Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering

Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology

!achapalayam, Coim"atore # $%1010
Department of Civil Engineering
Surveying I
T&o 'arks (uestion an) *ns&ers
Unit I
1. Define the term Surveying.
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on,
above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect
measurements of distance, direction and elevation.

2. Classify the primary division of Surveying.
Primarily, surveying is divided into two classes :
Plane Surveying : t is that type of surveying in which the mean surface
of the earth is considered as a plane and the spheroidal shape is
neglected.
Geodetic Surveying: t is that type of surveying in which the shape of the
earth is ta!en into account.
". #ow surveying is being classified$
Surveying may be classified based upon :
a. %he nature of the &ield Survey
%opographical Survey, 'arine Survey, (stronomical Survey
b. %he )b*ect of Survey
+eological Survey, 'ine Survey, (rchaeological Survey, 'ilitary
Survey.
c. nstruments ,sed
Chain Survey, Compass Survey, Plane %able Survey, %heodolite
Survey, %acheometric Survey, (erial and Photographic Survey.
d. 'ethods
%riangulation Survey, %raverse Survey.

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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
-. 'ention the )b*ect of Surveying.
%he aim of surveying is to prepare a map to show the relative position of
the ob*ects on the surface of the earth. %he map is drawn to some suitable
scale. t shows the natural features of a country, such as towns, villages,
roads, railways, rivers, etc. 'ap may also include details of different
engineering wor!s, such as roads, railways, irrigation canals, etc.
.. +ive the uses of Surveying.
a. %o prepare a topographical map which shows the hills, valleys,
rivers, villages, towns, forests, etc., of a country.
b. %o prepare an engineering map which shows the details of
engineering wor!s.
c. %o prepare the military maps showing the road and railway
communications with different parts of a country.
d. %o prepare the contour maps to determine the capacity of a
reservoir and to find the best possible route for /oads, /ailways,
etc.
e. %o prepare a geological map showing areas including underground
resources.
0. 1hat is the main principle of Surveying$
%he general principles of surveying are:
a. %o wor! from whole to part and
b. %o locate a new station by at least two measurements from fi2ed
reference points.

3. 1hat is a Scale and representative fraction$
Scale is the fi2ed ratio that every distance on the plan bears with
corresponding distance on the ground.
%he ratio of map distance to the corresponding ground distance is
independent of units of measurement is called representative fraction.
4. Distinguish between Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale.
( plain scale is one on which it is possible to measure two dimensions
only, such as units and lengths, meters and decimeters, etc.,
)n a diagonal scale, it is possible to measure three dimensions such as
meters, decimeters and centimeters, 5ards, feet and inches, etc.,
6. #ow the wor! of a surveyor is divided$
%he wor! of a surveyor may be divided into : &ield 1or!, )ffice 1or! and
Care and ad*ustment of the instrument.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
17. Distinguish between accuracy and precision.
Precision is the degree of perfection used in the instruments, the methods
and the )bservations.
(ccuracy is the degree of perfection obtained. (ccuracy depends upon
Precise instruments, Precise methods and +ood planning.
11. Classify various sources of errors.
8rrors may arise from three sources: nstrumental 8rror, Personal 8rror
and 9atural 8rror.
12. 'ention various !inds of errors.
'ista!es, Systematic errors :Cumulative errors; < (ccidental errors
:Compensating errors;
1". Distinguish between cumulative and compensating errors.
( cumulative error is an error that, under the same conditions, will always
be of the same si=e and sign. Compensating errors are those, which
remain after mista!es, and systematic errors have been eliminated and
are caused by a combination of reasons beyond the ability of the observer
to control.
1-. >ist out various methods of ma!ing linear measurements.
>inear measurements can be measured by the following methods,
a. Direct 'easurements
1. Pacing
2. 'easurements with passometer
". 'easurements with pedometer
-. 'easurements by odometer and speedometer
.. Chaining
b. 'easurements by )ptical 'eans
c. 8lectro ? 'agnetic 'ethods
1.. 1hat does chaining mean$
Chaining is a term, which is used to denote measuring distance, either
with the help of a chain or a tape and is the most accurate method of
ma!ing direct measurements.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
10. >ist out various instruments used for chaining.
%he various instruments used for the determination of the length of line by
chaining are as follows:
a. Chain or %ape e. )ffset /ods
b. (rrows f. Plasterer@s >aths and 1hites
c. Pegs g. Plumb Aob.
d. /anging /ods
13. 1hat does ranging mean$
%he process of establishing or fi2ing intermediate points while measuring
the length between the two terminal stations is !nown as ranging. %here
are two methods of ranging :a; Direct /anging :b; ndirect /anging
14. 1hat is the use of line ranger$
%he line ranger can be conveniently used for fi2ing intermediate points on
a long line without going to either end.

16. 'ention various types of errors in chaining.
8rrors and mista!es may arise from:
8rroneous length of chain or tape Aad /anging
Careless holding and mar!ing Aad Straightening
9onB hori=ontality Sag in Chain
Cariation in temperature Cariation in Pull
Personal mista!es
27. 1hat are the different tape corrections$
Correction for absolute length Correction for %emperature
Correction for pull or tension Correction for Sag
Correction for Slope Correction for (lignment
/eduction to Sea level
Correction to measurement in Certical Plane
21. Define: 'ain lines, Chec! lines, Aase lines, %ie lines
'ain lines: %he lines *oining the main survey stations are called main
lines.
Chec! lines: Chec! lines are the lines, which are run in the field to chec!
the accuracy of the wor!.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
Aase lines: %he biggest of the main survey line is called the base line.
%ie lines: ( tie line is a line, which *oins tie stations on the main line.
22. 1hat is meant by wellBconditioned triangle$
( triangle is said to be well conditioned when no angle in it is less than "7
degree or greater than 127 degree. (n eDuilateral triangle is said to be the
best ?conditioned triangle or ideal triangle.
2". 1hat is meant by offsets$ #ow it is classified$
%he lateral measurements ta!en from an ob*ect to the chain line is !nown
as offsets. %hey may be of two !inds ? Perpendicular offsets and )bliDue
offsets.
2-. Distinguish between perpendicular offset and obliDue offset.
1hen lateral measurements are ta!en perpendicular to the chain line,
they are !nown as perpendicular offsets. (ny offset not perpendicular to
the chain line is said to be obliDue offsets.
2.. >ist out various instruments used for setting out right angles.
%here are several types of instruments used for setting out right angles to
a chain line, the most common being
a. Cross staff
b. )ptical SDuare
c. Prism SDuare and
d. Site SDuare.

20. >ist out various types of obstacles in chaining
)bstacles to /anging, )bstacles to Chaining and )bstacles to both
ranging and chaining.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
23. S!etch the conventional signs to represent the following.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
Unit II
1. 1hat is meant by %raverse survey$
%raversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey
lines form the framewor! and the directions and lengths of the survey line
are measured with the help of an angle :or direction; measuring
instrument and a tape :or chain; respectively.
2. Define: %rue 'eridian, 'agnetic 'eridian and (rbitrary 'eridian
%rue 'eridian: %he line or plane passing through the geographical north
pole, geographical south pole and any point on the surface of the earth, is
!nown as the true meridian of geographical meridian.
'agnetic 'eridian: 1hen a magnetic needle is suspended freely and
balanced properly, unaffected by magnetic substances, it indicates a
direction. %his direction is !nown as the magnetic meridian.
(rbitrary 'eridian: n case of small areas, a convenient direction is
assumed as a meridian, !nown as the arbitrary meridian.
". Define %rue Aearing, 'agnetic Aearing and (rbitrary Aearing
%rue Aearing: %he angle between the true meridian and the line is termed
as %rue Aearing
'agnetic Aearing: %he angle between the magnetic meridian and the line
is termed as 'agnetic Aearing
(rbitrary Aearing: %he angle between the arbitrary bearing and the line is
termed as (rbitrary Aearing.
-. 1hat is the principle of compass surveying$
%he principle of compass surveying is traversing, traversing is that type of
survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the framewor!
and the directions and lengths of the survey line are measured with the
help of an angle :or direction; measuring instrument and a tape :or chain;
respectively.
.. #ow bearings are designated$
%he common systems of notation of bearings are: %he 1hole Circle
Aearing Systems :1CA; and the Euadrantal Aearing Systems :EA;.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
0. Distinguish between 1CA and EA.
n case of whole bearing system :1CA;, the bearing of a line is measured
with magnetic north :or South; in cloc!wise direction. %he value of bearing
varies from 7 to "07. Aut in Duadrantal bearing system, the bearing of a
line is measured eastward or westward from north or south, whichever is
nearer. %he EA of a line varies from 7 to 67.
3. >ist out the rules for conversion of 1CA to EA
Sl.9o. 1CA /ule for EA or /A Euadrant
1 7 to 67 /A F 1CA 98
2 7 to 147 /A F 147 ? 1CA S8
" 7 to 237 /A F 1CA ? 147 S1
- 7 to "07 /A F "07 B 1CA 91
4. >ist out the rules for conversion of EA to 1CA
Sl.9o. /A /ule for 1CA 1CA Aetween
1 9 8 1CA F 1CA 7 to 67
2 S 8 1CA F 147 ? /A 7 to 147
" S 1 1CA F 147 G /A 7 to 237
- 9 1 1CA F "07 B /A 7 to "07
6. 1hat is meant by fore bearing and bac! bearing$
f the bearing of a line (A is measured from ( towards A, it is !nown as
fore bearing or forward bearing :&A;. f the bearing of the line (A is
measured from A towards (, it is !nown as bac! bearing or bac!ward
bearing of the line.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
17. Convert the following 1CA to /A.
:a; 22 "7@ :b; 137 12@ :c; 211 .-@ :d; "23 "7@
Solution:
:a; /A F 1CA F 9 22 "7@ 8
:b; /A F 147B 137 12@ F S 6 -4@ 8
:c; /A F 211 .-@B 147 F S "1 .-@ 1
:d; /A F "07 B "23 "7@ F 9 "2 "0@ 1
11. Convert the following /A to 1CA
:a; 9 12 2-@ 8 :b; S "1 "0@ 8 :c; S 04 0@ 1 :d; 9 . -2@ 1

Solution:
:a; 1CA F /A F 12 2-@
:b; 1CA F 147B "1 "0@ F 1-4 2-@
:c; 1CA F 147 G 04 0@ F 2-4 0@
:d; 1CA F "07 B .-2@ F ".- 14@
12. %he following are observed fore bearings of the lines :a; (A 12 2-@
:b; AC 116 -4@ :c; CD 200 "7@ :d; PE 9 22 "7@ 8 :e; E/ S "1 .-@ 1
Solution:
:a; AA of (A F 12 2-@ G 147 F 162 2-@
:b; AA of AC F 116 -4@ G 147 F 266 -4@
:c; AA of CD F 200 "7@ B 147 F 40 "7@
:d; AA of PE F 9 22 "7@ 8 F S 22 "7@ 1
:e; AA of E/ F S "1 .-@ 1 F 9 "1 .-@ 8
1". 'ention various temporary ad*ustments of Prismatic compass.
Centering ? t is the process of !eeping the instrument e2actly over the
station.
>evelling and &ocusing the Prism.
1-. +ive the basic difference between a prismatic compass and surveyor@s
compass.
n case of prismatic compass the graduations are in 1CA system but in
the surveyor@s compass the graduations are in /educed bearing system.
1.. 1hat is meant by magnetic declination$
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
'agnetic declination at a place is the hori=ontal angle between the true
meridian and the magnetic meridian shown by the needle at the time of
observation.
10. 1hen the magnetic declination is said to be positive and negative.
f the magnetic meridian is to the right side :or eastern side; of the true
meridian, declination is said to be eastern or positive H if it to be the left
side :or western side;, the declination is said to be western or negative
declination.
13. Define: sogonic lines < (gonic lines.
sogonic line is the line drawn through the points of same declination.
(gonic line is the line made up of points having a =ero declination.
14. >ist out the various types of variation in declination.
%he value of declination at a place never remains constant but changes
from time to time. %here are four types of variation in declination
a; Diurnal Cariation
b; (nnual Cariation
c; Secular Cariation
d; rregular Cariation
16. %he magnetic bearing of a line is -4 2-@. Calculate the true bearing if the
magnetic declination is . "4@ 8ast.
Solution:
+iven Data: 'agnetic Aearing F -4 2-@
'agnetic Declination F . "4@ 8ast
/eDuired Data: %rue Aearing
%rue Aearing F 'agnetic Aearing G 'agnetic Declination
F .- 72@
9ote: ,se plus sign if the declination is to the 8ast and minus sign if it is
to the west.
27. 1hat is meant by local attraction$
>ocal attraction is a term used to denote any influence, such as magnetic
substances, which prevents the needle from pointing to the magnetic north
in a given locality.
21. >ist the source of local attraction
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
Some of the sources of local attraction are: magnetite in the ground, 1ire
carrying electric current, rail roads, ,nderground pipes, a2es, chains,
tapes etc., which may be lying on the ground nearby.
22. 1hat does Plane table surveying mean$
Plane tabling is a graphical method of survey in which the field
observations and plotting proceed simultaneously.
2". 1hat are instruments used in plane table surveying$
%he plane table with tripod, (lidade for sighting, Plumbing for! and
plumbing bob, Sprit level and Compass.
2-. 1hat are the wor!ing operations in a plane table surveying$
:a; &i2ing: &i2ing the table to the tripod.
:b; Setting: :i; >evelling the table :ii; Centering :iii; )rientation
:c; Sighting the points
2.. >ist out various methods of plane tabling.
:a; /adiation
:b; ntersection
:c; %raversing
:d; /esection
20. >ist out the methods of plotting %hreeBpoint problem.
a. 'echanical 'ethod : %racing Paper 'ethod ;
b. +raphical 'ethod ? Aessel@s +raphical Solution
c. >ehmann@s 'ethod.
23. >ist out various errors in plane tabling.
a. nstrumental 8rror
b. 8rror in Plotting
c. 8rror due to manipulation and sighting
- 9onB hori=ontality of board
- Defective Sighting
- Defective )rientation
- 'ovement of Aoard between sights
24. 1hat are the advantages of Plane table survey$
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
1. %he plan is drawn by the outBdoor surveyor himself while the country
is before his eyes, and there is no possibility of omitting the
necessary measurements
2. %he surveyor can compare the plotted wor! with the actual features.
". t is most suitable for small scale maps.
26. Distinguish between ntersection and /esection.
ntersection is resorted to when the distance between the point and the
instrument station is either too large or cannot be measured accurately
due to some field conditions.
/esection is the process of determining the plotted position of the station
occupied by the plane table, by means of sights ta!en towards !nown
points, location of which have been plotted.
"7. %he fore bearing of a line (A is 07 "7@ and A( is "77. Calculate the
interior angle
Solution:
+iven Data: &A of >ine (A F 07 "7@ : &A of A( F "77
/eDuired Data: nterior angle
nterior angle F Aearing of A( ? Aearing of (A
F :"77 ? 147; B 07 "7@ F .6"7@.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
Unit III
1. 1hat is levelling$
>evelling is a branch of surveying in which, the elevations of given points are
found with respect to a given or assumed datum and to establish points at a
given elevation or at different elevation with respect to a give or assumed
datum.
2. Define: >evel Surface, >evel >ine
( level surface is defined as a curved surface, which at each point is
perpendicular to the direction of gravity at that point.
( level line is a line lying in a level surface.
". 'ention the different methods of levelling
a. Differential >evelling
b. Profile >evelling
c. Cross Sectioning
d. /eciprocal >evelling
e. Precise >evelling
-. Distinguish between Aac! Sight and &ore Sight
Aac! sight is the sight ta!en on a rod held at a point of !nown elevation, to
ascertain the amount by which the line of sight is above that point and thus
to obtain the height of the instrument.
&ore sight is a sight ta!en on a rod held at a point of un!nown elevation, to
ascertain the amount by which the point is below the line of sight and thus to
obtain the elevation of the station.

.. 1hat is a turning point$
%urning point or Change point is a point on which both bac! sight and fore
sight are ta!en on a line of direct levels.
0. 1hat is a Aenchmar!$
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Aenchmar! is a relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation with
respect to some assumed datum is !nown.
3. >ist out various types of levels used in levelling operations.
Dumpy level, 5 level, /eversible level and %ilting level.
4. Distinguish between #eight of nstrument and /ise < &all method.
Height of Instrument Method Rise and Fall Method
#eight of nstrument is calculated at
each setting of the instrument.
# F AS G 8levation of A'
#eight of nstrument is not ta!en into
account. Aut the difference of levels
between consecutive points is found
by comparing the staff readings on
the two points for the same setting of
the instrument.
/educed levels are calculate by
subtracting the fore sight from #
/> F # ? &S or # ? S
%he difference between staff reading
indicates /ise or &all between the
points.
/> is calculated based on /ise <
&all.
6. 1hat is meant by balancing bac! sight and fore sight$
1hen the difference in elevation between any two points is determined from
a single setBup by bac! sighting on one point and fore sighting on the other,
the errors may occur due to nonBparallelism, curvature < refraction. %he
elimination of errors is termed as Aalancing of AS < &S.

17. #ow curvature correction, refraction correction and combined correction are
calculated$
Curvature CorrectionH
/efraction CorrectionH
Combined CorrectionH
11. >ist out the difficulties commonly encountered in levelling operations.
1. >evelling on steep slope
2. >evelling on Summits and #ollows
". %a!ing level on overhead point
-. >evelling ponds and la!es
.. >evelling across a river
0. >evelling past high wall
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
12. 1hat are the sources of errors in levelling$
nstrumental, 9atural and Personal
1". 1hat are the natural errors in levelling$
a. 8arth@s Curvature
b. (tmospheric refraction
c. Cariation in %emperature
d. Settlement of %ripod
e. 1ind vibrations
1-. 1hat are the instrumental errors in levelling$
a. 8rror due to imperfect ad*ustment
b. 8rror due to sluggish bubble
c. 8rror due to movement of ob*ective slide
d. /od of not standard length
e. 8rror due to defective *oint
1.. Define Sensitivity of a bubble tube.
%he sensitiveness of the bubble tube is defined as the angular value of one
division of the bubble tube. %he sensitivity of a bubble tube depends mainly
on the radius of curvature of the tube.
10. 1hat are the different types of benchmar!s$
+%S benchmar! :+reat %rigonometrically Survey;
Permanent benchmar!
%emporary benchmar! <
(rbitrary benchmar!.
13. 1hat is contour and contour interval$
( contour is an imaginary line on the ground *oining the points of eDual
elevation. ( contour line is a line on the map representing a contour.
%he vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is called
contour interval.
14. #ow you will select the contour interval$
%he choice of proper contour interval depends upon the following
considerations:
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a. %he nature of the ground
b. %he Scale of the map
c. %he purpose and e2tent of the survey
d. %ime and e2pense of field and office wor!.
16. >ist out some of the characteristics of contours.
a. %wo contour lines of different elevations cannot cross each other.
b. Contour lines of different elevations can unite to form one line only in
the case of a vertical cliff.
c. Contour lines close together indicates steep slope.
d. %wo contour lines having the same elevation cannot unite and
continue as one line.
27. 1hat are the uses of contour maps$
1. Drawing of Sections
2. Determination of ntervisibility between two points
". %racing of contour gradients and location of route
-. 'easurement of drainage area
.. Calculation of reservoir capacity.
21. State Simpson@s oneBthird rule.

%he area is eDual to the sum of the two end ordinates plus four times the
sum of the even ordinates plus twice the sum of the odd intermediate
ordinates, the whole multiplied by oneBthird the common interval between
them.
22. State meridian distance.
%he meridian distance of any line is eDual to the meridian distance of the
preceding line plus half the departure of the preceding line plus half the
departure of the line itself.
2". 1hat is a planimeter$
( planimeter is an instrument, which measures the area of plan of any shape
very accurately.
2-. 1hat is a multiplier constant$
%he multiplier constant or the planimeter constant is eDual to the number of
units of area per revolution of the roller.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
2.. >ist out various methods of calculating volumes
%here are three methods generally adopted for measuring the volume. %hey
are:
a. &rom Cross sections
b. &rom spot levels
c. &rom contours

20. #ow sensitivity of bubble tube can be increased$
%he sensitiveness of a bubble tube can be increased by:
1. ncreasing the internal radius of the tube
2. ncreasing the diameter of the tube
". ncreasing the length of the bubble
-. Decreasing the roughness of the wall
.. Decreasing the viscosity of the liDuid.
23. Define paralla2
Paralla2 is the condition arising when the image formed by the ob*ective is
not in the plane of the crossBhair.
24. Define >ine of collimation
%he line of collimation or line of sight is a line which passes through the
optical centre of the ob*ective and the intersection of cross hairs.
Important Formulas - Computing areas and volumes
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
Unit IV
1. Differentiate between a %ransit %heodolite and 9onB %ransit %heodolite.
( transit %heodolite is one which the line of sight can be reversed by
revolving the telescope through 147I in the vertical plane. %he nonB transit
theodolites are either plain %heodolite or 5 %heodolite in which the
telescope cannot be transited.
2. 1hat are the essential parts of a transit theodolite$
%he essential parts of a transit theodolite are:
a. %he %elescope
b. %he Certical Circle
c. %he inde2 frame
d. %he Standards
e. %he levelling head
f. %he two spindles
g. %he lower plate
h. %he upper plate
i. %he plate levels
*. %ripod
!. %he Plumb Aob
l. %he compass
m. Striding level.
". 1hat do Certical a2is and #ori=ontal (2is mean$
%he vertical a2is is the a2is about which the instrument can be rotated in a
hori=ontal plane. %his the a2is about which the lower and upper plates
rotate.
%he hori=ontal or trunnion a2is is the a2is about which the telescope and
the vertical circle rotate in vertical plane.
-. 1hat is meant by line of collimation or line of sight$
t is the line passing through the intersection of the hori=ontal and vertical
cross hairs and the optical center of the ob*ect glass and its continuation.
.. Differentiate between Centering and %ransiting.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
Centering is the process of setting the theodolite e2actly over the station
mar!.
%ransiting is the process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through
147I about the hori=ontal a2is.
0. 1hat does swinging the telescope mean$
t is the process of turning the telescope in hori=ontal plane. f the
telescope is rotated in cloc!Bwise direction, it is !nown as right swing. f
telescope is rotated in the antiBcloc!wise direction, it is !nown as the left
swing.
3. 1hat is face left and face right observations$
f the face of the vertical circle is to the left of the observer, the observation
of the angle is !nown as face left observation.
f the face of the vertical circle is to the right of the observer, the
observation of the angle is !nown as face right observation.
4. Differentiate between /epetition 'ethod and /eiteration 'ethod.
%he method of repetition is used to measure a hori=ontal angle to a finer
degree of accuracy than that obtainable with the least count of the vernier.
%he method of reiteration or method of series is suitable for the
measurements of the angles of a group having a common verte2 point.
6. 1hat are the sources of error in theodolite wor!$
1. nstrumental 8rror
a. 8rror due to imperfect ad*ustment of plate levels.
b. 8rror due to line of collimation not being perpendicular to the
hori=ontal a2is
c. 8rror due to hori=ontal a2is not being perpendicular to the vertical
a2is
d. 8rror due to nonBparallelism of the a2is of telescope level and line
of collimation
e. 8rror due to imperfect graduation.
2. Personal 8rror
a. 8rror in manipulation
b. 8rror in sighting and reading
". 9atural 8rror
a. ,neDual atmospheric refraction due to high temperature
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b. ,neDual settlement of tripod
c. 1ind producing vibration
17. Define: >atitude and Departure
%he latitude of a survey line may be defined as its coordinate length
measured parallel to an assumed meridian direction :i.e., %rue north or
%rue south;.
%he Departure of a survey line may be defined as its coordinate length
measured right angles to the meridian direction.
11. Define: ndependent Coordinates
%he total latitude and departure of any point with respect to a common
origin are !nown as independent coordinates.
12. 1hat is a closing error$
n a closed traverse, the end point of the traverse will not coincide e2actly
with starting point, owing to the error in the field measurements of angles
and distances. Such error is !nown as closing error. n case of a closed
traverse sum of latitude and departure is eDual to =ero.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
1". 1hat does balancing the traverse mean$ 1hat are the methods available
for balancing$
%he term balancing is generally applied to the operation of applying
corrections to latitudes and departures so that the sum of latitude and
departure will be eDual to =ero.
%he common methods of balancing a traverse:
a. Aowditch@s 'ethod
b. %ransit 'ethod
c. +raphical 'ethod
d. (2is 'ethod.
1-. State the Aowditch rule for closing error$
%he basis of this method is on the assumption that the errors in linear
measurements are proportional to Jl and that the error in angular
measurements are inversely proportional to Jl, where l is the length of a
line.
Correction to latitude :or departure; of any side F
%otal error in latitude :or departure; 2 >ength of that side
Perimeter of traverse
1.. State transit rule.
%he transit rule may be employed where angular measurements are more
precise than the linear measurements. (ccording to this rule, the total
error in latitude and departures is distributed in proportional to the latitudes
and departures of the sides.

10. 1hat types of errors are eliminated in method of repetition$
a. 8rror due to eccentricity of verniers and centers are eliminated by
ta!ing both vernier readings.
b. 8rror due to inad*ustments of line of collimation and the trunnion
a2is are eliminated by ta!ing both face reading
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
c. %he error due to inaccurate graduations is eliminated by ta!ing the
readings at different parts of the circle.
d. 8rrors due to inaccurate bisection of the ob*ect, eccentric centering
etc., may be to some e2tent counter balanced in different
observations.
13. Signs of latitudes and departures:
!C" R" #
$uadrant
Sign of
%atitude &eparture
7 to 67 9 8 : G G
7 to 147 S 8 : B G
7 to 237 S 1 : B B
7 to "07 9 1 : C G B
14. )mitted measurements B mportant formulas
Given Re'uired Formula
Unit V
1. #ow curves are classified$
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
Curves
#ori=ontal Curves Certical Curves
a. Simple Curve
b. Compound Curve
c. /everse Curve
d. %ransition Curve
e. >emniscate Curve

2. #ow curves are designated$
%he sharpness of the curves are designated by its radius or by its degree
of curvature.
". Define degree of curvature.
%he angle of the curve that is subtended by an arc of 177 feet length or "7
meter length. t is designated as D.
-. +ive the relationship between Degree of curve and /adius.
.. 1hat are the elements of a simple curve$
a. >ength of the curve
b. %angent >ength
c. >ength of the long chord
d. (pe2 distance or e2ternal distance
e. 'id )rdinate
0. 1hat are the elements of a compound curve$
Point of compound curvature, Point of %angency, /adius : Smaller <
>ong;, Common %angent, Deflection angle between the rear and common
tangent, Deflection angle between the forward and common tangent, %otal
deflection angle, length of the tangent, Curve length, etc.,
3. 1hat is a reverse curve$
( reverse curve consists of two simple curves of opposite direction that
*oin at a common tangent point called the point of reverse curvature.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
4. 1hat is a simple curve$
( simple curve is the one, which consists of a single arc of a circle. t is
tangential to both the straight lines.
6. 1hat is a compound curve$
( compound curve consists of two or more simple arcs that turn in the
same direction and *oin at common tangent point.
17. 1hat is a transition curve$
( transition curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a
straight and a circular curve, or between two branches of a compound
curve or reverse curve.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
Important (erms ) Simple Curve
Part ) " $uestions
*nit ) I
+ 1hat are the different types of instruments used in chain surveying$
82plain the use of each with neat s!etches.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
, State the type of obstruction you can come across while measuring a
chain line with neat s!etches.
- 1hat are the important precautions for neat and systematic recording of
the notes of a chain survey$ /eproduce a hypothetical page showing the
boo!ing and offsetting of a chain line.
. 1hat is meant by well conditions triangle and what is its advantages$
/ 1hat is meant by ranging a survey line$ ,nder what situation reciprocal
ranging is resorted to and how it is achieved$
0 #ow does chain surveying uniDuely differ from other methods of
surveying$ >ist out the various instrumentsKaccessories used in chain
surveying and the purposeKuse of each.
1 Describe how would you range a survey line between two points which are
not mutually intervisible because of an intervening mound.
2 1rite short notes on chec! for errors in chain survey.
3 82plain the different steps in chain surveying.
+4 1hat are the different sources of error in chain surveying$ Distinguish
between cumulative and compensating error.
++ 82plain the terms: Aase line, Chec! >ine, %ie line, Swing offset, )bliDue
offset, /andom line.
+, Pro5lems in (ape Correction6 Chain (raverse and 75stacles in
Chaining
*nit ) II
1. Compare a surveyor@s compass with a prismatic compass
2. 1hat are the different methods of plotting a traverse survey$
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
". 1rite a note on the whole circle bearing system and the Dudarantal
bearing system and ad*ustments of a prismatic compass.
-. 1hat is a two point problem$ #ow it is solved$
.. State the three point problem and e2plain LAessel@s method@ of solving the
same.
0. 1ith a neat s!etch e2plain the >ehmann@s rule and strength of fi2 in plane
table surveying.
3. 1hat are the significant merits and demerits of plane table surveying
compared to other surveying methods$
4. 9ame various characteristical methods of plane tabling. 82plain with
s!etches any two of them.
6. 1hat are the points that should be !ept in view while surveying with a
plain table$
+4 Pro5lems in compass surveying ) Calculation of interior angles6
(raversing6 %ocal attraction
*nit ) III
1. Draw a neat s!etch of a modern tilting level and mar! the parts.
2. 1hat are the two methods of contouring$ 82plain Ariefly.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
". 82plain the characteristic features of contours. 1hat are the uses of
contour mapping$
-. ,nder what situation reciprocal leveling is resorted to$ 1hat errors are
eliminated in this leveling method$
.. 1hat is meant by contour interval$ 82plain how proper contour interval is
to be chosen.
0. 1hat are the different methods of locating contours$
3. 1hat is planimeter$ 82plain how the volume of a reservoir could be
determined through plane table and contour surveying.
4. 82plain ? Simple leveling, Differential leveling and the system of reduced
levels.
6. 1hat are the different types of leveling instruments used in leveling$ Aring
out the essential differences between them and state which is the most
preferred one and why$
17. Describe the radial method of contouring.
11. Draw the contour lines for the following characteristic features. Pond,
/idge line, Calley and Depression.
12. >ist various methods of determining areas from offsets to a base line.
1". 1hat is grade contour$ Describe how to locate it in the field.
1-. 1hat is profile leveling$ 82plain >ongitudinal and Cross Sectioning.
+/ Pro5lems ) Calculation of R%6 Reciprocal %evelling6 Calculation of
areas6 volumes and calculation of reservoir capacity
*nit ) I8
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
1. >ist the permanent ad*ustments of a theodolite. 82plain any two.
2. 1hat are face left and face right observations$
". 82plain how you would measure a hori=ontal angle by method of
repetition.
-. 82plain the temporary ad*ustments of a transit theodolite.
.. 1hat is meant by closing error in a theodolite traverse$ 82plain any one
method of distributing this error.
0. 1hat are the two methods of measuring the hori=ontal angle using a
theodolite and under what situation each one is preferred$ )utline the
principle in each method.
3. 1rite a detail note on +ale@s traverse table.
4. 82plain how you would measure a vertical angle$
6. 1hat are the possible sources of error while using a theodolite$ #ow can
they be eliminated$
17. #ow is the closing error in a traverse balanced$
11. State what errors are eliminated by repetition method. 82plain.
+, Pro5lems ) 7mitted measurements
*nit ) 8
1. 82plain the procedure for setting out a circular curve.
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Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, CBE-10 Department of Ciil Engineering
2. 1rite briefly the procedure of conducting surface survey in tunneling
operations.
". Define lift and lead.
-. Discuss the various surveys under ta!en at different stages of new highway
pro*ect and the ob*ective of each of them.
.. 82plain the procedure for setting out of a tunnel.
0. 82plain the /an!ine@s method of tangential angles and the two theodolite
method of setting out a circular curve.
3. 9ame the types of reference grids and the types of rods used for vertical
control in setting out wor!s.
4. 8numerate the classification of curves in the 8ngineering surveys.
6. #ow is a simple curve set out by using one theodolite and a chain$
17. Ariefly e2plain reverse curves and shift of a transition curve.
11. >ist out the reDuirements to be satisfied in setting out a transition curve.
+, Pro5lems ) Curve setting
Sureying I