Profit & Loss

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Profit = Selling Price Cost Price
Loss = Cost Price Selling Price
Gain or Loss Percentage = ( Loss or Gain / Cost Price )* 100

Ex. If a man purchases 11 balls for Rs 10 and sells 10 balls for Rs. 11 , How much profit or loss
does he make ?
Solution : Cost price of one ball = 10 / 11 , Selling Price of one ball 11 / 10
So % profit or loss will be = [( 11 / 10 - 10 / 11 ) / 10 / 11 ] * 100 = 21 %

Rule : If a grocer sells its goods at cost price, but uses a false weigt instead of true weight. Then
Gain percentage will be :


Ex. A dealer sell its rice at cost price, but uses its weight 900 gm for kg. Find hig gain
percentage.
Solution : % Gain = [ True Weight - False Weight ] / False Weight
Gain % = [ ( 1000 - 900 ) / 900 ] * 100 = 1 * 100 / 9 = 11 . 11 %

Rule : If a shopkeeper sells his goods at x % loss on cost price but uses y gm instead of z gm,
then his % profit or loss is


Rule : If a shopkeeper sells his goods at x % gain on cost price but uses y gm instead of z gm,
then his % profit is


Ex. A seller uses 900 gm in place of one kg to sell his goods. Find his actual % profit or loss
When he sells his articles at 5 % loss on cost price ?


Ex. A seller uses 900 gm in place of one kg to sell his goods. Find his actual % profit or loss
When he sells his articles at 5 % profit on cost price ?


Rule : If a businessman marks his goods at x % above his cost prie and allowed purchasers a
discount of y % for cash, then % proft or % loss according to + ve or ve sign is will be


Ex. A grocer allows a discount of 8 % . How much % above cost price he must mark his goods
to make a profit of 12 % ?
Solution :


Rule : Goods Passing through successive hands :- If A sells a good to B at profit of x %, B sells
it to C at a profit of y %. If P Rs. is paid by C then what was the cost price for A?


Ex. If A sells a good to B at profit of 15 %, B sells it to C at a profit of 20 %. If 300 Rs. is paid
by C then what was the cost price for A?


Rule : If A takes a profit of x % by selling it to B and B takes a profit of y % by selling it to C
then the resultant profit percentage is given by -

Rule : If A takes a profit of x % by selling it to B and B takes a loss of y % by selling it to C then
the resultant profit percentage is given by -


Ex. If A sells a good to B at profit of 15 %, B sells it to C at a profit of 20 %. What is the
resultant profit and loss ?


Ex. By selling a shirt at price 500 a trader get loss of 10 %. At what price he must sell the shirt in
order to get 5 % of profit ?
Solution : Use the formula of Goods Passing through successive hands, here for loss x will be -
10 %

Boats and Streams
Let us know what is Downstream and what is Upstream. Because these concepts are the heart of Boats and
Streams.

Downstream : In water,the direction along the stream is called downstream. I mean, If a boat or a swimmer swims in
the same direction as the stream, then it is called downstream. Obviously the boat or swimmer require less efforts to
travel using downstream. Because the stream itself helps the objects to move.

Remember, as the object moves along with the water, the stream helps the object.
So, the down stream speed (DS) is
DS = U+V
where U is the speed of the object in the still (calm) water
V is the speed of the water.

Upstream : If the boat or the swimmer is swimming in the opposite direction in which the stream is passing is called
upstream. In simple words, the direction against the stream is called upstream.
Remember, as the object moves against the water pushes the object in opposite direction.
So, the upstream speed (US) is
US = U-V
where U is the speed of the object in the still (calm) water
V is the speed of the water.

Important Formulas on Boats and Streams :
Let us assume that the speed of the boat in still water is U km/hr and the speed of stream is V km/hr then, as
mentioned above :
Speed downstream = (u+v)km/hr
Speed upstream = (u-v)km/hr
If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr then :
Speed in still water = 1/2(a+b) km/hr
Rate of stream = 1/2(a-b)km/hr

SOME QUESTIONS ON BOATS AND STREAMS WITH SOLUTIONS:
(1)A man can row upstream at 8kmph and downstream at 10kmph. Find the man's rate in still water and the rate of
current.
(2) A boat can travel with a speed of 12km/hr in still water . If the speed of the stream is 5km/hr , find the time taken
by boat to go 68km downstream.
(3) If a man rows at the rate of 5kmph in still water and his rate against the current is 3.5kmph, then man's rate along
the current is ?
(4) A boat covers a certain distance downstream in 1 hour, while it comes back in 3/2 hours. If the speed of the
stream is 3kmph, what is the speed of the boaat in still water ?
(5) A speed of a boat in still water is 10 km/hr. If it can travel 26km downstream and 14km upstream in the same time
, the speed of the stream is ?
(6)The speed of the boat in still water is 10km/hr and the rate of the current is 3 km/hr. The distance travelled
downstream in 12 minutes is ?
(7)what is the speed of the boat in still water ?
(i)The speed downstream of the boat is twice the speed upstream.
(ii)The sum of the speeds of the boat , upstream and downstream is 12kmph
8.A man can row upstream at 5kmph and downstream at 15kmph .The speed of the stream is ?
(9)A boat takes a total time three hours to travel downstreams from P to Q and the upstream back from Q to P. what
is the speed of boat in still water ?
i)The speed of the river current is 1 km per hour
ii)The distance between P and Q is 4 km.
(10) .A man takes twice long to row a distance against the stream as to row the same distance in favour of the stream
.the ratio of the speed of the boat in still water is ?

ANSWERS WITH EXPLANATIONS
1. Solution : Rate in still water = 1/2 (10+8)km/hr = 9km/hr
Rate of current = 1/2(10-8)km/hr =1km/hr

2. Solution Speed downstream = (12+5)km/hr = 17 km/hr
Time taken to travel 68km downstream = 68/17hrs =4hrs

3. Solution: Let us consider the rate along the current be x kmph.
Then, 1/2(x+3.5) = 5 or X= 6.5 Kmph

4. Solution Let the speed of the boat in still water be x kmph.
Then speed downstream = (X+3)kmph
Speed upstraem = (x-3)kmph
Therefore (X+3)*1 = (x-3)*3/2
2x+6=3x-9 => X= 15kmph

5. solution : let the speed of the stream be x km/hr. then,
Speed downstream=(10+x)km/hr,
speed upstream= (10-x)km/hr
Therefore 26/(10+x)= 14/(10-x)
260-26x= 140+14x => 40x=120
x=3km/hr

6. solution : Speed downstream =(10+3)kmph= 13kmph
Distance travelled = 13*12/60 = 2.4 kmph

7. solution: Let the speed of the boat be x km/hr . Then
i) Speed downstream = 2x km/hr
ii)Says, the speed of the boat in still water = (1/2*12) = 6km /hr

8. Solution : Speed of the stream = 1/2 (15-5) = 5kmph

9. Solution : i) The speed of the current = 1km/hr
ii)PO =4km
let the speed of the boat in still water be x km/hr
4/(x+1) +4/(x-1) =3

10. solution : Let man's upstream be xkmph . then . his rate downstream =3x km/hr
(Speed in still water) : (Speed of stream ) = (2x+x/2) : (2x-x/2) =3x/2 : x/2
=> 3:1


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