
81
53
44
32
20
12
159
Fb
62
40
33
24
15
13
135
Fb
50
32
27
19
12
14
116
Fb
39
26
21
15
15
101
Fb
32
21
17
12
BEAMS
This item is stocked in 20 foot lengths.

58
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Laterally Supported
Aw = 1.38 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 28.28 in.4
Wt. = 3.40 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 9.43 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
822
Fv
554
678
Fv
549
364
497
Fv
377
250
380
Fv
358
267
177
299
Fv
262
195
129
10
242
Fv
237
196
146
96
11
199
Fv
181
150
112
73
12
167
Fv
142
117
87
57
13
313
Fv
112
93
69
44
14
122
Fv
90
75
55
35
15
106
Fv
74
61
44
29
BEAMS
This item is stocked in 20 foot lengths.

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59
Laterally Supported
Aw = 1.97 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 4.90 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 40.17 in.4
S= 13.39 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1472
Fv
1260
1177
Fv
790
980
Fv
782
520
839
Fv
717
537
356
733
Fv
613
510
381
252
651
Fv
449
373
279
184
10
586
Fv
508
337
280
209
138
11
532
Fv
390
259
215
160
105
12
487
Fv
306
202
268
124
81
13
449
Fv
243
160
244
98
64
14
395
Fv
196
129
107
79
51
15
343
Fv
160
105
87
64
41
BEAMS
This item is not stocked.

60
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Laterally Supported
SPAN
(ft)
I = 99.19 in.4
Wt. = 6.49 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 24.80 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1625
Fv
1483
1353
Fv
1028
1158
Fv
1105
735
1013
Fv
811
539
899
Fv
815
609
404
10
809
Fv
751
625
467
309
11
735
Fv
586
488
364
240
12
673
Fv
465
387
288
190
13
620
Fv
565
374
311
231
152
14
576
Fv
461
305
253
188
123
15
537
Fv
380
251
208
154
100
16
503
Fv
316
209
173
128
83
17
473
Fv
266
175
145
107
69
18
446
Fv
225
148
122
90
58
19
422
Fv
192
126
104
76
48
20
401
Fv
165
108
89
65
41
BEAMS
Aw = 2.719 in.2

1.702.567.0303
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61
Laterally Supported
Aw = 3.50 in.2
BEAMS
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 8.70 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 126.96 in.4
S= 31.74 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1741
Fv
1319
1491
Fv
1418
942
1304
Fv
1040
691
1158
Fv
1044
781
518
10
1041
Fv
963
801
598
396
11
946
Fv
751
625
466
308
12
866
Fv
596
495
369
243
13
799
Fv
724
479
398
296
194
14
741
Fv
590
390
324
241
157
15
691
Fv
486
321
266
197
129
16
647
Fv
405
267
221
164
106
17
609
Fv
341
224
185
137
88
18
574
Fv
288
189
156
115
74
19
544
Fv
246
161
133
97
62
20
516
Fv
211
138
113
83
52
21
471
Fb
183
119
97
71
44
22
428
Fb
159
103
84
61
38
23
391
Fb
138
89
73
52
32
24
358
Fb
121
78
63
45
27
25
330
Fb
107
68
55
39
23

62
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Laterally Supported
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 8.74 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 198.53 in.4
S= 39.71 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1478
Fv
1211
1292
Fv
915
1025
Fb
703
10
828
Fb
549
11
683
Fb
658
435
12
573
Fb
529
349
13
487
Fb
430
284
14
418
Fb
353
233
15
363
Fb
293
192
16
318
Fb
245
161
17
281
Fb
279
207
135
18
250
Fb
237
176
114
19
223
Fb
203
150
97
20
201
Fb
175
129
83
21
181
Fb
152
111
71
22
164
Fb
160
132
97
61
23
149
Fb
140
115
84
53
24
137
Fb
123
101
74
46
25
125
Fb
109
89
64
40
BEAMS
Aw = 3.469 in.2

1.702.567.0303
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63

Laterally Supported
Aw = 4.50 in.2
BEAMS
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 10.90 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 256.20 in.4
S= 51.24 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1918
Fv
1567
1677
Fv
1183
1489
Fv
1370
910
10
1339
Fv
1072
711
11
1216
Fv
1138
850
563
12
1114
Fv
1100
915
684
452
13
1028
Fv
896
745
556
367
14
953
Fv
738
613
457
301
15
842
Fb
614
510
379
249
16
739
Fb
515
427
318
208
17
653
Fb
435
361
268
175
18
582
Fb
562
371
307
228
148
19
521
Fb
482
318
263
195
126
20
469
Fb
417
274
227
167
108
21
424
Fb
362
238
196
144
93
22
386
Fb
316
207
171
125
80
23
352
Fb
278
181
149
109
69
24
322
Fb
245
160
131
96
60
25
296
Fb
217
141
115
84
52
26
273
Fb
192
125
102
74
46
27
252
Fb
172
111
90
65
40
28
234
Fb
153
99
80
57
35
29
217
Fb
138
88
72
51
30
30
202
Fb
124
79
64
45
26

64
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Laterally Supported
SPAN
(ft)
Wt. = 13.20 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
I = 452.45 in.4
S= 75.45 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
2344
Fv
2273
2049
Fv
1760
1820
Fv
1383
10
1637
Fv
1102
11
1487
Fv
1338
888
12
1350
Fb
1091
723
13
1148
Fb
899
595
14
988
Fb
747
493
15
859
Fb
839
626
413
16
754
Fb
710
529
348
17
666
Fb
604
450
295
18
593
Fb
518
385
252
19
531
Fb
446
331
216
20
478
Fb
468
387
287
186
21
432
Fb
408
337
250
161
22
392
Fb
358
295
219
140
23
358
Fb
315
259
192
123
24
328
Fb
278
230
169
107
25
301
Fb
247
203
149
94
26
277
Fb
220
181
132
83
27
256
Fb
196
161
118
73
28
237
Fb
176
144
105
65
29
220
Fb
158
129
94
58
30
205
Fb
142
116
84
51
31
191
Fb
128
104
75
46
32
179
Fb
116
94
67
40
33
167
Fb
164
105
85
61
36
34
157
Fb
149
95
77
54
32
35
147
Fb
136
86
70
49
28
BEAMS
Aw = 5.50 in.2

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65
ST3 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE

Laterally Supported
Aw = 1.25 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 3.50 in.4
Wt. = 2.07 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 2.33 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
935
Fv
710
472
393
294
195
618
Fb
380
252
210
156
103
428
Fb
224
149
123
92
60
314
Fb
142
94
78
58
37
240
Fb
96
63
52
38
24
189
Fb
67
43
36
26
16
10
152
Fb
48
31
25
18
11
11
125
Fb
36
23
18
13
12
105
Fb
27
17
14
BEAMS

66
1.702.567.0303
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ST4 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE

Laterally Supported
Aw = 1.75 in.2
SPAN
(ft)
I = 8.82 in.4
Wt. = 2.83 lbs./ft.
MAXIMUM LOAD
S= 4.41 in.3
DEFLECTION RATIO
L/100
L/150
L/180
L/240
L/360
1310
Fv
1085
903
677
450
888
Fb
599
499
373
248
616
Fb
543
361
301
225
149
452
Fb
351
233
194
144
95
345
Fb
238
158
131
98
64
272
Fb
169
112
92
69
45
10
220
Fb
123
81
67
50
32
11
181
Fb
93
61
50
37
24
12
152
Fb
71
46
38
28
18
13
129
Fb
56
36
30
21
13
14
111
Fb
44
28
23
17
10
15
96
Fb
35
23
18
13
BEAMS

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67
COLUMNS
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC AXIAL STRESS AND LOADS

The following tables were developed based on tests conducted on full sections of American Gratings Structural
shapes. Testing was done to determine the ultimate stress vs. slenderness ratios. The following allowable concentric
axial stress load tables were generated based on these ratios. A safety factor of three has been used in these tables.
Notation
A
Angle
Maximum Allowable Stress
Area (in.2)
Width of Flange/Leg (in.)
Thickness of Flange (in.)
Minimum Radius of Gyration (in.)
Length (in.)
Effective Column Length Factor
Fa
Allowable Column Concentric Axial Stress (lb./in.2)
Pa
Allowable Column Concentric Axial Load (lbs.)
b/t 8
4,862 psi
b/t = 10.7
4,194 psi
b/t = 12
3,620 psi
b/t = 16
2,758 psi
Square Tubes
b/t 10
10,000 psi
b/t = 12
8,880 psi
b/t = 16
6,595 psi
I & W Shapes
COLUMNS

b/t 12
10,000 psi
b/t = 13.3
8,747 psi
t = 1/4"
b/t = 16
7,208 psi
t > 1/4"
b/t = 16
6,233 psi
b/t = 20
4,920 psi
b/t = 21.3
4,483 psi
t = 1/4"
b/t = 24
4,167 psi
t > 1/4"
b/t = 24
3,608 psi
b/t = 26.7
2,732 psi
70
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L2 x 2 x 1/4 ANGLE COLUMN

COLUMNS - ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC AXIAL STRESS AND LOADS
A = 0.92 in.2
r = 0.38 in.
b/t = 8
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
15.8
4,862
4,473
1.0
31.6
2,807
2,582
1.5
47.4
2,077
1,911
2.0
63.2
1,684
1,549
2.5
78.9
1,416
1,303
3.0
94.7
1,211
1,114
3.5
110.5
1,079
993
4.0
126.3
988
909
4.5
142.1
891
820
5.0
157.9
833
766
5.5
173.7
752
692
6.0
189.5
667
614
COLUMNS
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
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71

COLUMNS
A = 1.42 in.2
r = 0.59 in.
b/t = 12
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
10.2
3,620
5,140
1.0
20.3
3,620
5,140
1.5
30.5
2,933
4,165
2.0
40.7
2,277
3,233
2.5
50.8
1,968
2,795
3.0
61.0
1,736
2,465
3.5
71.2
1,538
2,184
4.0
81.4
1,391
1,975
4.5
91.5
1,249
1,774
5.0
101.7
1,146
1,627
5.5
111.9
1,070
1,519
6.0
122.0
1,010
1,434
6.5
132.2
952
1,352
7.0
142.4
889
1,262
7.5
152.5
849
1,206
8.0
162.7
815
1,157
8.5
172.9
757
1,075
9.0
183.1
708
1,005
9.5
193.2
665
944
72
1.702.567.0303
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r = 0.59 in.
b/t = 8
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
10.2
4,862
10,162
1.0
20.3
4,862
10,162
1.5
30.5
2,933
6,130
2.0
40.7
2,277
4,759
2.5
50.8
1,968
4,113
3.0
61.0
1,736
3,628
3.5
71.2
1,538
3,214
4.0
81.4
1,391
2,907
4.5
91.5
1,249
2,610
5.0
101.7
1,146
2,395
5.5
111.9
1,070
2,236
6.0
122.0
1,010
2,111
6.5
132.2
952
1,990
7.0
142.4
889
1,858
7.5
152.5
849
1,774
8.0
162.7
815
1,703
8.5
172.9
757
1,582
9.0
183.1
708
1,480
9.5
193.2
665
1,390
COLUMNS
A = 2.09 in.2
1.702.567.0303
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73

COLUMNS
A = 2.70 in.2
r = 0.59 in.
b/t = 6
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
10.2
4,862
13,127
1.0
20.3
4,862
13,127
1.5
30.5
2,933
7,919
2.0
40.7
2,277
6,148
2.5
50.8
1,968
5,314
3.0
61.0
1,736
4,687
3.5
71.2
1,538
4,153
4.0
81.4
1,249
3,372
4.5
91.5
1,249
3,372
5.0
101.7
1,146
3,094
5.5
111.9
1,070
2,889
6.0
122.0
1,010
2,727
6.5
132.2
952
2,570
7.0
142.4
889
2,400
7.5
152.5
849
2,292
8.0
162.7
815
2,201
8.5
172.9
757
2,044
9.0
183.1
708
1,912
9.5
193.2
665
1,796
74
1.702.567.0303
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r = 0.8 in.
b/t = 8
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
7.5
2,758
5,295
1.0
15.0
2,758
5,295
1.5
22.5
2,758
5,295
2.0
30.0
2,758
5,295
2.5
37.5
2,393
4,595
3.0
45.0
2,133
4,095
3.5
52.5
1,914
3,675
4.0
60.0
1,760
3,379
4.5
67.5
1,603
3,078
5.0
75.0
1,482
2,845
5.5
82.5
1,379
2,648
6.0
90.0
1,283
2,463
6.5
97.5
1,187
2,279
7.0
105.0
1,123
2,156
7.5
112.5
1,064
2,043
8.0
120.0
1,020
1,958
8.5
127.5
980
1,882
9.0
135.0
933
1,791
9.5
142.5
889
1,707
10.0
150.0
860
1,651
10.5
157.5
834
1,601
11.0
165.0
802
1,540
11.5
172.5
759
1,457
12.0
180.0
727
1,396
12.5
187.5
693
1,331
13.0
195.0
660
1,267
1.702.567.0303
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COLUMNS
A = 1.92 in.2
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
75

COLUMNS
A = 2.84 in.2
76
r = 0.79 in.
b/t = 10.7
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
7.6
4,194
11,911
1.0
15.2
4,194
11,911
1.5
22.8
4,194
11,911
2.0
30.4
2,947
8,369
2.5
38.0
2,367
6,722
3.0
45.6
2,113
6,001
3.5
53.2
1,896
5,385
4.0
60.8
1,741
4,944
4.5
68.4
1,586
4,504
5.0
75.9
1,461
4,149
5.5
83.5
1,364
3,874
6.0
91.1
1,260
3,578
6.5
98.7
1,177
3,343
7.0
106.3
1,113
3,161
7.5
113.9
1,048
2,976
8.0
121.5
1,012
2,874
8.5
129.1
969
2,752
9.0
136.7
922
2,618
9.5
144.3
878
2,494
10.0
151.9
853
2,423
10.5
159.5
828
2,352
11.0
167.1
791
2,246
11.5
174.7
745
2,116
12.0
182.3
712
2,022
12.5
189.9
680
1,931
13.0
197.5
652
1,852
1.702.567.0303
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r = 0.78 in.
b/t = 8
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
7.7
4,862
17,989
1.0
15.4
4,862
17,989
1.5
23.1
4,862
17,989
2.0
30.8
2,904
10,745
2.5
38.5
2,350
8,695
3.0
46.2
2,098
7,763
3.5
53.8
1,884
6,971
4.0
61.5
1,724
6,379
4.5
69.2
1,570
5,809
5.0
76.9
1,446
5,350
5.5
84.6
1,350
4,995
6.0
92.3
1,234
4,566
6.5
100.0
1,167
4,318
7.0
107.7
1,095
4,052
7.5
115.4
1,036
3,833
8.0
123.1
1,005
3,719
8.5
130.8
959
3,548
9.0
138.5
912
3,374
9.5
146.2
872
3,226
10.0
153.8
847
3,134
10.5
161.5
821
3,038
11.0
169.2
777
2,875
11.5
176.9
735
2,720
12.0
184.6
704
2,605
12.5
192.3
680
2,516
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
COLUMNS
A = 3.70 in.2
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
77

COLUMNS
A = 4.33 in.2
r = 1.14 in.
b/t = 16
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
5.3
2,758
11,942
10.0
105.3
1,121
4,854
1.0
10.5
2,758
11,942
10.5
110.5
1,079
4,672
1.5
15.8
2,758
11,942
11.0
115.8
1,041
4,508
2.0
21.1
2,758
11,942
11.5
121.1
1,015
4,395
2.5
26.3
2,758
11,942
12.0
126.3
988
4,278
3.0
31.6
2,758
11,942
12.5
131.6
955
4,135
3.5
36.8
2,427
10,509
13.0
136.8
922
3,992
4.0
42.1
2,229
9,652
13.5
142.1
892
3,862
4.5
47.4
2,060
8,920
14.0
147.4
872
3,776
5.0
52.6
1,911
8,275
14.5
152.6
851
3,685
5.5
57.9
1,802
7,803
15.0
157.9
833
3,607
6.0
63.2
1,684
7,292
15.5
163.2
813
3,520
6.5
68.4
1,585
6,863
16.0
168.4
782
3,386
7.0
73.7
1,503
6,508
16.5
173.7
752
3,256
7.5
78.9
1,416
6,131
17.0
178.9
729
3,157
8.0
84.2
1,354
5,863
17.5
184.2
706
3,057
8.5
89.5
1,289
5,581
18.0
189.5
680
2,944
9.0
94.7
1,211
5,244
18.5
194.7
660
2,858
9.5
100.0
1,167
5,053
78
1.702.567.0303
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r = 1.19 in.
b/t = 12
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
5.0
3,620
20,634
10.5
105.9
1,117
6,367
1.0
10.1
3,620
20,634
11.0
110.9
1,076
6,133
1.5
15.1
3,620
20,634
11.5
116.0
1,033
5,888
2.0
20.2
3,620
20,634
12.0
121.0
1,015
5,786
2.5
25.2
3,620
20,634
12.5
126.1
989
5,637
3.0
30.3
2,960
16,872
13.0
131.1
958
5,461
3.5
35.3
2,512
14,318
13.5
136.1
927
5,284
4.0
40.3
2,290
13,053
14.0
141.2
896
5,107
4.5
45.4
2,120
12,084
14.5
146.2
873
4,976
5.0
50.4
1,984
11,309
15.0
151.3
855
4,874
5.5
55.5
1,844
10,511
15.5
156.3
839
4,782
6.0
60.5
1,748
9,964
16.0
161.3
822
4,685
6.5
65.5
1,642
9,359
16.5
166.4
794
4,526
7.0
70.6
1,548
8,824
17.0
171.4
765
4,361
7.5
75.6
1,469
8,373
17.5
176.5
737
4,201
8.0
80.7
1,397
7,963
18.0
181.5
717
4,087
8.5
85.7
1,337
7,621
18.5
186.6
699
3,984
9.0
90.8
1,267
7,222
19.0
191.6
672
3,830
9.5
95.8
1,202
6,851
19.5
196.6
655
3,734
10.0
100.8
1,157
6,595
COLUMNS
A = 5.70 in.2
1.702.567.0303
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79
W3 x 3 x 1/4 W SHAPE COLUMN

COLUMNS
A = 2.13 in.2
80
r = 0.73 in.
b/t = 12
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
8.2
10,000
21,300
1.0
16.4
10,000
21,300
1.5
24.7
10,000
21,300
2.0
32.9
10,000
21,300
2.5
41.1
7,271
15,487
3.0
49.3
5,915
12,599
3.5
57.5
5,046
10,748
4.0
65.8
4,318
9,197
4.5
74.0
3,667
7,811
5.0
82.2
3,105
6,614
5.4
88.8
2,647
5,638
6.0
98.6
2,208
4,703
6.5
106.8
1,907
4,062
7.0
115.1
1,597
3,402
7.5
123.3
1,412
3,008
8.0
131.5
1,274
2,714
8.5
139.7
1,145
2,439
9.0
147.9
1,048
2,232
9.5
156.2
965
2,055
10.0
164.4
883
1,881
10.5
172.6
803
1,710
11.0
180.8
719
1,531
11.5
189.0
633
1,348
12.0
197.3
547
1,165
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
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r = 0.96 in.
b/t = 16
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
6.3
7,208
20,831
1.0
12.5
7,208
20,831
1.5
18.8
7,208
20,831
2.0
25.0
7,208
20,831
2.5
31.3
7,208
20,831
3.0
37.5
7,208
20,831
3.5
43.8
6,697
19,354
4.0
50.0
5,838
16,872
4.5
56.3
5,155
14,898
5.0
62.5
4,621
13,355
5.5
68.8
4,050
11,705
6.0
75.0
3,583
10,355
6.5
81.3
3,163
9,141
7.0
87.5
2,792
8,069
7.5
93.8
2,462
7,115
8.0
100.0
2,150
6,214
8.5
106.3
1,923
5,557
9.0
112.5
1,683
4,864
9.5
118.8
1,503
4,344
10.0
125.0
1,383
3,997
10.5
131.3
1,278
3,693
11.0
137.5
1,174
3,393
11.5
143.8
1,095
3,165
12.0
150.0
1,027
2,968
12.5
156.3
964
2,786
13.0
162.5
902
2,607
13.5
168.8
843
2,436
14.0
175.0
777
2,246
14.5
181.3
714
2,063
15.0
187.5
652
1,884
15.5
193.8
582
1,682
16.0
200.0
520
1,503
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
COLUMNS
A = 2.89 in.2
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
81

COLUMNS
A = 4.39 in.2
r = 1.43 in.
b/t = 24
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
4.2
4,167
18,293
10.5
88.1
2,097
9,206
1.0
8.4
4,167
18,293
11.0
92.3
1,917
8,416
1.5
12.6
4,167
18,293
11.5
96.5
1,754
7,700
2.0
16.8
4,167
18,293
12.0
100.7
1,644
7,217
2.5
21.0
4,167
18,293
12.5
104.9
1,510
6,629
3.0
25.2
4,167
18,293
13.0
109.1
1,419
6,229
3.5
29.4
4,167
18,293
13.5
113.3
1,332
5,847
4.0
33.6
4,167
18,293
14.0
117.5
1,244
5,461
4.5
37.8
4,167
18,293
14.5
121.7
1,171
5,141
5.0
42.0
4,167
18,293
15.0
125.9
1,118
4,908
5.5
46.2
4,167
18,293
15.5
130.1
1,066
4,680
6.0
50.3
4,167
18,293
16.0
134.3
1,013
4,447
6.5
54.5
4,167
18,293
16.5
138.5
954
4,188
7.0
58.7
3,997
17,547
17.0
142.7
891
3,911
7.5
62.9
3,666
16,094
17.5
146.9
834
3,661
8.0
67.1
3,334
14,636
18.0
151.0
792
3,477
8.5
71.3
3,068
13,469
18.5
155.2
756
3,319
9.0
75.5
2,800
12,292
19.0
159.4
722
3,170
9.5
79.7
2,534
11,124
19.5
163.6
687
3,016
10.0
83.9
2,322
10,194
20.0
167.8
655
2,875
82
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
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r = 1.44 in.
b/t = 16
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
4.2
6,233
40,390
10.5
87.5
2,123
13,757
1.0
8.3
6,233
40,390
11.0
91.7
1,948
12,623
1.5
12.5
6,233
40,390
11.5
95.8
1,774
11,496
2.0
16.7
6,233
40,390
12.0
100.0
1,667
10,802
2.5
20.8
6,233
40,390
12.5
104.2
1,528
9,901
3.0
25.0
6,233
40,390
13.0
108.3
1,436
9,305
3.5
29.2
6,233
40,390
13.5
112.5
1,347
8,729
4.0
33.3
6,233
40,390
14.0
116.7
1,260
8,165
4.5
37.5
6,233
40,390
14.5
120.8
1,206
7,815
5.0
41.7
6,233
40,390
15.0
125.0
1,129
7,316
5.5
45.8
5,586
36,197
15.5
129.2
1,076
6,972
6.0
50.0
4,917
31,862
16.0
133.3
1,025
6,642
6.5
54.2
4,447
28,817
16.5
137.5
969
6,279
7.0
58.3
4,037
26,160
17.0
141.7
906
5,871
7.5
62.5
3,695
23,944
17.5
145.8
845
5,476
8.0
66.7
3,365
21,805
18.0
150.0
800
5,184
8.5
70.8
3,093
20,043
18.5
154.2
765
4,957
9.0
75.0
2,833
18,358
19.0
158.3
731
4,737
9.5
79.2
2,563
16,608
19.5
162.5
696
4,510
10.0
83.3
2,345
15,196
20.0
166.7
662
4,290
COLUMNS
A = 6.38 in.2
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83

COLUMNS
A = 8.73 in.2
r = 1.92 in.
b/t = 21.3
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
3.1
4,483
39,137
10.5
65.6
3,450
30,119
1.0
6.3
4,483
39,137
11.0
68.8
3,213
28,049
1.5
9.4
4,483
39,137
11.5
71.9
3,038
26,522
2.0
12.5
4,483
39,137
12.0
75.0
2,833
24,732
2.5
15.6
4,483
39,137
12.5
78.1
2,627
22,934
3.0
18.8
4,483
39,137
13.0
81.3
2,442
21,319
3.5
21.9
4,483
39,137
13.5
84.4
2,297
20,053
4.0
25.0
4,483
39,137
14.0
87.5
2,129
18,586
4.5
28.1
4,483
39,137
14.5
90.6
2,003
17,486
5.0
31.3
4,483
39,137
15.0
93.8
1,843
16,089
5.5
34.4
4,483
39,137
15.5
96.9
1,744
15,225
6.0
37.5
4,483
39,137
16.0
100.0
1,667
14,553
6.5
40.6
4,483
39,137
16.5
103.1
1,563
13,645
7.0
43.8
4,483
39,137
17.0
106.3
1,477
12,894
7.5
46.9
4,483
39,137
17.5
109.4
1,413
12,335
8.0
50.0
4,483
39,137
18.0
112.5
1,348
11,768
8.5
53.1
4,483
39,137
18.5
115.6
1,283
11,201
9.0
56.3
4,237
36,989
19.0
118.8
1,220
10,651
9.5
59.4
3,927
34,283
19.5
121.9
1,169
10,205
10.0
62.5
3,695
32,257
20.0
125.0
1,129
9,856
84
1.702.567.0303
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W 8 x 8 x 1/2 W SHAPE COLUMN

r = 1.93 in.
b/t = 16
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
3.1
6,233
71,742
10.5
65.3
3,475
39,997
1.0
6.2
6,233
71,742
11.0
68.4
3,240
37,292
1.5
9.3
6,233
71,742
11.5
71.5
3,058
35,198
2.0
12.4
6,233
71,742
12.0
74.6
2,860
32,919
2.5
15.5
6,233
71,742
12.5
77.7
2,653
30,536
3.0
18.7
6,233
71,742
13.0
80.8
2,470
28,430
3.5
21.8
6,233
71,742
13.5
83.9
2,321
26,715
4.0
24.9
6,233
71,742
14.0
87.0
2,158
24,839
4.5
28.0
6,233
71,742
14.5
90.2
2,023
23,285
5.0
31.1
6,233
71,742
15.0
93.3
1,868
21,501
5.5
34.2
6,233
71,742
15.5
96.4
1,757
20,223
6.0
37.3
6,233
71,742
16.0
99.5
1,679
19,325
6.5
40.4
6,233
71,742
16.5
102.6
1,580
18,186
7.0
43.5
6,037
69,486
17.0
105.7
1,491
17,161
7.5
46.6
5,460
62,845
17.5
108.8
1,425
16,402
8.0
49.7
4,966
57,159
18.0
111.9
1,360
15,654
8.5
52.8
4,606
53,015
18.5
115.0
1,296
14,917
9.0
56.0
4,267
49,113
19.0
118.1
1,231
14,169
9.5
59.1
3,957
45,545
19.5
121.2
1,179
13,570
10.0
62.2
3,718
42,794
20.0
124.4
1,137
13,087
COLUMNS
A = 11.51 in.2
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85

COLUMNS
A = 11.06 in.2
r = 2.38 in.
b/t = 26.7
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
39,997
2.5
2,732
30,216
10.5
52.9
2,732
30,216
37,292
5.0
2,732
30,216
11.0
55.5
2,732
30,216
35,198
7.6
2,732
30,216
11.5
58.0
2,732
30,216
32,919
10.1
2,732
30,216
12.0
60.5
2,732
30,216
30,536
12.6
2,732
30,216
12.5
63.0
2,732
30,216
28,430
15.1
2,732
30,216
13.0
65.5
2,732
30,216
26,715
17.6
2,732
30,216
13.5
68.1
2,732
30,216
24,839
20.2
2,732
30,216
14.0
70.6
2,732
30,216
23,285
22.7
2,732
30,216
14.5
73.1
2,732
30,216
21,501
25.2
2,732
30,216
15.0
75.6
2,732
30,216
20,223
27.7
2,732
30,216
15.5
78.2
2,621
28,988
19,325
30.3
2,732
30,216
16.0
80.7
2,476
27,385
18,186
32.8
2,732
30,216
16.5
83.2
2,349
25,980
17,161
35.3
2,732
30,216
17.0
85.7
2,232
24,686
16,402
37.8
2,732
30,216
17.5
88.2
2,093
23,149
15,654
40.3
2,732
30,216
18.0
90.8
1,993
22,043
14,917
42.9
2,732
30,216
18.5
93.3
1,868
20,660
14,169
45.4
2,732
30,216
19.0
95.8
1,773
19,609
13,570
47.9
2,732
30,216
19.5
98.3
1,709
18,902
13,087
50.4
2,732
30,216
20.0
100.8
1,640
18,138
86
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r = 2.4 in.
b/t = 20
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
2.5
4,920
71,389
10.5
52.5
4,641
67,341
1.0
5.0
4,920
71,389
11.0
55.0
4,367
63,365
1.5
7.5
4,920
71,389
11.5
57.5
4,117
59,738
2.0
10.0
4,920
71,389
12.0
60.0
3,867
56,110
2.5
12.5
4,920
71,389
12.5
62.5
3,695
53,614
3.0
15.0
4,920
71,389
13.0
65.0
3,500
50,785
3.5
17.5
4,920
71,389
13.5
67.5
3,304
47,941
4.0
20.0
4,920
71,389
14.0
70.0
3,133
45,460
4.5
22.5
4,920
71,389
14.5
72.5
2,999
43,515
5.0
25.0
4,920
71,389
15.0
75.0
2,833
41,107
5.5
27.5
4,920
71,389
15.5
77.5
2,966
43,037
6.0
30.0
4,920
71,389
16.0
80.0
2,517
36,522
6.5
32.5
4,920
71,389
16.5
82.5
2,379
34,519
7.0
35.0
4,920
71,389
17.0
85.0
2,267
32,894
7.5
37.5
4,920
71,389
17.5
87.5
2,129
30,892
8.0
40.0
4,920
71,389
18.0
90.0
2,033
29,499
8.5
42.5
4,920
71,389
18.5
92.5
1,908
27,685
9.0
45.0
4,920
71,389
19.0
95.0
1,800
26,118
9.5
47.5
4,920
71,389
19.5
97.5
1,729
25,088
10.0
50.0
4,917
71,346
20.0
100.0
1,667
24,188
COLUMNS
A = 14.51 in.2
1.702.567.0303
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87

COLUMNS
A = 17.51 in.2
r = 2.87 in.
b/t = 24
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
2.1
3,608
63,176
10.5
43.9
3,608
63,176
1.0
4.2
3,608
63,176
11.0
46.0
3,608
63,176
1.5
6.3
3,608
63,176
11.5
48.1
3,608
63,176
2.0
8.4
3,608
63,176
12.0
50.2
3,608
63,176
2.5
10.5
3,608
63,176
12.5
52.3
3,608
63,176
3.0
12.5
3,608
63,176
13.0
54.4
3,608
63,176
3.5
14.6
3,608
63,176
13.5
56.4
3,608
63,176
4.0
16.7
3,608
63,176
14.0
58.5
3,608
63,176
4.5
18.8
3,608
63,176
14.5
60.6
3,608
63,176
5.0
20.9
3,608
63,176
15.0
62.7
3,608
63,176
5.5
23.0
3,608
63,176
15.5
64.8
3,516
61,565
6.0
25.1
3,608
63,176
16.0
66.9
3,349
58,641
6.5
27.2
3,608
63,176
16.5
69.0
3,200
56,032
7.0
29.3
3,608
63,176
17.0
71.1
3,078
53,896
7.5
31.4
3,608
63,176
17.5
73.2
2,954
51,725
8.0
33.4
3,608
63,176
18.0
75.3
2,813
49,256
8.5
35.5
3,608
63,176
18.5
77.4
2,673
46,804
9.0
37.6
3,608
63,176
19.0
79.4
2,552
44,686
9.5
39.7
3,608
63,176
19.5
81.5
2,429
42,532
10.0
41.8
3,608
63,176
20.0
83.6
2,333
40,851
88
1.702.567.0303
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I 4 x 2 x 1/4 I SHAPE COLUMN

A = 1.88 in.2
r = 0.43 in.
b/t =8
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
14.0
10,000
18,800
1.0
27.9
10,000
18,800
1.5
41.9
7,107
13,361
2.0
55.8
5,206
9,787
2.5
69.8
4,061
7,635
3.0
83.7
3,017
5,672
3.5
97.7
2,248
4,226
4.0
111.6
1,717
3,228
4.5
125.6
1,373
2,581
5.0
139.5
1,147
2,156
5.5
153.5
992
1,865
6.0
167.4
854
1,606
6.5
181.4
713
1,340
7.0
195.3
567
1,066
COLUMNS
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
1.702.567.0303
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89

COLUMNS
A = 2.88 in.2
r = 0.63 in.
b/t = 12
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
9.5
10,000
28,800
1.0
19.0
10,000
28,800
1.5
28.6
10,000
28,800
2.0
38.1
7,944
22,879
2.5
47.6
6,127
17,646
3.0
57.1
5,083
14,639
3.5
66.7
4,255
12,254
4.0
76.2
3,486
10,040
4.5
85.7
2,886
8,312
5.0
95.2
2,380
6,854
5.5
104.8
1,974
5,685
6.0
114.3
1,623
4,674
6.5
123.8
1,403
4,041
7.0
133.3
1,245
3,586
7.5
142.9
1,105
3,182
8.0
152.4
1,003
2,889
8.5
161.9
908
2,615
9.0
171.4
817
2,353
9.5
181.0
717
2,065
10.0
190.5
615
1,771
10.5
200.0
520
1,498
90
1.702.567.0303
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r = 0.64 in
b/t =8
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
9.4
10,000
42,300
1.0
18.8
10,000
42,300
1.5
28.1
10,000
42,300
2.0
37.5
7,700
32,571
2.5
46.9
5,415
22,905
3.0
56.3
4,237
17,923
3.5
65.6
3,450
14,594
4.0
75.0
2,833
11,984
4.5
84.4
2,297
9,716
5.0
93.8
1,843
7,796
5.5
103.1
1,563
6,611
6.0
112.5
1,347
5,698
6.5
121.9
1,169
4,945
7.0
131.3
1,050
4,442
7.5
140.6
923
3,904
8.0
150.0
800
3,384
8.5
159.4
721
3,050
9.0
168.8
647
2,737
9.5
178.1
586
2,479
10.0
187.5
525
2,221
10.5
196.9
479
2,026
COLUMNS
A = 4.23 in.2
1.702.567.0303
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91

COLUMNS
A = 5.73 in.2
92
r = 0.84 in.
b/t = 10.7
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
7.1
10,000
57,300
1.0
14.3
10,000
57,300
1.5
21.4
10,000
57,300
2.0
28.6
10,000
57,300
2.5
35.7
8,370
47,960
3.0
42.9
6,182
35,423
3.5
50.0
4,917
28,174
4.0
57.1
4,157
23,820
4.5
64.3
3,558
20,387
5.0
71.4
3,063
17,551
5.5
78.6
2,598
14,887
6.0
85.7
2,232
12,789
6.5
92.9
1,888
10,818
7.0
100.0
1,667
9,552
7.5
107.1
1,461
8,372
8.0
114.3
1,311
7,512
8.5
121.4
1,176
6,738
9.0
128.6
1,085
6,217
9.5
135.7
997
5,713
10.0
142.9
888
5,088
10.5
150.0
800
4,584
11.0
157.1
741
4,246
11.5
164.3
680
3,896
12.0
171.4
630
3,610
12.5
178.6
582
3,335
13.0
185.7
535
3,066
13.5
192.9
498
2,854
14.0
200.0
467
2,676
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
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r = 0.85 in.
b/t =8
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
7.1
10,000
75,100
1.0
14.1
10,000
75,100
1.5
21.2
10,000
75,100
2.0
28.2
10,000
75,100
2.5
35.3
8,597
64,563
3.0
42.4
6,303
47,336
3.5
49.4
5,016
37,670
4.0
56.5
4,217
31,670
4.5
63.5
3,620
27,186
5.0
70.6
3,103
23,304
5.5
77.6
2,660
19,977
6.0
84.7
2,282
17,138
6.5
91.8
1,943
14,592
7.0
98.8
1,697
12,744
7.5
105.9
1,485
11,152
8.0
112.9
1,340
10,063
8.5
120.0
1,200
9,012
9.0
127.1
1,102
8,276
9.5
134.1
1,015
7,623
10.0
141.2
914
6,864
10.5
148.2
822
6,173
11.0
155.3
755
5,670
11.5
162.4
697
5,234
12.0
169.4
644
4,836
12.5
176.5
596
4,476
13.0
183.5
549
4,123
13.5
190.6
510
3,830
14.0
197.6
476
3,575
1.702.567.0303
U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)
COLUMNS
A = 7.51 in.2
Fax: 1.702.567.0323
93

COLUMNS
A = 7.22 in.2
r = 1.04 in.
b/t = 13.3
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
5.8
8,747
63,153
9.0
103.8
1,540
11,119
1.0
11.5
8,747
63,153
9.5
109.6
1,404
10,137
1.5
17.3
8,747
63,153
10.0
115.4
1,288
9,299
2.0
23.1
8,747
63,153
10.5
121.2
1,179
8,512
2.5
28.8
8,747
63,153
11.0
126.9
1,103
7,964
3.0
34.6
8,747
63,153
11.5
132.7
1,033
7,458
3.5
40.4
6,814
49,197
12.0
138.5
954
6,888
4.0
46.2
5,520
39,854
12.5
144.2
869
6,274
4.5
51.9
4,711
34,013
13.0
150.0
800
5,776
5.0
57.7
4,097
29,580
13.5
155.8
751
5,422
5.5
63.5
3,620
26,136
14.0
161.5
704
5,083
6.0
69.2
3,186
23,003
14.5
167.3
658
4,751
6.5
75.0
2,833
20,454
15.0
173.1
619
4,469
7.0
80.8
2,470
17,833
15.5
178.8
581
4,195
7.5
86.5
2,188
15,797
16.0
184.6
543
3,920
8.0
92.3
1,918
13,848
16.5
190.4
511
3,689
8.5
98.1
1,714
12,375
17.0
196.2
482
3,480
94
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r = 1.04 in.
b/t = 10
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
5.7
10,000
95,100
9.5
108.6
1,429
13,590
1.0
11.4
10,000
95,100
10.0
114.3
1,311
12,468
1.5
17.1
10,000
95,100
10.5
120.0
1,200
11,412
2.0
22.9
10,000
95,100
11.0
125.7
1,120
10,651
2.5
28.6
10,000
95,100
11.5
131.4
1,049
9,976
3.0
34.3
9,163
87,140
12.0
137.1
975
9,272
3.5
40.0
6,917
65,781
12.5
142.9
889
8,454
4.0
45.7
5,605
53,304
13.0
148.6
818
7,779
4.5
51.4
4,765
45,315
13.5
154.3
764
7,266
5.0
57.1
4,157
39,533
14.0
160.0
717
6,819
5.5
62.9
3,666
34,864
14.5
165.7
669
6,362
6.0
68.6
3,227
30,689
15.0
171.4
630
5,991
6.5
74.3
2,880
27,389
15.5
177.1
592
5,630
7.0
80.0
2,517
23,937
16.0
182.9
554
5,269
7.5
85.7
2,232
21,226
16.5
188.6
520
4,945
8.0
91.4
1,963
18,668
17.0
194.3
491
4,669
8.5
97.1
1,739
16,538
17.5
200.0
467
4,441
9.0
102.9
1,564
14,874
COLUMNS
A = 9.51 in.2
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COLUMNS
A = 11.51 in.2
r = 1.26 in.
b/t = 12
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
4.8
10,000
115,100
10.5
100.0
1,667
19,187
1.0
9.5
10,000
115,100
11.0
104.8
1,513
17,415
1.5
14.3
10,000
115,100
11.5
109.5
1,411
16,241
2.0
19.0
10,000
115,100
12.0
114.3
1,311
15,090
2.5
23.8
10,000
115,100
12.5
119.0
1,217
14,008
3.0
28.6
10,000
115,100
13.0
123.8
1,144
13,167
3.5
33.3
9,800
112,798
13.5
128.6
1,084
12,477
4.0
38.1
7,502
86,348
14.0
133.3
1,025
11,798
4.5
42.9
6,182
71,155
14.5
138.1
960
11,050
5.0
47.6
5,310
61,118
15.0
142.9
888
10,221
5.5
52.4
4,653
53,556
15.5
147.6
828
9,530
6.0
57.1
4,157
47,847
16.0
152.4
780
8,978
6.5
61.9
3,741
43,059
16.5
157.1
741
8,529
7.0
66.7
3,364
38,720
17.0
161.9
701
8,069
7.5
71.4
3,063
35,255
17.5
166.7
662
7,620
8.0
76.2
2,753
31,687
18.0
171.4
630
7,251
8.5
81.0
2,458
28,292
18.5
176.2
598
6,883
9.0
85.7
2,232
25,690
19.0
181.0
567
6,526
9.5
90.5
2,008
23,112
19.5
185.7
535
6,158
10.0
95.2
1,793
20,637
20.0
190.5
510
5,870
96
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ST2 x 2 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE COLUMN

r = 0.73 in.
b/t =8
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
8.2
10,000
17,400
1.0
16.4
10,000
17,400
1.5
24.7
10,000
17,400
2.0
32.9
9,850
17,139
2.5
41.1
8,650
15,051
3.0
49.3
7,450
12,963
3.5
57.5
6,491
11,294
4.0
65.8
5,684
9,890
4.5
74.0
5,000
8,700
5.0
82.2
4,253
7,400
5.4
88.8
3,726
6,483
6.0
98.6
3,188
5,547
6.5
106.8
2,786
4,848
7.0
115.1
2,454
4,270
7.5
123.3
2,111
3,673
8.0
131.5
1,895
3,297
8.5
139.7
1,722
2,996
9.0
147.9
1,585
2,758
9.5
156.2
1,448
2,520
10.0
164.4
1,370
2,384
10.5
172.6
1,276
2,220
11.0
180.8
1,189
2,069
11.5
189.0
2,079
3,617
12.0
197.3
957
1,665
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COLUMNS
A = 1.74 in.2
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97
ST2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 1/4 SQUARE TUBE COLUMN

COLUMNS
A = 2.24 in.2
98
r = 0.92 in.
b/t = 10
EFFECTIVE LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
6.5
10,000
22,400
1.0
13.0
10,000
22,400
1.5
19.6
10,000
22,400
2.0
26.1
10,000
22,400
2.5
32.6
9,900
22,176
3.0
39.1
8,816
19,748
3.5
45.7
7,842
17,566
4.0
52.2
7,078
15,855
4.5
58.7
6,351
14,226
5.0
65.2
5,733
12,842
5.4
70.4
5,192
11,630
6.0
78.3
4,675
10,472
6.5
84.8
4,146
9,287
7.0
91.3
3,673
8,228
7.5
97.8
3,246
7,271
8.0
104.3
2,904
6,505
8.5
110.9
2,629
5,889
9.0
117.4
2,358
5,282
9.5
123.9
2,087
4,675
10.0
130.4
1,923
4,308
10.5
137.0
1,825
4,088
11.0
143.5
1,641
3,676
11.5
150.0
1,533
3,434
12.0
156.5
1,445
3,237
12.5
163.0
1,387
3,107
13.0
169.6
1,320
2,957
13.5
176.1
1,239
2,775
14.0
182.6
1,163
2,605
14.5
189.1
1,077
2,412
15.0
195.7
977
2,188
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r = 1.13 in.
b/t =12
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
5.3
8,880
24,331
9.5
100.9
3,046
8,346
1.0
10.6
8,880
24,331
10.0
106.2
2,821
7,730
1.5
15.9
8,880
24,331
10.5
111.5
2,604
7,135
2.0
21.2
8,880
24,331
11.0
116.8
2,383
6,529
2.5
26.5
8,880
24,331
11.5
122.1
2,163
5,927
3.0
31.9
8,880
24,331
12.0
127.4
2,013
5,516
3.5
37.2
8,880
24,331
12.5
132.7
1,865
5,110
4.0
42.5
8,273
22,668
13.0
138.1
1,748
4,790
4.5
47.8
7,573
20,750
13.5
143.4
1,643
4,502
5.0
53.1
6,976
19,114
14.0
148.7
1,565
4,288
5.5
58.4
6,386
17,498
14.5
154.0
1,467
4,020
6.0
63.7
5,857
16,048
15.0
159.3
1,428
3,913
6.5
69.0
5,416
14,840
15.5
164.6
1,367
3,746
7.0
74.3
4,977
13,637
16.0
169.9
1,308
3,584
7.5
79.6
4,566
12,511
16.5
175.2
1,248
3,420
8.0
85.0
4,133
11,324
17.0
180.5
1,193
3,269
8.5
90.3
3,732
10,226
17.5
185.8
1,121
3,072
9.0
95.6
3,397
9,308
18.0
191.2
1,052
2,882
COLUMNS
A = 2.74 in.2
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COLUMNS
A = 3.74 in.2
r = 1.53 in.
b/t = 16
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
EFFECTIVE
LENGTH
(ft.)
Kl/r
Fa (psi)
Pa (lbs.)
0.5
3.9
6,595
24,665
10.5
82.4
4,306
16,104
1.0
7.8
6,595
24,665
11.0
86.3
4,025
15,054
1.5
11.8
6,595
24,665
11.5
90.2
3,738
13,980
2.0
15.7
6,595
24,665
12.0
94.1
3,493
13,064
2.5
19.6
6,595
24,665
12.5
98.0
3,233
12,091
3.0
23.5
6,595
24,665
13.0
102.0
3,000
11,220
3.5
27.5
6,595
24,665
13.5
105.9
2,836
10,607
4.0
31.4
6,595
24,665
14.0
109.8
2,672
9,993
4.5
35.3
6,595
24,665
14.5
113.7
2,511
9,391
5.0
39.2
6,595
24,665
15.0
117.6
2,350
8,789
5.5
43.1
6,595
24,665
15.5
121.6
2,225
8,322
6.0
47.1
6,595
24,665
16.0
125.5
2,052
7,674
6.5
51.0
6,595
24,665
16.5
129.4
1,948
7,286
7.0
54.9
6,595
24,665
17.0
133.3
1,850
6,919
7.5
58.8
6,349
23,745
17.5
137.3
1,767
6,609
8.0
62.7
5,941
22,219
18.0
141.2
1,684
6,298
8.5
66.7
5,608
20,974
18.5
145.1
1,631
6,100
9.0
70.6
5,283
19,758
19.0
149.0
1,558
5,827
9.5
74.5
4,962
18,558
19.5
152.9
1,484
5,550
10.0
78.4
4,666
17,451
20.0
156.9
1,441
5,389
100
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CONNECTION DETAILS
CONNECTIONS
NOTES
The Engineer is reminded that If the connection fails, so fails the element and if the element fails, so goes the
structure. Nowhere is this statement truer than for the connections in pultruded FRP structural systems. With
pultrusions anisotropic properties and relatively weak properties in the transverse direction, the Engineer needs
to pay close attention to angles in transverse bending, angle legs in transverse tension, and connections that put
tension on beam or column flanges. Additional information about each of these is further noted below.
1. BOLT EDGE DISTANCE

Ratio of Edge Distance to Fastener Diameter
RANGE
RECOMMENDED
EDGE DISTANCE cL* bolt to END
2.0 4.0
3.0
EDGE DISTANCE cL* bolt to SIDE
1.5 3.5
2.5
BOLT PITCH cL* to cL*
4.0 5.0
5.0
*cL - centerline

2. BEAM CONNECTION CONSIDERATIONS

The capacity values listed in the BEAM CONNECTIONS assumes a factor of safety F.S. = 3.0 against the TYPICAL
COUPON PROPERTIES. CTRLS (Controlling Property) are as noted below:
A: Angle shear through the heel controls Fv allow. = Short Beam Shear/3.0 = 1,500 psi
B: Bearing on FRP material controls Fp allow. = Bearing Strength/3.0 = 10,000 psi
W: Beam web shear controls Fv allow. = Short Beam Shear/3.0 = 1,500 psi
The Engineer must confirm that the member to which the beam connects is adequate to support required loads.
CONNECTION DETAILS
If FRP threaded rods are used, they may control connection capacity. Engineer is referred to the VINYL ESTER
THREADED ROD Ultimate Properties table on page 10 and apply a F.S. = 3.0 4.0
3. COLUMN BASEPLATES AND CONNECTIONS TO BEAM & COLUMN FLANGES

The Engineer is cautioned to carefully consider the connection methodology implemented when TENSION loads
are present. These can be induced through:
Column Uplift loads results in transverse tension in the leg of the connecting angle at the base or cap AND
transverse bending in the anchor leg of the angle. It is common that if loads are significant, SS angles are used.
Tension loads in bracing, causes transverse tension in leg of the connecting angle and, if attaching to a
column flange, transverse flange bending in the column. Again, SS connecting shapes and/or stiffeners at
column flanges may be required to prevent flange transverse bending.
102
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CONNECTION DETAILS
CONNECTIONS - BEAMS
6
NOTE: Engineer should refer to NOTES, Page 102
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CONNECTION DETAILS
CONNECTIONS - BEAMS
6
104
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CONNECTION DETAILS
CONNECTIONS - BEAMS
6
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CONNECTION DETAILS
CONNECTIONS - COLUMNS
12
6
106
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CONNECTION DETAILS
CONNECTIONS - BRACING
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CONNECTION DETAILS
CONNECTIONS - BRACING
6
108
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CORROSION RESISTANCE GUIDE
CORROSION RESISTANCE GUIDE

These results were gathered from laboratory testing, field service performance and extrapolated values based on
our resin manufacturers recommendations. This data is meant to serve as a guide only.
An FRP laminates suitability is affected by the following conditions:
Periodic changes in temperature
Exposure to vapors only
Temperature spikes
Exposure to frequent or intermittent splashes and spills
Changes in chemical concentrations
Frequency of maintenance wash down
Combinations of chemicals
Load bearing or non-load bearing requirements
CHEMICAL
MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED
SERVICE TEMPERATURES (F)
CORROSION GUIDE
VINYLESTER
110
CHEMICAL
POLYESTER
ISOPHTHALIC
MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED
SERVICE TEMPERATURES (F)
VINYLESTER
POLYESTER
ISOPHTHALIC
Acetic Acid, 10%
210
80
Carbon Dioxide Gas
170
160
Acetic Acid, 50%
180
NR
Carbon Tetrachloride, Liquid & Vapor
110
NR
Acetic Acid, Glacial
NR
NR
Chlorine, Dry Gas
110
NR
Acetone
NR
NR
Chlorine, Wet Gas
170
NR
Aluminum Chloride
170
120
Chlorine Water
140
NR
Aluminum Hydroxide
140
120
Chloroform
--
NR
Aluminum Nitrate
140
120
Chromic Acid, 5%
110
NR
Aluminum Sulfate
170
120
Chromous Sulfate
140
120
Ammonium Chloride
170
120
Citric Acid
170
120
Ammonium Hydroxide, 5%
140
NR
Copper Chloride
170
170
Ammonium Nitrate, 50%
170
120
Copper Nitrate
170
170
Ammonium Nitrate, Saturated
170
NR
Crude Oil, Sour
170
170
Ammonium Persulfate, 25%
140
90
Cyclohexane, Liquid & Vapor
170
NR
Ammonium Phosphate
170
120
Diesel Fuel
140
90
Ammonium Sulfate
170
120
Ethyl Acetate
NR
NR
Amyl Alcohol
80
NR
Ethyl Alcohol
150
NR
Barium Carbonate
170
120
Ethyl Oxide
NR
NR
Barium Chloride
170
120
Ferric Chloride
180
120
Barium Sulfate
170
120
Ferric Nitrate
180
120
Benzene
NR
NR
Glycerine
210
130
Benzene Sulfonic Acid, 50%
110
NR
Hydrochloric Acid
210
120
Benzoic Acid
170
120
Magnesium Chloride
170
80
Benzyl Alcohol
NR
NR
Magnesium Nitrate
150
100
Borax
170
120
Nitric Acid, 15%
120
NR
Brine (Sodium Chloride Sol.)
170
120
Perchloric Acid
90
NR
Bromine, Liquid or Vapor
NR
NR
Phosphoric Acid, Vapor
170
120
Butyl Acetate
NR
NR
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate
170
120
Butyl Alchohol
80
NR
Phenol, <1%
80
NR
Calcium Carbonate
170
120
Sodium Bicarbonate
100
NR
Calcium Hydroxide
140
120
Sodium Bisulfate
180
100
Calcium Hypochlorite
120
NR
Sulfuric Acid, 5%
180
120
Calcium Nitrate
170
120
Sulfuric Acid, 50%
180
NR
Calcium Sulfate
170
120
Water, Distilled
160
120
Carbon Disulfide
NR
NR
Zinc Sulfate
180
120
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18T@11"=16'-6"

19R@6 1/2"= 10'-3 1/2"

Advantages of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics 6

3 SEC TION PROPERTIES

Notation/Angle/Square Tubes/I & W Shapes 70

6 CONNEC TION DETAILS

7 CORROSION RESISTANCE GUIDE

Food & Beverage

Pulp & Paper

Ladders, Stairs & Handrails

Solid Covers for Tanks & Trenches

Chemical Storage Floors

Wide Flange & I Shapes

American Grating LLC - Structural Shapes Design Guide

U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)

ADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS

Strength and Durability

American Grating LLC - Structural Shapes Design Guide

U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)

American Grating LLC - Structural Shapes Design Guide

U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)

CONSTITUENTS OF FRP PULTRUSIONS

American Grating LLC - Structural Shapes Design Guide

U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)

TYPICAL COUPON PROPERTIES

Short Beam Shear

Notched Izod Impact, LW

Notched Izod Impact, CW

24 Hour Water Absorption

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, LW

NBS Smoke Chamber

PF = Perpendicular to Laminate Face

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VINYL ESTER THREADED ROD: ULTIMATE PROPERTIES

DIAMETER - THREADS PER INCH (UNC)

Longitudinal Compressive Strength

Ultimate Thread Shear

Ultimate Torque Strength fiberglass nut

American Grating LLC - Structural Shapes Design Guide

Self- Extinguishing For All

Water Absorption (24 hr. immersion)

U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)

CROSS SECTIONAL TOLERANCES

FLAT BAR STOCK

American Grating LLC - Structural Shapes Design Guide

U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)

ROUND & SQUARE TUBE

ROUND ROD & SQUARE BAR

STRUCTURAL SHAPES RODS, BARS,

ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM FLAT

American Grating LLC - Structural Shapes Design Guide

ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM FLAT

U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)

ANGLE, BEAM AND CHANNEL

ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM STRAIGHT

RODS AND BARS

FLAT BAR STOCK

ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM STRAIGHT

ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM STRAIGHT

ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FROM STRAIGHT

All Thicknesses and Widths

American Grating LLC - Structural Shapes Design Guide

U.S. Toll Free: 1.800.990-GRTE (4783)

PER PIECE MAX.