Linnaeus University

Informatics
Programme: Master of Information systems Date of delivery: 2013-10-31
Title: Final Exam - Essay
IT as means for communication
Author(s)/ Pnr: Claudia Halas 760924-5282
E-mails: h222m!"stud#nt$lnu$s#
Course: 4IK003
Teacher / tutor: Christina Mrter! / Thomas I"arsson
IT# as means for communication
$eo%le li"e or!ani&e' in !rou%s as (e are social human ein!s an' (e nee' to feel that
(e elon! to a !rou%) a !rou% is asically characteri&e' y certain social %re-estalishe' rules#
see*in! common interests an' see*in! the accom%lishment of s%ecific# 'efine' !oals+
,s technolo!y a'"ances# the society a'"ances as (ell) %olitical staility reinforces # arriers are
ro*en # limits are challen!e' - (e see oursel"es li"in! in a more 'ynamic (orl' e"er (here
the ma.or challen!e is a ne( society ase' on communication+ In this ne( (orl' Information
/ystems an' the Information science see*s its i'entity+
The Information science or information stu'ies# as a multi'isci%linary science refers %rimarily to
the analyses# stora!e# mo"ement or sharin! of information+ In its roa' meanin!# the fiel' stu'y
inclu'es the Information Technolo!y fiel'+ The IT# as a rather recent stu'y concerns the
con"er!ence of au'io-"isual# tele%hone net(or*in! (ith the fiel' of com%uter science+ The
'e"elo%ment of the IT technolo!y o"er the %ast 01 years has in fact .ust recently starte' to ma*e
the o.ect for 'eates as transformations ha"e een notice' an' also as in re!ar' to the future to
e sha%e'+
The use of com%uters at the "ery e!innin! (as more relate' to military use (here
com%uters not only seeme' to e chea%er an' more reliale than human %erformin! ut also
com%uters coul' e use' for more com%lex an' lar!e com%utational tas*s+ 2nly in the mi''le of
the 34506s (ere the com%uters intro'uce' for home use as (ell so that e"entually they ha"e
ecome of a commercial success an' use (ith a focus mainly on communication at all le"els+
Inter%retations an' s%eculations follo(e' as (ell an' the main stren!ths of com%uter use
remaine' the technolo!y+
,s Information Technolo!y concerns more an' more the society the shift in cultural %erce%tion
entails three main a%%roaches# as in re!ar' to - construction# e"olution# an' inter"ention - (here
the role of cyers%ace ser"es as a ne( arena for human interaction throu!h automate'
a'ministrati"e (or*+
In the 3470s I/ (as mainly seen in connection to its use (ithin the usiness area an' on
!o"ernment or!ani&ations+ , fe( years later# thou!h# the ICT ecomes in"ol"e' in se"eral ma.or
areas (here it sometimes came as an im%ro"ement an' other times as a necessity+ It in"ol"es in
fact almost all the 'e%artments as almost e"eryo'y uses ICT an' internet ut the focus is set on
sectors that are seen to e the ones that coul' enefit the most from the chan!es an'
im%ro"ements# an o%en 'iscussion tale (here 'ifferent actors .oin to!ether for a etter %ur%ose+
,t the %o&#rnm#ntal le"el authorities (ere a%%ointe' for the a'ministrati"e 'ecisions# %olicies
or rules to e follo(e' for a etter control an' to %ro"i'e the necessary le!islati"e or the
infrastructural frame(or*+ The ases for the 8'i!ital (orl'9 are set (ith re!ar' to the ol'#
alrea'y existin! la(s an' in re!ar' to the %rinci%le of re-use of 'ocuments an' s%ecial a!encies
an' authorities are name' to ensure the correct im%lementation of these fun'aments+ The ICT
sector is seen a ri'!e et(een the %ri"ate an' the %ulic sector as it %ro"i'es the fun'ament for
a etter an' faster !ro(th# su%%ort for trainin! an' e'ucation# mo'erni&ation# cultural exchan!e
or sector re!ulation+ :o"ernment curriculum an' syllauses# as (ell as %lanne' actions sho( the
interest in 'i!itali&ation an' the nee' for 'i!ital s*ills+
The #duation sector# is one of the main focus of the 'i!ital re"olution# (here chil'ren start
usin! more an' more efficiently the com%uter or the mo'ern technolo!y+ ;i!ital s*ills are "ery
im%ortant for .o see*ers an' for creatin! a more sim%lifie' (or*in! s%ace+ <i!h-'eman'in!
(or* %laces are 'eman'in! s*ills that nee' to e safe!uar'e' ut also 'e"elo%e'+ <i!her
e'ucation an' a'ult e'ucation offer these e'ucation s*ills an' also the sim%lification of choice
throu!h the use of ICT an' internet+
,s (ell as the %ri"ate sector the usiness sector also 'eman's ICT ex%ertise# an' often %ractical
ex%erience (here is not only for the enefit of the or!ani&ations ut also for the society to see
that it can assimilate an' conser"e such man%o(er+ Moreo"er# the 'i!ital (orl' %ro"i'es
com%anies (ith the necessary arena for oost of !ro(th# com%etiti"eness an' tra'e for
usinesses+ The %ossily for ne( %ro.ect im%lementation# a roa'er choice (here !o"ernment6s
main role is to estalish a stan'ar'i&ation an' secure %latform for entre%reneurshi% as (ell as for
inno"ation+ The !loali&ation %rocess also concerne' (ith the creation of a sin!le mar*et
ecomes a reality (ith the use of electronic commerce (here this mar*et is a 'i!ital sin!le
mar*et+
The national #-h#alth 'e"elo%ments are focusin! mainly to(ar's three tar!et !rou%s: te
individual! ealt care and social services "ersonnel and decision-ma#ers in te ealt and
social services$% =ICT for E"eryone# 0033> ,ccent is set on the creation of a secure e-health
system# accessile an' more %ersonali&e'# a etter focali&ation an' easier coor'ination+
The d#morati'ation is follo(e' closely y the same %rocess (here ICT may e of a me'iator
et(een these channels+ $eo%le are !i"en more im%ortant role# e"eryone can e an actor# the
o%en citi&en 'ialo!ue contriutes to(ar's a etter 8*no(le'!e# social en!a!ement# insi!ht an'
influence+9 The use of ICT see*s to the re'uction of %o"erty an' the res%ect for human ri!hts as
(ell+ The metho's use' 'e%en' a lot on the metho' 'e"elo%ment use' an' in res%ect to ca%acity
aime'# as (ell on the national as on the international le"el# on the collaoration et(een the ne(
or the alrea'y existin! actors+
The (ay (e a'"ance in the use of ICT 'e%en's a !reat 'eal also of the ?uality of the %ro'uct
offere'+ The aim in /(e'en is that all the househol's an' usinesses to ha"e the o%%ortunity to
use the internet at the est ?uality of roa'an' connecti"ity of 300 M% y 0000+ , !oo'
strate!y an' a (ell-su%%orte' "ision (ith clear !oals an' (ell-'efine' actions must also inclu'e
a secure# accessile an' roust infrastructure# a fun'ament for "ulneraility or to 'isru%tions+
(#urit) matters are share' et(een users# mar*et %layers an' the !o"ernment sector (here each
one %lays an im%ortant role for the reinsurin! an' staility in the ICT systems+ /tartin! from
malicious or harmful %ro!rams that can harm the user6s com%uters or collect %ri"ate information
from it# to %rotectin! chil'ren6s inte!rity the !o"ernment has %ut in %lace online secure me'ia or
su%%ort+
@ast# ut not least the !en'er issue is "ery concerne' (ith the ICT use# %ro"i'in! e?ually
o%%ortunity em%loyment for oth !en'ers an' stu'ies on uni"ersity %ro!rammes focuse' on ICT
(here (omen ha"e sho(n more an' more interest in the recent years+
/trate!ies foreseen for the health sector
The e<ealth system came as a nee' for information in the health 'e%artment as (here a
more technical health care system that aims 'irectly at the in'i"i'ual (oul' e of a more secure
an' efficient means of information sharin! in the entire health care system+ Much of the
automation (as rou!ht to all the %ulic sectors ut the health sector is the one concerne' the
most as it re!ar's 'irectly the in'i"i'ual+
The e<ealth systems concerns all the %artici%ants from the system: the in'i"i'ual# the health care
staff an' the 'ecision-ma*er officials (here %ractical chan!es (ere set for im%ro"ements to e
notice' easier+ The chan!es follo(e' in rin!in! more %ersonal e-ser"ices to the in'i"i'ual#
increasin! an' easin! a'ministration coor'ination et(een 'ifferent munici%alities an' a closer
interaction (ith the national an' international enter%rises+ Aot all the countries ha"e the same
le"el of 'ecentrali&ation# not all the countries ha"e the same %riorities yet (here ste%s ha"e
alrea'y een 'one the strate!ies are no( follo(in! the otainin! results in healthcare research#
inno"ations# *no(le'!e mana!ement# learnin!# care of el'erly or im%ro"e' en"ironments for the
rehailitation %rocess+
,s oser"e' from literature stu'y cases# most of the countries# es%ecially the Euro%ean countries#
are seein! the e<ealth e"olution as one of the main %oints an' they ha"e (ell 'esi!ne' strate!ies
an' a "ision for the future in this 'omain+ The o%%ortunities !i"en y the ICT ease an' sim%lify
also the intero%eraility et(een other concerne' sectors (here com%etition is less stron!# in a
common concern for 'e"elo%ment of ne( ser"ices an' utilities an' for a etter an' !reater
mar*et access+ Bsin! a secure system online# the ma.or chan!es rou!ht to the health
a'ministration (ere the im%lementation in most countries of a 'ecentrali&e' a'ministration
system# (ith online <eath Cecor' oo**ee%in!# online health care a!encies or or!ani&ations+
Dith %atient6s a!reement the me'ical staff is !i"en the authority to ra%i'ly access the %atient6s
me'ical history "erifyin! the rele"ant %atient information usin! the electronic %atient recor's+ ,
ste% for(ar' not only for !reater %atient moility ut also for easier mani%ulation of international
e<ealth ser"ices+
,s it concerns the 'ecision ma*ers from the healthcare 'e%artment the health care an' social
ser"ices use the a'"anta!e of the ICT ser"ices for a faster# more secure (ay for allocatin! of
resources# etter %lannin! an' control+ The inter"ention on the health care an' social ser"ices
sectors inter"enes on oth the re!ional an' the local le"el (here they can %artici%ate oth
?ualitati"ely an' effecti"ely# (ith safe!uar' of %ersonal inte!rity at the same time+ , cohesion
can e im%lemente' et(een the social care sector an' the heath sector (ith the use of ICT
(here the 'efinition of e<ealth care system ex%an's from the notion of health re!ar'in! mainly
the in'i"i'ual to a more !eneral# interconnecte' chan!e %rocess (here ICT is the %otential
catalyst for reform+ The information su%%ly is etter share' in this case an' also etter re!ional
coo%eration ser"es as a %rere?uisite for efficient communication et(een the munici%alities an'
the county councils+
This is .ust the e!innin! for somethin! that has such a short history# 'ecision ma*in!
concernin! information sharin! throu!h online resources# !loal stan'ar's that are to e a%%lie'
for the technical infrastructure# focus on security# 'ata %rotection or inte!rity# are some of the
concerns for fun'aments for the future an' for %olicyma*in!# for a frien'lier healthcare system
an' etter societal ser"ices+ Enalin! health ser"ices to(ar's a more sim%lifie' a'ministrati"e
%rocess the !o"ernments mo"e to creatin! national e<ealth strate!ies+
Ce%orts are sho(in! the im%ortance of ICT use an' a'ministration (here monitorin!# share of
information# faster re%ort of 'ru! ause# unnecessary "isits to the 'octor6s office =es%ecially for
se"erely ill %atients> or the use of the existin! technolo!y to its full %otential# (oul' e some
exam%les (here ICT coul' inter"ene+ Easier 'ata collection# etter collaoration# faster an'
easier fee'ac*# the access to the %atient6s health recor' y the other family memer or the focus
in securin! the system (ith res%ect to its inte!rity# also re!ar'in! the easier use of technolo!y for
the other citi&ens are some main 'e"elo%ments in relation to the recent chan!es (ithin the
e<ealth system+
The use of metho'olo!ies of system thin*in!
, characteristic of the /can'ina"ian %artici%atory 'esi!n is the fact that the mo'els that
are to e use' nee' to e %ut in %ractice in or'er to !et a critical o%inion# fee'ac*# to e ale to
notice other %eo%le6s thou!hts efore a %ro.ect can e consi'ere'+ In or'er to im%lement
'ecisions or %olicies at the local le"el there is sometimes the nee' for usin! metho's or
metho'olo!ies that coul' con"ince e"en the o%%osin! %arties to %artici%ate in such chan!es# this
thin*in! is calle' 8'i"er!ent 'esi!n thin*in!9+ =@(!ren an' /tolterman# 0001>+
/uch a %artici%ati"e metho' is the carto!ra%hic ma%%in!s as it is an a'ministrati"e metho' that is
nee'e' for the notin! of the 3
r'
'imension in a stories of ma%%in! to!ether human an' non-
human actors+ These metho' exercises are excellent ecause they ta*e %lace (ithin our usual
(or*in! %lace an' as they are a "ery economic mean for the analy&in! of a certain chan!e as it
mainly re?uires fe( a'ministrati"e %ro'ucts an' it can e use' for 'ifferent cases such as the
reali&ation of e-ser"ices+
The exercise ta*es %lace at the usual (or*in! %laces# the %artici%ants are !i"en to 'escrie a
certain *no(n situation in ima!es an' thin!s that connect e"erythin!# or as much as %ossile
to!ether into a sin!le i! %icture) the exercise may last for a fe( (ee*s) (hen the exercise is
o"er the %artici%ants are as*e' to note all the chan!es that they ha"e note'# the lessons leane'+
This exercise is enefit as it can e use' also y the ICT 'esi!ners an' users in the 'e"elo%in!
countries (ho ha"e to face all *in's of strate!ies that are emer!in!+
2ther exam%les for sol"in! %rolematic situations may e the //M# the soft system
metho'olo!y+ The %rocess im%lies that the %rolematic situation that see*s solution is %ut into
ima!es# (here the %resente' situation !athers the %ersecti"es an' un'erstan'in! of the other
%artici%ants concerne' y the %rocess+ The //M techni?ue is mainly use' for otainin!
information aout a %rolematic situation# for 'efinin! the actions to e ta*en# it is useful for
!eneratin! (orl'"ie(s an' i'eas aout the situation an' for !eneratin! i'eas that nee' to e
chan!e'+
In or'er to consi'er the as%ects an' im%lications of im%lementin! ne( ICT %olicies (e can use
the hel% of the ty%olo!y of e"aluation mo'els+ The use of %ro!ramme theory mo'el is mostly
use' in connection to the or!ani&ation e"aluation mo'el for e"aluatin! 'esi!n# as they com%lete
each other# the first mo'el ser"es as a ase for im%ro"ement of social con'itions an' the secon'
mo'el is mostly use' for the im%ro"ement of the or!ani&ation6s efficacy+
:enerally four other theory mo'els are use' for 'esi!n e"aluation+ The result mo'els# are similar
to the ex%lanatory %rocess mo'el as they focus on results (here the ex%lanatory mo'el has a
more roa' aim+ The %rocess mo'els focus on the on!oin! %rocesses an' efforts) the system an'
the economic mo'el are oth (ith focus on system %ers%ecti"es (ith main settin!s on structure#
%rocess# analyses an' results an' (here the economic mo'el also ta*es in consi'erence the
o.ect of e"aluation+ The actor mo'el are ase' u%on the criteria of the author/e"aluan'+
/o# consi'erin! the name' e"aluation mo'els# (e can in fact note that for such com%lex
situations# the literature recommen's 'ifferent reasonin! an' thin*in! (hen choosin! an
e"aluation 'esi!n+ /ome authors consi'er that the situations shoul' e sol"e' usin! criteria of the
e"aluate' o.ects# others ar!ue on the necessity that the situations shoul' e use' in terms of
their %ur%ose an' other see the solution mo'el to e use' accor'in! to the %rolem that the o.ect
is to sol"e+ 2"erall the solutions seem to e "arious an' com%lex# the est choice (oul' e to
choice of an e"aluation mo'el accor'in! to the nee's) one coul' ar!ue on the nee' for a ne(
lo!ic of thin*in! ut also that the e"aluation metho's ha"e not een %ut in %ractice yet# so that
em%irical analyses of the 'ifferent 'esi!n %rocesses relate' to e"aluation are nee'e'+
;iscussions
The 'e"elo%ment of ne( an' etter ser"ices o"er the %ast years encoura!es also the use
of 'i!ital channels+ ,s economy sho(s# the use of ICT has im%ro"e' %ro'ucti"ity an' has
su%%orte' to ma*in! estalishe' sectors an' or!ani&ations more efficient ut in the same time
ICT contriutes to im%ro"in! an' ma*in! our e"ery'ay life sim%ler+ Ae( creati"e i'eas#
mo'erni&ations# inno"ations an' usiness mo'els are emer!in! an' nonetheless is the
!o"ernment in"ol"e' in these chan!es as it a''resses acti"ely some of the main sectors of
interest+
The 'iscussion concernin! alrea'y existin! infrastructure 'oes not sto% here# %resent
infrastructure or alrea'y ne( estalishe' i'entities re?uire the nee' for metho'olo!ies# mo'els
an' clear "isions for future e"entual re%lacement or for %resent staili&ation+ The
inter'isci%linary characteristic of the information system fiel' is har' to limit to certain s%ecific
metho's or a%%roaches# yet the com%etition an' the uncertainty of such a ne( mar*et are
'eman'in! us to e %roacti"e (ith concern to the e"olution of the ICT+ There is a consensus that
y roa'enin! our a!en'a into a more future-orientate' a!en'a# inclu'in! a%%roaches relate' to
ethical !oals or critical a%%roaches# or to (elcomin! ne( 'isci%lines (ith o%en arms# (e coul'
see to (i'enin! our fiel' of stu'y are create fun'aments for a more certain future+ Ey usin! non-
tra'itional settin!s outsi'e the usiness or !o"ernment (e coul' a''ress ne( a%%roaches an'
see* ne( 'e%loyments+
, certain a!en'a for the future of ICT is the ICT4; an acronym for information an'
communication technolo!y for 'e"elo%ment# that alrea'y is ein! use' an' (hich has as main
a'"anta!e the fact that it is ?uintessentially multi'isci%linary ut it seems that this is limite' to a
more restrict !rou% of %rofessionals# ma*in! it almost inaccessile to %oor %eo%le+ Fet this
a%%roach ser"es as a critical %oint (here (e can see the ethical issue of main im%ortance+ Ey
focusin! on ne( areas of interest for ICT such as su&sistence agriculture! fising! systems of
local infrastructure suc as ealt% =Dalsham# :+ =0030> (e shoul' not for!et the ethical issue
of %oor countries (here ICT4; coul' clearly contriute usin! alrea'y existin! technolo!y#
remainin! flexile for ne( a%%roaches or y a'a%tin! to the local culture+ Exam%les of
successful use of ICT in 'e"elo%in! countries is the use of the moile %hone or %ulic forums#
systems of money transfers or the use of its su%%ort for (oman em%o(erment+
ICT an' the internet are y far the most eneficial resources for inno"ation an' !loali&ation#
e"en share of strate!ies et(een the international actors an' also the national actors concerne'
y the %rocess+ ICT is !enerally seen as easy an' safe to e use'# ser"ices sho( to create enefit
from the use of it# for its nee' for infrastructure an' its role for societal 'e"elo%ment+
The use the Internet an' social me'ia as communication tools ha"e the enefit of tar!etin! more
!rou%s# of encoura!in! citi&ens for initiati"e# it sho(s consensus et(een central actors on the
national le"el# it su%%orts issues relate' to research or %ulication Gsuch as s%eciali&e' eHournals
an' other eCesources -# it ma*es society more trans%arent an' information flo(s more coherent G
such as le!itimate 'iscourses+ The information is more reliale# sources are real cases# thin!s
that ma*e sense to reality an' therey easier an' more certain for ima!inin!# 'esi!nin!# an'
'e"elo%in! ne( information technolo!ies+ ,nother oser"ation that is "ery much reflecte' y the
ICT system are the e"i'ent (ays sho(n to us for or!ani&ational forms# e"ery'ay %ro.ects or
technolo!ical systems+
Conclusions
The fiel' of information systems has ex%erience' clear chan!es 'urin! the %ast fe(
'eca'es (hich are reasons for analyses an' concern in re!ar' to its future 'e"elo%ment+ In this
%a%er (e can see its roa' im%lications as throu!h the use an' chan!es rou!ht y ICT in
'ifferent areas such as: health# e'ucation# 'emocrati&ation or culture# in the %ulic an' usiness
sector or (ith concern to its use as a stu'y su.ect in schools+ The su.ect (as "ery interestin!
for a close in"esti!ation 'ue to the 'ifferent an' multitu'e of use of the I/ an' ICT+
In"itin! !o"ernment actors into the 'i!itali&e' arena are of a "ital im%ortance for the
im%lementin! of a ne( inno"ation strate!y# for a more oun'e' inno"ation %rocess across the
(orl'+ $eo%le6s free'om of ex%ression hel% to the %ro!ress of 'i!itali&ation# it inserts ne(
"alues# ne( realities y o"erlayin! the ol' ones+ Free internet access in %ulic %laces an' mainly
in schools# focus on sustainale 'e"elo%ment (hile tryin! to see to oostin! the economy are at
the same time .ust some exam%les of a ne( 'i!itali&ation society all in res%ect to the human
ri!hts+
*#!#r#n#s
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'ournal of Information )ystems# 00 =0># %%+ 3--00
htt%://iris+cs+aau+'*+%roxy+lnu+se/tlJfiles/"olumes/Polume00/no0/00-0Q00MathiassenAielsen+%'f
Aational e<ealth - the strate!y for accessile an' secure information in health an' social care+
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Dalsham# :+ 0030+ ,re (e ma*in! a etter (orl' (ith ICTsN Ceflections on a future a!en'a for
the I/ fiel'+ 'ournal of Information /ecnology# 05 =0># %%+ 75--43+
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